1
AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL INITIATIVE
ON CASSAVA CROP PRODUCTION AND USE AS SUBSITITUTE IN
BREAD PRODUCTION IN ENUGU STATE
BY
OKELEKE PAUL, A REG. NO. PG/M.SC/07/47186
A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
(M.Sc) DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, INSTITUTE FOR
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA,
ENUGU CAMPUS
SUPERVISOR: PROF. IKECHUKWU .E. NWOSU, Ph.D
15TH OCTOBER, 2010
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APPROVAL PAGE
This project undertaken by Okeleke Paul A PG/M.Sc/07/47186 under the
supervision of Prof. Ikechukwu E. Nwosu in the Institute for Development
Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, has been approved as having
met part of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science in
Development Studies in the University of Nigeria.
………………………………. ………………………… Supervisor Date
………………………………. .……………………… Director Date
………………………………. ………………………… External Examiner Date
CERTIFICATION
3
This is to certify that this project undertaken and written by Okeleke Paul A. Reg.
No. PG/M.Sc/07/47186 and submitted to the institute for Development Studies,
University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus is original and has not been submitted for
the award of any Degree or Diploma in this University or any institution of higher
learning.
……………………………………… ………………………… Okeleke, Paul .A Date Reg. No. PG/M.Sc/07/47186
DEDICATION
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This study is dedicated to the Most High God and to Rev. Prof. Paul Emeka,
General Superintendent of Assemblies of God Nigeria, and to Rev. Emmanuel
O. Ngene, District Superintendent, Enugu District of Assemblies of God
Nigeria.
ACKWOLEDGEMENTS
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My appreciation to Prof. Ikechukwu, E. Nwosu a humble and resilient scholar
who is dedicated to the excellency of the Institute for Development Studies
(IDS). Incidentally he is my supervisor on this project. Other persons include
Umoh B.D, Co-coordinator of the IDS programme and my wife and four
children Christian, Grace–Faith, Believe and Chukwuma.
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ABSTRACT
The research work focuses on Empirical Assessment of the Presidential Initiative on Cassava Crop Production and Use as Substitute in Bread Production in Enugu State. The legislation on the import substitution of wheat flour, imposed obligation on the bakers of bread, biscuit producers and producers of pastries food to substitute imported wheat flour with up to 10 to 20 percent of locally made high quality cassava flour (HQCF). Cassava as an economic root crop has multidimensional applications pertaining to industrial domestic uses world- wide. This legislation, therefore, triggered a chain of economic activities ranging from the growing and harvesting of cassava to the processing of the root crop into local food stuffs, starch for packaging industries and of course, they HQCF as substitute for imported wheat flour. The main objectives which the study sets to achieve are: To ascertain whether the presidential initiative for mass production of cassava succeeded in the satisfaction of domestic and export markets, in Enugu State. To ascertain whether the legislation on the use of cassava flour for bakery and confectionery businesses, succeeded in Enugu State. The methodology employed was the survey research approach which used a representative sample size derived from the universe. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. The researcher used both interview and questionnaire to elicit data and information responses from the selected respondents. For the data analysis, percentages, and frequency tables were used for descriptive analysis and ANOVA was used as a statistical tool to test the NULL hypotheses. The major findings from the study are: that the presidential directive led to mass production of cassava crop in Enugu State and affirmation of the use of cassava flour for bakeries and confectionery businesses in Enugu State, clandestine economic activities in cassava flour production, reversal of the unpatriotic psyche with respect to the cassava flour issue and effects of adequate communication on government development policies and programme.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages Title page - - - - - - - - - i Approval - - - - - - - - - ii Certification - - - - - - - - - iii Dedication - - - - - - - - - iv Acknowledgement - - - - - - - v Abstract - - - - - - - - vi Table of Content - - - - - - - - vii List of Tables - - - - - - - - viii List of Figure - - - - - - - - ix CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION 1.01 Background - - - - - - - - 1 1.02 Statement of Problem - - - - - - 3 1.03 Objective of the Study - - - - - - 4 1.04 Significance of the Study - - - - - - 4 1.05 Scope of the Study- - - - - - - 4 1.06 Limitation of the Study - - - - - - 5 1.07 Research Question - - - - - - 5 1.08 Hypothesis - - - - - - - - 5 1.09 The Area of Study - - - - - - 5 CHAPTER TWO RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW The concepts, Theories, models and frame work on Cassava flour Communication for Development - 11 2.1 Cassava Production and Institutional Invention for
sustainable Development of Rural Dwellers in Nigeria. 2.2 High Quality cassava flour (HQCF) Production - - 13 2.3 Factors Critical to the Sustainability of Cassava production
in Nigeria - - - - - - 14 2.4 A view of the Communication Process : A Cassava Flour
Policy Application - - - - - - - 20 2.5 The success or failure of the Legislation Depended on
number of factors - - - - - - - 29 2.6 Social Marketing Development Communication Models:
A special Application to Cassava Flour Project. - - 32 2.7 Systemic Challenges in the Effective implementation of
Cassava Flour Project - - - - - - 33
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CHAPTER THREE 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - - - 44 3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - 44 3.2 Research Design - - - - - - - 44 3.3 Sources of Data - - - - - - - 45 3.4 Instrument of Data Collection - - - - - 45 3.5 The population of the Study - - - - - 45 3.6 Sampling Techniques and Sample size - - - 46 3.7 Pilot Survey - - - - - - - - 47 3.8 The actual survey - - - - - - - 47 3.9 Analytical Techniques - - - - - 48 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - 49 4.2 Respondents Characteristics and Classification - - 49 4.3 Presentation of Data in Frequency table - - - 50 4.4 Analysis of Data according to research questions - - 52 4.5 Analysis of other data - - - - - - 53 4.6 Testing hypothesis - - - - - - 54 4.7 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Calculations (f-Test Model) 55 4.8 Normal Curve Distribution (Z-score) Test - - - 56 4.9 Distribution t-Test or T- Distribution or Student’s Distribution 57 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 5.1 Introduction - - - - - - - 59 5.2 The Effects of Adequate Communication on Government Development Policies and Programme 59 5.4 Reversal of the Unpatriotic psyche with the cassava flour issue 60 5.5 Clandestine Economic Activities in Cassava Flour Production 61 5.6 Prospects of Entrepreneurship: A cassava flour perspective 61 CHAPTER SIX 6.1 Conclusion, Recommendations and Suggestions for further
Study - - - - - - - - 63 6.2 Policy Recommendation - - - - - 64 6.3 Suggestions for further study - - - - - 65
LIST OF TABLES pages
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1. Table 2B: RTEP Crop Production Update 17
2. Table 2C: Weather Data For Year 2007/2008 18
3. Table 2D : Cassava Production Yields (000MT) Per
Crop Area (“000HA). - - - - 19
LIST OF FIGURES pages
1. Elements of Communication. 20
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
In recent years, food production generally and cassava production in particular,
have not kept pace with demand for food. This resulted to massive importation
of food such as rice wheat flour and other food items. In 2008 for instance food
import to Nigeria accounted for 8.1% of our GDP (CBN, 2008). Given the
importance of food to human health and the need to diversify the sources of
income to the rural populace, the Federal Government embarked on the
presidential cassava initiative. The cassava project was primarily aimed at
increasing the crop yield per hectare, with the ultimate objective of generating
employment; reduce poverty and the social malaise associated with youth
restiveness.
It was hoped that the presidential initiative on cassava crop should be
implemented through massive campaign on the various economic uses of
cassava which included the processing of cassava into high quality cassava flour
for use in bakeries and pastries.
Bread is a common staple food in many household in Nigeria. Ordinarily, it is
one of the cheapest and affordable food items however the scarcity of raw
materials (following the ban on importation of wheat), which has led (on many
instances across the world) to bread riots, Gallman, Matthew, (2009), as the
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bakers attempt to increase prices. The federal government has also made effort
to promote acceptable and suitable crop as alternative raw materials to wheat.
The most suitable alternative raw material to wheat among others is cassava,
which acceptability is merely implicit for certain reasons (the smell or odour of
a fermented cassava for local food). However, the production of a High Quality
cassava flour (HQCF) does not require fermentation. According to IITA (2005):
“The presidential initiative on cassava was to ensure increased
production processing, packaging and export of cassava
products to satisfy domestic and export markets”.
Cassava is not a new commodity across Africa. Again, in IITA (2006:x):
“Although cassava is consumed in many different forms
in Africa, traditionally prepared food products such as
garri, lafun, fufu (cassava flour), kokute, tapioca and
attieke constitute the principal mode of utilization”.
Currently, the utilization of high quality cassava flour (HQCF) in bakery,
confectionery and other food products is relatively a new paradigm and
insignificant compared to its potentials and wide opportunities available.
Fortunately, simple and appropriate technologies now exist for the production of
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HQCF as a partial replacement for wheat flour bread in baking, making biscuits,
indomies, pasteries and snacks food. The emphasis here on the “high quality”
nature of the flour distinguishes it from the cassava flour used for “fufu” which
is expected to undergo some days of fermentation to remove cyanide contents of
cassava, especially the bitter species. However, the high quality cassava flour
stuff does not undergo fermentation but must be started and finished within
twenty-four hours and that makes it unique and of high quality content suitable
for wheat flour substitution.
As has been rightly and severally observed, the major problem of agriculture in
Nigeria and Africa as whole are difficulties in storage and preservation of crops.
Agricultural produce generally are perishable and fraught with glut while the
prices most of the time become volatile making prediction for farmers budget
unrealistic and unreliable for credit and lending.
In Plumbley and Rickard (1991):
“When the cassava root has been harvested, a rapid
process of deterioration sets in after 2-3 days at the latest”.
Consequently, in C.T.A. (2007:6):
“They process about 500kg of fresh cassava and package the
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flour within 24 hours of harvesting”.
This means that cassava roots cannot be stored under wet conditions beyond
three days. Again, in Graham, A.J., Shegaonkar, V., Saxena. S., Thangaraji,
G.S. Raghu-Ramam, S.V. and Westly, A. (2005) in Department for
International Development (DFID) (2006:1): “Long-term storage (3-4 months)
of cassava starch under wet condition results in adverse quality changes, which
are reflected by a reduction in the grade and hence the sale price of any product
made from starch”. Cassava flour, cassava starch and animal feeds are the three
basic import substitution opportunities for cassava (FIIRO:2006). Due to the
absence of period of dormancy, the cassava crop when harvested must be
processed immediately to avoid loss in value of the endproduct and in the case
of cassava flour, must be completed within twenty-four hours to avoid
fermentation and give a high quality yield of HQCF.
The choice of cassava instead of any other root crop such as yam or cocoyam
may have been due to the huge component of starch in it.
In Grolier (2000):
“Because it is an important source of starch, the cassava
is the major economic important in the great roots crops
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of the world… The yield of starch from a cassava crop
can be very high. One acre of cassava is capable of
producing 10 tons (9 metric tons) or more of starch”.
The need to enforce the import substitution of wheat and the essence of
discontinuing the use of potassium bromate in bakeries must be emphasized
during the cassava flour propagation.
The quest for the dough to rise induces bakers to use potassium bromate (a
chemical compound known to be cancerous in health).
The legislation for substituting 10-20 percent cassava flour for wheat flour in
bread production would save substantial foreign exchange earnings spent on the
bulk import of wheat flour by Nigeria and other African countries. This import
substitution legislation which was effective from 1st July, 2006 is a welcomed
step by the government towards cassava industrialization, but the supply side of
the cassava crop must be sustainable in order to achieve the laudable objective
entrenched in the legislation.
The formulation of policy should be based on proper analysis of the pros and
cons, on one hand, and the follow-up implementation of the policy instrument
and the continuity of leadership interest in such laudable policy is yet another.
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Moreover, such vital economic policy on import substitution which transcends
the entire country is expected to be backed by adequate promotional strategies
to elicit the support of every stake-holder in the supply chain of cassava.
Notwithstanding the powerful influences of persuasive communication on man
in the society, man per se is sticky to change. Consequently, the policy may not
go without resistance or obstructive tendencies. The application of appropriate
public relations and communication theories such as the Uses and Gratification
paradigm, the Behavioural Change Communication (BCC) would be quite
relevant in eliciting the support of all the stakeholders to pre-empt the negative
re-actions of advocacy group or political interest groups to the bakeries and
other food pastas.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
From the above background it is evident that bread is a major food in the
households in Nigeria and Enugu state in particular. Consequently the Federal
Government of Nigeria embarked on an intensive drive for increasing cassava
yield to support the import substitution programme through a legislation for use
of 10-20 percentage of cassava flour in baking bread and other pasta products.
Given the backdrop in the vital place of bread in the breakfast table of most
household in Nigeria, this study is interested in the extent of acceptability by
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publics the use of cassava flour as a partial substitute for wheat flour in Enugu
State.
Moreover, an obvious economic implication of cassava flour project is
the employment creation effects, however, cassava production and harvesting
activities are drudgery in nature. Those who are able to cope with stress would
reap the benefits.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this research are as follows:
1 To ascertain whether the presidential initiative for massive production of
cassava succeeded in the satisfaction of domestic and market, in Enugu
State.
2 To understand whether the legislation on the use of cassava flour for
bakery and confectionery businesses, succeeded or failed in Enugu State.
3 To ascertain whether adequate promotional strategies were put in place
for popularization of cassava flour project.
4 To make policy statements and other recommendations based ion the
findings from the study.
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1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
Is the presidential initial for massive production of cassava successful in the
satisfaction of domestic and export markets in Enugu State?
Is the legislation on the application of cassava flour for bakery and
confectionery businesses, successful or not, in Enugu State?
Were adequate promotional strategies put in place for the popularization of the
cassava flour project in Enugu State?
Are there policy statements and recommendations based on findings from the
study?
1.5 HYPOTHESES
The following hypotheses have been formulated to guide this enquiry:
Ho (Null): The presidential initiative for massive production of cassava crops
was not successful in the satisfaction domestic and export markets in
Enugu State.
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Ho (Null): The legislation on the application of cassava flour bakery and
confectionery businesses was not successful in Enugu.
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY
The focus of the study is strictly on cassava production with special attention on
the production and utilization of cassava flour in Enugu State.
1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY
The limiting factors may critically be the dearth of literary materials on previous
studies on the topic of research and the recent, and the nature of the policy
require long-time frame for actualization.
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study when successfully concluded may provide insight into the response of
the farmers, millers, and bakers on the policy issues and legislation about the
production of cassava of flour in Enugu State. The end-product of the study may
induce investors into the production, marketing and distribution of cassava flour
in Enugu State. The factors which may have been supportive to the success or
failure of the legislation may also be identified at the end of the study for future
corrective measures, as policy and other recommendations may emerge from the
findings of the study.
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1.9 THE AREA OF STUDY
The choice of the Enugu State, in the south-east was informed by its historical
position as agricultural zone, and as the provincial headquarter of the defunct
eastern Nigeria in the colonial and post-colonial years. The population of Enugu
(257, 298), according to 2006 population census is quite large to encourage
substantive demand for bread, a staple food for almost every household at
breakfast. The study reliably gathered that Enugu State Government has
embarked on massive distribution of acres of land for food growing cassava and
other farm produce.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 Cassava Production Interventions for Sustainable Development
Cassava originated from Brazil and now is widely spread in the Tropics and
Subtropics (Ross 1999) in Erhabor, Ezaiki and Ingawa (2007:1-2). Cassava crop
belongs to a group with 160 species that have demonstrated many beneficial
qualities such as dormancy, drought resistant and good crop yield (FAO, 2004).
The two main varieties in Nigeria are Manihot Utilissima and Manihot Palmate.
The species could be differentiated into bitter and sweet varieties depending on
the cyanide acid contents.
Cassava processing activities are widespread in Nigeria’s rural area, being the
most formally processed crop in the Southern and middle Belt areas of the
country. The economic livelihood of many Nigerians in the south-east and
south-south and middle-belt depended on the crop. The low income nature of
the developing countries compels the processing of agriculture produce into
primary foods which have a number of competing alternatives, and so the value-
added benefits of rural processing continues to be variable and marginal. This in
turn, seems to perpetuate their poverty levels. According to Tadaro and Smith
(2006:67):
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“The basic reason for the concentration of
people and production of agricultural and other
primary production activities in the developing
countries is the simple fact that at low income,
the first priorities of any person are food,
clothing and shelter. Agricultural productivity is
low not only because of the large numbers of
people in relation to available land but also
characterized by primitive technologies, poor
organization, and limited physical and human
capital flows”.
Moreover, other factors that may have constrained agricultural production in
Nigeria as in most other developing countries include: “The popular view of
traditional agricultural systems is that they are made up of peasants who have
been farming the same way for centuries. The implication is that traditional
farmers are bound by custom and incapable of making changes that raise the
productivity and efficiency of their efforts”, Perkins, Radelet, Snodgrass, Gillis
and Roemer (2001: 593). These are some of the factors that may constrain the
presidential initiative for massive production of cassava in Enugu State.
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Cassava, however, has a large number of industrial uses which are yet to be
fully exploited. For example, cassava flour which is most commonly produced
in the fermented form, can be made suitable as an important confectionery and
bakery ingredient, by way of unfermented well processed flour technically
known as “High quality cassava flour” (HQCF), and in many industrial
applications, as in cassava starch and animal feeds.
In Enugu state, the Root and Tuber Crop Production (RTEP) another
stakeholder in the agricultural development initiative, have cassava processing
centers.
The cassava from various farms are being conveyed to the nearest processing
centers where they are transformed into various local application and distributed
to the markets nearest to the farmers. Cassava and cassava products are
important to the majority of Nigerians who eat the products at least once a day
(IITA, 2007:v). According to the IITA (2007):
“The Federal Government, in a bid to forestall the
repeat of the experience of the 1980s with the cassava
Mealy-bug, initiated the Cassava Mosaic Diseases
(CMD) prevention project… The Federal Government
of Nigeria supports the project, as well as the 12 states
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of the south-south and south-east zones including
Ondo state, the Niger-Delta Development Commission
(NDDC), and its joint partners. The project seeks to
address the critical threat of an outbreak of CMD in
Nigeria, increase yield, and diversify the market”.
This project which started in 2003 as an integrated cassava development
programme (ICP) was operational in the eleven states of the south-south and
south-east zones including Ondo in the south-west of Nigeria. The overall
objective of ICP was to create a firewall from eastern flanks of the country that
would break the westward movement of the disease-resistant varieties. The
CMD project was expected to increase productivity and precipitate surplus that
must be mopped through appropriate processing into various food and industrial
applications and marketing interventions.
“The integrated cassava project (ICP) is made up of two complementary special
projects: the pre-empt management of Mosaic Disease project (CMD) and the
Cassava Enterprises Development Project (CEDP) both implemented by the
International Institute of Agriculture(IITA). While CMD primarily looks at
mitigating the impact of cassava mosaic disease and increasing productivity (or
crop variety) in Nigeria, CEDP focuses on utilization and the development of
agribusiness”, (IITA, 2005). According to the IITA reports, the ICP has three
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main objectives: sustainably increase food availability, reduce rural poverty and
unemployment; and enhance agro-industrial and social-economic growth in
Nigeria. In order to achieve this, IITA deployed high yielding disease resistant
cultivars, adapting improved and profitable post-harvest processing methods,
and facilitate policies to ensure that problems along the commodity chain are
reduced ICP aims also to increase private sector investment in production,
processing, storage and marketing. The result will be that the standard of living
of millions of poor farmers and rural processors would be enhanced in the
commodity chain of cassava production.
ICP is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria, the Niger-Delta
Development Commission, Shell Petroleum Development in Southern Nigeria.
These technological breakthroughs, (as evident in the cassava crop varieties
developed through scientific cross-breeding which have disease-resistant
capabilities, broader application of cassava with supportive assistance for the
local manufacture of the processing machines) under pioneer-lead of the IITA,
necessitated the presidential initiative for partial substitution of wheat flour with
HQCF. The focus of this study, therefore, is to ascertain the extent of success in
the production and the processing into cassava flour, accordance with the
legislative order.
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2.3 HIGH QUALITY CASSAVA FLOUR (HQCF) PRODUCTION
The process for deriving a high quality (unfermented) cassava flour as culled
from IITA (2006:iv), was as shown in appendix III on page…
When fresh or newly harvested cassava is peeled and washed, it would be
grated into mash and dewatered. The pressed mash (cake) would be broken into
fine granules (manually or mechanically). Dry in cabinet or flash dryers then
mill the dried cassava granules, and sift if necessary. Packaging would be in
polyethylene bags or any other air tight containers for preservation. Simple as it
is, one wonder why the production of the HQCF is not widespread and very
popular in Enugu State.
This study may, therefore unravel some of the reasons for the low
popularization of cassava flour among the millers, bakers and confectionery
product makers within the state. The weak publicity campaign experienced in
the propagation of the project, notwithstanding that the production of HQCF for
bakery and confectionery business is a viable investment project, may have
slowed the pace of embracing the project among bakers in Enugu State. In
Maya (2006:48), “The present wheat importers are putting up resistance to
truncate the campaign on the production and use of the cassava flour substitute
for imported wheat”. This was not unanticipated since man is sticky to change.
26
It, therefore, behooves the presidential team and the relevant top government
functionaries to the cassava flour project to evolve and contrive schemes using
the appropriate social marketing and public relations models to pursue
persuasive communication for the purpose of eliciting the support of every
stakeholder, in the chain of cassava, cassava flour production, flour milling
firms, and wheat flour importers. The success of the cassava flour project is also
dependent, to a very high degree, apart from increase in the produce, on the
adequacy of the promotion/publicity campaigns aimed at convincing the
consuming publics on the nutritional values of properly processed HQCF for
bread bakery and confectionery productions. This may convince the bakers to
purchase the locally made cassava flour as basic input for bread production in
Nigeria and Enugu state in particular. Maya (2006:48-49), reported the squabble
between RMRDC and FIIRO as having precipitated the initial setback on the
project and may have been instrumental for the low publicity drive experienced
on the side of the presidential team on the cassava flour project. In Root and
Tubers Expansion Programme (RTEP) published flyers (2006); the lift of the
ban on wheat importation into Nigeria, notwithstanding, the overall trend has
been declining imports, attributed to such factors as weak exchange rate of the
naira and a continual fall in real per capita income.
“These scenarios and the potentially substantial
wheat replacement markets in the country have
27
created a very favorable environment for
HQCF production. Industries which can make use of
the product include the bread making, and also in shrimp
feed, ice-cream and noodle production activities”,
(RTEP; 2006).
The benefits of widespread small and medium scale processing of cassava into
HQCF are varied and can contribute substantially to the country’s socio-
economic developments, create jobs, enhance industrial capacity utilization and
facilitate rapid rural development through the promotion of cassava-based
industries.
One, therefore, wonders why the government seemed to be hesitant in taking the
bull by the horn in the intensive campaign towards advancing the use of cassava
flour in bakery and confectionery applications through persuasive
communication.
2.4 FACTORS CRITICAL TO THE SUSTAINABLITY OF CASSAVA
PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
A call for Private Enterprise in Production of Cassava Stem Varieties
The critical challenges to the sustenance of cassava production is “How to raise
per hectre yield in farmers’ field of production”. This was the point raised by
28
the station coordinating manager of the three states (Anambra, Enugu and
Ebonyi), under the IITA co-ordinating units in the south-east zone. There are
five new cassava varieties in the series TMS98/0505, TMS98/0581,
TMS98/0510, TME419, and TMS97/2205 all of which were released in 2005
under multi-location trial “That has identified specific genotypes for each of the
12 states of the project and also five genotypes that are of general sustainability
across wide ecologies and also respond to the needs for food, feeds and
industry. These varieties are on reserve with RTEP, NRCRI, and CMD-IITA in
the process of multiplication in all 12 states in small amounts at different
multiplication efforts of the state, contract growers and IITA Onne Farm in
Rivers State. Efforts to further multiply these varieties will require consultation
with the agencies to achieve a concerted work plan”, (IITA, 2005).
This means that different varieties thrive in various state, such that of the five
species, Enugu state can favour TMS 98/0505, TME 419 and TMS 97/2205.
“However, the supply of planting materials is slow because of factors of poor
timing and inadequate action” (Ezeaku, 2009). The flash dryers are the
machines relevant for the production of HQCF. These are the threats and
challenges of the cassava flour project and the new drive for large farms
plantation. According to Okoro, (2005):
29
“Leaping from traditional cassava plots to large
field or plantation is a giant step for the cassava
economy of Nigeria. That leap is inevitable and
the hurdles and obstacles to this action are
surmountable by the coalition of the able, the
willing, and the knowledgeable”.
The message is that, if the majority of cassava farmers grow less than 2ha and
there is a current pressure on supply of cassava to food processors and industrial
concerns, it implies that there may be inadequate roots to meet both food
security requirement, and the new drive for commercialization of cassava and
for industrial needs, the export to the northern parts of Nigeria and overseas
from European Union (EU) and China cannot be met at the current status of
cassava farming.
According to the co-coordinating manager, (Ezeaku, 2009):
“Among the varied inputs needed in any progressive farm, good planting
materials of the appropriate variety are a key input. Here-in lies the importance
of the cassava stem enterprise, New large farms exceeding 2ha have sought to
grow new varieties and improved types but they have nowhere to go and buy”.
Stressing on the importance of “back-store”, Ezeaku (2009), explained that
there is need for a buffer stock of farm materials supply where the farmers can
30
always fall back on, in the event of farm enlargement, which is a prerequisite
for the success of the envisioned commercialization of cassava crop (export and
extended industrial applications). In another development, IITA(2005), reported
that Oyo state came to NRCRI Umudike in Abia state to buy cassava stems for
planting. This crisis-cross of the nation by large cassava concerns very well
indicates the need for establishing healthy enterprise for the multiplication of
plantable cassava stems. The multiplication of the cassava stems in the relevant
varieties for bumper crop is not taken care of by RTEP, ADPs, Federal and state
Ministries of Seed multiplications Units, as expected to provide the needed
“back-store for farmers. There is, therefore, doubt in the production capacity
meeting the domestic and the export markets demand. The budget in terms of
the quantity and variety of cassava stems were not available. Our capacity or
what is on ground as we end the year 2009, is not available (Ezeaku, 2009).
This lackadaisical attitude of the government towards planning and budgeting
for input materials in quest for enlarging cassava plantable hectres may truncate
the obvious benefits that may accompany the enthronement of a cassava
economy. Consequently, there is need to divest agriculture from government to
the private concerns who are acclaimed to be more business-like, unlike, the
government MDAs who lack business acumen. Agriculture is presently in the
claws of the government and unless this divestiture is achieved, to allow for the
effective conversion of the cassava stems multiplication project into private
enterprise, not much could be attained in the drive for effective
31
commercialization of cassava crop. At the present in Enugu state “Ugomentus”
only has dryers for processing within 24hours, HQCF at Adani Farm Settlement
in Nsukka, where “Ugomentus is located. The fear, however, expressed by
prominent flour millers such as Honeywell, BUA, Dangote, among others, was
the regularity of supply. These and other flour millers have acknowledged the
technical details for substituting cassava flour for wheat flour. The problem of
fluctuations in supply may well discourage the application of upto 10 percent
cassava flour for bread baking and confectionery uses. The quest for the level of
production in satisfaction of the domestic and export markets is in doubt. The
fact on ground is that the present capacity of cassava production is not up to
10t/ha but is currently about 6t/ha. According to Ezeaku (2009), if the farmers
are empowered with improved varieties, then the current per hectre yield will
increase; the current level of cassava production to meet the domestic as well as
the export demands is critical to sustainability. It is only on this premise or
platform that the sustainability of the economy as envisioned by the presidency
may be validated. If the public-private partnership (ppp) concept is introduced
into the agricultural sector for production of cassava, then credit would be
available for purchase of machines for planting, harvesting and processing. But
agriculture is presently in the hands of government whereas; it is believed that it
should be better in private hands. The VESA Farms at Benin City in Edo state
was cited in Ezeaku (2009), as an example of a successful private enterprise (an
agricultural outfit). The inefficiencies that bedeviled the public sector
32
(government) resulting from the high spate of corruption would drowsy down
the drive for agricultural production. The private sector may obviate such
tendencies towards inefficiencies in production because of the cost of borrowed
funds concept; but it is not so with the government who depended heavily on
annual revenue allocation which it spends with high profligacy and without due
regard to the actual needs of the citizens. This profligate lifestyle of the
government officials was vividly captured in Okoi (2005:47).
“Thus government expenditure may grow not
because the citizens do demand increasing
expenditure but because they originate from the
bureaucrats whose power and prestige are
enhanced by larger budgets”
The idea that the cause or causes of failure of development programmes and
projects emanate from the government officials, who were entrusted with the
success of such projects and programmes smacks on the integrity of the political
elites who vie for leadership positions each tenure of office. A situation where
individuals who were not qualified are enthroned, into sensitive positions may
not augor well for the development of Africa as a whole and Nigeria in,
particular. The private sector, therefore, should be allowed as a matter of
deliberate but pragmatic policy, to drive the agricultural sector.
33
2.5 THE SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF TE LEGISLATION DEPENDED
ON A NUMBER OF FACTORS
Man is living in an imperfect and a weak world and this predisposes him, most
of the time, to weaknesses and imperfections, in the course of pursuit to re-shape
the society or environment in which he finds himself. According to Egwu
(2006:26):
“Because society is made up of an un-equal individuals
(the weak and the strong, the talented and the un-talented,
the males and females, the young and the adults, the developed
and the underdeveloped etc), inequality is perhaps the first
law of the nature and society.”
Hitherto, Rousseau (1759), a French Philosopher had postulated that “man is
born free yet everywhere, we see him in chains “. He sadly concluded that man
is a “Down hill being”. However, a century later Darwin (1859), inversely
argued against the postulations of Ruousseau. In his powerful theory of evolution
and the origin of species, he persuaded the world to believe and accept that it is
man, through his biological hereditary and innate potentials that evolve over time
and, therefore, influence, manipulate and shape society (Egwu,2006:25). Indeed
society and history is what it is today, culturally, scientifically, technologically,
educationally, economically, politically and so on, because of man’s immutable
34
biological endowments from God, to evolve and change society. In his works,
Egwu (2006) argued that a just society is that which provides equal opportunity
to all its unequal members and citizens to display their talents, skills, abilities
and core personalities, intelligence and geniuses through persuasive
communication, or else through the same equal opportunity, make fools of
themselves. Persuasive communication, is thus the basis for building of a just
and egalitarian society in which there is sufficient law, order, integration and
unity to protect all members and citizens and satisfy their needs and diverse
endowments and at the same time encourage ….., to develop his or her talents
and potentials to the fullest and through persuasive communication sell or
market their talents to the society. It is, therefore, the presence of law and order
that enable the delicate balance between order and disorder, unity and pluralism
to be sustained through the willingness and the ability of members of the society
to apply the principles and tools of persuasive communication.
Even where the weaknesses of man seem to make him appear irrational to
believe or not to believe in the potential benefits of substituting the locally made
cassava flour for imported wheat flour…,in all situations and circumstances man
must doubt and remain skeptical until persuaded otherwise, with facts and
figures. Persuasive communication is simply, the ability of the cassava flour
project communicators to convince by dialogue, albeit, according to Egwu
(2006:29), in a “Socratic manner”. It is to motivate (reconciling of interest of
35
divers interest groups), to induce (through provisions of enabling environment
for establishing the cassava flour factories locally) and excite (through intensive
public seminars), instigate and influence others to action. The ability to articulate
and develop information system capable of alluring all the publics to the cassava
flour project is, therefore, critical to the success thereof.
Persuasive communication on cassava flour project should be well-researched
and well grounded, if it is to form the basis of economic development and
change the living standard of Nigerians. The objective of persuasive
communication is to win over and manage people and can be appropriately
employed in the social marketing of ideas and policies such as the cassava flour
legislation.
2.6 EXTENT OF THE SPREAD OF KNOWLEDGE ON THE
TECHNICAL FORMULA OF THE BLEND
The role and influence of the mass media on the target population was
exemplified in a number of theories on development support communication,
which were expatiated in Nwosu (2009) and considered relevant to this study:
One of these theories is the Agenda-setting theory: This was postulated by
McCombus and Shaw (1974:28) and Lipman (1922:3): Mass media have the
ability to transfer the salient of items on their news agenda to the public agenda.
36
“the world outside and the picture in our head are results of the mediatory role of
the media”.
The implication of this theory on the cassava flour progrmme is that, if the
frequency of popularization of the composite formula was increased beyond the
level it went, the knowledge of the usage of the cassava flour for bread bakery
would have pervaded Enugu State. But because the interest of the mass media on
this issue was very low or may have been dampened, the publication was
circumscribed. The president’s team may have also taken the role of the mass
media for granted and may have excluded part of the segments of the mass
media from participation.
Another theory is the Social Judgment Theory. To chose to accept the message
being communicated, chose to reject and chose to remain non- committal or
show indifference. According to Nwosu (2001): “From the point of view of the
theory, the level of usefulness of all the creative inputs and other resources into
the communication programmes surely depends on the readiness of the audience
to accept it….. “ Little wonder, some of the bakers in Enugu State admitted
coming across the cassava flour legislation in the news media (print and
electronic) but failed to go beyond that since social judgment theory allows them
to chose, select or reject which information is useful or not, except that the
weakness of the exchange rate of the naira and the continual fall in the income
37
per capita may be compelling the bakers and wheat importers to look inwards to
locally processed HQCF, albeit covertly due to the cassava inferiority complex
of Nigerian elites.
The Consumer Perception Process Theory, is yet another. This theory,
according to Arens (2004:147) in Nwosu (2009), shows how consumers,
perceive, conceive and remember advertising messages, and generally any
communication. It shows many varying factors which determine the
acceptability of such messages.
Here the persuasive power of advert could have been utilized to implant the idea
for the usage of cassava flour in the minds of the publics and other private sector
individuals who might go into the local production of cassava flour production or
bread bakery. Continuing on his discourse, Nwosu (2009) believed that the
import of this theory would “fore-warn and fore-arm communication,
practitioners, sort of, like those involved in social marketing, development
support communication, advocacy, public relations and advertising. They have
clearly got to understand these obstructive impediments and how to overcome
them. It is only then can their effort yield fruits and clients’ investments justified
and safe-guarded”. According to the schematic from the works of Arnes
(2004:148), Personality, Self-concept, Attitudes, Beliefs and Habits were some
of the physiological Screen (Sensory) and Psychological Screens (Emotional)
38
were some of the obstructive impediments that may inhibit the consumer from
taking in, on the persuasive communications. Here the consumers’ inferiority
psyche on cassava is a major psychological screen that seems to obstruct
purchase. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the social marketers, in the case of
the cassava flour idea, the presidents team, to devise means and ways for
overcoming these obstructive impediments in the various individual publics or
interest groups or advocacy. One of the models for handling interest group
challenges, is the uses and gratification paradigm (Nwosu, 2003:153). One factor
on this model would be how to reduce the amount of money paid by the
consumer for a loaf of bread. The cognitions (beliefs and opinions) of the
stakeholders, in the cassava flour programme, who were implicitly opposed to
the idea of blending cassava flour with wheat flour, must be altered through
persuasive communication and reconciliation paradigm (uses and gratification).
Another important theory to this study is the Cognitive Dissonance Theory, The
author of this theory, Leoan Festinger, a psychologist, believe that dissonance
operates in humans, in the same manner like drive or need or tension, which
compel individuals to reverse their attitudes or beliefs in order to avert
unfavourable consequences. In the works of Nwosu and Nkamnebe (2006:97):
“Human being has the tendency of experiencing psychological tension
particularly when their cognitions (beliefs and opinions) and behaviour/actions
39
are in conflict. When this occurs, the individual automatically seeks ways to
reduce the tension, in other words, dissonance results from conflicts between
attitudes/beliefs and actions/behaviour, and the human system has a way of
restoring consonance, that is, balance between attitude and action”.
According to Nwuso (2009), “the theory is of immense value to communication
practitioners who package communication messages, they must not only be
persuasive, but also capable of motivating the acceptability of the messages”.
Continuing in his exposition of the theory, Nwosu(2009), re-stated that the
utilization of the desirable motivational appeals in communication messages
leads to effectiveness and positive influence, particularly, if the right need of the
target audience is understood. It, therefore, implies that attempt to change
attitude could lead to resistance. Hence, arrangement must, therefore, be made to
contain such resistance and still ensure the attainment of the set goals. The
communicators must be able to break into the psyche of consumers to alter their
inferior beliefs about cassava flour input for bakery and confectionery purposes.
Although Nwuso (2009), directed the application of this theory to the image and
reputation re-branding project of the country (locally and internationally), it is
also most appropriate to the cassava flour legislation communication. The
question posed in Nwosu(2009):
40
“Could this have been responsible for the failure of Nigeria
successive government’s attempts to solve its
perceived image problems, not withstanding the series of
measures so far adopted?”
The “Wheat cabal” as described in Maya (2006), succinctly suggested that
these were in opposition or dissonant to the cassava flour bread-blending project
and could do anything humanly possible to put resistance. It is, therefore, the
responsibility of the president’s team to achieve restoration of consonance, that
is, balance between their beliefs that the nation must conserve scarce foreign
exchange and their resistance against the wheat flour substitution. The
communicators who designed the popularization campaign obviously failed to
take cognizance of the suitability of this communication theory in the planning
stages of the cassava project.
2.7 SYSTEMIC CHALLANGES IN THE EFFECTIVE
IMPLEMENTATION OF CASSAVA FLOUR PROJECT
In a contemporary world of dynamic changes, one cannot survive except the
necessary changes, re-engineering and innovations were embraced by the
authorities with the ultimate purpose of bringing good governance and effective
development to the people. Nigeria has been embattled with many obnoxious
policies inherited from the past military administrations and a change of
41
emphasis and re-structuring is the only recipe for effective development. One of
such changes and re-structuring is the be in the area of reformation of the various
ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) of the government in the way and
manner vital information are handled or managed for achieving the desired goals
of governance.
Systemic Errors
There are two basic errors that are observed to be rampant with our system
which should be rectified if Nigeria must move forward in the right direction
even at 50. One of these areas is the placement of wrong persons into the right
positions.
According to Tokumboh (2000:53): “One important factor giving rise to
maladministration is the employment of incompetent staff, particularly to
management and sensitive positions. This was the situation at the early stages in
many public corporations”. This was referred to as “Dysfunctional Placements of
Government Functionaries” in Okeleke (2009:5):
“One of the things that went wrong with our system of governance is the wrong
placement of poor caliber of personnel into sensitive position. For example,
persons who were not qualified were placed in the public affairs offices of the
presidency”. Individuals who were not qualified as public relations personnel
42
were made personal assistants (PAs) to governors. The placement of square peg
in a round hole was, indeed, a back-drop from the past military regimes and such
legacies inherited from the military should be discarded by the democratic
regimes by reviewing the constitution (a product of the military junta). There
must be a shift from the practice of trivializing sensitive positions, in appointing
individuals found to be most unsuitable to leadership positions, for a political
thuggery reward. This is not only counterproductive and wasteful of scarce
resources but impinges on the image and reputation of the country for which we
now seek for a re-brand. The incident that occurred between the Federal Institute
of Industrial Research Office (FIIRO) and the Raw Material Research and
Development Council (RMRDC) was a smack of the absence of relational
virtues among the MDAs. In Maya (2006:48-49): “Meanwhile fierce rivalry
erupted between FIIRO and RMRDC. Officials of RMRDC were asking for
some concessions and recognitions on the cassava project. They wanted the
vehicles used for the demonstration tour to be handed to them at the end of the
exercise. The suspicion heightened when RMRDC also demanded that the
technical details (composite formula) of the bread formulation and baking
technology be handed over to them for record purposes. FIIRO may have
expressed mis-giving on the issue of the release of the actual bread formulation
for fear of losing proprietary right. RMRDC also demanded that the labels to be
used by the 10 percent cassava bread, acknowledge “in collaboration with
RMRDC”. This was a case of questionable national interest. If the
43
communication and information management systems were sound, there would
not have been a cause for suspicion in the quest and pursuance of national
interest, such as the cassava bread project. The drive for personal
aggrandizement in our social life breeds avarice and acrimonious relationships.
The interest for national building and cohesion may be lost under such
conditions. This may have been contributory factor for the preponderant absence
of development in Nigeria and Nigerians even at 50, otherwise, what could be
the possible explanation for the jumbo salaries and miscellaneous allowances the
politicians fixed for themselves while the simple demand for them to oblige the
twenty-seven percent agreed under past administration for teachers and other
civil servants, was grievous to them, thereby orchestrating protracted strike
periods.
According to Fasina (1986:6):
“Given the circumstances of the pattern of our industrial development and the
well-conceived objectives of our ill-executed development plans, one is naturally
led to conclude that our plans foundered because we over-looked the importance
of inter-dependence of industries. But for this expensive over-sight. We would
have programmed for the setting up of satellite and small-scale industries which
would have either provided input for other industries by processing raw natural
products or utilize the output of some other industries by refining them for the
use of yet other industries”.
44
In Okeleke (2009:9):
“Nigeria would have been blossoming with
chains of micro-small and Medium Enterprises
(MSMEs) who joined one fleet or the other of the
multi-national companies (MNCs). The Nigerian
suppliers of raw materials are there quite alright
but too few to make any meaningful impact on
unemployment and industrial sector. These
MNCs do not allow any processing on some of
the supplied raw materials because they would
not want to support the growth and development
of the MSMEs but only interested in their profits
and capital”.
All these set backs would not have been suffered by the country, if the
appropriate machinery for the practice of information and PR Management
were put in place. Ukwu (2007:165), explained that, “PR is critically involved
in ensuring that our system of government approaches each of these ideals”.
The centrality of his (Ukwu) discourse is that if democracy is memorably
defined as “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, then
45
we ought to embrace PR practices as essential component and aid to
management.
It is worthy of note here that out major problem in Nigeria is not lack of
planning. Our problem stem from lack of proper and efficient implementation
of our plans, (Okere, 2008:7), stated that we are now in a business world at a
level when “right answers” in one time and context can become wrong
solutions in another time and context. Thus “best practices” unless repeatedly
analyzed for their sensibilities, may become “worst practices” that may
disastrously impede business performance and competence. So it is being
submitted that managers, governors, presidents... need to think “out of the
box” where box is the representation of all tested, tried things that always
worked in the past. They would need to think beyond what works today.
Other systemic errors are rigidity, weak patriotism and discontinuity of
development programmes and projects. One of the mistakes of leadership in
Nigeria, and which may have been, in part, one of the banes of development is
discontinuity of programmes and projects in the event of change in
government.
In highlighting some of the bottlenecks of development, Waku (2007:189)
explained that the problem of good governance in Nigeria centers around the
46
absence of fiscal and monetary discipline and stability, unbridled corruption,
and inconsistency in policy design and implementation. Public relations as a
communication centered activity, is based on openness, truthfulness of
information and respect for the right of the electorate to full information which
is the basis for free discussion and decision making. In the case of early
planning and decision making on the cassava flour legislation, some of the
publics who were called for briefing were not very free in the discussion but
concealed some issue agitating their minds, such as the taste, colour and smell
of the cassava bread. Moreover, no stakeholder was free enough to ask for the
technical details of the formula for making the cassava flour blended bread. A
situation which a PR-manager could have averted.
In Maya (2006:49): “During the meeting with the president where fruit and
coconut cassava flour blended-bread was tasted, the Association of Flour
millers stated that they were not opposed to the concept of cassava blended
bread but wondered if their cassava flour requirement could be met. On their
part, the Association of Master Bakers and Caterers of Nigeria praised the
inward looking approach of government and pledged their readiness to evolve a
new baking technique to ensure good formula for the composite wheat plus
cassava flour that might be used. Incidentally, nobody raised the issue that the
millers stood to make less profit, at least in the short-run with the proposed
cassava-wheat regime. For one, not many of the Millers actually have capacity
47
to really mill wheat in the first place. What they do is to import already milled
wheat flour and just re-bag. And for this, they get all manner of concession for
‘locally producing wheat flour’. The import records showed that the emphasis
is one wheat flour not on wheat grains. It also clearly shows how much of the
local wheat produced is used up by the Millers. But everyone pretended as
though all was well. And it seems that the president fell for it”. Obviously, the
“president” in the works of Maya referred to president Obasanjo (1999-2006).
2.8 ENLIGHTENMENT ON THE EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM
BROMATE AS ADDITIVE TO BAKERIES AND PASTRIES:
PREVENTABLE RISK BY USE OF HIGH QUALITY CASSAVA
FLOUR
Potassium bromate is a white crystal, granules, or powder, which is colourless,
odourless, and tastess. It has no medical value but is added to flour as a
maturing agent, to dough, to fish paste as a conditioner, and also to beer or
cheese, (Chipman 1988 in NJPS, 2009:59). The problem of potassium bromate
started with ozonization of drinking water to form bromate as a major by
product (WHO: 1993).
48
When research was done to confirm the safety of ozonated water, it was found
that potassium bromate causes renal cancer in rats when they drank water with
potassium bromate.
Following this discovery many countries, Health Organizations and Agencies
started banning the use of potassium bromate (NAFDAC, 2003 in NJPS,
2009:59).
In Nigeria , the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and
Control (NAFDAC) in 2002, held consultative meeting with Association of
Master Bakers in the various states of the country on the dangers in use of
potassium bromate in bread and the need to stop its use. Despite the awareness
created by NAFDAC on the danger of using potassium bromate as flour
enhancer, many bakers still use the restricted substance (NAFDAC) 2003, in
NJPS, 2009:59). In Nigeria, that there is no technology yet to detect food
product containing potassium bromate or the dangerous health hazard that this
chemical may cause, further complicates the health position of many
consumers of bread in the country. The use of bromate in bakeries and pastries
is a secrete that is difficult to detect by the consumers because of the
colourless, odourless nature of this chemical compound. Many Nigerian
consumers of bread face a very high risk of preventable renal cancer disease.
The bread consuming publics need to be enlightened on how to avert or at least
49
reduce the inherent risk of cancer through consumption of bakeries and pastries
containing potassium bromate. Here calls for consumer protection on bread
consumption.
In Maya(2006): “Cassava flour was observed by the team to rise very well in
the dough”. If that is the case, the government can intensify campaign for the
use of cassava flour up to 20 percent substitution since well prepared cassava
flour has the potency to rise well without potassium bromate.
2.9 THE ODOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF FERMENTED CASSAVA
Cassava, after fermentation in the process of preparing of the traditional foods
(fufu), in Igboland, produces unpleasant odour and this the people of south-
east, in particular Enugu State has its pedigree. It is therefore, a long historic
experience that cassava food smells and so many elites of the south-east and
south-south appear to avoid it and go for garri food, also derived from cassava
but the drying, frying causes the cyanide acid odour of cassava to escape. It is,
therefore, this cassava odour that predisposes it to a notion of an inferior food
product over the years in the psyche of many Nigerians, especially in the south-
south and south-east. The issue here is that inclusion of cassava flour into
bakery products may create resentment which in turn may affect negatively the
demand for cassava flour bread. However, this fear should be allayed following
the method of processing the cassava flour.
50
In FIIRO(2007):
“Cassava has advantages as a raw material for flour production because of the
ease of processing and low capital investment required in establishing a
processing unit. In addition, cassava flour has bland flavour and is thus
unlikely to alter the flavour of any product in which it is used”.
The problem of odour with cassava flour does not arise because the process
does not allow fermentation, as the process, from start to finish is within
twenty-four hours.
In IITA(2005):
“The process of HQCF production involves peeling,
washing, grating, pressing, drying and packaging. All these
processes have to be done within 24 to 36 hours. In terms of
quality, the standard organization of Nigeria recommends
that the colour, tast and odour shall be characteristic of
product…cassava flour when tested with iodine solution
shall give a blue black colouration”.
51
Consequently, the law on the use of cassava flour in bread and confectionery,
which has put farmers and cassava processors into supply chain of bakers and
flour millers in Nigeria (IITA:2005), may have been successful in Enugu state,
albeit, implicitly as no baker may be willing to disclose the secrete of their
blending formula.
2.10 REINFORCEMENT OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION BILL
The systematic challenges which bedeviled development projects and
programmes, notwithstanding, Nigerian government cannot afford to jettison
the cassava flour project simply due to the inherent weaknesses of following of
implementation of development project or programmes
In FIIRO (2007):
“Import substitution opportunities for cassava exist in three broad areas: (a)
cassava flour, (ii) Cassava starch and (iii) animal feed. Cassava flour can be
used as a partial replacement for many bakery and pasta products. The process
of making cassava flour entails peeling and washing, grating, dewatering,
pulverizing, drying and milling”.
“Cassava flour is cherished so much both in Nigeria and abroad because of its
utility in the life of man and animal”, (Aboje, patrick, 2006:39).
52
In Oshisade, Victor (2005:65): “With 33 metric tons yearly output, Nigeria is
rated the world’s largest primary producer of cassava and adjudged the world’s
largest consumer”.
It may seem that the demand for cassava flour is very high but latent due to
certain unpleasant smell of cassava observable during fermentation for
traditional fufu. The new developments which occasioned wider application of
cassava products for domestic and industrial uses would definitely exert
pressures on demand for cassava. Nigeria being the worlds largest Consumer of
cassava. There are fears of paucity of supply of the cassava roots from which to
derive cassava flour resulting from the vagaries of climatic and weather
conditions. Another constraint, as observed in FIIRO (2007), is the lack of
capital investment in additional items of machinery for production of cassava
flour. The major physical bottleneck for IITA process are access to processing
equipment, power to provide mechanization and reliance on good weather for
drying the product. In Nigeria, weather appear to be the major bottleneck. It can
reduce production rates by 90 percent and interfere with deliveries and
reduction, in product quality and selling price. Prolonged drying leads to
fermentation of the wet mash and a reduction in PH value, where PH is a
measure of value of salinity.
53
Writing on the cassava economy, Bamiyi, Festus (2005:44), “As good as the
vision is, there are several challenges facing the cassava revolution in Nigeria.
These emanate from millers, equipment, financiers, international competition,
raw material base and pricing”. The utility and profitability of cassava and
cassava flour notwithstanding, the threats to the sustainability of cassava flour
supply, is a very high risk factor that must be redressed by the intervention of
end-users who provide demand for the product, set quality standards and offer
incentives for production of consistent quality. In FIIRO (2007):
“Continued support is required from both government
and NGOs to promote the use of cassava flour as a
substitute for wheat flour. Their support is also necessary
to provide training and financial assistance for processors
wishing to exploit the market opportunity”.
The absence of a strong credit markets for agricultural processors has been
another bottleneck to the success of the cassava flour projects. Even when the
government under the auspices of the bankers Committee on December, 21st
1999, inaugurated a policy shift for private sector intervention in the
development of small and medium industries equity investment scheme
(SMIEIS), under which a compulsory 10% profit Before tax (PBT) levy was
imposed on the banks, the scheme failed in their performance. Hence, in
54
Okeleke P.A., Onah E.S.E., Ugonne, Okamkpa, Onyia, M.N. and Shelika, G.C.
(2008:4):
“The inaccessibility of the SMEIS fund to the
Entrepreneurs is, therefore, the bane of industrial
growth and development.”
The banks (commercial) who in the first instance volunteered to support the
funding programme are, by nature of the term structure of their deposits, averse
to long term project financing. This attribute may still be inherent in these
banks. Moreover, the type of environment on ground in the country may best be
described as “disabling”, rather than enabling.
55
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Sun July 15:48-49, Vol 25, No 10, 266.
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Mohammed, Z. (2008), “Education and Sustainable National Development”,
Management in Nigeria, Vol 44; No. 2:6:
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Management. Lagos: Zoom Lens Publishers.
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Sustainable Human Development”, in Nwosu and Fab-Ukozor (eds),
Communication for Sustainable Human Development Enugu. ACCE.
Nwosu I.E and Uffoh, V.O. (2005), Environmental Public Relations
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Processes, Practices; Aba Afri-Towers Ltd.
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2:37.
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61
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter highlighted the strategic plans for gathering data from the field and
other sources of information relevant for this study. It detailed out the methods
this study. It detailed out the methods or approach and the tools and techniques
employed in the conduct of the research.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
The nature of this study requires that data should be gathered from the
field processors of cassava into cassava flour and the users of these cassava
flour for baking bread. The most appropriate design is the survey method, in
which data would be elicited from the producers of cassava flour and the master
bakers.
According to Asika, N. (2009:13), survey research focuses on population or the
universe. Data are collected from the population for intensive study and
analysis. Again in Osuata (2007:253-254):
“Survey are oriented toward the determination of the
status of a given phenomenon rather than towards the
62
isolation of causative factors. Survey differ from case
studies in that surveys are generally based on large
cross-sectional sample…”
The focus of this design (survey) is to select the samples that would be adequate
for proper assessment of the true status of the population characteristic. Put in
another way, samples that would enable us to make correct assessment of the
status on the usage of cassava flour for bakery and confectionery business in
Enugu State.
In this study out of a total universe of 35 Processors, thirty-two were selected as
the working universe and in a random sampling, 25 were further selected for the
effective administration of the questionnaire. Also telephone enquiries were
made to some renown master bakers and producers of bread flour.
The data collected were subsequently analyzed in chapter flour where the
research questions were answered using the data obtained from the respondents
(on the questionnaires) vis a vis the literature review. Finally, the Null
hypothesis was tested. Tests were executed on a triad statistical method, using
the ANOVA, Normal curve and the student t-test.
63
3.3 SOURCE OF DATA
The data for this study were gathered from both primary and secondary sources:
3.3.1 Primary Sources
Here, information was obtained directly from the field through interviews, and
questionnaires administered.
3.3.2 Secondary Sources
In the course of our investigation, we made use of relevant information
abstracted from published materials. These secondary data were culled from
textbooks, journals, newspapers, internet and other unpublished materials
relevant to the study. These include: completed research works from the
university’s library and seminar materials at the institution for Development
Studies (IDS).
3.4 INSTRUMENTS OF DATA COLLECTION
The instrument used for obtaining primary data was the questionnaire. In
designing the questionnaire care was taken to necessary ensure that appropriate
questions necessary for answering the research question vis a vis the hypotheses
were exhausted. The instrument was partitioned into two segments. The first
part contained the bio-data of the respondents.
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3.5 POPULATION OF STUDY
The population of the study consists of all cassava processors into
cassava flour, the master bakers and other confectionery makers in Enugu State,
which distribution of the population is as shown below:
TABLE 3A: POPULATION DISTRIBUTION CASSAVA FLOUR
PROCESSORS
Agricultural Farmers Association of Nigeria (AFAN) 3
Enugu Agricultural Development Programme (ENADEP) 10
Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) 5
Root, Tubers Expanded Programme (RTEP) 10
Master Bakers 7
Total 35
Source: Root, Tubers Expanded Programme, Enugu
Most of these workers are in the field at various locations which are Obino in
Nsukka, Amorji-Nike, Ehamufu in Isi-uzo and Isuawa in Awgu under the
supervision of the institutional farmers detailed above in table 3A. The
researcher instrument was administered to a cross-section of this total
population.
65
3.6 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND SAMPLE SIZE
In cognizance of the fact that these farmers were settled in clusters or pockets
settlement. Consequently, the cluster sampling technique was used after
deriving the sample size of 32 out using the statistical formula as below.
From the works of Bourley, cited in Yemane (1973) in (Ozo in et al)
Sample Size Calculation
Given that: n = N
1+N(e)2
When n = Desired sample size
e = Level of Significance (5%)
N = Total Population of universe
n = 35 = 35
1+35 (0.05)2 1.0875 = 32.18
:. Sample size or working universe 32. This however, in November, 2009
during the site inspection to determine the actual number of processors on site it
was observed that the farmer/processors were settled in clusters. Consequently,
selection was randomly made according to the areas of their settlement:
Table 3: SELECTION BY CLUSTERS OF SETTLEMENT
66
Field Location Working Universe Sampling
Obimo – Nsukka 5 5
Amorji – Nike 5 5
Ehamufu – Isiuzo 5 5
Isuawa-Awgu 5 5
ADP 3 1
RTEP 3 1
IITA 2 1
Women Wing Entrepreneur 2 1
Baker/others 2 1
32 25
This led us to administering 25 persons with questionnaire. It was not until first
quarter of the year 2010 that we started receiving the completed from the
respondents. The research instrument was, there, distributed as follows:
Field Operators (Cassava Farmers/Processors 80%
Institutional Farmers/Representatives 16%
Master Bakers/others 4%
100%
3.7 PILOT SURVEY
67
This is one of the strategies adopted in the research design to establish the
validity of the research instrument. The pre-test which commenced in
September, 2009 was done on Saturdays throughout the month. The following
master bakers contact on one-on-on basis through personal interviews:
- Bon Nigeria Ltd (located along Enugu-Onitsha expressway)
- Danny Bread Located in Obiagu
- Nwokocha Bakery at New Haven
- Chitis Bakeries at Independence Layout
Meeting were scheduled for each to discuss with the factory owners. With the
factory managers in the cases of Chitis and Bons while the managing Directors
were interviewed in the case of Danny and Nwokocha factories. The pre-test
questionnaire were completed by the researcher. The information elicited from
this pre-test seemed to be partially biased as some of the master bakers feigned
ignorant of the legislation scheme while others admitted the usage of the
cassava flour in the dough blend. In the course of trying to clarify certain issues,
it was observed that most of the master bakers do not want their products to be
associated with “Cassava”.
The result from the pre-test, therefore, was useful in re-shaping and re-
structuring the questionnaire and re-directed the researchers attention to the
institutional cassava farmers (ADP, ENADEP, IITA and RTEP), who disclosed
the various locations of the processors of cassava flour used for bakery purpose.
68
Apart from helping to enrich the content validity of the questionnaire, the pre-
test enabled the research to fully appreciate the operational definition of the
variables and how to sustain the validity of the research instrument.
3.8 DATA COLLECTION
The distribution of the questionnaire to the process located at different farm
location was not an easy task. After series of visits and meetings with some of
the staff ENADEP, one Mr. Ogbonna a field supervisor at Ugbawka was
introduced to me. He enlightened me on the best way to reach the processors at
the different locations which was through the institutional farmers
representatives who usually come to Enugu twice in a month for meeting and
briefings. We took him to Modotel for entertainments. He suggested that we
need to give some token of money to support Representatives his moral was
boosted. Twenty-five sheets of the questionnaire were administered, the sample
of which is in appendix VIII on page 73-74.
However, it was not until the end of March 2010 that the feedback from
the questionnaire started to turn. But tragedy struck on 20th November when
thieves broke into his residence and made away with some valuables including
laptop which contained the chapters one and two of the research works. This
incidence discouraged the researcher for more than five months but for some
lecturers that called to encourage him to restart the research report.
69
3.8 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
The study used quantities descriptive analysis in analyzing the data generated on
the status of use of cassava flour in Enugu State. The qualitative data generated
from the research instrument (questionnaire) returned by the respondents, were
transformed into quantitative data types and were arranged into frequency
distribution tables.
The parametric data in the forms of means, mode, variance and standard
deviation derived from the frequency tables were used to derive other numeric
using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). In this study ANOVA,
which is f-distribution, normal curve which is z-score and student t-test models
were used to corroborate the validity of the research instrument.
3.9 RELIABILITY OF DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
In our description of validity test, we established that it was intended to ensure
the ability of the research instrument to adequately measure what it was
designed to measure. However, the reliability test is concerned with the
consistency in the results given by the same instrument, if employed by other
researchers. The reliability of data collection instruments, therefore, seeks to
foster replicability of research results. The uniformity of responses elicited from
the different respondents, in this study to whom questionnaire were
administered independently and the staggered characteristics of the
70
administration, ensured the reliability of data collection. We are rest assured that
reliability test would score well over 95 percent subject to significant margin of
less than five percent , so much so that if the research is replicated, the same
results would be derived using the channels for collecting and corroborating
data, and under the same conditions.
3.10 VALIDITY OF DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
The concept of validity here connotes the validity of findings, (which is a test
for research designs) and validity of measurements (which pertains to the
quality of the measuring instruments), when the research design is properly
contrived to ensure the adequacy of the instrument being employed in eliciting
the type of responses that it is designed to generate.
In this study, cognizance was taken of the demographic features of the
respondents, in designing the research instrument. The other part of the
questionnaire contained a combination of open-ended and closed-ended
questions to ensure the adequacy of the content validity. The distribution of the
questionnaire was staggered to prevent the concentration of the instrument in
the hands of persons within the same unit or field; the purpose of which is to
ensure that the respondents acted independently in the course of providing
answers to the questionnaire.
71
Apart from the use of questionnaire, other methods of collecting information
such as observation (some cassava flour producers were watched in the process
of production), the telephone survey was employed also to assist in the
corroboration of the data collected from the respondents in the field. Some of
the important personalities interviewed on telephone (GSM) included Prof.
Mbah, the present Rector of Ehamufu Federal College of Education and Dr.
Ezeaku of the Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Data from World Bank
Publications, obtained from the ENADEP office, on annual crops yield on
cassava was used to further verify the authenticity of data and ensure the
validity of findings.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter seeks to present and analyze the data collected for this research.
These data are presented in frequency tables… from which descriptive and
inferential analysis would be made, using the ANOVA Model derived from the
statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17.0
4.2 QUESTIONNAIRE RETURN RATE
A total of thirty-two (32) questionnaire sheet were distributed, however, twenty-
five (25) were completed which represented 79percent while seven (7) which
also represented 21 percent were not returned and so were not included in the
data collected.
Table 3 contained the detail of the questionnaire return rate:
Table 3: Questionnaire Return Rate
S/N SAMPLE PROCESSING
CENTER
DISTRIBUTED RETURNED NOT RETURNED
1. Obioma – Nsukka 5 16% 5 16% - - 2. Amorji – Nike 5 16% 5 16% - - 3. Ehamufu – Isiuzo 5 16% 5 16% - - 4. Isuawa – Awgu 5 16% 5 16% - - 5. Agric Dev. Prog.
(ADP) 3 9% 1 3% 2 6%
6. Root, Tuber, Expanded
2 9% 1 3% 2 6%
73
Programme 7. Inter-nation
Institute for Tropical Agric (ITTA)
2 6% 1 3% 1 3%
8. Women Wing Entrepreneur
2 6% 1 3% 1 3%
9. Baker/Others 2 6% 1 3% 1 3% Total 32 100 25 79% 7 21%
Source: Field Survey, 2009
4.3 SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESIDENTS
The background
However, confectionery products in Enugu State. The detailed information the
bio-data characteristics of the respondents are now presented as follows.
4.3.1 Table 4: Age Distribution of Respondents
S/N AGE BRACKET RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE 1. 18 – 30 4 16 2. 31 – 40 10 40 3. 41 – 50 9 36 4. 50 – Above 2 8 25 100% Source: Field Survey, 2009
The age distribution of the respondent indicated a very high concentration of the
sample population within the age bracket of 31 – 50years. This is quite an
acceptable working life age.
74
4.3.2 Table 5: Gender Distribution
GENDER RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE % Male 9 36 Female 16 64 Total 25 100% Source: Field Survey, 2009
The task of cassava production and process is quite and arduous task. The
people of Enugu state are traditionally known as farmers who even had travel
outside their communities and dwell in farm settlement. The sample population
of farm settlers in different communities is as shown in table 2 in chapter 3.
The Gender Distribution which is contained in Table 5, is one of a
disproportionate scale against the female gender which recorded a sample
population of 16 respondents or 64 percent as against the male respondents of 9
or 36 percent.
In Ellis, F (2000:168):
“Gender inequality is perceived feature of rural livelihoods. Women have
unequal ownership or access rights to land, their access to productive resources
occurs through mediation of men, their decision making capabilities concerning
resource use and output choices are often severely restricted. Moreover, women
confront narrower labour markets than men and unequal earnings prospects in
such labour markets as are open to them. Their lower education, resulting from
discriminatory access as children, means that when they do engage in labour
markets it is likely to be in low wage work with little job security”.
75
The writing of this author (Ellis), merely epitomized the working environment
in which women were found to be highest in the drudgery work as cassava flour
production which ought to have been male-dominated. The low level of their
income brackets is an outright manifestation of male-chauvinism.
4.3.3 Table 6: Income Distribution of Respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2009
From Table 6: Income Distribution of the Respondents, Majority of which lied
between N11,000 to N40,000.00 was not quite impressive considering drudgery
characteristics of cassava production and the processing of a high quality
cassava flour which must be completed within 24 hours from the time of the
harvesting of the root crop to the finishing into bread flour to prevent
fermentation.
Although this study was not designed investigate the gender disparity, however,
as a front-burner it may be necessary to bring other people’s opinion on the
issue.
In an unpublished works of Okamkpa, U.F. (2010):
INCOME BRACKETS RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE % 8500 – 10,000 3 12 11,000 – 20,000 9 36 21,000 – 40,000 9 36 41,000 – 80,000 3 12 81,000 – 99,000 1 4 100,000 – Above - - 25% 100%
76
“Ecofeminism perceives an interconnection between the domination of women
and the domination of nature… hence, all feminine is seen as inferior and may,
therefore, be exploited.”
The issue of gender segregation or male-chauvinism is widely criticized and
condemned as derogatory. Indeed, women and men (females and males) are
different biologically but all cultures intercept and elaborate these innate
biological differentials into a set of social expectations about what behaviours
and activities are appropriate, and what rights, resources, and power they
possess. Consequently, gender seem to be a social category that largely
establishes one’s destiny, shaping one’s participation in socio-political
economy.
Some societies do not practice racial or ethnic divides, however, all societies
recognize gender asymmetries and disparities in various degrees, but such
asymmetrical dimensions should not be seen to be derogative rather they should
be seen as complimentary.
Currently, there are various socio-political movements against gender inequality
which were aimed at changing or reducing gender segregation. In Enugu state
for instance, there are Women’s Advocates for Collective (WACOL) and the
Human Rights Organizations. These are Non-Governmental (NGOs) and they
seek to promote the ideals of the feminine category. However, the extent of their
successes is not widely known.
77
4.4 ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS VIS A VIS ANSWERS
FROM THE RESPONDENTS.
4.4.1 Research Question one:
“Is the presidential directive for massive productive of cassava successful in the
satisfaction of domestic and export market in Enugu State?”
In the questionnaire administered, two questions (7 and 9) are connection due to
answer for the research question in focus:
Questionnaire Question #7:
Is Enugu State the largest or second largest producer of cassava in Nigeria?
Tabulation of the respondents answers below:
Table 7:
VARIABLES FREQUENCY PRECENTAGE %
RATIO
Yes 15 60% 3:5 No 5 20% 1:5 Neutral 5 20% 1:5 Total 25 100% Source: Field Survey, 2009
In real terms if the neutral sample population of 5 respondents is disregarded,
then the true ratio or percentage is 3:4 or 75 percent respectively. This means
that Enugu state, may be indeed the largest producer of cassava crop in Nigeria,
as the weather and climatic conditions reports seem to buttress these facts. The
78
question of whether the production satisfied the local market demands may not
be in doubt except that the trend must be sustained. However, the question
whether, the cassava production also satisfied the export demands, according to
the respondents opinion is also resistive and follows:
Table 8:
Variables Frequency Percentage %
Ratio
Yes 15 60% 3:5 No 4 16% 4:25 Neutral 6 24% 6:25 Total 25 100% Source: Field Survey, 2009
From table , the real response in favour of export is almost 80percent i.e. when
the neutral components are excluded. Further oral enquires revealed that some
of the institutional investors such as the Agricultural Development Programme
(ADP) were into export through Lagos terminals. However, no data regarding
the export details was available with the Enugu State office of the Nigeria
Export promotion council (NEPC) when visited during the survey exercise.
4.4.2 Research Question Two:
“Is the legislation on the application of cassava flour for bakery and
confectionery businesses successful in Enugu State?”
Again, from the questionnaire distributed, there are quite a number of questions
posed included the following:
79
Questionnaire Question 12:
“Are there some notable processors of cassava flour in Enugu state?” The
frequency of the answers elicited from the respondents was as follows:
Table 9:
Variable Frequency Percentage % Ratio Yes 17 68 17:25 No NIL NIL NIL Neutral 8 32 8:25 Total 25 100% Source: Field Survey, 2009
In actual sense, if the neutral factor were eliminated, the total number of
respondents on the affirmative which is 17, may be said to be 100 percent.
Obviously, there are many processors of cassava flour all over Enugu State,
even beyond the sample frame of this study. No doubt the demand for cassava
flour as input for bread and other products such as biscuits, indomie noodles etc,
may be said to be quite high within and outside the state.
Questionnaire Question 13:
“Are you aware whether bread bakers and biscuit producers use cassava flour in
Enugu State?”
80
Table 10:
Source: Field Survey, 2009
Of course, it is possible that some of the bakers and confectionery products
manufacturers may not be using the cassva flour and all.
However, from table 10 one can deduce that about 80 percent of the
manufacturers of these products do, indeed, use cassava flour, going by the field
survey reports.
Questionnaire Question 18:
“To the best of your knowledge, is cassava flour presently being used in bakery
and confectionery products in Enugu State?”
Table 11
Source: Field Survey, 2009
Discarding the neutral component of the sample population which is three
respondents, it becomes obvious that over 85 percent of the bread baking
Variable Frequency Percentage % Ratio Yes 16 64 16:25 No 4 16 4:25 Neutral 5 20 1:5 Total 25 100%
Variable Frequency Percentage % Ratio Yes 19 76 19:25 No 3 12 3:25 Neutral 3 12 3:25 Total 25 100%
81
factories in Enugu State actually use bread flour, albeit clandestively. This
preponderant response to the affirmative was corroborated by the oral
interviews with some of the flour millers which included BONS Nigeria
Limited located at Kilometer…. Enugu-Ontisha Expressway.
Finally, was must examine other responses which critically bother on the quality
of bread made from the new bread flour. These were as follows:
Questionnaire Question 14:
“Do you think some consumers have fears in consumption of bread as product
made from cassava flour in Enugu State?”
Source: Field Survey, 2009
From the respondent’s opinion, majority of Enugu state citizens are skeptical of
the quality of bread made from cassava flour. This is, however, slightly true
from the same respondents reports in answer to questionnaire question 17:
“Do you think some Nigerians consider cassava as inferior food to be used in
bakery products?”
Variable Frequency Percentage % Ratio Yes 17 68 17:25 No 3 12 3:25 Neutral 5 20 1:25 Total 25 100%
82
Table 13:
Judging from the data presented in table 13, it is obvious that over 60 percent of
the sample population were of the opinion that some Nigerians in Enugu State
consider cassava as an inferior input for bread for fear of quality adulteration or
compromise.
The last question to be considered bordered on the attitude of many Nigerians
towards made in Nigeria products, in particular cassava flour made bread:
Questionnaire Question 16:
“In your opinion, do Nigerians have confidence or patronize made in Nigeria
products? Although this question measures the general attitude of Nigerians on
locally made products however, the respondent’s knew that the focal issue was
on the nation of the import substitution objective for use of locally made
cassava flour for bread bakery. Their answers were quite revealing:
Variable Frequency Percentage % Ratio Yes 18 56 14:25 No 8 32 8:25 Neutral 3 12 3:25 Total 25 100%
Variable Frequency Percentage % Ratio Yes 11 44 11:25 No 10 40 2:25 Neutral 4 16 4:25 Total 25 100%
83
Source: Field Survey, 2009
Here, the respondents have confidence in the made in Nigeria products were
approximately equal to the number of respondents that have no confidence.
Again, we are aware of the general phenomenon that the attitude of many
Nigeria elites towards locally made product is usually very low. It may,
therefore, seem that the cassava flow initiative is keeping a new track record of
a reversal of attitude. The respondents, fully aware that there is little or no
choice or substitute for bread at breakfast, if variety is indeed the spice of life.
That is to say that there may be other substitutes such as Okpa (made from a
local bean seed) and others but bread-food still ranks very high in the breakfast
menu of many families in Enugu State.
The final question to be considered is number 20 in the list of questionnaire
questions is:
“Do you think the government has adequately popularized the use of cassava
flour for bakery and confectionery products in Enugu State?”
Table 15
Variable Frequency Percentage % Ratio Yes 14 56 14:25 No 8 32 8:25 Neutral 3 12 3:25 Total 25 100%
84
Source: Field Survey, 2009
Contrary to the initial report in Maya (2006:49), that presidential campaign for
the popularization exercise was botched, the campaign seem to have received
adequate publicity as over 60 percent of the respondents affirmed to the due
propagation of the message. The various models on roles of the mass media as
discussed in chapter may have been at work. The agenda-setting theory of the
mass media may have propelled a following schedule for implement that
brought the programme into fruition in Enugu State. Moreover, the Cognitive
Dissonance Theory may have also engendered the reversal in the attitude of
Nigerians toward the locally made products as now evident in the field survey
conducted and shown in tables 12, 13, and 14.
4.5 TESTING THE HYPOTHESES
4.5.1 Introduction: ANOVA
This segment delved into the computation of statistical values with the aim of
making scientific comparisons with the descriptive analysis found in the
subsequent sections of this chapter.
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is one of the statistical tools for testing
whether significant difference exist between two groups of categorical nature, as
in this study. The NULL hypotheses must be tested using the right inferential
statistical model relevant for establishing whether the level of variations
observed among the variable were significant or not consequent upon which
85
rejection or acceptance may be made of the NULL hypotheses based on certain
laid down decision rule.
In SPSS Version 17:
“A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used when you have a categorical
independent variable (with two or more categories) and a normally distributed
interval dependent variable and you wish to test for differences in the means of
dependent variable broken down by levels of the independent variable”. In this
study, the answers elicited from the respondents based on the various
questionnaire questions constitute the variable categorized as YES (x) and NO
(y) for the purpose of developing frequency tables for testing the NULL
hypotheses. These data types are called dichotomous categorical variables. The
F-distribution used to test for ANOVA.
4.5.2 Variance
In Asika, N (2009:122):
“Thus, variance is defined as the average of squared deviations of the values
from the mean of the distribution. It is denoted as s2 for sample variance and r2
for population variance…”
since, the purpose of the test is to establish whether the differences, if any
between the mean frequencies was mere error or due to chance or whether the
difference is statistically significant vis a vis the assume confidence level of
86
95%. The average of the summation of the variance is regarded as the calculated
F-distribution value also known as the ANOVA, which computation formula is
given as:
S = (x - y)2 N 4.5.3 Test of the NULL Hypothesis
HO1: “The Presidential initiative for mass production of cassava crops was not
successful in the satisfaction of domestic and export markets in Enugu
State?”
The relevant Questionnaire Questions are numbers 7 and 9 which combined
frequencies are 30 and 9 respondents for YES (x) and NO (y) categories
respectively.
In table 16 below, the ANOVA for testing HO1 is tabulated with the respective
means for x as x and y as y.
Table 16: ANOVA
VARIABLES Yes (x) 15 No (y) 4.5 Variance(S) 10.5 S2 110.25 S 110.2539 Calculated F-value 2.82 Critical Table Value
2.48
df 36
87
DECISION RULE:
Since the calculated F-distribution calculated value 2.82 is greater than the
critical value of 2.48 in appendix with a degree of freedom (df) of 36, at 5
percent level of significance and a confidence level of 95 percent. This means
that the test was at 95 percent level of success in the initiative to meet domestic
export market demand, while 5 percent was an error margin for possible
mistakes resulting from miscalculations or chance which is not statistically
significant.
HO1: “The legislation on the application of cassava flour for bakery and
confectionary businesses was not successful in Enugu State”.
The questionnaire question which is directly connected with the NULL
hypotheses (HO1) is question 18, which frequency and mean is 19 and 3
respectively for YES (x) and NO (y).
Table 17: ANOVA
VARIABLES Yes (x) 19 No (y) 3 Variance(S) 16 Variance Sq. (S2) 256 Critical F-Value 25622 =
11.64 Critical value 2.77
88
DECISION RULE
Since the calculated F-distribution calculated value 11.64 is greater than the
critical value of 2.77 in appendix…. With df of 36, at 5 percent level of
significance and a confidence level of 95 percent. This is to say that the test
conducted was at 95perencent level, successful in Enugu state, at 5 percent level
of significance in variations arising from miscalculations or chance and which is
not statistically significant.
89
REFERNCES
SPSS Version 17: p.2
90
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION OF FINDING
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This study was basically exploratory in which the research was obligated to
execute within a specified period of time. Although the submission of the report
was slightly behind the schedule, however, it allowed for pretests, tests and re-
tests during which certain facts hitherto hidden or not too obvious were revealed
to the researcher.
A number of factors, no doubt, may have contributed in one way or the other to
retarding the wide-spread penetration of the knowledge and the blending
proportions on the use of cassava flour from pervading in general. The causative
factors may have ranged from the weak communication setting of the
programme abinitio, the undermining of the political factors, the quest for
proprietary rights which botched the first nation-wide campaign for the new-
found flour for bread and pastry doughs. Others may have been lack of
patriotism by many Nigerian elites for made-in-Nigeria products, and a host of
other reasons that may have eluded the study.
Despite the afore-stated factors which tended to mitigate the impact of flour, the
study rightly reveal the effects of the cassava project on the economic
development of the country as follows:
91
5.2 THE EFFECTS OF ADEQUATE COMMUNICATION ON
GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND
PROGRAMME
Although 63 percent of the respondent farmers, and processors of cassava into
bread flour were of the view that the government gave adequate popularization
through seminars and conferences as culled from the records of the Raw
Materials Research Development Council (RMRDC). The paucity of further
evidence by way of news documentaries or features in both the print and the
Broadcast media in Enugu state was to the contrary.
In spite of the obvious communicational flaws which attended the presidential
drive to create adequate awareness, the news about the knowledge on the
production and use of cassava flour may have reached Enugu but below the
wide-spread level anticipated.
One of the derivatives of this study is the power of effective communication of
government policies. When information is adequately disseminated to all the
publics or stakeholders, they would be properly empowered to make better
decisions on the issues on the ground. If the inadequate communication (63
percent) gave rise to about 88 percent of respondents who admitted that cassava
flour is presently being used for bakery and confectionery products in Enugu
92
state, see chapter 4 on the analysis, then other antecedent variables or factors
must have induced the success in the usage of cassava flour but not only the
success in the usage of cassava flour but not only the level of information
disseminated, as observed in Enugu State.
Some of these antecedent variables which may have facilitated the success of
the cassava flour in Enugu state include, among others:
(i) The quantity of cassava produced in the state. Enugu state was
ranked the second producer in the South-east after Imo state.
(ii) The industrious nature of the people of Enugu state. The Igbos
are known to be hard-working business men and women;
(iii) The cheapness of cassava flour vis a vis the imported wheat flour.
The locally produced cassava flour is cheaper.
(iv) The depressive state of Nigerian economy may have compelled
people in Enugu state to seek for alternative means of survival;
(v) The institutional interventions. The presence of IITA, universities
and other government institutions which were into research may
have encouraged the out-grower activities to boost production of
cassava flour.
93
5.3 REVERSAL OF THE UNPATRIOTIC PSYCHE WITH THE
CASSAVA FLOUR ISSUE
Most Nigerian elites have been severally criticized for acquiring insatiable crave
for foreign products instead of the locally made ones. This incessant desire for
imported items (household and merchandize) may have been acquired during
the colonial days and may have exacerbated in the oil boom days, during which
one of the leaders (Gowon in 1977) was quoted to have alluded that the problem
with Nigeria is not money but how to spend it. During the oil boom period that
our record of imports was unprecedented, and was unequalled by any other
country of the world, is not an exaggeration. This aberrant attitude and
behaviour towards the locally produced goods and services is one of the banes
of economic development in Nigeria. The unpatriotic character towards Nigeria-
made items by Nigerians must be reversed.
The cassava flour project may seem to have reversed this aberrant
psyche of Nigerian elites towards Nigerian products. The cassava flour
in bakery and pasta foods is quite good and acceptable just as if it is
imported wheat flour. The taste and flavour of the dough does not alter
simply because cassava flour is used. The bland (tasteless and
odorless) characteristics of the high quality cassava flour (HQCF) in
bakery and pasta products, makes it acceptable, not because the
94
consumers are not aware. It is simply that their awareness of cassava
flour in bread at breakfast table is implicit. This means that their
knowledge of the presence of some quantities (say 20% or even more)
of the cassava flour is not due to any known change in taste, flavour or
shell-life of bread. Notwithstanding, the utility of the cassava flour in
the production of bakery and confectionery products, the producers of
bread may not advertise the inclusion of cassava flour in the baked
products for fear of awakening the unpatriotic psyche of the
consumers which stemmed from the known smell and odour of
fermented cassava in the course of preparing akpu, (a local food made
from cassava). The demand for bread made from cassava flour in
Enugu is, therefore, implicit and not explicit.
5.4 CLANDESTINE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN CASSAVA
FLOUR PRODUCTION
The implicit demand for cassava flour in the study explains that most
consumers of bread which contained some percentage of cassava
flour, as intended under the import substitution policy, have no way of
knowing the difference. The bread bakers themselves do not indicate
the proportion of wheat flour and that of the cassava flour in the
contents list of ingredients on the leave-let inside the loaf package.
95
Consequently, carefully planned economic activities is going on at
different processing centres, without much ado about cassava flour.
This may have been reinforced by the fact that machine for garri and
cassava flour processing is the same except that the cassava flour must
be concluded within twenty-four hours, whereas garri processing
requires about 2 or 3 days after grating for dewatering, fermentation
and sifting before frying. See appendix V for the steps required in
cassava flour production. Even upto the time of concluding this
research, bags apparently containing processed cassava flour were
simply marked “bread flour”, yet large quantities of the product
(cassava flour) were being produced weekly at different centres.
5.5 PROSPECTS OF ENTREPRENURSHIP: A CASSAVA
FLOUR PERSPECTIVE
The situation as being revealed in this study imply that the clandestine
economic activities would, through the functional operations of the
laws of supply and demand, necessitate that industrious youths have
opportunities for investing into the growing of cassava and/or
processing of cassava flour as a matter of forward integration.
The population of Enugu which stood at over 3.2 million, according
to the 2006 population census promises very high demand for bread
96
and snacks at breakfast. Biscuits which are also prepared with cassava
flour are often used for snacks to school children in the state and the
nation at large. Moreover, most Nigeria Youths eat indomie noddles
also prepare with cassava four.
What is required now is how to create incentives to attract investing
publics into building of factories for the processing of cassava roots
into cassava flour. Tax and credit incentives including a long period of
moratorium on loan repayments.
REFERENCE
SPSS version 17.0 pp6-7.
Nwodu L.C. (2007), Research Communication and other Behavioural
sciences, Enugu: Phycee Kerex Publishers.
97
98
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
FOR FURTHER STUDY
CONCLUSION
The import substitution scheme is indeed successful in Enugu State as the trial
tests conducted on the data generated from the fields of cassava flour processors
99
and the master bakers showed favourable trends on the use of cassava flour as
dough for bread and pastries.
Now that the business is thriving, albeit, clandestinely, the lower cost of the
local input (cassava flour) is yet to be translated into lower prices of bread. The
common man is yet to appreciate the benefits of the legislation whereas the
local producers of cassava-bread flour and related foods thrive on rising profits.
The cost of the locally made cassava flour (inputs) was expected to have
reduced the shelf prices of bread and biscuits. Instead the reverse has been the
case even when it was evident that some entrepreneurs are now diverting
resources into bakeries and pastries in Enugu State assessing from the
increasing numbers of brand names for bread.
Moreover, the study harped on the challenges of the sustainability of
cassava crops production and which is expected to increase to meet the demand
for local and foreign markets.
Personal interviews conducted with some of the officials of the intuitional
cassava growers reveal that the fears of future paucity of cassava stems may
increase the fears for dearth of cassava roots for processing cassava flour. It
may seem that the “wheat cabals” are indeed a strong formidable force that must
be contained.
100
Another issue addressed in the study is the lackadaisical attitude of the
government officials towards development issues. The weak publicity outlook
and the obvious indifference to political interest groups on the cassava flour
project may have allowed the business exist on a clandestine platform where the
master bakers were free to exploit the poor masses that the legislation sough to
protect.
The study also highlighted on the aberrant characteristics of some Nigerians
towards locally made products. This knowledge attitude and practices of these
highly placed individuals for local goods and services may augur badly for
future expansion of local markets. This reminds us of the current battle by the
Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) to enforce the age-long
agreement of local contents on the foreign companies. In the colonial days they
did it (relegation of local contents by way of value added to cocoa, rubber etc).
But in this 21st Century we must assert our rights and capacities of sourcing
local materials and labour in relevant combinations required by law on the local
contents for upstream and down-stream oil exploitation .
The researcher was also disillusioned with the idea of some government official,
entrusted with the responsibility of propagating the cassava flour programme,
who after spending the tax payers’ money in training abroad to acquire the
101
technical know-how from India turned round to assert proprietary rights on the
cassava flour scheme. The sense of commitment to national duty for the
development of Nigerian populace was gradually eroded due to egocentricism.
In another development workers salaries for six months and above were
observed to be placed in fixed deposits with unsuspecting banks while the
workers of such MDAs suffer untold hardships just because those government
officials want to corner the interest amount on the unpaid salaries for personal
aggrandizement and greed. Now that the interest rates payable in banks on fixed
and saving deposits have drastically reduced to one percent or below, courtesy
of the incumbent central Bank of Nigeria Governor(Lamido Sanusi) no safe
haven for such money hatchery.
6.2 POLICY OF RECOMMENDATION
It is part of the objectives of this study to make policy statements and other
recommendations based on the findings from the study and on other ancillary
issues arising from the research.
(i) Ensure that the shelf –prices of bread reflect the true cost of production.
With the new introduction of high quality cassava flour, for bread and
pasta foods, the presence of this local input was expected to cause
prices of bread to fall and the producers would still make their normal
102
profit. But as it is now the bread producers are on super- profit curve.
The bread makers should be made to display the blend of flour in the
leaflets inside the bread packages. The consumers whether implicitly or
explicitly are already aware of the local input. The government should
employ persuasive communication approach towards reducing the
prices of bread.
(ii) Increase the production level of cassava all over the nation where the
growth of the crop is favoured. This would allay the fears presently
expressed by some institutional investors. Increasing the per hectare
yield of the cassava roots is a sine qua non for a sustainable production
and supply of cassava flour in Enugu state in particular, and country as
a whole.
(iii) Always send out more than one person for training abroad on any
scheme for technological transfer to enhance sound competitive
advantage. A situation where only one official was allowed to attend
training on the technical formula for blending the bread dough which
contained locally made cassava flour does not allow for retraining of
other food technologists. The senior official of FIIRO who apparently
was the link with the India technical partner sought to assert a
proprietary right on the technical formula when the officials of the
RMRDC (an arm of the government under the establishment of
Ministry of Science and Technology) sought to take charge of the
103
technical formula. The issue of rights does not arise in the cassava flour
scheme under propagation by the government team.
(iv) Ensure that the right caliber of personnel are put in the right places. A
situation where some government MDAs indulge in recruiting
unqualified persons for employment into sensitive areas of national
economy, is just like placing a square peg in a round hole. Similar to it
is the government trying to pose as a manager employer of labour in an
office that require few workers to occupy. This would result to over
crowding of such offices without much work to do.
6.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
The present study was an empirical assessment on usage of cassava flour
in the product of bread and other confectionery products in Enugu State.
It was an exploratory task which used the survey research approach.
This same study could be replicated using other states in Nigeria.
APPENDIX I
PARAMETRIC DATA FOR NORMAL DISTRIBUTION ON CASSAVA
FLOUR STUDY IN ENUGU STATE
104
APPENDIX II
NORMAL CURVE TEST STATISTICS
S/N PARAMETERS NUMERICS
1
Mean X1
15.14
2 Mean X2 5.5
3 Standard Error of Mean
(SEm X1 d
√n =
4.92 or 5%
4 Standard Deviation
(X1d)
12.3
5 Standard Deviation
(X2.d)
6.1
6
7
n
√ n
6
2.5
8 Standard Error mean
(SEM = SX2 = d
√n
2.48
105
0.4875 0.4875
2½ 2½
-1.96 0 +1.96
APPENDIX VII
Institute for Development
Studies
University of Nigeria,
106
Enugu Campus
13th September, 2009
Dear Sir/Madam,
QUESTIONNAIRES
May I solicit your assistance in completing the attached questionnaire. The
questionnaire is designed for a study on the “An Empirical Assessment of the
Presidential Initiative on Cassava Crop Production and Use as Substitute in
Bread Production in Enugu State”
Please note that any information provided, by way of your opinion, shall be
applied strictly for academic purposes.
Thanking you for prompt attention
Yours sincerely,
Okeleke, Paul, A.
APPENDIX VIII
QUESTIONNAIRE
Instructions
107
Please( ) in the box your appropriate choice and you may have to write
down some answers as may be necessary.
SECTION 1: SOCIAL/DEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND
1. Sex Male female
2. Age:
(a) Under 18
(b) 18-30
(c) 31-40
(d) 41-50
3. Marital Status
(a) Single
(b) Married
4. Educational Attainment
(a) Primary Education (FSLC)
(b) Secondary Education WAEC/GCE/SSCE/NECO
(c) Post Secondary Education
5. Occupation:
(a) Farming
(b) Trading
(c) Teaching
108
(d) Miller
6. Income bracket
(a) N8500-N1000
(b) N11000-N20000
© N21,000-N40,000
(d) N41000-N80,000
(e) N81,000-N99,000
(f) N100000 and above
SECTION 2: CASSAVA FARMERS
7. Is Enugu State the largest or second producer of cassava in the south
east?
Largest
Second Largest
Average
No idea
8. What factors accounted for the bumper harvest of Cassava in Enugu
State?
Government Support
Favourable Climate
Research Institutions
109
All of the Above
9. Are some of the cassava crops harvested in Enugu State prepared for
export?
Yes
No
No Idea
10. Who are the notable exporters of cassava in Enugu State?
Answer:……………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
11. Cassava can be processed into many products. True or False?
True
False
12. Are there some notable processors of cassava flour in Enugu State? If
yes, state their names below:
Answer:……………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………
13. Are you aware whether bread bakers and biscuit producers use cassava
flour in Enugu State?
110
Very many of them
Many of them
Not at All
14. Do you think some consumers have fears in the consumption of bread and
confectionary products made from cassava flour?
Yes
No
No Idea
15. Is the shelf-life of bread reduced or affected by the use of cassava flour in
baker?
Yes
No
In your opinion, do Nigerians have confidence or patronize made in Nigeria
products?
Yes
No
17. Do you think some Nigerians consider cassava as inferior foods to be
used in bakery products?
Yes
111
No
If yes, state your reasons:
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
18. To the best of your knowledge, is cassava flour presently being used in
bakery and confectionary products in Enugu?
Yes
No
19. Are you aware of the many varieties of snacks food recipes that can be
made from cassava?
Yes
No
20. Do you think the government has adequately popularized the use of
cassava flour for bakery and confectionery product?
Yes
No