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An Ecosystem Management An Ecosystem Management Approach to Riparian ZonesApproach to Riparian Zones
Joy O’KeefeJoy O’Keefe
Clemson UniversityClemson University
Ecosystem ManagementEcosystem Management
Promotes sustainability of ecological Promotes sustainability of ecological processesprocesses
Recognizes ecosystems are dynamic and Recognizes ecosystems are dynamic and complexcomplex
Considers future economic, social, ecological Considers future economic, social, ecological factorsfactors
Necessitates cooperation across boundariesNecessitates cooperation across boundaries Requires accurate complex data and toolsRequires accurate complex data and tools Integrates research and managementIntegrates research and management
Ecosystem ManagementEcosystem Management
Adaptive management necessary to Adaptive management necessary to deal with uncertainty and new data deal with uncertainty and new data
No more stand-level management No more stand-level management now landscape-levelnow landscape-level
Shift from single species to Shift from single species to ecosystem approach, but consider ecosystem approach, but consider keystone specieskeystone species
Riparian ZonesRiparian Zones
““land near streams and rivers”land near streams and rivers”
unique characteristics and functionsunique characteristics and functions
But, as a land manager, how do you But, as a land manager, how do you define and manage a riparian zone?define and manage a riparian zone?
Riparian Zone FunctionsRiparian Zone Functions
filter sediments, nutrientsfilter sediments, nutrients stabilize stream banksstabilize stream banks energy source for energy source for
aquatic systemsaquatic systems provide shadeprovide shade moist habitatmoist habitat travel routetravel route economic, social, recreational useseconomic, social, recreational uses
Impacts on Riparian ZonesImpacts on Riparian Zones
Intensive land useIntensive land use Changes in Changes in
disturbance (e.g. disturbance (e.g. lack of fire)lack of fire)
PollutionPollution Introduction of Introduction of
exotic pests (e.g. exotic pests (e.g. hemlock adelgid)hemlock adelgid)
Multidisciplinary ApproachMultidisciplinary Approach
Research riparian zone structure & functionResearch riparian zone structure & function vegetation, wildlife, nutrients, sediments, CWD, vegetation, wildlife, nutrients, sediments, CWD,
water quality, keystone spp., ecosystem serviceswater quality, keystone spp., ecosystem services Management OptionsManagement Options
timber harvest buffers, rhododendron control, timber harvest buffers, rhododendron control, fire, fertilization, plantingfire, fertilization, planting
EvaluationEvaluation Riparian zones responses: structure, function, Riparian zones responses: structure, function,
and ecosystem servicesand ecosystem services
Bats: Tools to Study FunctionBats: Tools to Study Function
For bats, riparian zones provide For bats, riparian zones provide foraging, drinking, and roosting foraging, drinking, and roosting
habitat, and serve as flight corridorshabitat, and serve as flight corridors
Again, how do you define and Again, how do you define and manage riparian zones for manage riparian zones for
bats?bats?
geographically seasonally by stream size by bat species by function
Definition and management strategies will vary:
11stst or 2 or 2ndnd Order Streams ?? Order Streams ??
55thth of Higher Order of Higher Order Streams ??Streams ??
Rivers ??Rivers ??
Instream structure
Streamside buffers
Streamside vegetationcommunity composition
Instreammanagement
Streamsidemanagement
Roost siteavailability andcharacteristics
Clutter
Water
Prey availability
From Hayes and Loeb presentation, Bats and Forests Symposium, 2004
Riparian ManagementRiparian Management
Instream StructureInstream Structure
Maintain water quality by controlling Maintain water quality by controlling pollution and sediment inputpollution and sediment input
Maintain bank trees for stabilityMaintain bank trees for stability Encourage retention of coarse woody Encourage retention of coarse woody
debrisdebris Use indicator species presence as Use indicator species presence as
monitoring toolsmonitoring tools
Instream structure
Streamside buffers
Streamside vegetationcommunity composition
Instreammanagement
Streamsidemanagement
Roost siteavailability andcharacteristics
Clutter
Water
Prey availability
From Hayes and Loeb presentation, Bats and Forests Symposium, 2004
Riparian ManagementRiparian Management
Streamside Vegetation and Streamside Vegetation and Community CompositionCommunity Composition
Retain trees that function as shade trees Retain trees that function as shade trees (e.g. hemlock) or roosts (e.g. birch)(e.g. hemlock) or roosts (e.g. birch)
Control rhododendron Control rhododendron Leave standing dead trees (potential Leave standing dead trees (potential
roosts)roosts) Pest control (e.g. hemlock wooly adelgid)Pest control (e.g. hemlock wooly adelgid) Burn and/or thin to reduce clutter and Burn and/or thin to reduce clutter and
control community compositioncontrol community composition
Instream structure
Streamside buffers
Streamside vegetationcommunity composition
Instreammanagement
Streamsidemanagement
Roost siteavailability andcharacteristics
Clutter
Water
Prey availability
From Hayes and Loeb presentation, Bats and Forests Symposium, 2004
Riparian ManagementRiparian Management
Streamside BuffersStreamside Buffers
Identify optimal width:Identify optimal width: To maximize timber harvestTo maximize timber harvest Varies with topography and stream Varies with topography and stream
orderorder Depends on function to be maintained:Depends on function to be maintained:
Retention of roostsRetention of roosts Sheltered flight corridorSheltered flight corridor Suitable prey base (by diversity and Suitable prey base (by diversity and
abundance)abundance)
Tools to Study BatsTools to Study Bats
Acoustic SamplingAcoustic Sampling Activity levelsActivity levels Species presenceSpecies presence Temporal patternsTemporal patterns Spatial patternsSpatial patterns
Capture/Radio Capture/Radio TelemetryTelemetry Species presenceSpecies presence Roost habitatRoost habitat Foraging habitatForaging habitat Temporal patternsTemporal patterns Spatial patternsSpatial patterns
Acoustic SamplingAcoustic Sampling
Allows simultaneous sampling in a Allows simultaneous sampling in a variety of habitatsvariety of habitats
Record calls of free-flying bats within Record calls of free-flying bats within 50 ft radius of microphone50 ft radius of microphone
System can be left System can be left unattended for several unattended for several daysdays
Anabat II detectors, Anabat II detectors, CF Storage ZCAIMsCF Storage ZCAIMs
Detectors record calls Detectors record calls from 20:30 to 6:30 each from 20:30 to 6:30 each nightnight
Calls stored on flash Calls stored on flash cardcard
Examine calls with Examine calls with Analook softwareAnalook software
Identify species with Identify species with discriminant function discriminant function modelmodel
Determine activity by Determine activity by habitat using call counthabitat using call count
75
0
Stream
Primary Experimental DesignFour treatments
3 Anabats per trtmnt
150
0
150
75
0
150
0
75
150
30 ft
100 ft75
0 ft
Control
To be harvested
No harvest
Secondary ExperimentSecondary Experiment
Simultaneous acoustic surveys in multiple habitats for comparison
Two watersheds 7 – 10 July 2004
(an active time for bats in the mountains)
Habitat Type
(number of nights sampled)
Small Stream
Medium Stream
Large Stream
Small Pond
Interior Forest
Gated, Grassy Road
Open, Gravel Road
Wildlife Opening
Species (n = 4) (n = 6) (n = 5) (n = 2) (n = 4) (n = 6) (n = 6) (n = 6)
EPFU ● ● ● ● ● ●
LABO ● ● ● ●
LACI ● ●
MYLE ● ● ● ●
MYLU ● ● ●
MYSE ● ● ● ●
PISU ● ● ● ● ● ●
Presence by Habitat TypePresence by Habitat Type
< 1%
< 1% < 1%
< 1%
10%
11%
12%66%
Activity varied by habitat type (p=0.002)
Activity by Habitat TypeActivity by Habitat Type
CaptureCapture
Mistnet over roads, streams, and pondsMistnet over roads, streams, and ponds Survey as often as possible!Survey as often as possible! Collect data on individual batsCollect data on individual bats
species, sex, age, weight, forearm length,species, sex, age, weight, forearm length,
reproductive state, and band #reproductive state, and band # Select some captures for radio Select some captures for radio
telemetrytelemetry
Radio TelemetryRadio Telemetry
Attach transmitters to Attach transmitters to bats that roost in bats that roost in foliage (eastern red foliage (eastern red bat and eastern bat and eastern pipistrelle) pipistrelle)
and crevices/bark and crevices/bark (northern bats, small-(northern bats, small-footed bats, big footed bats, big brown bats)brown bats)
Radio TelemetryRadio Telemetry
Track bats to roost trees dailyTrack bats to roost trees daily
Radio TelemetryRadio Telemetry
Collect data on roosts and random Collect data on roosts and random treestrees
Brief Telemetry ResultsBrief Telemetry Results
Eastern red bat (foliage)Eastern red bat (foliage) Hickory, oak, birch, sourwood treesHickory, oak, birch, sourwood trees Not restricted to riparian zone or to one stand Not restricted to riparian zone or to one stand
type/agetype/age Eastern pipistrelle (foliage)Eastern pipistrelle (foliage)
Birch and oak trees very close to small streamBirch and oak trees very close to small stream Northern bat (crevice/bark)Northern bat (crevice/bark)
Large hardwood snags in older stand on upland Large hardwood snags in older stand on upland sitesite