An energy efficient building for the Arctic climate
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An energy efficient building for the Arctic climateIs a passive house sensible solution for Greenland?
Petra VladykováPh.D. Defense3rd of June 2011
Supervisors: Carsten Rode Toke Rammer NielsenSøren Pedersen
An energy efficient building for the Arctic climate
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► Background, research questions and objective
► The European Passive house and the Arctic
► Methods for optimization
► Analyses and results
► Conclusion and further work
Content
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
An energy efficient building for the Arctic climate
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Summary of thesisConference and ISI papers with several co-authors► Passive houses for the Arctic climates► The potential and need for energy savings in standard family
detached and semi-detached wooden houses in arctic Greenland► The Low-energy house in the Arctic climate – 5 years of experiences► Passive houses in the Arctic. Measures and alternative► The energy potential from the building design´s differences between
Europe and Arctic► What is an appropriate and reasonable building solution for the
Arctic climates based on a passive house idea?
Thesis
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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► Energy use worldwide
► High energy consumption in buildings in the Arctic
► Buildings in the Arctic dependent on non-renewable natural resources
► Insufficient indoor air quality, high indoor temperatures, poor thermal comfort, lack of air tightness
Background
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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1. Can the European definition of a passive house make use and be applied in the Arctic countries?
2. How will a European passive house perform in Greenland (Arctic)?
3. Could a passive house from the Arctic stimulate the development of low-energy building technology in other climates?
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4. What would be an energy efficient building for Arctic climates?
Research questions
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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► Passive house and the potential usability in the Arctic
► Different and difficult environmental conditions► Building technologies and techniques► Lifestyle (expectation, moisture and indoor temperature)
► Potential of solar, passive and internal gains► Full utilization of renewable resources
► Focus on U-values, energy, not economy► Cost versus environmental impact versus energy savings► Energy efficient buildings in the Arctic
Objectives
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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The passive house
Passive house principles
“Passive” without a hydronic
Definition and requirements
Principle► Super-insulated and airtight
building envelope► Heat recovery system providing
fresh air and heating► Energy efficient building
equipments► Renewable energy and
systems
Other rules
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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The European passive house
Passive house qualities – definition and requirements for European conditions
Characteristics
Supplementary heat generation► Biomass combustion unit,
compact burner
Implementation► Central Europe 40-60º latitude► Nordic regions > 60º lat.► Mediterranean < 40º lat.
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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The Arctic
Discontinuous permafrost, Arctic Circle, 10ºC July isotherm, tree line
Definition► Geographical, climatological
and climate
Population► 60-66º (15,000,000), 66-70º
(3,600,000), above 70º(400,000),
Climate► Long, cold winters and short,
cool summers, strong winds and storms
► Solar distribution and low sun elevation (Polar days and nights)
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Residential buildings in the Arctic
Example of double stud walls
Building structures► Lightweight► Medium weight
Heating degree day method
Space heating demand Domestic hot water consumptionElectricity consumption
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Energy systems and challenges in the Arctic
Low-energy house in Sisimiut, Built in 2004
Systems in buildings► Boiler with a hydronic heating
system covering heating and hot water consumption
Challenges► Hybrid (combined) system► System control► Maintenance and reliability► Transport► Renewable sources and
technology
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Methods for optimisation
Optimisation problem as a function
Optimization method
General optimization methods► ”a single objective” method► A ” multi-criteria” method► A ”qualitative” method
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Objectives ► Measurable and qualitative
Constraints ► Limitations
Decision variables► Performance decisive-parameters
Boundary conditions► Input and constant values
Optimisation methods for a passive house for the Arctic climate
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Models► Kranichstein, Typehouse 18D, Apisseq and Low-energy house► Focus on residential houses► PHPP and BSim
Uncertainties
Conclusion of methods► Analyses focused on energy performance and heat load of a
passive house► Focus on combination of measurable and qualitative parameters► Finding optimal solution in reasonable and practical way► Target is a passive house, means are the advanced building
materials characteristics► Energy efficient solution within the constraints in the Arctic regions
Optimisation methods for a passive house for the Arctic climate
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Energy balance of a passive house in Darmstadt, Germany
Example of energy balance of a passive house from PHPP
► Latitude 50º► Average annual temperature
7-9ºC► Passive house Kranichstein► Solar radiation distributed over
the year► Solar radiation available on the
design days
► Internal gains 2.1 W/m2
► Heat recovery η = 80%► Utilisation of the gains of 90-95%
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Coastal and inland cities with main characteristics for space heating calculation
c
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Relocated passive house – heating demand
Space heating
► Coastal and inland location► Greater temperature
difference = higher transmission heat losses
► Smaller amount of potential solar gains through windows
► Different solar pattern► Utilisation of the solar gains up
to 100%► Low angle sun and
overheating in summer► Potential in internal gains
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
An energy efficient building for the Arctic climate
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Coastal and inland cities with main characteristics for heating load calculation
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
An energy efficient building for the Arctic climate
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Relocated passive house – heating load
Heating load
► Two designs´ days► Poor availability of reliable
weather data► No solar gains on the design
days► Design heating load influenced
by the transmission, ventilation and infiltration heat losses and internal gains are subtracted (internal gains 1.6 W/m2 by PHI)
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Passive house in the Arctic using fundamental values
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Fundamental and national values
Example of internal heat gain for Germany and Greenland including the effect of people, cooking, lighting and household appliances
► Internal gains: 2.0 – 8.0 W/m2, for Greenland 5 W/m2
► Ventilation air change rate 0.3 – 0.5 h-1
► Building design: window/floor area <22%, lightweight timber structure with insulation and elevated foundation
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Passive house in the Arctic usingGreenlandic values
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Passive house in the Arctic using Greenlandic values in other latitudes
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
Lat. 66.6º Lat. 71.2º Lat. 74.4º
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Insulation in the building Equivalent effect
Equivalent effect of insulation value for locations in Darmstadt and Sisimiut
Equivalent effect for improvements to a passive house and energy improvements from current state to passive house standards
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Window in passive house in Sisimiut Kranichstein model:► Uglazing 0.3 W/(m2·K)► Uwindow 0.5 W/(m2·K)► g-value 0.6► 20% of window/floor area
Window´s properties
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Windows´ areaGlazed area facing south in the temperate climate
Glazed area facing south in the cold climate
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Infiltration heat loss► up to 20-40 kWh/(m2·a) for old and not airtight building in Germany► passive house: 1.3 kWh/(m2·a) in a temperate climate
2.3 kWh/(m2·a) in Sisimiut (66.6º)3.2 kWh/(m2·a) in Barrow (71.2º)3.7 kWh/(m2·a) in Resolute (74.4º)
Problems► Blower-door test and conversion methods to neutral pressure► Translation needs to take into account the effects of various climate-
dependent factors (wind, high temperature difference, stack effect) and the quality of building construction
Major attention should be put to the airtight layer in houses in the Arctic
Air tightness
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
An energy efficient building for the Arctic climate
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Heating load and heat exchanger efficiency
Heat exchanger efficiency and space heating in different climates
► Heating load of 10 W/m2 in a cold climate
► Ventilation heat loss is important
► Need for after heating if the efficiency is below average
► Basic rules
► Prime criteria
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Even interior temperature around 20ºC► In the Arctic, 24-26ºC with additional energy 10-30 kWh/(m2·a)► From 20ºC to 23ºC with additional energy 5 kWh/(m2·a)
Thermal comfort► No draft, no vertical air temperature differences, thermally good
insulated building envelope areas
Thermal comfort and interior temperature
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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► Payback time for an upgrade passive house in a temperate climate5-10 years
► In the cold climate: transport, monopoly, non skilled labour, high prices for new technologies, low prices for non-renewable energies
► Sustainable value as the impact of materials expressed in savings in heating consumption and materials to built the house (insulation and transport)
► 40-45 years of payback for insulation
Sustainable value
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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► Passive survivability► Passive house stability► Temperature drop in a normal house in the Arctic ► Temperature drop in a passive house of lightweight structure
Temperature stability and temperature drop
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Socio-economic conditions and culture gap► Cultural differences, dependency on the knowledge, different
lifestyles based on survival, food consumption based on availability, use of non-renewable sources
► Living preferences: open floor plans without corridors and integrated kitchen, one-storey building connected to the ground, large enclosed porches for storage, a cold entrance
Energy supply► Remote, small and isolated dependent on supplies► Need to prevail in extreme periods, back-up system and heat
storage► Passive house in the Arctic needs to be independent on the
resources
Socio-economic conditions, culture gap and energy supply
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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► Based on performed analysis considering technical performance ofbuilding elements, weather characterisations, resources availability and other special conditions in the Arctic
► Recommendations based on a study of relevant literature, own investigations and implementation of thoughts about a passive house in the Arctic
► Argumentation based on a subjective argument
► What a passive house can offer?
Adaptation and optimisation of a passive house in the Arctic
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Optimisation► 5 W/m2, 0.5 h-1, η = 85%, ninfiltration 0.020 h-1
Reasonable values► Uwalls 0.055 W/(m2·K), Ufloor,ceiling 0.050 W/(m2·K), Uglazing 0.7 W/(m2·K),
g-value 0.6, window/floor area < 22%► 15 kWh/(m2·a), heating load 13.1 W/m2 and source 3-5 kW
Optimal energy efficient house based on a passive house idea in Sisimiut (66º lat)
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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► Concept for locations above 66º latitude
► Other locations too demanding, need to alter more
► Or use energy from 120 kWh/(m2·a)
Optimal energy efficient house based on a passive house idea in other latitudes
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Design► Minimize heat loss and maximize exposure to sun with shading► Exterior wind barrier and interior airtight vapour barrier► Mainly south orientated windows for net energy gain, east and west
could be zero energy gain
System► Average η = 85-95%, large amount of condensation, defrosting and
after heating► Based on combination of renewable and non-renewable energies► Effective storage of excess energy
Building commissioning and energy monitoring
Recommendations for energy efficient buildings in the Arctic
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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► Simple adaptation of a passive house is too demanding and unrealistic and 10 W/m2 can be achieved only with over-dimensioning
► Practical and reasonable solution► Interaction between energy demand, indoor climate, building
technologies and impact on the environment► Minimize the heat loss, maximize solar exposure, simple shape,
limitation on windows► “Twice as cold”: Uenvelope < 0.05 W/(m2·K), Uwindow < 0.5-0.7 W/(m2·K),
g-value > 0.6, ηavg > 80-90%► Heating system is necessity in winter periods coupled with renewable
resources or else heating storage
Conclusion
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
An energy efficient building for the Arctic climate
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► Acceptance and marketing of a passive house in the Arctic► Economical issues and pay back time ► Existing and advanced technologies► Adaptation of lifestyle and adapting technology► Technically skilled labour, architects and engineers► Implementation and distribution of renewable resources
Further work
Background Passive house and Arctic Methods for optimisation Analyses and results Conclusion and further work
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Thank you for your attentionQuestions?