AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ LEARNING IN

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(A Case Study at the First Year Students of Madrasah Aliyah Soebono

Mantofani Jombang-Ciputat)

A “Skripsi”

Presented to the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of S.Pd. in English

Language Education

By:

Erka Cahyanti

NIM. 105014000335

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHERS’ TRAINING

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

2011 M

i

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ LEARNING IN

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(A Case Study at the First Year Students of Madrasah Aliyah Soebono

Mantofani Jombang-Ciputat)

A “Skripsi”

Presented to the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of S.Pd. in English

Language Education

Approved by advisor:

Drs. Nasifuddin Djalil, M.Ag

NIP. 19560506 199003 1 002

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

THE FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHERS’ TRAINING

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

2011

ii

ENDORSEMENT SHEET

The Examination Committee of the Faculty of Tarbiya and Teachers‟ Training

certified that the „Skripsi‟ (Scientific) entitle “An Error Analysis on Students’

Learning in Present Perfect Tense” (A Case Study at the first Grade Students of

Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani Jombang-Ciputat) written by Erka

Cahyanti, student‟s registration number: 105014000335, was examined at

examination session of state Islamic university (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

on Wednesday, 8 June, 2011, and was declared to have passed. This “Skripsi” has

fulfilled one of the requirements for academic title of “S.Pd. (Bachelor of Art)” in

English Language Education at the Department of English Education.

Jakarta, 8 June 2011

Examination Committee

Chairman : Drs. Syauki, M.Pd.

NIP: 19641212 199103 1 002

Secretary : Neneng Sunengsih, M.Pd.

NIP: 19730625 199903 2 001

Examiners : 1. Drs. H. Bahrul Hasibuan, M.Ed

2. Dr. Fahriany, M.Pd.

NIP: 19700611 199101 2 001

Acknowledged by:

Dean of Tarbiya and Teachers‟ Training Faculty

Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, MA.

NIP: 19571005 198703 1 003

iii

iv

ABSTRACT

Erka Cahyanti. “An Error Analysis on Students’ learning in Present Perfect

Tense” (A Case Study at the First Year Students of Madrasah Aliyah Soebono

Mantofani Jombang- Ciputat)., Strata 1 (S1). English Education Department,

Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training, Syarif Hidayatullah State

Islamic University, Jakarta, 2011.

Advisor : Drs. Nasifuddin Djalil, M.Ag

Key words: Error analysis, learning, present perfect tense

This study describes the students‟ error in learning present perfect tense at

the first grade students of Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani Jombang –

Ciputat. The objective of this research is to find out some errors in form and usage

of present perfect tense. In doing the research, the writer used quantitative method

and the technique to collect the data are test, observation and interview. The

responden of this research is the first grade students of Madrasah Aliyah Soebono

Mantofani Jombang-Ciputat. The writer gave the forty students the test that

consists of 25 items, 15 items in the form of present perfect tense and 10 items in

the usage. Finally, The finding of the research is that the first year students of

Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani did some errors in using the form of present

perfect tense and the usage. The result is from overall responded that 48%

students did errors in the form of have/has, 28% students did errors in the form of

regular verb, 55% students did errors in the of irregular verb and 58.75% students

did errors in the usage of present perfect tense. In short, from the data got it

showed that the students did errors most is in the usage of present perfect tense

(they did mistake in differentiating between the use of present perfect tense and

past tense).

v

ABSTRAK

Erka Cahyanti. “An Error Analysis on Students’ learning in Present Perfect

Tense” (Studi kasus di Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani Jombang-

Ciputat) Strata 1 (S1). Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Tarbiyah

dan Keguruan, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2010.

Advisor : Drs. Nasifuddin Djalil, M.Ag.

Key Words: Analisa Error, Belajar, Present Perfect Tense

Penelitian ini menggambarkan kesalahan siswa dalam belajar present

perfect tense di kelas satu Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani Jombang-

Ciputat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui beberapa kesalahan

siswa dalam belajar present perfect tense khususnya dalam bentuk dan

penggunaanya. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini penulis mengunakan metode

kuantitatif dan teknik yang digunakan adalah pengumpulan data dengan

menggunakan test, observasi dan interview sebagai instrumen. Adapun responden

penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas satu Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani

Jombang- Ciputat. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, penulis memberikan butir soal

test bahasa inggris yang terdiri dari 25 butir soal pilihan ganda (15 butir soal

tentang bentuk present perfect tense dan 10 butir soal tentang penggunaan present

perfect tense dan past tense). Dari penelitian ini penulis menemukan bahwa siswa

kelas satu Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani melakukan kesalahan dalam

bentuk present perfect tense dan penggunaannya. Dengan perolehan hasil yang

didapatkan dari keseluruhan responden bahwa 48% siswa melakukan kesalahan

dalam bentuk have/has, 28% siswa melakukan kesalahan dalam bentuk regular

verb, 55% siswa melakukan kesalahan dalam bentuk irregular verb dan terakhir

58.75% siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam penggunaan present perfect tense dan

past tense. Kesimpulan dari data yang diperoleh yaitu kesalahan siswa yang

paling banyak adalah dalam penggunaan present perfect tense (dalam

membedakan penggunaan antara present tense dan present perfect tense).

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the most gracious and the most merciful

Alhamdulillah, all praises be to Allah, the writer thanks to Allah SWT,

Lord of the universe who has given the writer some mercies and blessing until the

writer could finish the “Skripsi” entitled “An Error Analysis on Students’

Learning in Present Perfect Tense” at the first year Students of Madrasah Aliyah

Soebono Mantofani Jombang- Ciputat properly. Moreover, peace and salutation

be upon to our prophet Muhammad SAW and his family, his companions, and his

followers.

This “Skripsi” is proposed as one of the requirements to have Strata 1

degree (S1) of English Education (S.Pd.)

In this lovely opportunity, the writer would like to express her deepest

gratitude and thanks to her beloved mother Darojah and her beloved father

almarhum Darkiyan who have given her greatest love, prayer, financial,

motivation and support in finishing this “Skripsi”. Her lovely sisters Windaroh,

Wiwit Andriyani A.md., Siti Suci Rahayu, and lovely brothers Saefuddin, Imam

Sahara, and Riza Ade Saputra for their love and kindness. The writer also would

like to express her thanks and gratitude to her advisor Drs. Nasifuddin Djalil

M.Ag. for his guidance, corrections, suggestion, and kindness in compiling this

“Skripsi”.

In finishing this “Skripsi” the writer gets much valuable help from many

much grateful to:

1. All lecturers of English Education Department who have dedicated

themselves for education and taught the writer during her study in State

Islamic University.

2. The chairman of English Education Department, Drs. Syauki, M.Pd. and

his secretary, Neneng Sunengsih, M.Pd.

3. Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, MA. As the dean of Faculty of Tarbiyah and

Teachers‟ Training of English Department

vii

4. The headmaster of Madrasah Aliyah Mantofani, Drs. M.Cholil, who

allowed the writer to do research in his school.

5. The English teacher Mr. Yadi S.Pd., who allowed and helped the writer to

do research

6. The staffs of all libraries; the faculty of Tarbiya and Teachers‟ Training

library, the Catholic University of Atmajaya‟s library and PKBB (Pusat

Kajian Budaya dan Bahasa) Atmajaya. She thanks them for providing the

sources to fulfill the references of the writing

7. All friends in English Department especially class B for academic year

2005 for their cheerfulness, support and prayer, may Allah bless them all

8. My friends who give contribution: Anita, Mimin Haryati, Oim, Sri rizki. I

do appreciate it. Thank you

9. All people who have given their help in writing this “Skripsi” that writer

could not mention one by one, may Allah bless all of you

May this “Skripsi” can be useful for the writer in particular, and for

the readers in general. The writer realizes that this “Skripsi” is far from

being perfect. Therefore, the writer would like to accept any suggestion for

valuable improvement in another research. Finally, the writer thanks very

much to them all.

Jakarta, 20th

November 2010

The writer

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

APPROVEMENT SHEET ...............................................................................i

ENDORSEMENT SHEET ...............................................................................ii

STATEMENT SHEET .....................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................iv

ABSTAK ............................................................................................................v

ACKNOWLEGEMENT ...................................................................................vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................viii

LIST OF TABLE ..............................................................................................x

LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................xi

LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study ........................................................................1

B. Limitation of the Problem ................................................................4

C. Formulation of the Problem .............................................................5

D. Significant of the Study ....................................................................5

E. Organization of Writing ...................................................................6

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Error Analysis ...................................................................................7

1. The Understanding of Error ........................................................7

2. Cause of Error .............................................................................7

3. Distinction between Mistake and Error.......................................10

4. Goal of Error ...............................................................................11

5. Types of Error ............................................................................12

ix

6. Procedures of Analysis ................................................................15

B. Tense .................................................................................................16

1. The Understanding of Tense ......................................................17

2. The Types of Tense .....................................................................17

C. Present Perfect Tense ........................................................................19

1. The Understanding of Present Perfect Tense ..............................19

2. The Form of Present Perfect Tense ............................................21

3. The Usage of Present Perfect Tense............................................27

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Objective of Research .......................................................................31

B. Place and Time of Research ..............................................................31

C. Method of the Research ....................................................................31

D. The Subject of the research ..............................................................31

E. Instrument of the Research................................................................31

F. The Technique of Data Collection ....................................................32

G. The Technique of Data Analysis .......................................................32

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING

A. Data Description................................................................................34

B. Data Analysis ....................................................................................36

C. Data Interpretation ............................................................................44

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion ........................................................................................46

B. Suggestion .........................................................................................47

BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................48

APPENDICES

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 : Procedures of Error Analysis .............................................. 16

Table 2.2 : Example of affirmative sentence ........................................ 22

Table 2.3 : Example of affirmative sentence with be ............................ 23

Table 2.4 : Example of negative sentence ............................................. 24

Table 2.5 : Example of negative sentence with be ................................ 24

Table 2.6 : Example of Interrogative sentence...................................... 25

Table 2.7 : Example of interrogative sentence with be ......................... 25

Table 2.8 : Example of interrogative- negative sentence ...................... 26

Table 2.9 :Example of interrogative-negative sentence with be ......... 27

Table 2.10 : The Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past .. 28

Table 4.1 : Areas tested of form and usage in present perfect tense ..... 34

Table 4.2 : Students’ score of test result ............................................... 35

Table 4.3 : Frequency of Error in the form of present perfect tense ..... 36

Table 4.4 : Frequency of Error in the usage of present perfect tense.... 38

Table 4.5 : Specific frequency of errors in the form of present perfect

tense .................................................................................... 39

Table 4.6 : specific frequency of errors in the usage of present perfect

tense .................................................................................... 40

Table 4.7 : kind and percentage of error in present perfect tense ......... 44

xi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 : The instruments test ............................................................ 49

Appendix 2 : The key answer ................................................................... 52

Appendix 3 : Instrument Interview/ wawancara ....................................... 53

Appendix 4 : Surat Pernyataan telah melakukan Penelitian di sekolah .... 54

Appendix 5 : Surat Permohonan Izin Penelitian ....................................... 55

Appendix 6 : Pengajuan Judul Skripsi ...................................................... 56

xii

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 2.1 : Present Perfect Timeline……………………………20

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

English is known as one of the International language in the world. It

is a tool or an aid to communicate with other people. In community life,

language is very important, because language is means of communication for

mutual making relationship or sharing experience.

Moreover, in present day, English language becomes the language

learnt by people in every country over the world, such as Indonesia. Teaching

English language is known as teaching of foreign language. It could be said

that Indonesian language is as the mother tongue language of students; and

English language is as the target language studied by the students.

In Indonesia, English language must be learnt and it is one of

compulsory subject in every education level, that is Sekolah Menengah

Pertama (SMP) or Junior High School, Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) or

Senior High School, and even in Universities. In addition, English language

includes as local content subject in education level of Sekolah Dasar (SD) or

Elementary School in the country. The teaching process in education levels is

based on the guideline of rules that stated by the government in the

curriculum. The latest one named Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan

(KTSP) or School Based Curriculum.

This curriculum provides some rules about teaching English for each

level of education. It states the objective of the teaching learning process that

2

held in Draft of Badan Standarisasi Nasional Pendidikan (BSNP) 12 April

2006 which consists of Standar Kompetensi (SK) or Standard Competence

and Kompetensi Dasar (KD) or Basic Competence for each language skill –

Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing. They exactly explain about

minimum materials should be reached as the out comes of the teaching

process. It can conclude that the final objectives in teaching English are that

students have competence in communicating both spoken and written.

Then, based on BSNP, for Senior High School level (the level in

which the writer takes as the population, with its first year as the sample) there

are some Standard Competences completed by their Basic Competences in

each aspect of the four skills. Besides the four skills, the language components

or sub-skills such as grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation etc. One of the sub

skills that should be mastered in learning English by the learner is grammar.

Grammar should be taught appropriately because it is the basic

element of the language and without the proper knowledge of grammar; the

learners will find many problems to build up sentences to express their ideas

in communication among the people. Scoot Thornbury in How to Teach

Grammar stated: ”Grammar is partly the study of what forms (or structures)

are possible in a language. Traditionally, grammar has been concerned almost

exclusively with analysis at the level of the sentences. Thus, a grammar is

description of the rules that govern how a language’s sentences are formed.”1

Penny Ur said in A Course in Language Teaching Practice and Theory that

“Grammar is a set of rules that define how words (parts of words) are

combined of changed to form acceptable units of meaning within a language”

2 and in another source stated that ”Grammar is the system of a language.”

3

The students who learn English meet a number of problems, one of

them is grammar. Some students think of grammar as rather boring subject

1 Scoot Thornbury, How to Teach Grammar, (United Kindom: Bluesstone Press,

1999),p.1 2 Penny Ur, A Course in Language Teaching Practice and Theory, (Cambridge:

Cambridge University, 1996), p. 87 3 http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/grammar-what.htm

3

when they learn English, they try to avoid the grammar because it is confusing

and hard to understand. For some students who have lack of knowledge in

grammar, of course they will become confused why the verb of a sentence

must change; either it is Present, past or future. In talking grammar, one of the

most important part to be learn is “tense”. “Tense is usually defined as relating

to the time of an action, event or state”4. By tense, the students can know

when the time action occurs, and their concept of time.

W. Stannard Allen in Living English Structure stated: “English has

three main divisions, past, present and future…”5. Absolutely, the verb in

English is influenced by the “time”, when it happens or will happen (past,

present, or future). So, a verb should be related with the time. When the

students want to tell a verb that is used to indicate an action that took place at

an indefinite time or over a period of the time in the past, but still has

relevance in the present”6. It is called the present perfect tense.” And the most

common time expression is prepositional phrase beginning with for and since.

Other such expressions include up to the present /now, many times, often,

frequently, finally, already, etc.7

Indonesian language and English are different. In Indonesian

language, there are no tense used as in English. When students say something

happened in the past in Indonesian language, they used adverb of time to show

the definite time (there is no change in the verb). Meanwhile, in English

language, to show something happened, it could be used adverb of time to

follow past tense (it is a must) and also could used none of adverb of time -or

it is not important- to follow present perfect tense. Therefore, Indonesian

students often do mistakes in differentiate the usage of both tense, past tense

(finished time) and present perfect tense (unfinished time). For example the

students usually say: “I have done my homework yesterday.” for present

4 Laurie Bauer, English Word Formation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1983), p.157. 5 W. Stannard Allen, Living English Structure, (London:Longman, 1987), p.175

6 George E. Wishon &Julia M. Burks, Let’s Write English, Revised edition, (New York:

Litton Educational Publishing International, 1980), p.206 7 George E. Wishon &Julia M. Burks, … p.207

4

perfect tense, which grammatically is wrong, because that is because present

perfect form is not stressing the time of the action. To express something

happened in the past but still true at present is better to say “ I have done my

homework”. The most important things to remember about the present perfect

is that it can never be used with adverbs which describe finished time periods,

such as yesterday, five minutes ago and at three o’clock. If a time adverb is

used with the present perfect, it should describe a time period which is

unfinished.8 On the other hand, the most important in past tense form is

stressing the definitive time of the action.

Then, from the student’s sentence above it means that when using the

verb as ”I have done my homework”, it must not be followed by the adverb of

time “yesterday”, because it indicates the present perfect tense. Whereas in the

use of present perfect tense, the adverb of time is not “important” to be used.

It is different from past tense that is usually followed by adverb of time. As it

is stated by Martin Parrot in his book that is” learners generally have far more

difficulty in using present tense correctly than in understanding them”.9

Consequently, learning present perfect tense is really important for the

students in order to understanding its usage correctly, how they use it in

sentences and to do not change into past tense. So, when the students want to

make sentences that have happened or have done they should use the present

perfect tense, for example: “I have done my homework”, without using past

time. In this case, the writer is interested to analyze the students’ problem in

learning Present Perfect Tense”, because there are many students who still

have difficulties in understanding the simple perfect tense, and also they still

have difficulty in using the right form of simple present perfect like the use of

have/has and the use of verb form like regular and irregular verb, and the

usage (the use of time expression) of present perfect tense, and some students

are still lack of knowledge of regular and irregular verb.

8http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/2527/presentperfect.html#introduction,18

Oktober 2009 9 Martin Parrot, Grammar for English Language Teachers, (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2000), p.162

5

Based on the problem mentioned above, the writer would like to

discuss about “An Error Analysis on Students’ Learning in Present

Perfect Tense” ( A Case Study at the first year Students of Madrasah Aliyah

Soebono Mantofani Jombang-Ciputat).

B. The Limitation of the Study

To avoid misunderstanding and to clarify the problem, it is necessary

to make the limitation of the problem; The writer limits the problem only on

the students’ English difficulty in form and usage of present perfect tense

done by students at the first grade of Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani

Jombang- Ciputat.

C. Formulating of the Study

Based on the limitation above, the writer would like to state the

problem as follows: “What are the common mistake that is made by the

students in learning present perfect tense?”

D. Significance of the Study

The finding (result) of this study are expected to give useful

information on students’ error which in turn, it can help teachers to correct the

students’ errors and also to improve methods or ways of their teaching.

The writer hopes this research will be useful for everyone who reads

this research especially those interested in English education. Besides that, for

the students, it could become a motivation to make better in future. It can also

to encourage teachers to pay more attention on explaining the form and the

usage of present perfect tense especially in distinguishing past tense and

perfect tense. Moreover, it is as inputs too for the writer to identify what part

of the language programs found difficult for students.

6

E. Organization of Writing

The writing of the skripsi will be systematically divided into five

chapters. The first chapter will discuss about Introduction that conclude the

background of the study, limitation of the problem, formulation of the

problem, significance of the study and organization of writing.

The second chapter will explain about the theoretical framework. This

chapter consists of three parts. Part one describes about Error Analysis which

covers the definition of error, cause of error, distinction between error and

mistake, goal of error, types of error, and procedures of Analysis. Part two is

tense which covers the definition of tenses and the types of tense. The last is

part three; it discusses about the present perfect tense which covers definition

of Present Perfect, the form of Present Perfect and the Usage of present

perfect tense.

The third chapter will discuss about research methodology. It consist

of objective of the research, place and time of research, method of research,

population and sample, instrument of the research, and the technique of data

collection.

The fourth chapter will discuss about Research findings. It consists of

data description, data analysis, and data interpretation.

The fifth chapter consists of conclusion and suggestion. It contains of

the conclusion and suggestion.

7

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Error Analysis

1. The Understanding of Error Analysis

Learning foreign language is different from learning one‘s mother

tongue. Therefore, learners in the teaching process often made error and it is

not only inevitable but also a necessary part of the language learning process.

As the learner of foreign language error can‘t be a void ever the most

intelligent, conscientious and motivated students do some error and

sometimes the native speaker also. The error made by students indicated that

they are in the process of learning.

There are some definitions of error analysis. One of them is as stated

by Carl James stated that ―error analysis is the process of determining the

incidence, nature, causes, and consequences of unsuccessful language‖.1and

Valentine Rido (2007) stated that when the children learn mother tongue

sometimes use improper pronoun, ambiguous words, or incorrect word

formation.2 It seems that, the learners are not only made error in foreign

1 Carl James, Error in Language and Use, (New York: Longman, 1998), p.1

2 Valentino Rido Rasmodjo, Types of Correction Supporting the Learner- Centered

Learning in English Classes, (Fourth Conference English Studies: 26-27 November 2007), p.44

8

language, but also in their mother tongue, because error is a process of

learning.

Error analysis is part of the methodology of psycholinguistic

investigation of language learning.3 Thus, error analysis is significant in

developing students‘ competence. Moreover, Brown wrote: the fact that

learners do make error, and that these error can be observed, analyzed, and

classified to reveal something of the system operation within the learner‘s

error, called error analysis.4

Based on the definitions previously, it can be concluded that error

analysis is an investigation methodology in language learning for analyzing,

observing, and classifying learner‘s error to give us indication in learning

process.

2. Cause of Error

Errors occur for many reasons. One obvious cause is interference from

the native language. One of strategies to prevent students from making the

same error is by looking at the causes of error itself.

Pit Corder claims that there are three major causes of error, which he

labels ‗transfer error‘, ‗analogical error,‘ and ‗teaching-induced errors’.

While Hubbard proposed the same categories with different names, they are.5

a. Mother-tongue interference

Although young children appear to be able to learn a foreign language

quite easily and to reproduce new sound very effectively, older learners

experiences considerable difficulty. The sound system (phonology) and the

grammar of the first language impose themselves on the new language and

this lead to a ―foreign‖ pronunciation, faulty grammatical patterns and,

occasionally, to the wrong choice of vocabulary.

3 S.p Corder, Error Analysis and Inter Language, (New York: Oxford University Press,

1981), p. 45 4 Brown, principle of language learning and teaching (New York: Prentice Hall, Inc,

1987)., p.206 5 Petter Hubbard, et al., A Training Course for TEFL, (New York: Oxford University

Press, 1983)., pp. 140-143

9

b. Overgeneralization

The mentalist theory claims that errors are inevitable because they reflect

various stages in the language development of the learner. It claims that

the learner processes new language data in his mind and produces rules for

its production, based on the evidence. Where the data are inadequate, or

the evidence only partial, such rules may produce incorrect pattern.

c. Error encouraged by teaching material or method

The teaching material or method can also contribute to the students errors.

Behaviorism says error is evidence of failure, or in effective teaching or

lack of control. If material is well chosen, graded and presented with

meticulous case, there should never be any error.

The similar idea comes from Douglas Brown, he distinguishes the

causes of error into four causes. He labels; inter lingual transfer, intra lingual

transfer, context of learning and communication strategies.6

a. Inter lingual Transfer

Inter lingual transfer is a significant source of error for all learners. The

beginning stages of learning a second language are especially vulnerable

to inter lingual transfer from the native language, or interference. In these

early stages, before the system of second language is familiar, the native

language is the only previous linguistic system upon which the learner can

draw.

b. Intra lingual Transfer

Intra lingual transfer (within learning a second language) is a major factor

in second language learning. Researcher have found that early stages of

language learning are characterized by a predominance of interference (

Inter lingual transfer), but once learner have begun to acquire parts of the

new system, more and more intra lingual transfer. Generalization within

the target language – is manifested. As learners progress in the second

language, their previous experience.

c. Context of learning

6 H. Douglas Brown, Principles of Language Learning …, p.21

10

In a classroom context, the teacher or textbook can lead the learner to

make faulty hypothesis about the language. Students often make errors

because of misleading explanation of the teacher, faulty presentation of a

structure or word in a textbook, or even because of a pattern that was

rottenly memorized in a drill but improperly contextualized.

d. Communication Strategies

Communication strategies were defined are related to learning style.

Learners obviously use production strategies in order to enhance getting

their message across, but at times these techniques can make themselves

become a source of error.

Mean while, Richard distinguishes three causes of error as follows:

a. Interference errors as a result of the use of element from one language

while speaking another.

b. Intra lingual errors reflect the general characteristics of rule learning such

as faulty generalization, in complete application of rule and failure to learn

condition under which rules apply.

c. Development errors occur when the learner attempts to build up

hypotheses about the target language on the basis of limited experience.7

3. Distinction between Mistake and Error

Most of people misunderstanding about errors and mistakes; they

think they are in the same meaning. So we need to distinguish errors and

mistakes. Errors reflect gaps in a learner‘s knowledge; they occur because the

learner does not know what is correct. Mistakes reflect occasional lapses in

performance; they occur because, in particular instance, the learner is unable

to perform what he or she knows.

Brown defines error and mistake. According to him an error is a

noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker, reflects the

7 Rod Ellis, Second Language Acquisition, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003),

p. 58

11

competence of the learner. And mistake is a ―slip,‖ a failure to utilize a

known system correctly, and mistakes can be self-corrected.8

Based on the definition above the writer concludes that students make

error because they do not know of the knowledge about what they write, and

they can not recognize it unless other people, their friends or their teachers

tell and correct them. And for mistake, actually the students have known

about what they write but they just ‗slip up‘ and do mistake. In this case,

students are able to correct and realize their own mistake.

4. Goal of Error Analysis

According to Heidi Dulay and his friends, there are two major

purposes in studying learners‘ errors:

1) Provides data from which inferences about the nature of the language

learning process can be made

2) Indicates to teacher and curriculum developers which part of the target

language students have most difficulty producing correctly and which

error types detract most from a learner‘s ability to communicate

effectively.9

Rod Ellis states that helping learners to learn a L2 by evaluating errors

is the purpose of error analysis.10

It means that after the research found the

error that students make, it is important to evaluate them and explain to

learners so they will not do the same errors in another time. And then, they

will understand and learn L2 better than before.

8 Douglas Brown, Principle of Learning and Teaching, (New York: Prentice hall, Inc,

1987), p.217 9 Heidi Dulay, Marina Burt, and Stephen Krashen, Language Two, (New York: Oxford

University Press, 1982), p. 138 10

Rod Ellis, Second Language Acquisition …,p.19

12

5. Types of Error

There are three main types of errors. They are lexical errors,

grammatical errors, and phonological error.11

According to Muhammad S. Haded in his book The Merit of

Exploiting Error Analysis in Foreign Language Teaching and Learning, ―

types of error are divided into five:‖12

a. The Omission of Auxiliary

This type of error is likely caused by mother tongue interference. The

error that figured prominently in the students‘ answer, either in the

progressive or perfect structure.

Example: Mary eaten while Rosale do washing up

Please wait till w finished our work

b. Incorrect verb forms

Includes the wrong formation of past tense of finite verbs and verb.

Phrases that have the participle past auxiliary. The error that appeared to

be a systematic is the over-generalization of pas tense form.

Example: When we arrived to the city, We all feeled tired

They leaved just now.

The students sometimes have problem with past participle formation.

This fault could be attributed to intra-lingual confusion since in some cases

the subjects applied the past tense marked‖ –ed‖ of regular form to

irregular ones.

c. Unmarked third person singular verb

The students are also sometimes fail to mark the third person singular

verb in the simple present tense.

Example : He wash his clothes by himself

Most of children like candy.

11

Valentino Rido Rasmodjo, Types of Correction Supporting the Learner-Centered

Learning … 12

Moh S. Haded, The Merits of Exploiting Error Analysis in Foreign Language Teaching

and Learning, (RELC. Journal, vol.29, Singapore: SEAMEO Regional language Center, 1998), pp.

60-63

13

Haded think that errors is not a case of mother tongue interference but

it can be attributed to intra lingual difficulty. He also says it make be a

consequence of the influence of teaching technique in the sense that

Error =( in the speech or writing of a second or foreign language learners)

they use of linguistic item( e.g. a word, a grammatical item, a language

regards as showing faulty or incomplete learning. Distinction is sometimes

made between errors which result from incomplete knowledge and mistake

made by a learner when writing or speaking and which is caused by lack of

attention, fatigue, carelessness, or some other aspect performance.13

As an addition Carl James states that an error arises only when there is

no attention to commit one. He also draws distinction between error and

mistake, he says, ―the learner is inclined and able to correct a fault in his

/her out put, it is assumed that the form he /she selected was not the one

intended, and we shall say that the fault is mistake. If, on the other hand,

the learner is unable or in anyway disinclined to make the correction, we

assume that the form the learner used was one it intended and that is an

error.‖14

On the other hand, Corder defines, ―an err or Is a breach of the

language‘s code, resulting in an unacceptable utterance: with L2 learners

occur because the learners have not yet internalized the information rules

of the code. While mistakes or lapses are the result of some failure of

performance. They occur when the language user makes a slip such as

false star or a confusion of structure.15

For this paper the writer adopts the definition of error as a noticeable

deviation resulting from incomplete knowledge which reveals a portion of

learners‘ competence in the target language. While a mistake refers to

performance error that is either a random guess or a ―slip‖, in that it is a

13

Jack Ricard, et al, Longaman Dictionary of Language Teaching and applied Linguistic,

(London: Longman, 1992), p. 127 14

Carl James, Error in language learning and use: Exploring Error Analysis, (New

York: Addision Wesley Longman limited, 1998), p.78 15

Keith Johnson and Helen Johnson, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistic

(London: Black Well Publisher inc,. 1999), p.111

14

failure to utilize a known system correctly. Classroom drills of the form do

not make sufficient distinction between marked and marked forms.

d. Wrong tense sequence

In this case, the wrong tense sequence is coordinate structure. Many

students often make wrong tense application.

Example: He does not go to school yesterday

Rebecca has always been a good girl before she got married.

This type of error is not mother tongue inference but mostly due to

ignorance of target language restriction on tense sequence.

e. Miscellaneous

Another type of errors gathered from the study demonstrate a

systematic use, for example the use of ―be+ infinitive‖ in:

1) Honey bee are attack people who approach their lives.

2) Almost every child is like ice cream.

Betty Azar in her book understanding and using English grammar give

guidance for correcting writing errors. In the book, the types of error are

explained more details. The errors are classified as:

Singular-plural, word form, word choice, verb tense, add a word, omit the

word, word order, spelling, punctuation, capitalization, article and meaning

not clear, in complete sentence, and run-on sentence.16

Nicos N. Michaelides also draws the types of error. According to him

the types of error are:

1. Error of performance

Performance is what actually occurs in practice. Errors performance

are errors that occurs in speaker‘s performance. This types of error is the

result of the mistake language use and manifest themselves as:

a. Repeat, for example; they asked me to keep to keep the bottle away.

b. Anticipation, for example; on Wednesday he always buys two loaves of

bread.

16

Betty S. Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar, (New Jersey: Prentice hall,

Inc, 1989), p.29

15

c. A correlation and repeated, for example; they wanted they said they

wanted to leave.17

These error are unsystematic and not very serious problem because the

student themselves can correct. These errors are attributed to carelessness,

lapse of memory, sick or emotion state.

2. Error of competence

Competence is knowing what is grammatically right. Errors of

competence are the result of application rules by the learners of the

language that do not (yet) correspond to the foreign language norm. these

errors are persistent and systematic and in consequence serious and their

treatment calls for careful analysis to discover their causes.

6. Procedures of Error Analysis

In the language teaching, either a native language/ a second language

teaching, study about students‘ errors is very important. There are some

procedures in error analysis, namely:

1) Identification of errors, the first step in the process of analysis is

recognition/ identification of errors. In this step teachers recognize the

students‘ errors from the task give by the teachers.

2) Description of errors, the next step is the describing errors. It begins when

an identification stage has taken place. The description of student errors

involves classification of kinds of errors made by the students.

3) Explanation of errors, the third step in the process of analysis is the

explanation of error that can be regarded as a linguistic problem. This step

attempts to account for how and why the students‘ errors happen.

4) Evaluation of errors, in this step, the teacher gives evaluation from the task

done by the students depends on the task that teacher will be giving to the

students.

17

Ratnawati, Error Analysis on Students Narrative Writing, (Jakarta: UIN Syarif

Hidayatullah, 2004), p.8

16

5) Preventing/ correction of error, finally the last step in the process of

analysis is correction of error when the teacher checks the result from the

task done by the studesnts. And then the teacher gives the correct answer

from the errors has been done by the students.18

Table 2.1

The Procedures of Error Analysis

Identification of

error

Description and

error classification

Explanation Correction

I watch TV

yesterday.

Simple past tense

- Omission of –ed

The verb ―watch‖

should be past form.

I watched TV

yesterday.

He is owing me six

thousands rupiah.

Verb

- Inappropriate verb

construction

―owe‖ is a stative verb

and doesn‘t require

the -ing participle.

He owes me six

thousands rupiah.

B. TENSE

1. The Understanding of Tense

The word ―tense‖ is derived ultimately from the Latin word ‖tempus‖

meaning ―time‖.19

Tense commonly refers to the time of the situation which

relates to the situation of the utterance or at the moment of speaking.

There are many definitions of tense. One of them is as stated by

Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik stated that by tense we understand the

correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time ( past,

present, or future).20

And Michael Swan stated that ―the verb-forms which

show differences in time are called tense. Tense are formed either by

18

Theo Van Els and friends, Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of

Foreign Languages, (London: a Division of Hodder & Stoughton, 1983), p.47 19

John Lyons, Linguistics Semantic An Introduction, (Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press,1995), p.312 20

Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar of English, (London:

Pearson Education Limited, 2002), 3rd

ed., p.415

17

changing the verb (e.g know, knew; work, worked),or by adding auxiliry

verbs (e.g will know; had worked)‖.21

In Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, tense is defined as a form

taken by a verb to indicate the time at which the action or state is viewed as

accruing.22

In another source it is said that ―tense is the form of a verb that

shows us when the action or state happens (past, present or future). The name

of a tense is not always a guide to when the action happens. The "present

continuous tense", for example, can be used to talk about the present or the

future.23

Tense refers to the indication of time by the form of the verb or verb

phrase, ie whether an action is a present, past or future one.24

Based on the

definitions above, the writer concludes that tense is a verb-form that is

indicates the time at which a state happens or the action.

2. Types of Tense

Tense is used to show the relation between the action or state

described by the verb and the time, which is reflected in the form of the verb.

There are two basic tenses in English; the present tense and the past tense.25

The present is like the base form, although the verb of the third person

singular is added -s. Regular verbs are added -ed or -d to show the past tense,

while irregular verbs change in many different ways, or not at all in some

cases.

The time that a verb shows is usually called tense. The most common

tenses are the simple present, past and future. In addition, there are nine other

21

Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980),

p.604 22

Silvia Chalker and Admund Weiner, The Oxford of English Grammar, (NY: OUP,

1998), P.395 23

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/grammar-glossary.htm,16 th of November,2009 24

Kam Chuan Aik and Kam Kai Hui, Longman Dictionary of Grammar and Usage,

(Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd, 1992), p.294 25

Http://Www.Usingenglish.Com/Glossary/Tense.Html,3rd

of ,Desember, 2009

18

tenses, that enable to express more specific ideas about the time.26

Furthermore, Azar stated in more detailed overview the English verb tenses

as the simple tense, the progressive tenses, the perfect tenses and the perfect

progressive tenses.27

There are four types of verb tense in English: the Simple, the

Continuous, the Perfect, and the Perfect Continuous. Each type of tense has a

Present, a Past, and a Future form, as well as other modal forms.

Thus, just as there are four present tenses in English, there are also

four past tenses: the Simple Past, the Past Continuous, the Past Perfect, and

the Past Perfect Continuous.28

Based on the explanation above, the writer agrees with the statement

of John Langan. So, the writer concludes that there are twelve verb tenses,

and examples of each tense. They are :

Tense Examples

Present I work

Past Howard worked on the lawn

Future You will work overtime this week

Present perfect Gail has worked hard on the puzzle

They have worked well together

Past perfect They had worked eight hours before their

shift ended

Future perfect The volunteers will have worked many

unpaid hours

Present progressive I am not working today, you are working the

second shift

Past progressive She was working outside

26

John Langan, Sentence Skills, form A, (New York: Mc. Graw Hill Companies, Inc,

2003), 7ed, pp. 188-189 27

Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar, (New Jersey:

Prentice Hall, 1989), pp.2-7 28

http://www.fortunecity.com/bally/durrus/153/gramch06.html,16th of November, 2009

19

The plumbers were working here this

morning

Future progressive The sound system will be working by

tonight

Present perfect progressive Married life has not been working out for

that couple

Past perfect progressive I had been working overtime until recently

Future perfect progressive My sister will have been working at that

store for eleven straight months by the time

she takes a vocation next week.

The perfect tenses are formed by adding have, has, or had to the past

participle (the form of the verb that ends, usually, in –ed). The progressive

tenses are formed by adding am, is, are, was, or were to the present participle

(the form of the verb that ends in –ing). The perfect progressive tense are

formed by adding have been, has been, or had been to the present participle.

C. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1. The Understanding of Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is one of the more difficult English tenses to

use well or even correctly. However, it is not as difficult as it is often made,

and many of the problems students have with it are the result of the

inadequate explanations usually given in material books.

In linguistics, the perfect tense is the past tense used to describe

completed (thus "perfect") actions in the past.29

According to Betty Azar

stated that ‖the present perfect expresses the idea that something happened (

or never happened) before now at an unspecified time in the past. The exact

time it happened is not important. It also, expresses the repetition of an

activity before now. It also when used for and since, expresses a situation that

began in the past and continuous to the present.30

29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_tense 30

Betty Schampfer Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar, ... P.29

20

The present perfect simple tense is used to talk about a past time,

which has very strong meaning for the present.31

Figure 2.1

Present Perfect Simple Timeline

Present Perfect

Simple

Used to show

unfinished time

I have studied English

twice this week.

For example:

Q) Where's Jane?

A) She has gone out. She should be back in an hour.

The present perfect tense expresses an action that began in the past

and has recently been completed or is continuing in the present.32

The present

perfect tense is a perfect tense used to express action that has been completed

with respect to the present. (The word perfect in its name refers to the idea of

completion—of being now finished—rather than to perfection in the sense of

"no flaws".).33

"I have finished" is an example of the present perfect. The

present perfect is a compound tense in English (and in many other languages),

meaning that it is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb.

For example, in modern English, it is formed by combining a present-tense

form of the auxiliary verb "to have" with the past participle of the main verb.

31

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/tensepresperfsim.htm,thrusday,18 th of Juni 2009 32

John Langan, Sentence Skill form A ..., p.190 33

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_perfect_tense 18th of June 2009

21

In the above example, "have" is the auxiliary verb, whereas the past

participle "finished" is the main verb. Another example:

The boy took an English test. (Emphasis is on the fact that the boy took an

English test.) The boy has taken an English test. (Emphasis is on the present

state of the boy, resulting from the fact that he saw the car.)

Actually, the present perfect tense and simple past tense are used for

past actions or states, but the present perfect describes the present state of the

subject as a result of a past action or state (i.e., the subject is being talked

about in the present), whereas the simple past describes solely a past action or

state of the subject (i.e., the subject is being talked about in the past).

From the definitions above the writer concludes that the present

perfect tense is used to expresses a situation began in the past and continued

to the present or it designates action which began in the past but which

continues into the present or the effect of which still continues.

2. The Form of Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is a rather important to learn for students

because the students have to know the difference between the regular and

irregular verbs. Some of the students have confused in using of the present

prefect tense. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple.

The problems come with the use of the tense.

Structurally the term perfect signifies that a form of have accompanies

a verb as an auxiliary.34

In addition, George E. Wishon and Julia M. Burks

stated that ― the present perfect tense is a construction made up the auxiliary

have +the past form of the main verb‖.35

The simple present perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb ―have‖ in

the corresponding form for the subject of the sentence, followed by the

34

Marcela Frank, Modern English: a Practical Reference Guide, (New Jersey: Prentice

Hall), p.77 35

George E.Wishon and Julia M.Burks, Let Write English, Revised Edition, (New York:

Linton Educational, 1980), p.206

22

participle of the main verb.36

And Raymond Murphy stated that,‖ the present

perfect tense is formed with have/has + the past participle.‖37

According to A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet ‖the present perfect

tense is formed with the present tense of have/has + the past participle, for

negative is formed by adding not to the auxiliary. The interrogative is formed

by inverting the auxiliary and subject‖.38

Basically, the present perfect tense is formed by using the auxiliary

verb of have and the past participle from of the main verb (have/has+ past

participle (the form of regular and irregular verb) and it is commonly

accompanied by definite time words such as since and for.

The writer formulates the form of Present Perfect Tense into three

types of sentences, they are: affirmative, negative, and interrogative.

a. Affirmative

1) To make an affirmative statement of the verb other than be, it is used

design of the following formula:

Examples:

Table 2.2

Subject Have/has Past participle

I Have finished my homework

You Have seen the movies

We Have had eaten

Selly Has studied English

Fahri Has played football

36

http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/2527/presentperfect.html#introduction,18

November 2009 37

Raymond Murphy, English Grammar in Use, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1994), 2nd

ed., p.14 38

A.J Thomson A.V Martinet, A practical English Grammar, (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 1986) 4th

ed., p.165

S + have/has + Past Participle + …

23

2) To make an affirmative statement of the verb be, it is used the design

of the following formula

Examples:

Table 2.3

Subject Have/

has

Been

I have been here since morning

You have been sick for a week

They have been in Japan since 1997

Mr. Brown has been to Moscow

Alisya has been married twice

The basic form of the present perfect tense: S + have/has + past

participle. The auxiliary of have is used when I, you, we, they, or a plural

noun (e.g., students) as subject. The auxiliary of has is used when she, he, it,

or a singular noun (e.g. Daniel) as subject. With pronouns, have is contracted

to apostrophe + ve (‗ve ) and has to apostrophe+ s (‗s),39

( e.g. He‘s worked

as teacher and they‘ve played football)

b. Negative

1) To make a negative statement of the verb other than be, it is used the

design of the following formula:

39

Betty S. Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall

Regents, 1986), 2nd

ed., p.33

S + have/has + been + …

S + have/has + not + past participle …

24

Examples:

Table 2.4

Subject Have/has Not Past Participle

I have not seen the movie

You have not gone to Bali

The kids have not played the dolls

Linday has not studied English

It has not broken

2) To make a negative statement of the verb be, it is used design the

following formula:

Examples :

Table 2.5

Subject Have/

Has

Not Been

I have not been here for a year

You have not been in the library

We have not been in Mexico

Mr. John has not been Married for two year

Mrs. Mita has not been here since

morning

c. Interrogative

1) To make an interrogative statements of the verb other than be, it is used

the design of the following is the formula:

S + have/has + not +been + …

Have/has + S + Past participle …?

25

Example :

Table 2.6

Have/has Subject Past participle

Have you watched the horror movie?

Have they gone to Bali?

Has she studied English?

Has fanny finished the test?

2) To make an interrogative affirmative statement of verb be, it is used the

design of the following is formula:

Example :

Table 2.7

Have/has Subject Been

Have you been here for two days?

Have they been at hospital since 9 am?

Have the children been at school since morning?

Has Margarita been to

Singapore

this afternoon?

Has Mr. John been to Bali this holiday?

3) To make an interrogative negative statement of verb other than be, the

following formula is used:

Have/has + S + been + …?

Haven’t/hasn’t + S + past participle + …?

26

Example :

Table 2.8

Haven’t/hasn’t Subject Past participle

Haven‘t I studied English ?

Haven‘t we played the card?

Hasn‘t uncle visited to mother‘s house?

Hasn‘t Mrs. Tuti taught history since 2 p.m?

4) To make an interrogative negative statement of verb be, the auxiliary

the negative haven‘t/hasn‘t is put before the subject. The formula is:

Example :

Table 2.9

Haven’t/hasn’t Subject been

Haven‘t the students been at school Since morning?

Haven‘t we been in the garden for half hour?

Haven‘t they been to the museum today?

Hasn‘t Fahri been at home since 2. p.m?

Hasn‘t She been to England this holidays?

The present perfect tense can be used to say that an action happened at

an unspecified time before now, the exact time is not important. It cannot be

used with specific time expression such as: yesterday, last week, a three years

ago; in the other hand, it can be used with unspecific expressions such as:

never, ever, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Therefore, from the description above the writer can conclude, the

present perfect tense is result that can still felt after the something have done,

for example: I have already eaten, and the result is ―that‘s why I don‘t feel

hungry anymore‖.

Haven’t/hasn’t + S + been + …?

27

3. The Usage of The Present Perfect Tense

The perfect tenses are used when an action or situation in the present

is linked to a moment in the past. It is often used to show things that have

happened up to now but are not finished yet or to emphasize that something

happened but is not true anymore.

In addition, the present perfect tense is used to talk about experience

that have done it in his/her life and it is not important if she/he did it. And

adverb of time to talk experience are ever and never, beside that the present

perfect tense is used to talk about an action which started in the past and

continuous up to now, the adverb of time is often used with since and for to

say how to long the action has lasted and it is used to talk about action that

has the result in the present, the adverb of time often used is just, already and

yet.

Perfect tenses are never used something happened such as yesterday,

last year etc. But can be used when discussing the duration of something i.e.

often, for, always, since etc. The most important thing to remember about the

present prefect is that it can never be used with adverbs which describe

finished time periods, such as yesterday, five minutes ago, and at three

o’clock. If a time adverb is used with the present prefect, it should describe a

time period which is unfinished. As an example including today and this

week. They are:

I‘ve been to the shops twice already today

I went to the shops before Toy arrived

Thomson and Martinet pointed out, that ―present perfect tense may be

used to be a sort of mixture of present an past, it always implies a strong

connection with the present and is chiefly used in conversation, letter,

newspaper, and radio reports‖.40

Michael Swan in Practical English Usage stated that: the use of the

present perfect are:

40

A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet, A practical English Grammar, (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1986), p.166

28

a. The present perfect simple is often used to talk about finished actions and

events. This normally happens when the past events have some present

importance, and when we could make a present tense sentence (with a

similar meaning) about the same situation

b. The present perfect is also used to talk about past actions which are not

recent, but which are ‗still with us‘ as part of our experience and

knowledge.

Here is the time expression in present perfect tense

a. the present perfect tense is often used with ‘indefinite‘ time expressions

which mean ―at any time up to now‖ or ―by now‖. Example are: ever,

never, yet, already, before.

In negative sentences, when we say that things have not happened, since

and for are often used. e.g. I haven’t seen a film for weeks, she hasn’t

written to me since September

b. ‗definite‘ time expressions(like today, this week, this morning) are not

often used with the present perfect when we talk about finished even. The

present perfect is not used when are thinking about a particular finished

point of time.41

From the discussion above it can be known that present perfect tense

is focused on the action that happened in the past but related to the present

moment. It is used commonly to show that the action has just been completed,

or at least the effect of the action is still felt at the moment of speaking.

Here is the table about comparison between present perfect and simple

past

Table 2.10

The Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST

1. The present perfect always connects

the past and the present

a. we use the present perfect to talk

about something which started in

the past and continues up to the

1. the past simple tells us only about the

past

a. we use the past simple to talk about

something which started and finished

in the past.

41

Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, (London: Oxford University Press, 1980) ,p.495

29

present.

10 years

Past present

I’ve lived in London for ten years. (= I

still live in London now.)

b. We also use the present perfect

when the result of past action is

connected to the present.

I have lost my wallet.(= I have not

got the wallet now.)

- we often use the present perfect to

announce ‗new‘.

e.g. someone has stolen my motorbike

10 years

Past Present

I lived in Manchester for ten years.(= I

do not live in Manchester now.)

b. We use the past simple when the

result of a past action is not

connected to the present.

I lost my wallet, but I have got it back

again now.

- we use the past to give details of the

news.

e.g. I left the bike outside for a few

minutes and when I came back, it

wasn‘t there.

2. When we say a definite past time e.g. yesterday, last week, six weeks ago, we

always use the past simple ,never the present perfect.

e.g. I lost my wallet yesterday. (not: I have lost my wallet yesterday )

- we use the present perfect to talk about an indefinite time up to the present

e.g. ever, never, recently. Compare :

PRESENT PERFECT PAST TENSE

Have you ever seen ghost ? Did you see your friend yesterday?

I have never been to New York. I went to London last week

- in conversation, we often begin indefinitely, with the present perfect, then we

use the past simple when we think about the definite time that something

happened.

‗have you ever been to the Unites States?‘ ‗ yes, I went there in 1985.‘ ‗Did

you go to New York (= when you were there in 1985)?‘

I‘ve seen that film. I enjoyed it (= when I saw it)very much.

3. we can use today, this morning, this afternoon, etc:

30

with the present perfect when these with the past when these periods of time

periods of time are not finished. are finished

e.g. I‘ve seen peter this morning. e.g. I saw peter this morning.

(It is still morning.) (It is now afternoon, evening, or night

time)

1. we normally use a past tense, not the present perfect, to ask when something

happened.

When did you arrive home last night? (Not: when have you arrived home last

night? 42

42

Digby Beaumont & Colin Granger, The Heinemann English Grammar with Answer Key, (

Oxford: Heinemann, 1989), pp.25-26

30

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Objective of the Research

In this purpose of the research, the writer would like to find empirical

evidence of errors in learning present perfect tense made by the first year

students of senior high school at Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani Jombang-

Ciputat in terms of form and usage. In addition, the writer expects that this

skripsi will be useful for herself, English teacher and another people in general.

B. Place and Time of the Research

The research was held at the first year students of Madrasah Aliyah

Soebono Mantofani Jombang-Ciputat which is located on Jl. Sumatra Jombang–

Ciputat. The writer conducted this research from May 17th

until May 26th

2010.

In the first day she came to school and asked for permission to the head master to

do the research. Then, she continued her research by reviewing the material

about present perfect tense. Next, she interviewed the English teacher in the

school related to the teaching learning process. Finally, she gave a test about

Present perfect tense on May 26th

to the first year students in the school.

31

C. Method of the Research

This skripsi is written based on field research supported by library study;

in this case she takes Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani Jombang as the place

in which the research was held. She observes some difficulties and problems that

are faced by the first grade students Senior High School in learning present

perfect tense.

In the library study, the writer visited some libraries such as Faculty of

Tarbiyah library, the Main library of State Islamic University, Atmajaya library

and other sources to collect the data. She also read and analyzed kind of books

which are relevant to the topic.

In the field research, the writer observed the first grade students of

Madrasah Aliyah Soebono Mantofani Jombang by giving the test about Present

Perfect Tense as data of this study to the students.

D. Population and Sample of Research

The population of the study is the students of Madrasah Aliyah Soebono

Mantofani Jombang. And the writer took the first year students as the sample of

this research which consists of 40 students; they are from two classes, class A (19

students) and class B (21 students).

E. Instrument of the Research

The instrument of the research used by the writer is English test given to

the students to find out the difficulties in present perfect tense. The test is

multiple choice form. This test consists of 25 items which are asking about two

main areas of the difficulties in present perfect tense. The first is the form area

(15 items). It is divided into three categories, they are the form of have/has,

regular verb, and irregular verb. The second is the usage area (10 items). It is

32

discussed about the distinguishing of using the present perfect tense and the

simple past tense.

F. Technique of Data Collecting

The writer uses two techniques of collecting data in this research, they are test and

interview.

1. Test

Test is a technique in collecting the data to find out the students’ difficulty in

learning present perfect tense. The test consists of 25 questions in multiple

choice form; 15 questions for measuring the form difficulties of Present

Perfect Tense and 10 questions for measuring the usage of Present Perfect

Tense.

2. Observation

It is done to get real and accurate data about location and population where the

research is carried out.

3. Interview

This technique is used to supplement the data needed which are not covered

by technique previously. The writer asked some questions to the English

teacher in the school in order to know how the English teaching-learning

process is done in the class.

G. Technique of Data Analysis

The technique of data analysis that is used by the writer in this research is

descriptive analysis technique (percentage), which is described in the table

percentage. In this table percentage she used the formula:

P= F x 100%

N

33

F = frequency

P = percentage

N = number of sample which is observed.1

After getting the frequency and percentage of difficulty, the writer

analyzed the average mark by using formula:

P = percentage

F = frequency of false answer

N = number of students

n = number of items

1 Anas Sujiono, Pengantar Statistic Pendidikan, (Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada,2006),

p.43

P= F x 100%

Nx n

34

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDING

A. Data Description

In this part, the writer is going to provide description about instrument

of data used in this study. The data are English test result about present

perfect tense. She gave the test to the forty students of the first grade senior

high school which consists of 25 items (15 items for form and 10 items for

usage). The instrument is enclosed in appendix 1.

However, the instrument of this research is divided into two parts of

area discussed in present perfect tense, and the distributions are described in

the following tables:

Table 4.1

Area tested of form and usage in present perfect tense

No Error in present perfect Question Number Total

Items

1. The form of present perfect tense

a. have/has

b. Regular verb

c. Irregular verb

1,4,10,11,14

3,5,7,9,13

2,6,8,12,15

5

5

5

2 Distinguish the usage of present

perfect tense and simple past

16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21,

22, 23, 24, 25

10

35

Table 4.2

Students’ Score of Test Result

No Sample Score No Sample Score

1 Student 1 4,8 21 `Student 21 8,8

2 Student 2 7,2 22 Student 22 3,6

3 Student 3 4,0 23 Student 23 3,6

4 Student 4 3,6 24 Student 24 4,0

5 Student 5 7,6 25 Student 25 7,2

6 Student 6 7,6 26 Student 26 7,6

7 Student 7 5,6 27 Student 27 5,6

8 Student 8 4,0 28 Student 28 1,6

9 Student 9 7,2 29 Student 29 3,6

10 Student 10 3,2 30 Student 30 3,6

11 Student 11 4,4 31 Student 31 3,2

12 Student 12 7,6 32 Student 32 4,0

13 Student 13 6,8 33 Student 33 4,4

14 Student 14 5,6 34 Student 34 4,0

15 Student 15 4,4 35 Student 35 5,2

16 Student 16 7,6 36 Student 36 3,6

17 Student 17 6,4 37 Student 37 5,2

18 Student 18 100 38 Student 38 3,6

19 Student 19 3,6 39 Student 39 4,4

20 Student 20 3,2 40 Student 40 4,07

36

B. Data Analysis

In this part, the writer intends to analyze the instruments of data of this

research. She is going to discuss the test items per area of difficulties which is

divided into two areas. They are form and usage.

1. Form

In this area, there are three categories including to form area in present

perfect tense. The areas are form of has/have, regular verb, and irregular

verb. Each area consists of 5 questions, the instrument of the test can be

seen in appendix

2. Usage

In the usage area the students are asked to distinguish the usage of present

perfect tense and simple past tense. In each area consists of ten questions,

the instrument of the test can be seen in appendix.

The frequency of the difficulty of present perfect tense, both in the

form and the usage, could be seen in the following table:

Table 4.3

Frequency of Error in the Form of Present Perfect

No Present perfect tense Items

number

Frequency of

error

Percentage

1 Form of has/have 1 7 2.81%

2 Form of has/have 4 31 12.45%

3 Form of has/have 10 17 6.83%

4 Form of has/have 11 20 8.03%

5 Form of has/have 14 21 8.43%

6 Form of regular verb 3 10 4.02%

7 Form of regular verb 5 10 4.02%

37

8 Form of regular verb 7 14 5.62%

9 Form of regular verb 9 8 3.21%

10 Form of regular verb 13 0 0%

11 Form of irregular verb 2 14 5.62%

12 Form of irregular verb 6 18 7.23%

13 Form of irregular verb 8 28 11.24%

14 Form of irregular verb 12 23 9.24%

15 Form of irregular verb 15 28 11.24%

Total 15 249 100%

To find out of the whole average is by using formula as follows:

P = F x 100%

N x n

= 249 x 100%

40 x 15

= 249 x 100%

600

= 41.5%

The table above explains about errors made by students in the form of

present perfect tense such as form of has/have, regular verb and irregular

verb. The whole average from the form of present perfect tense is 58.75%.

Table 4.4

Frequency of Errors in the usage of present perfect tense

No Present perfect tense Item number Frequency of Percentage

38

error

1 Present perfect tense

and simple past tense

16 21 8.94%

2 Present perfect tense

and simple past tense

17 17 7.23%

3 Present perfect tense

and simple past tense

18 21 8.94%

4 Present perfect tense

and simple past tense

19 25 10.64%

5 Present perfect tense

and simple past tense

20 30 12.77%

6 Present perfect tense

and simple past tense

21 19 8.09%

7 Present perfect tense

and simple past tense

22 28 11.91%

8 Present perfect tense

and simple past tense

23 22 9.36%

9 Present perfect tense

and simple past tense

24 17 7.23%

10 Present perfect tense

and simple past tense

25 35 14.89%

Total 10 235 100%

To find out of the whole average is by using formula as follows:

39

P = F x 100%

N x n

= 235 x 100%

40 x 10

= 235 x 100%

400

= 58.75%

The table above explains about the whole average of errors made by

students in the usage of present perfect tense (present perfect tense and past

tense). The percentage is 58.75% of students made errors in both.

After explaining the genaral frequency of errors above, the writer

would like to explain about the specific frequency of errors that were made by

the students. Here are the tables of specific frequency.

Table 4.5

Specific frequency of errors in the form of present perfect tense

No Items number Error made Frequency Percentage

1 1 Omission of auxiliary 7 2.81%

2 4 Omission of auxiliary 20 8.3%

Third person singular

verb

11 4.24%

3 10 Third person singular

verb

17 6.83%

4 11 Omission of auxiliary 20 8.3%

5 14 Omission of auxiliary 21 8.24%

6 3 Omission of auxiliary 10 4.2%

7 5 Incorrect verb form 10 4.2%

8 7 Incorrect verb form 14 5.62%

9 9 Omission of auxiliary 8 3.21%

10 13 - 0 0%

11 2 Omission of auxiliary 10 4.2%

40

Incorrect verb form 4 1.2%

12 6 Omission of auxiliary 8 3.21%

Incorrect verb form 10 4.2%

13 8 Incorrect verb form 28 11.24%

14 12 Incorrect verb form 23% 9.24%

15 15 Incorrect verb form 28% 11.24%

Number of Error 249 100%

It can be seen from the table above that the specific errors made by the

students in the form has/have is the ommision of auxiliary and correct verb

form. The students mostly use” has” in the third person like in sentence the

children has found the lost puppy and They leaved just now. Beside that, it

is also caused by mother tongue interference. And The error that appeared

to be a systematic is the over-generalization of pas tense form.

The students sometimes have problem with past participle formation.

This fault could be attributed to intra-lingual confusion since in some cases

the subjects applied the past tense marked” –ed” of regular form to

irregular verb.

Table 4.6

Specific frequency of errors in the usage of present perfect tense

No Items number Error made Frequency Percentage

1 16 Omission of auxiliary

and incorrect verb

form

21 8.94%

2 17 Omission of auxiliary

and incorrect verb

form

17 7.23%

3 18 Omission of auxiliary

and incorrect verb

form

21 8.94%

41

4 19 Omission of auxiliary

and incorrect verb

form

25 10.64%

5 20 Omission of auxiliary

and incorrect verb

form

30 12.7%

6 21 Omission of auxiliary

and incorrect verb

form

19 8.09%

7 22 Omission of auxiliary

and incorrect verb

form

28 11.91%

8 23 Omission of auxiliary

and incorrect verb

form

22 9.36%

9 24 Omission of auxiliary

and incorrect verb

form

17 7.23%

10 25 Omission of auxiliary

and incorrect verb

form

35 14.89%

Number of Error 235 100%

The table above shows that errors made by the students are mostly

omission of auxiliary verb and incorrect verb. They made errors in the usage

of present perfect (present perfect tense and past tense). The students still get

confused the present perfect tense and the simple past tense because both of

them has the same meaning that is they are used to refer to an event or state in

the past. In addition, both can be used to refer to a state of affairs that existed

for a period of time.

From the table explanation above, the writer would like to conclude

42

that the most mistakes done by the students both in the form and usage of

present perfect tense and in distinguishing the present perfect tense and

simple past tense.

The writer took twelve items which in each item there are ten and

more students who made mistakes. These students were choosing the answer

which is not in the form of present perfect tense.

a. In item number 4 there are 31 students or 12.45% who made mistakes.

This item about the form of has/have which is form of the affirmative or

positive statement. The right answer is : The children have found the lost

puppy.

b. In item number 10 there are 17 students or 6.83% who made mistakes.

This item is about the form of has/have which is form of the negative

statement. The right answer is: Our parcel haven’t arrived yet

c. In item number 11 there are 20 students or 8.03% who made mistakes.

This items is about the form of the interrogative statement. The right

answer is: Has Fahry already spoken to you?

d. In item number 14 there are 21 students or 8.43% who made mistakes.

This item is about the form of has/have, which is in the form of positive

statement. The right answer is: Rahman: “Oh my god! Someone has

stolen my motorcycle!”

e. In item number 3 there are 10 students or 4.02% who made mistakes. This

item is about the form of regular verb. The right answer is : Rani hasn’t

worked for last December.

f. In item number 5 there are 10 students or 4.02% who made mistakes. This

item is about the form of regular verb. The right answer is : We have

lived here for a year

g. In item number 7 there are 14 students or 5.62% who made mistakes. This

item is about the form of regular verb. The right answer is : They have

moved in a new apartment.

43

h. In item number 2 there are 14 students or 5.62% who made mistakes. This

item is about the form of irregular verb. The right answer is : I have seen

my new teacher.

i. In item number 6 there are 18 students or 7.23% who made mistakes. This

item is about the form of irregular verb. The right answer is : Alan has

been married

j. In item number 8 there are 28 students or 11.24% who made mistakes.

This item is about the form of irregular verb. The right answer is :

Andrew : “have you met many people since you came here?”

Serly : “yes, I have.”

k. In item number 12 there are 23 students or 9.24% who made mistakes.

This item is about the form of irregular verb in negative statement. The

right answer is : I haven’t written any letter yet

l. In item number 15 there are 28 students or 11.24% who made mistakes.

This item is about the form of irregular verb in positive statement. The

right answer is: Maria has taught English since 1998

From the description above the most mistakes done by the students are

the form of present perfect tense that is in item number 4. This item is about

the form of has/have which is form of the affirmative or positive statement.

The students still get confused about the subject between plural or singular

pronoun.

The second is to distinguish usage of present perfect tense and simple

past tense. The writer took four which are in each number there are more than

10% students who made mistakes. The writer would only give the data from

the mistake done by the students in the using of present perfect tense not in

simple past tense. In each number, most of the students wrote their own

answers which are not in the present perfect tense.

a. In item number 19 there are 25 students or 10.64% who made mistakes.

The right answer is: Has Ali visited his grandfather since January?

b. In item number 20 there are 30 students or 12.77% who made mistakes.

The right answer is : Mary and Calissa have slept for hours.

44

c. In item number 22 there are 28 students or 11.91% who made mistakes.

The right answer is: You broke my watch last week!

d. In item number 25 there are 35 students or 14.89% who made mistakes.

The right answer is : He ate pizza three days ago

From the description above it shows that the students are still get difficulty

to distinguish the usage of present perfect tense.

C. Data Interpretation

After classifying the items into area tested and explaining the

frequency and percentage of error in each item, the writer formulated the

difficulty in learning present perfect tense based on the highest frequency of

error as follows:

Table 4.5

Kind and percentage of Error in Present Perfect Tense

No Kind of Error Percentage of Error

1 The form of present perfect

tense:

a. has/have 48%

b. regular verb 28%

c. irregular verb 55%

2 The distinction between the

usage of present perfect tense

and simple past tense

58.75%

The table above shows that there are various of error in the form

of present perfect tense items test, it can be seen that there are 48% students

who still made error in the form of has/have, in this case, the students still

get confused in putting has/have in the right sentences especially in singular

subject and plural subject; they unaware made mistake in it. for example: The

children has found the lost puppy, this sentence is wrong, the students should

45

put auxiliary have not auxiliary has because the subject is plural. Second,

there are 28% students who still did error in the form of regular verb, some of

the students still get confused to distinguish between regular and irregular

verb. Third, there are 55% students who still made error in the form of

irregular verb. The students have lack of knowledge of irregular verb.

Especially, the third form that are used in present perfect tense, in addition,

there are some students still difficulty in memorizing the irregular verb so,

when they did the test, they unconscious that they made mistake. And the last

is in distinguishing the usage of present perfect tense and simple past tense,

there are 58.75% students who made error in this area. The students still get

confused the present perfect tense and the simple past because both of them

has the same meaning that is they are used to refer to an event or state in the

past and in this area the students most made error . The whole percentage of

average error from the difficulty in the form of present perfect tense is 41.5%

students and the usage of present perfect and past tense is 58.75%. Therefore,

the writer can interpret that most of the first year students of MA Soebono

Mantofani Jombang-Ciputat were still difficult in the form and the usage of

present perfect tense.

46

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. CONCLUSION

Based on the data described in the previous chapter, the writer could

draw a conclusion that the most students made error in the form of present

perfect tense there are 48 % error made by the students in the form of has/

have in the present perfect tense. The second is the form of regular verb. In

the form of regular verb there are 28% and in this form there are few students

done mistakes. Next, There are 55% error which are made by students in the

form of irregular verb. Then, the error in distinguishing the usage of present

perfect tense is 58.75%, the students still get confused to distinguish between

present perfect tense and simple past tense.

According to the writer, the students made many errors in the form

and the usage of present perfect tense because of the students’ mother tongue

inference. And The error that appeared to be a systematic is the over-

generalization of past tense form.

46

47

B. SUGGESTION

Based on the conclusion above, the writer would like to serve some

suggesstions for teacher and students they are:

1. The students have to pay attention when the teacher explanation about the

present perfect tense.

2. The students have to do more exercise, so that, they can distinguish

between present perfect tense and simple past tense.

3. The students should memorize regular and irregular verb to prevent them

making error in the future.

4. The teacher should be well prepared before serving the material that are

going to be taught to the students and

5. The teacher should give detail and clear explanation to the students about

the form and usage of present perfect tense.

6. The teacher should be creative in using method of English teaching.

7. The teacher should give students the opportunities to be more active in

English learning, and give encourage to the students more practice what

they have learned in the class.

48

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Test Instruments

Name :

Class :

Choose the best answer by using present perfect tense!

1. They….(go) to a rock concert

a. have gone c. gone

b. had gone d. has gone

2. I … (see) my new teacher

a. have seen c. has seen

b. has see d. have saw

3. Rani has (work)……. for last December

a. worked c. work

b. works d. workn

4. The children … (find) the lost puppy

a. has found c. had found

b. have found d. found

5. We have… (live) here for a year

a. Life c. lived

b. living d. live

6. Alan … (be) married twice

a. has been c. has be

b. have been d. has being

7. They have (move)…….in a new apartment

a. move c. movent

b. moved d. movn

8. Andrew : “have you ..... many people since you came here?”

Serly : “yes, I have.”

a. Met c. meted

b. meet d. mite

9. …. They …. (fix) the car ?

a. have – fixed c. had fix

b. has – fixed d. had fixed

10. Our parcel … (not arrive) yet

a. haven’t arrived c. arrived

b. hasn’t arrived d. hadn’t arrive

11. ... Fahry already ….( speak) to you ?

a. has – speaked c. has -spoken

b. have – spoken d. had – speaked

12. I … (write) any letter yet

a. hasn’t written c. hasn’t writed

b. haven’t written d. haven’t writed

13. Mary has …(stay) in Jakarta for three years

a. staye c. stayes

b. stayed d. stay

14. Rahman : “oh my god! Someone ..... my motorcycle!”

Andri :”call the police!”

a. Have stole c. Has stolen

b. has steal d. Has stole

15. Maria has….(teach) English since 1998

a. taught c. taughted

b. teached d. teaching

Choose the suitable tense the present perfect or the simple past tense in

the following sentence!

16. George ... (go) to the store yesterday

a. has gone c. go

b. have gone d. Went

17. Rafli ... (read) the newspaper for two hours

a. has read c. Have readed

b. have read d. Readed

18. Amir ... (study) English last week

a. Studied c. Has studied

b. Study d. Have studied

19. …….Ali ....(visit) his grand father since January ?

a. Have - visited c. did- visit

b. Has - visited d. does - Visit

20. Mary and Calissa.... (sleep) for four hours

a. Has slept c. slept

b. Have slept d. Sleeped

21. I .... (know) Greg Adam for ten years

a. Has known c. Has know

b. Have known d. Have knew

22. You ... (break) my watch last week !

a. Break c. broke

b. Have broken d. Has broken

23. He .... (finish) the exercise since this morning

a. Have finished c. Has finish

b. Have finishing d. Has finished

24. ... you ever... (smoke) a cigarette ?

a. Has – smmoked c. Have - smoke

b. Have – smoked d. Has – smoke

25. He ..... (eat) pizza three days ago

a. Ate c. Have eaten

b. Eaten d. Has eaten

ANSWER KEY

1. A

2. A

3. A

4. B

5. C

6. A

7. B

8. A

9. A

10. A

11. C

12. B

13. B

14. C

15. A

16. D

17. A

18. A

19. B

20. B

21. B

22. C

23. D

24. B

25. A

INSTRUMENT WAWANCARA

Interviewee : Mr. Yadi S.pd.

Hari/ tanggal : Rabu, 26 Mei 2010

Tempat : Ruang guru

1. Sejak kapan bapak mengajar disekolah ini?

Saya mengajar disekolah ini sejak tahun 2008

2. Bagaimana antusias siswa terhadap pelajaran bahasa inggris dikelas XS?

Pada dasarnya mereka semua antusias terhadap pelajaran bahasa inggris,

ketika dikelas mereka memperhatikan apa yang dijelaskan oleh guru

3. Metode apa yang digunakan oleh bapak dalam mengajarkan grammar?

Saya menggunakan berbagai metode sesuai dengan materi yang

diajarkankan seperti GTM, TPR, drilling dan formulation

4. Fasilitas penunjang apakah yang tersedia disekolah ini khususnya pada

mata pelajaran bahasa Inggris?

Buku paket seperti focus, LKS dan buku Acuan pengajaran bahasa Inggris

untuk SMA/MA dan buku lain seperti English modul special edition for

the first grade

5. Menurut bapak, seberapa pentingkah pengajaran grammar bagi siswa?

Sebenarnya, grammar merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam

mengembangkan kemampuan siswa untuk berbicara, menulis, dan

membaca bahasa Inggris

6. Kendala-kendala apa saja yang bapak hadapi dalam pengajaran bahasa

inggris khusus nya dalam pengajaran grammar?

Kendalanya adalah mereka tidak serius dalam menanggapi pelajaran,

ketika mereka diminta untuk mengerjakan soal dan hapalan mereka bisa,

tapi ketika ganti materi mereka lupa pada pelajaran yang lalu ( yang sudah

diajarkan)

7. Kesalahan- kesalahan apa saja yang dilakukan siswa dalam pelajaran

grammar, khusus dalam pelajaran present perfect tense?

Kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh mereka adalah biasanya dalam

penggunakan kata kerja nya antara regular verb dan irregular verb