An Exploration of Parenting Styles’ Impact on the Development of
Values
Kristi A. Mannon, M.S., Rawya M. Al-Jabari, M.S., Amy R. Murrell, Ph.D., Erin K.M. Hogan, B.S., & Teresa C. Hulsey, B.A.
Emerging Adulthood
• Emerging adulthood is a unique developmental stage
• Emerging adults have a unique opportunity to form their identity and develop a value system (Hauser & Greene, 1991)
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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy & Values• Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a
treatment model that specifically addresses values
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Family Value Transmission Model
• Relatedness/closeness is key to the internalizing values from one’s environment (Niemiec et al., 2006; Ryan & Deci, 2000)
• Parenting style is thought to impact value transmission (Grusec, Goodnow, and Kuczynski, 2000)
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Parenting Styles• Various theories exist in regards to the best
parenting styles and the way those styles are defined
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Parenting Style and Values 1
High Responsiveness
Low Responsiveness
High Demandingness
Low Demandingness
Purpose of Current Study
• Is parenting style related to the degree to which values are freely chosen (i.e., intrinsic) versus based on external circumstances (i.e., extrinsic)?
• Examine: relationships between parenting styles, parent-child relationship, and values transmission
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Hypothesis 11. Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship would be correlated
• 1a: Authoritative parenting style would be positively correlated with quality of parent-child relationship
• 1b: Authoritarian parenting style would be negatively correlated with quality of parent-child relationship
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Hypothesis 2
2. Parenting style would be correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen
• 2a: Authoritative parenting style would be positively correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen
• 2b: Authoritarian parenting style would be negatively correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen
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Hypothesis 33. Quality of parent-child relationship would be positively correlated with degree to which values are freely chosen
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Hypothesis 4
• 4. Parenting style would impact the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen
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Hypothesized Path Model
Note: PVQ = Parental Authority Questionnaire; ESS_QRI = Emotional Support Scale of Quality of Relationship Inventory; VPS_PVQ = Value Purity Score of Personal Values Questionairre
+
Authoritarian Parenting Style
(PAQ)
Parent-Child Relationship (ESS_QRI)
Value Purity (VPS_PVQ)
+
-
Authoritative Parenting Style
(PAQ)
Permissive Parenting Style
(PAQ)
+ - eVPS_
PVQ
eVPS_
PVQ
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Participants
• 454 undergraduate from UNT volunteered for Sona• Inclusion into the study included:
• (a) English-speaking • (b) between the ages of 18 and 25 years old
• Mean age of 19.86 (SD = 1.7)
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Participants
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Measures
• Demographics Questionnaire• Personal Values Questionnaire (PVQ)• Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ)• Quality of Relationships Inventory (QRI)
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Primary Analysis
• Correlation matrix
• Regression models
• Analysis of path models and fit
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Hypothesis 1: Supported
Female Caregivers1.Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship were correlated
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Hypothesis Scale r Significance
1a Authoritarian - QRI -.38 p < .01
1b Authoritative -QRI .64 p < .01
Hypothesis 2: Supported
Female Caregivers2.Parenting styles were correlated with degree of intrinsic and extrinsic values, or the degree to which values are freely chosen
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Hypothesis Scales r Significance
2a Authoritarian- PVQ -.59 p < .01
2b Authoritative -PVQ .47 p < .01
Hypothesis 3: Supported
Female Caregivers3.The quality of parent-child relationship was positively correlated with degree the degree to which values are freely chosen
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Hypothesis Scale r Significance
3 QRI -PVQ .54 p < .01
Hypothesis 4: Supported
Female Caregivers4.Parenting styles impacted the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen
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First Regression Model
β B p
Authoritarian -.17 -.03 p < .001
Authoritative .57 .11 p < .001
Second Regression Model
β B p
Authoritarian -.43 -1.70 p < .001
Authoritative .12 .53 p < .001
Emotional Support .30 6.80 p < .001
Hypothesis 4: Supported
Female Caregivers
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Note: PVQ = Parental Authority Questionnaire; ESS_QRI = Emotional Support Scale of Quality of Relationship Inventory; VPS_PVQ = Value Purity Score of Personal Values Questionairre; **p < .001
Authoritative Parenting Style
(PAQ) Parent-Child Relationship (ESS_QRI)
Value Purity (VPS_PVQ)
Authoritarian Parenting Style
(PAQ)
Permissive Parenting Style
(PAQ)
e =.73
e =.75
-.17**
.57**
.12**
-.43**
.30**
r =-.37**
r = -.38**
r = .32**
Female Caregivers Model Fit
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Statistic Result
RMSEA = .03 Between an excellent and good fit
NFI = . 996 Good fit
χ2 = (2) = 2.58, p > .05 Good fit
Hypothesis 1: Supported
Male Caregivers1.Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship were correlated
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Hypothesis Scale r Significance
1a Authoritarian - QRI -.24 p < .01
1b Authoritative -QRI .65 p < .01
Hypothesis 2: Not Supported
Male Caregivers2.Parenting styles were not significantly correlated with degree of intrinsic and extrinsic values, or the degree to which values are freely chosen
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Hypothesis Scales r Significance
2a Authoritarian- PVQ -.07 Not Significant
2b Authoritative -PVQ .07 Not Significant
Hypothesis 3: Not Supported
Male Caregivers3.The quality of parent-child relationship was not significantly positively correlated with degree to which values are freely chosen
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Hypothesis Scale r Significance
3 QRI -PVQ .09 Not Significant
Hypothesis 4: Not SupportedMale Caregivers4.Parenting style did not significantly impact the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen
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First Regression Model
β B p
Authoritarian -.04 -.01 p = .42
Authoritative .64 .10 p < .001
Second Regression Model
β B p
Authoritarian -.05 -.21 p = .40
Authoritative .004 .01 p = .96
Emotional Support .07 .01 p = .32
Hypothesis 4: Not Supported
Male Caregivers
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Note: PVQ = Parental Authority Questionnaire; ESS_QRI = Emotional Support Scale of Quality of Relationship Inventory; VPS_PVQ = Value Purity Score of Personal Values Questionairre; **p < .001
Authoritative Parenting Style
(PAQ)
Parent-Child Relationship (ESS_QRI)
Value Purity (VPS_PVQ)
Authoritarian Parenting Style
(PAQ)
Permissive Parenting Style
(PAQ)
e =.99
e =.76
-.05
.64
.004
.07 r = .41**
r =-.32**
r =-.48**
-.04
Male Caregivers Model FitStatistic Result
NFI = .94 Not a good fit
χ2 = (2) = 19.704, p < .001 Not a good fit
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Discussion• Female Caregivers
• Parents impact value transmission through parenting style• Authoritative parents => children who
have more freely chosen or intrinsic values
• Perhaps the parent-child relationship is important in the degree to which values are freely chosen
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Discussion• Male Caregivers
• Parenting styles impacts quality of parent-child relationship
• Authoritarian nor Authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen • Trending…
• Parent-child relationship not correlated with degree values are freely chosen • In the right direction… 29
Limitations
• Research design• Measurement• Generalizability• Method of data
collection
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Clinical Implications• Importance of values:
• High valuing is negatively correlated with various symptoms of psychopathology (Adcock, Murrell, & Woods, 2007; Plumb et al. 2007; VanDyke, Rogers, & Wilson, 2006; Taravella, 2010; McCracken & Yang, 2006)
• Levels of distress:• Inverse relationship between acceptance and valuing
behavior and psychological distress• College student mental health issues have been on
the rise (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010)
• Examining values better understanding and aid in treatment and intervention
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Thank you!
Rawya Al-Jabari, MSUniversity of North Texas
Kristi Mannon, MSUniversity of North Texas