An Evaluation of the Impact of Accessibility on Choice of Domestic Tourism Destination by Aborisade...

8/18/2019 An Evaluation of the Impact of Accessibility on Choice of Domestic Tourism Destination by Aborisade Adeshina g.

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AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF ACCESSIBILITY ON CHOICE OF

DOMESTIC TOURISM DESTINATION:

A CASE STUDY OF TARKWA-BAY RESORT

BY

ABORISADE ADESHINA GBENGA

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO

SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

AKOKA, LAGOS

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A

DEGREE OF MASTERS OF TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

NOVEMBER, 2012

CHAPTER ONE

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INTRODUCTION

1.0 B!"#$%&'( )% S)&(*

Tourism is not a new phenomenon; Smith (2004) noted: ‘tourism and travel has been part of the

human experience for millennia describin! it as a form of nomadism that characteri"es #omo

sapiens$ which is both normal and under the ri!ht conditions$ pleasurable% #owever$ in the last

thirt& &ears as stated b& Stephen et al (200')$ most certainl& with the rise of the et aircraft$

tourism has !rown in si!nificance and emer!es as a !lobal phenomenon$ affectin! an increasin!

ran!e of environments and attractin! new marets as opportunities for travel widened% *t has

been considered as an export industr& that essentiall& provides domestic resources to forei!n

consumers in exchan!e for forei!n currencies (+a"imhaa$ 200')%

The inextricable relationship between transport and tourism is of fundamental importance in

explainin! the tourism s&stem (,eiper$ -..0)% The pattern of travel which exists between

!eneratin! marets and receivin! destinations has been the focus of past research activit&$

explainin!$ for example$ the role of transport technolo!& in the economic and spatial evolution of

tourism destinations (#obson / &sal$ -..2)% Transport for tourism is of prime concern$ as it is

a part of the tourism s&stem which is heavil& dependent on the worlds two most ener!&

consumin! and pollutin! forms of transport 1 air transport and the motorised vehicle (reene /

3e!ener$ -..; 5o&al 6ommission on 7nvironmental 8ollution$ -..4)%

The tourism sector has been reco!ni"ed as a maor source of obs and wealth creation in nations

accountin! for . percents of !lobal 98 and percent of total emplo&ment worldwide in 200

(3orld 7conomic orum$ 200.)% ttam (200.) also cited tourism as a !enerator of si!nificant

share of !overnment (national and local) tax revenues throu!hout the world% urthermore$ the

development of tourism as a whole is usuall& accompanied b& considerable investment in

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infrastructures such as airports$ roads$ water and sewera!e facilities$ telecommunications and

other public utilities which benefit not onl& the tourists population but also the local population

(ttam$ 200.)% Tourism can therefore be considered to be a ver& important sector to individual

nations and the world in !eneral especiall& with the reali"ation particularl& in developin!

economies characteri"ed b& fled!lin! economies that it has become one of the fastest !rowin!

industries in the world%

#owever$ the tourism industr& is not ust about the forei!n consumers or visitors onl&$ it also

comprises the tourists travellin! within their own countr&$ but visitin! a different cit& to the one

in which the& live% This aspect of tourism is called domestic tourism% This doesnt brin! valuable

forei!n currenc& into the countr&$ but it does offer man& of the other advanta!es of *nbound

tourism: increased emplo&ment opportunities$ the development of infrastructure$ development in

rural areas$ increased tax revenues from economic activit&$ the opportunit& for people to visit

new and interestin! places$ to experience new thin!s and the chance for both the tourist and the

service provider to benefit from contact with others%

< common trend in the tourism sector and tourism research communit& is to focus mainl& on

international in=and=outbound tourism volumes and expenditure while ne!lectin! domestic

tourism% *nternational tourism it must be pointed out is onl& one part or aspect of tourism and

certainl& in number of arrivals$ domestic tourism is several times lar!er than international% This

fact can be supported b& the statistics of domestic tourists in countries lie


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200) which rou!hl& estimated that in 200A$ of the total number of tourists !loball&$ A0 million

were international and 4$000 million (4 billion) were domestic% *n addition$ almost half of the

latter estimate (domestic tourists) taes place in developin! countries and the other half in

developed countries%

*n developin! countries lie >i!eria$ the one sided focus on international tourism is also in hi!h

occurrence to the detriment of domestic tourism% #owever$ the maor thrust of this research is not

ust to put domestic tourism in the proper context but also to delve into the situation of poor

accessibilit& of some maor tourists attraction in >i!eria and more precisel& in ,a!os especiall&

as the ease of access to these attractions will prove to be more economicall& productive to the

!overnment authorities in the lon! run%

1.1 S))++') % R++$!/ P$%+

Tourism in the >i!erian context whether international or domestic$ is pla!ued b& a number of

factors% @ne of such e& factors is accessibilit&%


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component of tourism$ providin! the vital lin between the tourist !eneratin! areas and

destinations%

Tourism as stated in the introductor& para!raph of this research write=up is of tremendous

importance to the economic !rowth and development of individual nations and the world in

!eneral however one of the criticisms a!ainst tourism is that less diversified economies which

are increasin!l& dependent on tourism (especiall& international tourism) increase their

vulnerabilit& to international shocs such as natural disasters$ re!ional wars and other

unexpected events (>eto$ 2002)%


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The aim of this research wor is to examine accessibilit& as a constraint to the !rowth and

development of domestic tourism in >i!eria usin! Tarwa=?a&$ a popular tourists attraction in

,a!os as a case stud&% *n order to mae the aim of the research feasible$ the followin! specific

obectives were investi!ated:

-% to identif& the main mode of access to Tarwa=?a& from different areas of ,a!os;2% to assess the deficiencies associated with the main mode of access to the tourists

attraction;B% to examine the impact of the current mode of access on patrona!e of the tourists centre;

1.5 R++$!/ H*6%)/+

or this research wor$ the h&potheses that were tested are !iven below:

H%: The current mode of access to Tarwa=?a& is not a limitation to patrona!e of the tourist

centre;

H: The current mode of access to Tarwa=?a& is a limitation to patrona!e of the tourist centre%

H%: The availabilit& of an alternative transport mode will increase the economic viabilit& of

Tawa=?a&;

H: The availabilit& of an alternative transport mode will not increase the economic viabilit& of

Tawa=?a&%

1.7 R++4'!+ % R++$!/

Tourism in the opinion of Stephen et al (200') is part of a !lobal process of chan!e and

development nown as !lobali"ation% *ts relative importance to the !rowth and development of

countries the world over is never in doubt especiall& if the tourism success stories of maor

tourist nations of the world is an&thin! to !o b&% Such nations include: the nited States of


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unstable economies as a sustainable source of both forei!n and domestic revenue for the

!overnment%

The new wave in tourism as revealed b& a surve& of secondar& sources on the internet is that

man& developed countries are now promotin! the concept of domestic tourism in parallel to

international tourism% This approach accordin! to the Tourism *ndustr& ew

Eealand (200A) reco!ni"es the importance of the domestic maret$ and the attractiveness as a

tourism experience that short breas awa& can provide in an a!e where people are short on time

and lon! for Cualit& time with famil& and friends in a convivial environment%

iven the above situation as obtainable in most developed countries and the fact that it will be

easier and cheaper to !o on tour within ones countr&$ especiall& where the tourist destinations

are readil& accessible$ then a research of this nature is not onl& relevant but also necessar& to

sensiti"e the people$ the !overnment and other related authorities on the need to mae domestic

tourism the centre of their tourism strate!&%

1.8 S)&(* A$+

The stud& area is a selected local !overnment of ,a!os metropolis in >i!eria% The State was

created on +a& 2th$ -.' b& virtue of States (6reation and Transitional 8rovisions) 9ecree >o%

-4 of -.'$ which restructured >i!eria into -2 ederatin! nits% *t is located between latitudes

'F22> and 'F A2> and lon!itudes 2F427 and BF 427% The state is bounded in the south b&


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,a!os State is one of the smallest states in >i!eria$ representin! 0%4G of the entire !eo!raphical

area of the 6ountr&% ?ein! one of the smallest states in the countr& is not a disadvanta!e to the

state as it has a stron! commercial and economic presence which can onl& be rivalled b& ver&

few states in the countr&% ,a!os state has much to offer when it comes to tourism resource in

>i!eria especiall& when considered as a state of aCuatic splendour with hu!e tourism potentials

most of which are found alon! the lon! stretch ) and a lon!itude of B%4 (BF 2BH 4 7)$ is a

h&dro!raphic (ba&) located within ,a!os state% The location is situated '4' ilometers south west

(2B2F) of the approximate center of >i!eria and A4A ilometers south west (2BF) of the captial


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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.0 I')$%(&!)%'

There is a lar!e bod& of literature dealin!$ directl& or indirectl&$ with the issue of tourism

destination choice behaviour% The purpose of this chapter is to first briefl& and broadl& overview

this literature in order to provide a foundation for this current research stud&% The chapter then

proceeds to introduce relevant concepts$ models and theories which could aid better

understandin! of the processes involved as re!ards main! choices of domestic tourist

destinations%

2.1 L)+$)&$+ R+4+9

Tourism is a wholesome activit& that is pleasurable$ enables people to rest$ discover new thin!s$

meet others or allows them to have a uniCue experience (8ierret$ 20--)% *t essentiall& includes the

activities of persons travellin! to and sta&in! in places outside their usual permanent places of

residence for more than one consecutive &ear for leisure$ business and other purposes (>abil$

200B)% This view can also be complemented b& those of 9iee (200A) who re!arded tourism as

travel that results in one or more ni!hts bein! spent awa& from home% The travel is in essence$ a

massive flow of people of diverse bac!rounds$ lan!ua!es$ cultures and reli!ion interactin!

under the collective description of bein! tourists% The purpose of travel accordin! to the -..B

nited >ations statistical 6ommissions definition encompasses leisure$ business and other

reasons% Sectors such as transportation$ hotels and lod!in!$ food and bevera!e$ culture and

entertainment$ banin! and finance as well as promotion and publicit& services are some of the

sectors cate!ori"ed b& the 3orld Tourism @r!ani"ation Standard 6lassification of Tourism


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Tourism as an activit& is therefore no doubt of tremendous importance to the !rowth and

development of nations across the world% *t is hence of potential importance to developin!

countries where it has been declared as one of the top five sources of forei!n currenc& for B

percent of these countries (?enavides$ 200-)% *ts relative importance stemmed from its

contributions in areas lie: forei!n earnin!s$ emplo&ment$ income and public revenue hence the

industr& as established b& the nited >ations 7nvironment 8ro!ramme (>78) !enerates

Lsubstantial economic benefits to both host countries and tourists home countriesM% The main

motivation for the host countries$ particularl& in developin! countries is to !enerate economic

benefits and sustainable emplo&ment opportunities for local communities (+a"imhaa$ 200')%

6S9 (-...)$ travel and tourism is the worlds lar!est industr& and creator of

obs across national and re!ional economies% This is essentiall& believable if the 3orld Tourism

@r!ani"ation declaration that tourism has more than -A economic activities attached to it is

an&thin! to !o b& and more si!nificantl&$ this shows that tourism is indeed economicall& massive

as it involves a wide ran!e of staeholders amon!st who are: the private sector$ !overnmental

and non=!overnmental or!ani"ations (>@s)$ consumers and the host communities%

The international tourism industr& has become a !lobal economic force$ !eneratin! si!nificant

revenues and contributin! directl& and indirectl& to national economies% The 3orld Tourism

@r!ani"ation (3T@) indicates that in 2002$ 0B million tourists travelled across international

boundaries$ !eneratin! over SN 44 billion in revenues% *n its tourism !rowth forecast$

Tourism: 2020 Oision$ the 3T@ also predicts that the tourism will !row b& an avera!e of 4%-G

per &ear over the next two decades$ surpassin! a total of - billion international tourists b& the

&ear 20-0% 8roections for the &ear 2020 indicate that tourist arrivals will !row to around -%'

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billion with earnin!s of up to SN 2 trillion (+iline and eto$ 2002; >78


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times !reater than the current international arrivals$ particularl& as there is a rapidl& risin! trend

in domestic tourism in some developin! countries%

9omestic tourism (9T)$ historicall& speain!$ is in fact the first form of tourism that was

practiced and toda& it continues to account for the most part of this activit& b& far: it is estimated

that out of the 4% billion tourist arrivals per &ear (200 fi!ure)$ 4 billion$ or BG$ correspond to

domestic tourism% ,iewise$ the >3T@Hs economists estimate that at the !lobal level domestic

tourism represents:

= BG of total overni!hts

= 4G of arrivals and '.G of overni!hts at hotels

= .G of arrivals and AG of overni!hts in other (non=hotel) accommodations (8ierret$ 20-0)%

The important contribution of domestic tourism can particularl& be felt when a countr& is faced

with a crisis that hinders the development of its international tourism industr&% This was the case

with the nited States (%S%) which faced a drop in its tourism industr& in 2002 and 200B$ after

the September --th attacs on the countr&%


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+uch lie tourism in the nited Din!dom$ 6anadas domestic tourism industr& is an extremel&

si!nificant portion of its overall tourism industr&% *n 2002$ domestic travel b& 6anadians

represented out of -0 of all overni!ht trips taen in the countr& per &ear% @ver the past few

&ears$ the domestic tourism maret has continued to represent a Lver& substantive share of the

countr&s total tourism accountM (5o!ers$ 2002$ p%4)% 3ith a recent 'G decline in tourists from

the %S% and a -%2G decline in spendin! b& international tourists both durin! the third Cuarter of

200A (6onstantineau$ 200')$ 6anada has be!un to rel& more heavil& on its domestic tourism

maret% 3ithin the third Cuarter of 200A$ 6anadian tourism spendin! rose b& 2%AG to

approximatel& N6i!eria%


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(includin! affordabilit&)% Therefore$ it depends on ph&sical proximit& and mobilit& (+aunder et

al%$ 200-) (88 B)% *n!ram (-.-) defines accessibilit& as Lthe inherent characteristic (or

advanta!e) of a place with respect to overcomin! some form of spatiall& operatin! source of

friction (for example$ time andIor distance)% The concept of accessibilit& accounts for both the

pattern of activities and for the lins between activities (#and& and >iemeier$ -..) (88 --')%

The importance of accessibilit& to economic activities is captured above and can still be found in

several academic research wors in which factors that influence the patrona!e of social facilities

(such as tourists centers) in space were cited% Some of such factors include: cost$ distance$ social

discrimination and accessibilit& (>ash$ -.A and ,ewis$ -.)% Two important factors:

accessibilit& and time spent in reachin! a particular facilit& or location in space were also

pinpointed b& +itchell and Town (-.) as well as 8ooler (-..A) as factors that influence the

patrona!e of facilities$ tourist sites inclusive% The fore!oin! therefore !ives credence to the fact

that accessibilit& is of immense importance in the patrona!e of economic activities lie tourism%


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The importance of accessibilit& can also be affirmed b& subscribin! to the views of @niboun

(-.B) and >adar (-..) which pointed out that the reason wh& people choose to travel in space

is to obtain an opportunit& (such as tourism opportunit&)$ which is available at a location

different from the point of ori!in of the trip maer%


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6han!es ma& be stimulated from within$ due to chan!es in the motives$ attitudes$ nowled!e and

aspirations of tourists% @n the other hand$ chan!es ma& be precipitated b& outside forces over

which those involved in tourism have little control% Such factor mi!ht include the political and

the economic stabilit& of both home and destination areas$ ener!& reCuirements and availabilit&$

or even variations in weather and climate%

8earce (-..A:20) while emphasi"in! the importance of the concept of place in tourism su!!ests;

LTourism is essentiall& about people and places$ the places that one !roup of people leave$ visit

and pass throu!h$ the other !roups who mae their trip possible and those that the& encounter

alon! the wa&M% *n a more technical sense$ tourism ma& be thou!ht of as the relationships and

phenomena arisin! out of the ourne&s and temporar& sta&s of people travelin! primaril& for

leave or recreational purposes%

Toda&$ there are alread& si!ns that the tourist industr& is be!innin! to tae on a different shape%

*nternational tourism is respondin! to$ and internali"in! a number of si!nals: sociall&$ culturall&$

technolo!icall&$ ecolo!icall&$ economicall& and institutionall&; that emanate from the world

environment% @ne is alread& witnessin! a transformation toward a new tourism$ a tourism based

upon a new Lcommon senseM or Lbest practiceM of lexibilit&$ Se!mentation and 9ia!onal

*nte!ration (S9*) (8oon$ -..)

The concept of destination life c&cle has apparent potential to advance the theor& and practice of

tourism plannin!$ particularl& as a conceptual framewor within which lon! term chan!es can be

forecast and strate!ies for land use$ economic development$ and maretin! can be harmoni"ed%

#owever$ the validit& and universalit& of the life=c&cle model has not been proven$ nor has its

utilit& for tourism plannin! been demonstrated%

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>otwithstandin!$ >eu!arten (-.') su!!ests that a theor& of the ps&cholo!& of the life c&cle

must be considered in two wa&s% irstl&$ in the li!ht of societ&s structure$ the social and cultural

dimensions in which the person lives and secondl&$ Lwe should loo at the social as well as the

biolo!ical cloc and certainl& too social definitions of a!e and a!e appropriate behaviourM

2.5 T$')%' ' T%&$

The increase in the rate of participation in tourism since the -.A0s has been dramatic% *n -.A0$

there were approximatel& 2Amillion international arrivals recorded in the world compared to over

00million in 200B$ and b& 2020 the forecast is that this number will have risen to -$'00 million

(3T@$ 200Ba)% #owever$ tourism is not ust about the movement of people between countries$ it

also involves the movement of people within countries$ referred to as ‘domestic tourism%


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>otwithstandin!$ the emphasis here is to explain how contemporar& patterns of tourism have

emer!ed overtime% *n order to support this explanation$ a s&ner!& is made between disciplines of

!eo!raph& and histor&$ as there is a traditional lin between the two$ with historians havin!

studied particular time periods and !eo!raphers particular places (Johnston$ 200B)% Therefore$ a

historical !eo!raph& of tourism will enable a better understandin! of the factors that have and

continue to influence patterns of tourism%

Tourism involves a spatial separation between ‘home and ‘awa& and travels between these two

"ones% This act carries with it a ran!e of reCuirements and conseCuences in terms of the services

reCuired to meet the needs of the tourists and the impacts tourists have upon places% Jafari

(-.:) defined it as La stud& of man awa& from his usual habitat$ of the industr& which

responds to his needs and the impact that both he and the industr& have on the socio=cultural$

economic$ and ph&sical environmentsM

Similarl&$ +athieson and 3all (-.2:-) comment; L the stud& of tourism is the stud& of people

awa& from their usual habit$ of the establishments which respond to the reCuirements of

travellers$ and of the impacts that the& have on the economic$ ph&sical and social well=bein! of

their hostsM

2.7 T/+ F&'(+') % C%'&+$ B+/4%&$ ' T%&$ P)$%'#+

Tourists consumer behaviour has to be thorou!hl& studied in order to be aware of;

• The need$ purchase motives and decision process associated with the consumption of

tourism%

• The impact of the different effects of promotional tactics%

• The possible perception of ris for tourism purchases%

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• The different maret se!ment based upon purchase behaviour$ and

• #ow mana!ers can improve their chance of maretin! success%

Tourism decision process can be viewed as a s&stem made up of four basic elements:

(1) 7ner!i"ers of demand; these are the forces of motivation that lead a tourist to decide to

visit an attraction%

(2) 7ffectors of demand; the consumer will have developed ideas of a destination or product

b& the process of learnin!$ attitudes and associations from promotional messa!es and

information%

(3) 5oles and the decision main! process; the important role is that of the famil& member

who is normall& involved in the different sta!es of the purchase process and the final

resolution of decisions about when$ where and how the !roup will consume the tourism

product%

(4) 9eterminants of demand; tourism is underpinned b& the determinants of demand and this

is filtered throu!h economic (discretionar& income)$ sociolo!ical (reference !roups$

cultural values) or ps&cholo!ical factors (perception of ris$ personalit& and attitudes)%

2.8 T%&$ D+'( C%'!+6)

The notion that some people ma& have harbour a demand for tourism but are unable to reali"e

that demand su!!ests that demand for tourism consists of a number of components% 6ooper et al$

(-..) identified three of these basic components that mae up the total demand for tourism%

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• 7ffective or actual number of participants in tourism or those who are travellin! i%e% de

facto tourists% This components of demand is easil& measured$ mostl& common and it is

referred to as effective demand

• Suppressed demand is made up of some section of the population who do not travel for

some reasons% Two elements of suppressed demand can be distin!uished; firstl& is

potential demand which refers to those who will travel at some future date if the&

experience a chan!e in their circumstances; secondl&$ is deferred demand which is a

demand postponed because of a problem in the suppl& environment%

• inall&$ there will alwa&s be those who simpl& do not wish to travel or are unable to

travel or are unable to travel$ constitutin! a cate!or& of no demand%

9emand for tourism can also be viewed in other wa&s% or instance substitution of demand refers

to the case when demand for one activit& is substituted b& another% < similar concept is

redirection of demand where the !eo!raphical location of demand is chan!ed% inall&$ the

openin! of a new tourism suppl& such as resort or accommodation will;

• 5edirect demand for similar facilities in the area;

• Substitute demand from other facilities; and

• enerate new demand%

2. D+)')%' C/%!+

3oodside and ,&sonsi (-..) developed a !eneral model of the destination choice process

which reco!nised the central role of perceptions and preferences% Their model$ illustrated in

fi!ure -$ su!!ests that the destination chosen for a vacation is the outcome of a series of explicit

20


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and implicit decisions which pro!ress from an initial state of destination awareness conditions

from which particular destination preferences arise and a travel intention is formed%

The model indicates that the choice of destination actuall& visited on a vacation ma& differ from

the intended destination due to certain situational variables% or example$ a famil& ma& have

decided to vacation in +exico and ma& have made some arran!ements for air travel when the

recent fears of a swine influen"a pandemic$ ori!inatin! from +exico$ broe in the news% This

situation ma& lead to the famil& alterin! its travel plans decidin! instead to visit South


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have studied the role of choice sets in tourism destination decision=main! in some detail% *n

summar&$ choice set theor& contends that consumers initiall& mentall& cate!orise the alternatives

of which the& are aware into a number of sets%

F#&$+ 1: W%%((+ '( L*%'"; G+'+$ M%(+ % D+)')%' C/%!+


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3oodside and ,&sonsi (-..) conceive of four such sets% The unavailableIaware set of

destinations includes destinations which a consumer nows about but which are ruled out of

consideration because the& are unavailable for one reason or another (e%!%$ on the basis of cost

and travel bud!et$ visa restrictions$ etc%)% The inept set of destinations includes those of which the

tourism consumer has a ne!ative perception and are therefore ruled out earl& in the decision=

main! process% ?& comparison$ inert destinations are not associated with si!nificant positive or

ne!ative perceptions% The& neither deter nor attract% This leaves the consideration set consistin!

of destinations which the tourism consumer decides to consider in !reater detail before main! a

final choice%

6rompton (-..2) and 6rompton and


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6rompton$ ?otha and Dim (-..) concluded that a si!nificantl& !reater amount of effort went

into acCuirin! information about destinations which remained in the late consideration set%

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5.0 I')$%(&!)%'

*deall&$ an effort to find out the impact of accessibilit& on the choice of domestic tourism centre

b& individuals and corporations reCuires some level of fieldwor% This involves a variet& of

Cualitative and Cuantitative research techniCues$ includin! interviewin! several people in the

tourism industr&$ !overnment and tourist%

5.1 R++$!/ +)/%( '( D+#'

The research desi!n constructed was in line with the t&pe of problem bein! investi!ated% The

problem on which this research was conducted is: L


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necessar& investi!ations were conducted for the reali"ation of the aim and obectives of this

empirical research%

5.2 T*6+ % D) R+@&$+(

9ata here means the information which could either be Cualitative or Cuantitative% To that effect

therefore$ this research was based on both primar& and secondar& data sources% 8rimar& data are

data that ori!inate from the researcher throu!h field visitations and surve&$ Cuestionnaire

samplin! and subseCuent anal&sis to extract information pertainin! to the obect of stud&% @n the

basis of the fore!oin!$ two sets of Cuestionnaires (one for the tourists population and the other

for the tourist service providers) will be desi!ned to obtain the necessar& primar& information%

The secondar& source of data on the other hand was also combed for information pertainin! to

tourism (domestic tourism) and accessibilit&% Secondar& sources such as textboos$

enc&clopedia$ the internet$ ournals$ and administrative records from ministries$ tourism

associations etc were also contacted for useful information% This source (secondar& source) was

basicall& used for Cualitative information that was useful in the review of literature and other

areas%

5.5 D) C%+!)%' '( C%6)%' P$%!+(&$+

The research made extensive use of the raw data obtained from the field surve& throu!h the

administered Cuestionnaires% The Cuestionnaires were sampled in the selected tourism centre in

the metropolis (Tarwa=?a&) as well as the boat boardin!Iloadin! points from where tourists are

25


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conve&ed to the tourism resort% The Cuestionnaires sampled at these locations were of two

specific cate!ories which are: those for the tourists and the other for the tourism administrator

and service providers at the selected centre%

@n collection$ each Cuestionnaire was coded based on the computer lan!ua!e as it is been used

in Statistical 8aca!es for Social Sciences software for data input% The Cuestionnaires were then

numbered and entered one after the other from the be!innin! to the end prior to the anal&sis%

5.7 S6+ S+ '( M+)/%( % S6'#

The need to choose a sample=si"e for this research is necessitated b& the fact that it is a near

impossibilit& to sample the entire tourist population in the tourist centre at a particular time let

alone the totalit& of the tourists in the whole state% This is due to the insufficienc& of funds for

the research plus the time reCuired to sample such a population si"e%

*t is therefore imperative to sample a relativel& small amount of the desi!ned Cuestionnaires on

the choice respondents who were carefull& selected at the samplin! locations via either

s&stematic cum simple random samplin! methods% The respondents as previousl& stated belon!

to one of the followin! cate!ories: the tourists proper and the tourism administrators as well as

the service providers who are located at the tourist centre%

>otwithstandin! the limitations stated in the above para!raph$ the s&stematic cum simple

random sample surve& as stated above were used rather than a hundred percent surve& i%e%

samplin! the entire tourists population% This was done basicall& at the tourist centre proper and

at the boardin!Iloadin! points of tourists to the resort%

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5.8 S)))! M+)/%( % A'*

*n this anal&sis$ Statistical 8aca!e for Social Scientist (S8SS) was emplo&ed to carr& out the

destination choice and accessibilit& anal&sis of the data collected durin! the Cuestionnaire

surve&% The anal&ses performed were based on the three (B) set obectives set for the research%

*n !eneral$ the descriptive statistical methods which involves the use of descriptive tools such as

freCuenc& tables$ charts and !raphs was used to anal&se the perception of people and their

attitude towards the domestic tourism % The peoples nowled!e of the existin! facilities was also

criticall& described$ examined and anal&sed% inall&$ an inferential anal&tical method was used in

the anal&sis of the h&pothesis that was formulated for the research to !au!e the effects of

accessibilit& on patrona!e%

5. L))%' % S)&(*

*n conductin! a research of this nature$ it must be admitted that limitations are bound to set in%

The maor limitations that beset this research are:

T'#: The research fell within the rainin! season$ this therefore maes !ettin! the tourist

attention ver& tasin! and almost dauntin!% Sometimes$ it demanded revisitin! the centre time

and time a!ain as the patrona!e level durin! this period is !enerall& low;

R+&!)'!+ %' )/+ 6$) % )/+ &)/%$)* +$4!+ 6$%4(+$ !%'!+$': Some of the service

providers at the centre were reluctant to !rant the reCuest for Cuestionnaire administration% 7ven$

one of them demanded that name of the school must not appear in the Cuestionnaire which was

eventuall& a!reed upon before the Cuestionnaires were administered;

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T" % #+))'# )%&$) ))+')%': 9ue to the season$ it was hard to !et the attention of the

tourist because at the time the& are of the opinion that their relaxation time was been occupied b&

events that the& didnt bar!ain for%


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alternative opportunities relative to available tourism centersIresorts in the state with specific

interest in Tarwa=?a& resort centre%

The data collected from field surve&s and observations were pre=determinates of the formulated

#&pothesis% or the purpose of anal&"in! the data$ simple statistic description of avera!es$

percenta!es distribution and other measures of dispersion were normall& used b& researcher thus

simple statistical description of the percenta!e were used in anal&"in! the data collected for this

stud&%

7.2 D) A'* '( P$++'))%'

7.2.1 T%&$) D+%#$6/! E4&)%'

T%&$) G+'(+$ D)$&)%'

The table 4%- shows that A'G of the total respondents are female while 44G of the total

respondents are male% This could be interpreted to mean that females have more flare to spend

their leisure time at the beach front than males%

T+ 7.1: G+'(+$ D)$&)%' % T%&$)

6ate!or& 6ount 8ercenta!es

+ale 4 4%.'

emale A- A2%04

T%) => 100

T%&$) A#+ D)$&)%'

The table 4%2 indicates that B'%BG of the total respondents are between the a!e bracet -' 1

2A&ears$ 2.%A.G are between 2' 1 BA &ears$ -.%B.G of the respondents are between the a!e of

B' 1 4A &ears$ while-4%2G are 4' 1 AA &ears% This shows that most of the tourists are &ouths

29


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and d&namic people while these allow for pla&ful and active interaction% ouths are also nown

to be adventurous and the tourist attraction avails a lot of adventures%

T+ 7.2: T%&$) D)$&)%' * A#+

C)+#%$* C%&') P+$!+')#+1 28*$ B' B'%B

2 58*$ 2. 2.%A.

5 78*$ -. -.%B.

7 88*$ -4 -4%2

T%) => 100

T%&$) M$) D)$&)%'

The table 4%B shows that '%ABG of the total respondents are sin!le$ 20%4-G are married while

B%0'G are divorced% This result is s&non&mous with that of the a!e bracet for the &oun!er a!e

bracets constitute the lar!er percenta!e of the tourist%

T+ 7.5: T%&$) D)$&)%' * M$) S))&C)+#%$* C%&') P+$!+')#+

S'#+ ' '%AB

M$$+( 20 20%4-

D4%$!+( 4 B%0'

T%) 770 100

30


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O!!&6)%' % T%&$)

The anal&sis of the data is illustrated !raphical in fi!ure 4%-% The result shows that 44%'G of the

respondents claimed to be unemplo&ed while A%G claimed to be 6ivil Servants% The percenta!e

of respondents that claimed to be self=emplo&ed (small business) and artisans is -'%AG and

BB%0G respectivel&%

F#&$+ 7.1: O!!&6)%' % T%&$)

Source: Fieldwork 2012

E(&!)%' % R+6%'(+')

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< !ood number of the respondents (B4%G) completed their secondar& education% *t is interestin!

to note that 2'%AG and 22%4G of the interviewed respondents completed niversit& and

pol&technic education respectivel& (See i!ure 4%2)%

F#&$+ 7.2: E(&!)%' % T%&$)


T%&$) M%')/* I'!%+

The tourist income level as claimed b& respondents shows that .%2G claimed to earn below >20$

000% The percenta!e of families within the other income !roups >20$ 000 1 >2.$ ...$ >B0$ 000

1 >B.$ ...$ >40$ 000 1 >4.$ ... and >A0$ 000 1 >A.$ ... is -4%BG$ -%BG$ -'%BG$ and -2%2G

respectivel&% #owever$ B0%BG of the respondents claimed to earn >'0$ 000 and above monthl&%

T+ 7.7: I'!%+ % T%&$)

32


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Plate 1: In-coming Boats to the shore of Takwa-Bay

T%&$) R)'# % Q&)* % A!!+ M%(+

Their ratin! of the Cualit& of service provided b& the boat operators however differed% < simple maorit&

(42) of the tourists are of the opinion that Cualit& of the boat service provided is avera!e while -- of them

are of the opinion that the boat service is ver& !ood% The number of tourists that are of the opinion that the

boat service is !ood is - while the number of tourists which are of the opinion that the boat service is

poor and ver& poor is -A and -B respective% i!ure 4%4 !ives the !raphical illustration%

F#&$+ 7.7: Q&)* % B%) S+$4!+

34


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T$'6%$) M%(+ P$++$+'!+


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F#&$+ 7.: R+%' %$ A)+$')4+ A!!+ M%(+ * T%&$)

Source: Fieldwork 2012 T%&$) O6'%' %' )/+ C&$$+') A!!+ M%(+


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R+%' %$ P$++$+'!+ % A)+$')4+ A!!+ M%(+


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T%&$ O6+$)%$ A#+ D)$&)%'

The table 4%' indicates that '0G of the operators are between 2' 1 BA &ears while 20G each are

between the a!e of B' 1 4A &ears and 4' 1 AA &ears%

T+ 7.: T%&$ O6+$)%$ D)$&)%' * A#+

C)+#%$* C%&') P+$!+')#+

2 58*$ ' '0

5 78*$ 2 20

7 88*$ 2 20

T%) 10 100

E(&!)%' % O6+$)%$

< !ood number of the operators (A0%0G) completed their universit& education% *t is interestin! to

note that B0%0G and 20%0G of respondents completed pol&technic and secondar& education

respectivel& (See i!ure 4%.)%

F#&$+ 7.=: E(&!)%' % T%&$ O6+$)%$


M%')/* I'!%+ 40$ 000 1

>4.$ ...% The percenta!e of operators within the other income !roup >A0$ 000 1 >A.$ ... is

'0G% #owever$ B0G of the operators claimed to earn >'0$ 000 and above monthl&%

T+ 7.: I'!%+ % T%&$ O6+$)%$

38


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I'!%+ R'#+ F$+@&+'!* P+$!+')#+


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of boatIferr& service differed% < maorit& of '0%0G are of the opinion that Cualit& of the boat

service provided is avera!e while -0%0G of them is of the opinion that the boat service is !ood%

The percenta!e of operators that are of the opinion that the boat service is poor and ver& poor is

-0 and 20 respective% i!ure 4%-0 !ives the !raphical illustration%

F#&$+ 7.10: Q&)* % B%) S+$4!+ (@perators) Source: Fieldwork 2012

T%&$) O6+$)%$ T$'6%$) M%(+ P$++$+'!+


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T%&$) O6'%' %' )/+ C&$$+') A!!+ M%(+


42/62

T+ 7.>: E!%'%! V)* % T"9-*

C)+#%$* C%&') P+$!+')#+

S)$%'#* A#$++ B%0 B0%0

A#$++ B%0 B0%0

D#$++ B%0 B0%0

S)$%'#* D#$++ -%0 -0%0

-0%00 -00


7.2.5 T$! C%&')

The result of the traffic count is presented in tables 4%.a and 4%.b% #owever it can be summarised

that the da& with the most traffic is Sunda&$ this can be attributed to the hi!h level of patrona!e

of the tourist centre on this da& bein! a weeend% The result of findin!s is presented below% The

count of traffic movin! in both directions alon! the corridor was taen% The result of the surve&

of traffic movin! from all location to Tawa=ba& is presented in table 4%.a% The hi!hest counts of

traffic came from +eween (?onn& 6amp) and Sandfill with 242 boats each comin! into the

harbour of Tawa=ba& for the da& duration of traffic surve&% The lowest count of traffic volume

from an& location is 272 17 1> 22= 272 >8 12==

Source: Fieldwork" 2012

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The traffic flowin! from Tawa=ba& to all location shows that 2B2 boats departed the harbours of

Tawa=ba& for 6+S which is the hi!hest recorded traffic count durin! the da& surve& period%

The lowest count of traffic volume to an& location is 202 =5 152 252 21 8 10=

Source: Fieldwork" 2012

7.2.7 F%! G$%&6

The focal !roup consist of the indi!enous people of Tarwa=ba& and few residential officials of

the >i!erian 8orts 88< staff Cuarters% The indi!enes whom were

led b& +rs 9upe @wolabi (A2&ears of a!e) all vehementl& disa!reed with the notion for the

provision of alternative transport (road transport) into their communit&% The& are of the opinion

that creatin! such access would eopardise the securit& of the communit&% 8< official whom refuse to !ive out his name% #e is of

the opinion that a brid!e should be built to lin the communit& with the central business district

(6?9)% The& said the people and tourist centre would benefit more from this% The& however

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stated that due to the lar!e vessels that pass throu!h the waterwa&s the brid!e have to be

mechanic in structure%

7.5 T+)'# % H*6%)/++

H*6%)/+ I :

H%: T/+ !&$$+') !!+ %(+ )% T$"9-B* '%) ))%' )% )%&$); 6)$%'#+

The avera!e value for Cuestions -A and -B respectivel& from the tourists and operators

Cuestionnaire were used to confirm this notion% The table 4%-0a shows the contin!enc& values

used in the anal&sis% The Cuestion -B was standardised to meet the value of Cuestion -A as

shown in table 4%.%

T+ 7.10: C%')'#+'!* T+ %$ H*6%)/+ I

O6)%' Q&+)%' 18 Q&+)%' 15S)'($(+( V&+

% Q&+)%' 15A4+$#+

S)$%'#* A#$++ . B 2.%4 -%A

A#$++ - 2 -.%' -.

I'(+$+') -. - .% -4

D#$++ 2' 2 -.%' 2B%A

S)$%'#* D#$++ 2 2 -.%' 2B

T%) . -0 .%0 .

#owever$ urther verification is conducted b& testin! with ' '+$+') )))! ')$&+')

!/-@&$+ χ 2 ()$&)%' 9/!/ / )/+ '*)! %$& #4+' %%9:

χ 2


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T+ 7.10: C!&)+( C/-S@&$+ %$ H*6%)/+ I

L"+$) S!+ O+$4)%' E6+!)+( O-E


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#owever$ further verification was conducted b& testin! with a statistical instrument chi=sCuare -2

distribution which has the formula%

χ 2


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CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.0 I')$%(&!)%'

The purpose of this chapter is to present a discussion of the findin!s$ the conclusions$ and

recommendations as the& pertained to the purposes of the stud&% The primar& purpose of this

stud& was to evaluate the impact of accessibilit& on choice of domestic tourism destination = a

case stud& of Tawa=?a& resort% Socio=economic characteristics of tourists were assessed

relative to the consistence of their patrona!e% The first part of the chapter contains a discussion of

the summar& of the findin!s$ the second part includes conclusions and observations$ and the final

part contains the recommendations%

8.1 D!&%' % F'('#

9escriptive indin!s: ,evels of 8atrona!e

The result of anal&sis for the tourist patrona!e as illustrated earlier in fi!ure 4%B shows that

'%AG of the respondents claimed to patronise the tourism centre ver& often while -A%BG

claimed to visit the tourism centre often% The respondents who claimed to visit the tourism

centre occasionall& amounted to %2G of the total in=scope respondents% The main contributin!

factors to the hi!h level of freCuent visitation b& some of the tourists could be attributed to their

purchasin! power% < closer loo at the monthl& income of these respondents revealed that more

than A0%00G of them earn above >40$000 monthl&% < thorou!h examination of their monthl&

income shows that B0%'G of them earn above >'0$000 while -2%2G and -'%BG respectivel&

claimed to earn between >A0$000 1 >A.$... and >40$000 1 >4.$... each% The other factor that

enhanced their level of patrona!e at the centre is the Cualit& of boat service provided$ most of the

tourists can be said to be satisfied with the Cualit& of service%

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There were three research obectives and two assumptions (h&potheses) that !uided this stud&$

and each research obective will be presented$ followed b& a discussion of the findin!s for each

Cuestion%

The first o%&ecti'e was:

*dentif& the main access mode to Tawa=?a& from different areas of ,a!os

*t was found that the main mode and probabl& the onl& mode of access to the tourist centre is

water transport (boat and ferr&)% urthermore$ some of the indi!enous people on the island

claimed that the shoreline lins other prominent shorelines such as ?ada!r& and !o as far as

?enin 5epublic% Therefore$ the& are of the opinion that these places could be accessed b& ridin!

alon! the shoreline% The implication of this findin! (if true) is that this domestic tourist centre if

well developed could also be furnished into an international tourist destination for the nearb&


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Cualit& but also to other salient issues as well% The maor deficienc& the tourists claimed to be

involved in the currentl&=in=use identified access mode is safet&% This was cited b& B2%G (2-

respondents) of those advocatin! for alternative transport mode as their reason% The other

deficienc& cited b& - (2'%'G) tourists is hi!h cost (expensive transport fare) of the current

mode% These are some of the few deficiencies and the reason wh& the& are advocatin! for

alternative transport mode%

The third o%&ecti'e was:

7xamine the impact of the current mode on patrona!e of tourist centre

The result showed that 2%'G (2) of the respondents ‘stron!l& disa!reed that the current access

mode hinders their patrona!e level while 2'%AG (2') of the respondents also disa!reed with the

su!!estion that the current access mode is a hindrance to the patrona!e of the tourist centre% The

fore!oin! therefore su!!est that a lar!er chun of the respondents (A4%-G) are of the opinion that

the existin! access mode does not hinder the patrona!e of the resort centre% urthermore$ -.%4G

were indifferent over the impact of the current access mode on their patrona!e level% The

respondents that ‘stron!l& a!reed that the current mode hinders their level of patrona!e are .

(.%2G) while those that ‘a!ree are - (-%B) which totals 2'%AG of all the interviewed

respondents%

The result of the chi=sCuare anal&sis (inferential data anal&sis) toed the line of the respondents

that stron!l& disa!reed and disa!reed that the existin! mode of access does not disturb patrona!e

as it confirmed the assumption that Lthe current mode of access to Tarwa=?a& is not a limitation

to patrona!e of the tourist centreM% The result of the 6hi=SCuare (V 2) calculated is 2%'. which is

less than the table value of .%4. and as the standard decision rule states$ the >ull h&pothesis was

49


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accepted hence it was concluded that Lthe current mode of access to Tarwa=?a& is not a

limitation to patrona!e of the tourist centreM%

inall&$ the second assumption (


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*n terms of the overall implications for tourism maretin! and polic&$ the findin!s indicate that

the patrona!e ud!ments made b& tourism consumers in terms of preferred destination or the t&pe

of travel experience$ tend to under!o some sta!es of the decision process% Thus initial

impressions are of importance in influencin! a tourism consumers ultimate decision% This

‘anchorin! effect$ however$ is not particularl& stron!% SubseCuent information influences on

alternative transport mode have the opportunit& to chan!e preferences prior to the visitation of

tourism centre%

8.5 R+!%+'()%'

The followin! recommendations are based on the results of this stud&% *t is hoped that polic&

maers and tourism operators will use these recommendations to initiate actions that will

enhance the passion of tourists to patronise their various tourism centres which will invariabl&

have multipliers effects that will translate to ob availabilit& and subseCuentl& enhance economic

!rowth and development% The recommendations are:

Stron! partnerships and collaborative initiatives with all staeholders especiall& with

those that has the abilit& to proect the ima!e of the sector in a positive li!ht% Such

staeholders includes: the media$ industrial staeholders lie the foods and bevera!es$

hotels and accommodations etc as well as the host communities; 7ffective paca!in! to ensure competitive pricin!$ eas& access to information$ ease of

purchase$ Cualit& travel experiences in line with tar!et maret needs;


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5eco!nise the role of platforms such as travel a!ents$ bans$ websites$

telecommunications service providers etc% so as mae the tourism experience a

wholesome$ comprehensive and eno&able one;

+ore collaboration between and amon!st tourism operators and other staeholders such

as tourism consultants$ researchers and !overnmental a!encies for collection and sharin!

of information for statistical purposes and further research; 7nsure that there is a stron! monitorin!$ evaluation and reportin! mechanism that !au!es

the experience of domestic patrons and their lielihood of pa&in! a future visit to the

resort is in place%

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R++$+'!+


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himire$ D%?%$ 200-: The rowth of >ational and 5e!ional Tourism in 9evelopin!

6ountries: 5*S9I 7arthscan$ ,ondon$ -=2.%

himire$ D%?% and ,i$ E%$ 200-: The 7conomic 5ole of >ational Tourism in 6hina$ in D%?%

himire (ed)$ The Native Tourist: Mass Tourism Within Developing ountries$

>5*S9I7arthscan$ ,ondon$ '=-0

raham$ %$ 20-0% The impact of low cost airline operations to +alta% J% iemeier$ 9%o% 2%

,itman Todd (20--): 7valuatin!


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+ilne$ S% and exus: Theor& 7mbracin! 6omplexit&$ Tourism !eographies$ B(4)$ B'.=B.B

+itchell$ 6%%?% and Town$ S%3% (-.) ash$ 6% ew or%

>ational ?ureau of Statistics of 6hina (200) hina Statistical "ear#oo$ % &''( % @nline

documents at 5, http:IIwww%stats%!ov%cnItsIndsI200'Iindexee%htm P2A=0=200Q%

>eto$ %$ 2002: Sustainable Tourism$ 7nvironmental 8rotection and >atural 5esource

+ana!ement: 8aradise on 7arthX ) 8aper submitted to the *nternational 6olloCuium on 5e!ional

overnance and Sustainable 9evelopment in Tourism=driven 7conomies$ 6ancun$ +exico$ 20=

22 ebruar&

>ew 8artnership for 78


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5odri!ue$ 9%J%8% (-..): Transport and rban orm% #ofstra niversit&%


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nited >ations 7nvironment 8ro!ramme 200-: 7conomic *mpacts of Tourism$ Sustaina#le

Tourism) Pro+uction an+ onsumption /ranch$ nited >ations 7nvironment 8ro!ramme

(>78)

>3T@I>78I3+@ (200) limate hange an+ Tourism 0 Respon+ing to !lo#al

hallenges1 +adrid$ Spain: 3orld Tourism @r!ani"ation and nited >ations 7nvironment

8ro!ramme%

>3T@ (200) .NWT2 Worl+ Tourism /arometer1 Ool% '$ nr% B +adrid: >3T@%

ttam Dumar 5$ (200.): 5elationship between epal$ < +asters de!ree Thesis (,@ .A0 ,o!istics) Submitted +olde niversit& 6olle!e%

3iipedia 7nc&clopedia (200.)


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QUESTIONNAIRES I

UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, AKOKA, LAGOS

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY PLANNING

* ABORISADE A.GBENGA, a +asters student of the above named institution$ facult& and

department is currentl& worin! on m& +asters thesis and therefore reCuires &our assistance to

!o throu!h this Cuestionnaire and provide answers on the basis of &our nowled!e of the

Cuestions and stud& area%

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TOURISTS

PART A A0$000 PQ ?etween >A0$000/>-00$000PQ

-00$000 PQ

PART B ? H%9 (( *%& #+) )% )/+ )%&$) ))$!)%'J ?& ?oat PQ ?& 6ar PQ @ther +eans

WWWWWWWWWWWWWW =? H%9 9%&( *%& $)+ )/+ %(+ % !!+ )% T$"9-*J

7xcellent PQ Oer& ood PQ ood PQ 8oor PQ Oer& 8oor PQ10? D% *%& "'%9 )/+$+ $+ )+$')4+ $%&)+ )% T$"9-*J es PQ >o PQ

11? I YES, 9/) )*6+ % !!+ %(+ )J 5ail PQ 5oad PQ o PQ

15? I YES, 9/* (% *%& 6$++$ )/ 6$)!&$ %(+ % !!+ )% )/+ 4+ %(+J

6heaper cost of access PQ ,esser access time PQ @ffers more safet& PQ @thers

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

58


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17? D% *%& !%'(+$ )/+ !&$$+') %(+ % !!+ ' /'($'!+ )% *%&$ $+@&+'!* %

6)$%'#+ * 6+%6+J es PQ >o PQ18? I YES, (% *%& #$++ )/) )/+ !&$$+') %(+ ' /'($'!+ )% !!+'# )/+ )%&$)

!+')$+J Stron!l&

1?W/* (% *%& !%'(+$ )/+ !&$$+') %(+ !!+ ' /'($'!+J 3ater 8hobia PQ*nsufficienc& of ?oatsIerries PQ 8oor Safet& PQ 7xpensive cost of access PQ @thers

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW 1? D% *%& 6$++$ )/+ ')$%(&!)%' % ' )+$')4+(()%' $%&)+ )% T$"9-*J

es PQ >o PQ1>? I YES, 9/) %(+ % !!+ 9 *%& (4%!)+ %$J 5ail PQ 5oad PQ


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* ABORISADE A.GBENGA, a +asters student of the above named institution$ facult& and

department is currentl& worin! on m& +asters thesis and therefore reCuires &our assistance to

!o throu!h this Cuestionnaire and provide answers on the basis of &our nowled!e of the

Cuestions and stud& area%

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TOURISM OPERATORS

PART A A0$000 PQ ?etween >A0$000/>-00$000PQ -00$000 PQ

PART B


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1? D% *%& 6$++$ )/+ %(+ % !!+ *%& ))+( %4+ )/' )/+ 4+ %(+J es PQ

>o PQ1>? I YES, 9/* (% *%& 6$++$ )/ 6$)!&$ %(+ % !!+ )% )/+ 4+ %(+J

6heaper cost of access PQ ,esser access time PQ @ffers more safet& PQ @thers

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW 1=? D% *%& 6$++$ )/+ ')$%(&!)%' % ' )+$')4+(()%' $%&)+ )% T$"9-*J

es PQ >o PQ20? I YES, 9/) %(+ % !!+ 9 *%& (4%!)+ %$J 5ail PQ 5oad PQ -%B4 -%'A 2%- 2%B -B%B' -A%A- -%AB 20%0. 2-%.A 2'%-2= -%B 2%0. 2%0 B%BB -4%' -'%.2 -.%02 2-%' 2B%A. 2%

10 2%-' 2%A' B%2A B%.4 -A%.. -%B- 20%4 2B%2- 2A%-. 2.%A.11 2%'0 B%0A B%2 4%A -%2 -.%' 2-%.2 24%B 2'%' B-%2'12 B%0 B%A 4%40 A%2B -%AA 2-%0B 2B%B4 2'%22 2%B0 B2%.-15 B%A 4%-- A%0- A%. -.%- 22%B' 24%4 2%'. 2.%2 B4%AB17 4%0 4%'' A%'B '%A 2-%0' 2B%' 2'%-2 2.%-4 B-%B2 B'%-2

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Date post:	07-Jul-2018
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An Evaluation of the Impact of Accessibility on Choice of Domestic Tourism Destination by Aborisade...

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