An Independent Research Project (IRP) Report on Impoverishment Risk Analysis in Displacement due to

Development Projects through Participatory Research Appraisal (PRA) Techniques:

A case study of Sansilo Rehabilitation colony, Kalinga Nagar Orissa

Faculty Guide: Dr. Latha Ravindran

Submitted by:

P. Pratheep,

PGDM (RM) II

XAVIER INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, BHUBANESWAR

11.02.2009

Executive Brief

Displacement due to Development projects has exposed the displaced and affected population to severe economic, social and environmental risks. Many development projects require involuntary displacement of people. Displaced people may be relocated to environments where their skills may be less applicable, the competition for resources may be greater, and host populations may be hostile or culturally incompatible. This study attempts to capture the impoverishment risks enlisted by Michael Cernea in his Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model (IRR) namely Landlessness, Joblessness, Homelessness, Marginalization, Food Insecurity, Lack of access to Common Property Resources, Increase in Morbidity and Mortality and Social Disarticulation using PRA techniques at the Sansilo Rehabilitation Centre of the TATA Steel Project in Kalinga Nagar, Orissa.

The key findings of the study are displacement causes Landlessness. The major reason attributed for the same is the fact that compensation paid to the displaced people is not sufficient to enable them to purchase the land in the nearby area. Although, people are provided with alternate skills, to make them employable they loose their traditional occupation i.e. agriculture making them Jobless. The people who were land owners once become laborers after displacement. Every displaced family will be eligible for a house in the resettlement colony. The house constructed might not be the same as their hold homes causing Homelessness. Even though people are compensated for the land and other fixed assets, the compensation is paid usually after a long time period and the amount paid is generally less compared to the market value, thus marginalizing them. The R and R colony is a newly established one and in many cases it is located much away from their native village. The common property resources like the forest, ponds, grazing land etc may not be present there. Non availability of agricultural land, make the displaced people to depend on market for their basic food needs which includes rice and vegetables. How much ever care is taken to rehabilitate the people who loose their land and other assets, there always exists a problem of social disarticulation. People may have to move away from their kith and kin.

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Contents

1. Introduction 1 1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Background of the study 2 1.3 Limitations of the study 5

2. Methodology 6 2.1 Space related PRA techniques 7

2.1.1 Social Map 7 2.1.2 Resource Map 8 2.1.3 Chapatti Diagram 9

2.2 Time Related PRA techniques 10 2.2.1 Time Line 10 2.2.2 Seasonality Diagram 10 2.2.3 Daily Activity Schedule 11

2.3 PRA Relationship Methods 11 2.3.1 Wealth Ranking 11 2.3.2 Impact Diagram 11

3. Findings of the Study 12 3.1 Landlessness 12 3.2 Joblessness 12 3.3 Homelessness 13 3.4 Marginalization 13 3.5 Lack of access to Common Property Resources 14 3.6 Food insecurity 14 3.7 Increase in Morbidity and Mortality 15 3.8 Social Disarticulation 15 3.9 Other Risks 16

4. Need to address the Impoverishment Risks 17

5. Concluding Remarks 21

6. References 22

7. Appendices AP -1 to AP -9

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1. Introduction

Displacement due to Development projects has exposed the displaced and affected population to severe economic, social and environmental risks. Although reliable data are not available on the magnitude of people displaced, adequate literature is available to indicate the magnitude and severity of the problems that the displaced and other project-affected population face – be it multipurpose dam projects or industries or mines or any other projects. Vijaya Paranjpye (1988) puts the number of people those displaced due to dams alone at 21.6 million. A significant number among the displaced people are the tribals, and other economically marginalized rural people since many development projects and dams come up in forests and rural areas. Because a vast majority of tribal people do not possess any land and hence any legal title for the ownership of the land they are denied any compensation on land and other resources on which their entire livelihood rests.

Many development projects that require involuntary displacement of people generally have adverse economic, social, and environmental impacts on the displaced people. Homes are abandoned, production systems are dismantled, and productive assets and income sources are lost. Displaced people may be relocated to environments where their skills may be less applicable, the competition for resources may be greater, and host populations may be hostile or culturally incompatible. Well-established community structures, social networks, and kinship ties may be broken or weakened. Cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help may be diminished.

1.1 Objective

The study aims at measuring the above mentioned impoverishment risks that are caused due to displacement using PRA Techniques. The IRR model has been used for number of studies worldwide. This model of Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction (IRR) was first used on a large scale, and with significant findings, in a World Bank analytical study of some 200 of its financed development projects that entailed involuntary displacement.1 In India, this model has been used to examine India's experience with involuntary resettlement from 1947-97, examining each of the IRR risks.2 The model is also used to analyze resettlement operations in two Indian projects – the Upper Indrāvati Hydroelectric Project and the Orissa Water Resources Consolidation Project.3 None of these studies have used participatory techniques such as the PRA in order to assess the risks. The risks will be measured by applying the Participatory

1 Cernea & Guggenheim 1996; Cernea 1997, 2000 2 Mahapatra, 1996 3 Thangaraj Sam, 1996

Research Appraisal (PRA) Techniques. It is expected that this study would provide valuable insights into measuring impoverishment risks as perceived by the displaced and other project.

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1.2 Background of the study

Due to pioneering contributions made by Michael Cernea in the area of impoverishment risks due to displacement, his model the IRR (Impoverishment Risks & Reconstruction) Model will be used for understanding the impoverishment risks. The Model aims to (i) anticipate and measure the risks of impoverishments that the displaced people are forced to undergo and (ii) work out strategies that would mitigate the risks and to re-.build the socio-economic status of the people post displacement.. The three key phrases used in this model are ‘risk’, ‘impoverishment’ and ‘reconstruction’. Development programs are supposed to reduce poverty or impoverishment. Yet under some circumstances such impoverishments do occur, conflicting with very essence and stated goals of the development program. These displacements in developing countries due to infrastructure projects affect people who are already below poverty line. Historical experience show that risks of impoverishment and social disruption turns into a painful reality more often. In India, for instance, researchers found that as many as 75 per cent of the 20 million displaced people by development projects over four decades have only been physically relocated but have NOT been rehabilitated in a socio-economic sense.4

‘Risks’ as a concept refers to something that is likely to occur in future, expected and/or unforeseen Specifically, the fundamental and regular risks of impoverishment due to development projects, according to Cernea are: Landlessness; Joblessness; Homelessness; Marginalization; Increased Morbidity and Mortality; Food Insecurity; Loss of access to common property and services; and Community disarticulation. The nature and intensity of these risks may vary from project to project; some project may induce all the eight risks while some others might induce only a few of the above mentioned risks. The model does not leave a gloomy of picture of risks alone but proposes that what has to be done to prevent/overcome these risks.

The model postulates the following strategic directions for reconstructive actions:

• From landlessness to land based resettlement; • From joblessness to re-employment; • From food insecurity to safe nutrition; • From homelessness to house reconstruction; • From increased morbidity to better health care;

4 Fernandes 1991; Fernandes et al. 1989

• From social disarticulation, marginalization and deprivation of common assets to community reconstruction and social inclusion.

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Basic Impoverishment Processes:

These risks are not the only processes of economic and social deprivation, but rather the fundamental ones. They occur with variable intensities with different locations.

a. Landlessness: Land is the base on which people’s productive systems, livelihood activities and commercial activities are constructed. Expropriation of land is the principle form of de-capitalization and pauperization of displaced rural people. Some urban displaces also lose access to the land. Unless this foundation is reconstructed elsewhere or replaced with steady income generating employment, landlessness sets in chronically and affected families are impoverished. In India, the compensation of the land proven to be ruinous solution that ‘land-for-land’ became basic demand of resettlers and many state governments also recommend that5. But of late some state governments have preferred cash compensation as it is less expensive and easier way without realizing how disastrous land deprivation is.

b. Joblessness: Loss of wage employment occurs both in urban and rural displacements. Those losing jobs are enterprise workers, laborers, employees in service sector, artisans and others. Creating new job is difficult and requires substantial investment. The resulting unemployment or underemployment causes painful economic and psychological effects that last as long as employment is not re-established. The employed landless lose their work on land owned by others and also lose the use of assets under common property regimes. Joblessness among resettlers often surfaces with some time delay, because in short run they receive employment in the project related jobs. Evidence compiled6 from dam projects shows that employment boom created by the new construction temporarily absorbs some resettlers but severely drops by the end of the project compounding the incidence of chronic or temporary joblessness among displaced population.

c. Homelessness: Loss of housing and shelter is a severe loss of living standard either temporary or long lasting. In a broader sense, homelessness is placelessness, loss of group’s cultural space and identity or cultural impoverishment. When compensation of demolished houses is paid at assessed value rather than at replacement value, the risk of prolonged homelessness is increased sharply. In Maharashtra’s Krishna – Kukadi irrigation project7 almost 60 per cent of displaced families are found living in temporary semi permanent houses ten to 5 Mathur 1995, Zaman 1990. 6 Cernea 1997 7 Johny Joseph 1998

fifteen years after their relocation. Impoverishment due to homelessness can be avoided by proper planning plus replacement cost compensation and housing grants with mobilizing the participation, energy and initiative of resettlers.

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d. Marginalization: Marginalization occurs when families loose economic power and slide on a downward mobility path: Middle-income farm house holds do not become landless, but become small land holders; small shop keepers and craftsmen downsize and fall below poverty thresholds. Marginalization also occurs when people cannot use their previous acquired skills for productive employment in the new place. Marginalization has psychological effects too, as the coerciveness of displacement decreases the image of self which in turn leads to drop of social status, loss of confidence in society, self and social injustice.

e. Increased Morbidity and Mortality: Serious decreases in health levels result from displaced caused social stress, insecurity and outbreak of relocation related-diseases particularly parasitic and vector borne. Unsafe water supply and poor sewage systems heighten vulnerability to epidemics and proliferate diarrhea, dysentery etc. The weakest segments of the demographic spectrum – infants, children and the elderly are affected most strongly. Direct and secondary effects of dislocation without preventive health care facilities range from psychosomatic diseases and diseases caused due to poor hygiene and vector borne diseases. Increased mortality rates are also reported.

f. Food Insecurity: Forced resettlement increases the risks that people will fall in to chronic undernourishment and food insecurity, measured as calorie-protein intake levels necessary for normal growth and work. Sudden drops in food crops and incomes are predictable during relocation causing impoverishment due to hunger. The rebuilding capacity for food production in the new area may take years. Overcoming food insecurity is linked with overcoming primary causes of impoverishment namely landlessness and joblessness.

g. Loss of Access to common property and services: For displaced people, particularly to landless and asset less loss of access to common property assets that used to belong their community before relocation results in severe deterioration in income and livelihood. In most countries governments do not compensate for loss of common property resources to like forested land, water bodies, grazing lands, burial grounds etc. After loosing their resources under common property displaced people encroach upon reserve forests to exploit resources of the host population. This causes social tension and increased environmental deterioration.

h. Social Disarticulation: Communities are fractioned, production systems are dismantled, kinship groups and family systems are scattered, local labor markets are disturbed, and people’s sense of cultural identity is undermined. This represents a massive loss of social capital incurred

by the uprooted people yet a loss that is never quantified or compensated. Such elusive disintegration process undermine livelihood in ways uncounted by planners.

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1.3 Limitations of the Study The study conducted to identify impoverishment risks using PRA techniques had its own limitations.

(i) The area studied as a sample had only 60 households. So the study is an understanding of the impoverishment risks from this sample.

(ii) The Independent Research Project was carried out as a part of academic study and the field visits had to be conducted taking time from academic schedule. So much time was not spent in the field to understand the risks in a better way.

(iii)The data obtained is the data given by participants of the PRA process. Only a few people participated in the process. Out of them a very few were active.

(iv) PRA as a technique involves lot of subjectivity and it’s a time consuming process. There are plenty of PRA tools, but implementing them would need lot of time and resources. So only those techniques that can be completed in the period of two days and can measure some impoverishment risks were used.

(v) Some impoverishment risks like that involving morbidity and mortality could not be measured directly using the PRA techniques adopted.

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2. Methodology

For the purpose of carrying out this study, TATA Steel project’s R and R colony, Sansilo, Sukhinda block is chosen because of the following reasons.

(i) People who are displaced from their ancestral villages are rehabilitated here and it was for almost a year and half these people are staying here. Because of this, they would be in a better position to talk about their lives before displacement, during transition and after displacement.

(ii) Sansilo is nearer to Bhubaneswar, due to which the travel time can be reduced which will

effectively result in not missing many classes.

PRA is a methodology of interacting with villagers, understanding them and learning from them. It involves set of a set of principles, a process of communication and a menu of methods for seeking villagers participation in putting forward their points of view about any issue and enabling them to do their own analysis with a view to make use of such learning. Underlying the process of PRA are six principles that translate into practical guidelines: 1) active learning; 2) triangulation; 3) flexibility; 4) focus on strengths; 5) sufficiency of knowledge; 6) on-the spot analysis.8

8 PRA principles (adapted from Bar-On & Prinsen 1999)

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1. Active learning Reality is socially constructed; every action is undertaken with the participation of all stakeholders 2. Triangulation To increase the likelihood of capturing the multifaceted, intrinsically holistic nature of everyday life; triangulation is applied to participants, units of observation and tools 3. Flexibility Goals constantly modified to better suit participants’ needs; techniques should be selected according to the opportunities of the moment

Various PRA techniques that are used to learn and analyze the impoverishment risks are explained below.

2.1 Space Related Techniques: The focus is on how people perceive and relate to space rather than just to the physical aspects as they exist. The following methods will be used.

2.1.1 Social Map:

This method is used to understand the social and demographic setup of the area under study. This will be the initial rapport building exercise. Sansilo is the resettlement colony of the TATA group to rehabilitate those people who have been displaced from their agricultural land and homestead land because of the TATA steel project that is coming up in Kalinganagar. The people of Sansilo belong to one village called Kalamatia, Dhangudi block, which is around 12 km from Sansilo. A Social Map of the resettlement site is attached as an appendix 1.

Demographic Details: From the social map the demographic profile, details on livestock, assets owned including land, skill training is captured and tabulated.

Demographic details No. Households at the site 60

Population 256

Men 127 Women 129 Livestock Hens 37

Goats 7

Cows 21

Buffalos 17

Basic Facilities

Electricity 58 out of 60 households (96.6%)

Tap Water availability 49 out of 60 households (81.6%)

Individual Assets owned

Motor vehicle 31

Other assets like shop 1

Agriculture land 6 out of 60 households have an average land holding of 2 acres. (10%)

Job oriented Skill training and Pursuing a Job Provided with skill training by TATA 51 out of 60 households (85%)

Able to get a Job with he help of the skill training 45 out of 51 households (88%)

Group Assets

Pickle making Unit 1

Poultry farms 5

2.1.2 Resource Map:

A resource map technique can be used to study the topography, land use pattern, water bodies, agriculture etc; In this case a resource map will give a picture of landlessness caused due to displacement of people in the area under study. Resource map of the village was drawn with the help of local participants. There was a team of five people who helped me in drawing the resource map. The resource map captured the existence of the following resources.

1. Temple 2. Resettlement colony Office 3. Security Office 4. Dispensary 5. Tube Wells 6. Poultry farms 7. Community Centre 8. Empty plot used for grazing 9. Agriculture field 10. Shop 11. Burial Ground.

The resource map of the Sansilo Rehabilitation colony is attached in the appendix 2.

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2.1.3 Chapatti Diagram

A mobility map will help us to understand mobility pattern of the local people – where they go and for what. This tool can help us to identify loss of access to common property resources and impact of the same. The diagram has been constructed as per the “importance” that the villages give to the various forms of institutions. The circles in thick line are considered to be “very important” to the villagers. The ones in the normal line are considered to be of “medium importance” to the people of Sansilo and the one in the dotted line is considered to be the “least important”.

The institutions like SHG activities, TATA Dispensary, Temple, Community centre that are within the rehabilitation colony are considered to be very important and people are happy because of their presence. The reasons attributed are SHG activities are prime source of income to the village women; Dispensary gives them a mental peace that they have a doctor on a regular basis and Temple is very close to their heart. SHG and Dispensary were not there in their ancestral village. Institutions like Bank, School, and Market that are towards Dubri are also considered to be very important. As people started getting considerable income due they are feeling the need to Bank which was not the case before displacement. After displacement the major source of food grains and vegetables is the weekly market as they do not have much land to cultivate. This reason was attributed for marking market as very important. The people of Sansilo are aware that education can bring in much needed change to their lives so they are very keen that all their children should study. They are of the opinion that education should not be stopped at the school level but should continue. This is the reason attributed for the importance of School and College. The TATA Training centre, 12 km from their village is considered to be very important as it is the source where the village men and some women learn skills that are enabling them to get employment. The people of Sansilo want their village to be free from all the crime and they believe that they will be able to live harmoniously among themselves. So, Police Station is considered to be least important. The other institutions such as Railway station, Post office, BDO, Panchayat office are considered to moderate importance as there is no direct connection between them and these institutions. Even if they exist it’s not on the daily basis. TATA steel academy is not very important to them because people consider that the children and youth of the village are not the only beneficiaries of such centre; but people from other villages also use the same. So they feel the relative use of such centre by their wards is comparatively less.

The Chapatti diagram is attached as appendix 3.

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2.2 Time Related PRA Techniques: These techniques will enable to explore temporal

dimensions of PRA technique; they will allow people to use their own concept of time.

2.2.1 Time Line:

A time will help to generate a rapport with the villagers talking about the past. This will also help to generate issues with respect to situation before and after displacement related to land, job, home food security, marginalization, health issues and common property issues. Group of 6 men involved themselves when asked to draw a timeline. The theme of the time line was “displacement”. From the figure it is known that it was in early 1990s that these people heard some rumors about their land being taken away by Government. By the year 2000 it was very clear that their land is going to be acquired. But Govt published the 4(i) notification in the year 2003. This was the first official information. Then in 2006 after much of problems that includes Kalinga Nagar firing on January 2nd, 2006 Land was taken over from them. These people were paid less compensation by the Government earlier and there demand to get more is not considered. In the month of December, 2006 the people from Kalamatia village are shifted to a transit camp. The transit camp consists of row of houses, rather can be called as rooms as they literally had single room which has to be used by people as kitchen and bedroom. In the month of March 2007, these people were selected for training. After year of stay in transit rooms, these people are shifted to the resettlement colony in December 2007. In March 2008, the first batch of selected people completed the training, but they have no jobs as TATA is yet to start the operations. Some of them are successful in finding a job in the nearby industries while others haven’t.

Time Line is attached with this report as an appendix 4.

2.2.2 Seasonality Diagram:

A Seasonal diagram will provide us with the data on joblessness, food insecurity, health related issues. The seasonality diagram was drawn differently for men and women. From June to December both men and women are involved in Farming activities. But here in the case of Sansilo only 6 families are involved in this occupation. Those men involved in daily labor in the nearby industries are involved in the work throughout the year. But during January to June the rate is less compared to June to December period as more people are available from January to June as there is not much agricultural work. The women folk of the village are majorly involved in Pickle making activities from January to June. During June to December they work on their poultry farm as the demand for poultry is more in winter than in summer. In the months of

November to March these women are involved in small kitchen gardening activities involved in cultivating vegetables like potato, brinjal and tomatoes. A seasonality diagram is in appendix 5.

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2.2.3 Daily Activity Schedule:

This tool will help us to understand the various activities carried out by men and women of the area under study. This in turn will help us to understand the after effects of forced displacement on people’s livelihood. The daily activity schedule for women shows that there is not much change of the activities, a woman undertakes after displacement but the number of hours they work has gone up & a lot of time is left unproductive. The major thing that has to be noted is that these women spend few hours of the day on SHG activities. On the other hand men have started working for lesser hours as now most of them do not work in agricultural land. Daily activity schedule for women and daily activity schedule for men are attached as appendices 6 and 7 respectively.

2.3 PRA Relation Method:

2.3.1 Wealth Ranking Method:

This will help us to classify households or groups based on relative well being in the areas of income, wealth, assets, status etc. This will help us to identify people who are most affected because of forced displacement. The people have been asked to rank their households according to wealth. The parameters of defining wealth are left to them. They chose Agricultural Land, monetary wealth, social status, employment and owning assets like livestock and two-wheeler as parameters to rank. From this exercise interesting results were obtained. The people considered all of them as above poverty line population as they got their cash compensation as well as R and R assistance in terms of monetary wealth. A wealth ranking chart is in the appendix 8.

2.3.2 Impact Diagram:

The impact diagram is a flow diagram that is used to identify and depict the impact of an activity. It not only captures planned impacts but also other impacts felt by the community. The impact diagram is a clear that all the impoverishment risks identified using other PRA tools are interrelated and one risk has an impact on another risk. The Impact diagram is in the appendix 9.

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3. Findings of the Study

The following impoverishment risks were identified using the PRA techniques mentioned in the methodology chapter.

3.1 Landlessness

From the social map, it was known that prior to displacement the average land holding of a household in Kalamatia village is 4.2acres and every single house hold owned land. Agriculture was their main occupation. They cultivated food crops like rice and some pulses which took care of their need and some excess grains they sold in the market. But post displacement only six households out of sixty (i.e. only 10% of the households) purchased land. The average land holding came down to 2 acres. Less compensation and tremendous increase of land value due to TATA project are sighted as major reason by most of the households who haven’t purchased agricultural land. This shows that there is landlessness due to displacement.

The Resource map also shows only less agricultural field in the Sansilo rehabilitation colony. The people have marked a very small portion as Agriculture land to show that only 6 households own it and that to it’s a very meager proportion according to them. This reconfirms the fact that displacement has made these people landless. The acquisition of agriculture land and homestead land is taken as the primary problem by people while drawing the Impact diagram. As that was the only reason due to which people got less compensation, not able to purchase agricultural land making them landless.

3.2 Joblessness

The Social map shows that the TATA steel has selected one person from every household based on their academic qualification like under matriculate, matriculate and graduate. Preference was given to male member and a graduate. If not then male member and matriculate was chosen. When no male member is available then a female member with above mentioned qualification was chosen. Specialized training in the areas of grinding, drilling, masonry, carpentry, electrician, plumbing was given to people who are under matriculate. The training centre is located in a place called Dhaulagiri around 15 km from their resettlement colony. People who have completed matriculation are trained as firemen, machinist depending on their interest. Graduates are trained in computers, teachers etc. Women of the village are made in to SHG groups. There are 5 women groups and one men group. There are 12 to 17 people in each group. Women groups are involved in pickle making and poultry farming. The men group is yet to initiate any productive activity. Out of 60 households only people from 51 households are provided with some training. People from the remaining 9 households are either not interested to

undergo training or people in the working age are already migrated to city either as Government servants or private employees. 12

From these 51 households that has trained personnel; only 45 of them are able to find some job in the nearby town as TATA is yet to start its operations. Although, TATA has provided training to people and involved women folk of the community, these people have been forced to discontinue their traditional occupation i.e. agriculture. Many of them are doing the present job mainly due to find a means to survive. These people who were once land owners themselves are now small employed by somebody else. This has affected their morale and self esteem. For instance, a person named Akaibori who was a land owner in his village is now joined a barber shop in the nearby Dubri town as an employee getting his daily wage. Displacement has clearly caused joblessness in their lives. Tough people are employed in some jobs, it is very clear that they are under employed. This joblessness is a direct offset of landlessness.

Even though, from the seasonality diagram, it seems the men and women are involved throughout the year the nature of work what they did prior to displacement is different from what they are presently involved in. The present jobs which most of the men do are contractual and according to them the jobs can go anytime; moreover they won’t be able to compensate for the job loss as they are no more self dependent as before. This reconfirms the fact displacement paves way for joblessness.

The impact diagram shows that people have been identified for some skill training. People tend to be daily wage earners from land owners. Many of them are trained in new skills which were in no way related to their earlier occupation. Thus we can see the joblessness caused by the displacement.

3.3 Homelessness

From the social map it is clear that there are 60 houses in the village. It was observed that except 4 houses none of them is complete in full sense. Many of them still not completed. The doors are not fixed. There toilets and bathrooms are not complete. These houses are not painted. They can at best be called “Shelters”. According to people they were better off in their old homes with small kitchen garden, some poultry which took care of their daily needs. Thus we can understand that the displacement has led to homelessness.

3.4 Marginalization

From the chapatti diagram, it can be inferred that institutions like TATA training centre, weekly market are of high importance to the people of Sansilo. These people who were once independent and self sufficient because they had their agriculture land. This occupied them for most of the year and also gave them food grains and vegetables. Thus there has been a increased dependency on external factors even for the day to day survival. “Now everything comes for a

price but where will go for money” asked an elderly village man. This shows that these people are marginalized after displacement. 13

The Time line shows that the compensation paid was less and the land rates around the area soared high due to establishment of various industries majority of them were not able to purchase agricultural land. Thus from Land owners they became daily wage earners. The compensation paid was a year before the land was actually taken over by the Government. These people without much knowledge of proper investments spent the compensation money in unproductive activities. According to Land Acquisition Act, 1894 there should not be any improvement after the 4(i) notification. Since 2003 till December 2006 though people had land but hardly few utilized it. These facts clearly prove that these people are marginalized due to displacement.

Also from the impact diagram, it is clear that the daily wage is a contractual job and the income is not assured; moreover after displacement people are more market dependent for their needs. These together make them marginalized.

3.5 Lack of Access to Common Property Resources

According to the people who are involved in drawing the resource map, in their native village there used to be much empty land and forest. The empty land was used for grazing and the forest for collecting firewood and Sal leaves. The empty plot which is allotted for grazing in the new site is just another housing plot which does not have capacity for grazing. This was pointed to be the reason for decline in livestock population. Moreover there is no common pond wherein cattle can be washed. The people have marked a very small portion as Agriculture land to show that only 6 households own it and that to it’s a very meager proportion according to them. People have problem with the tube wells. They have to pay some money to get individual connection otherwise they will have to get water from the public taps. This was cited as a reason for 11 households not having individual connection. The villagers have brought in their Goddess from their native village, Kalamatia. A temple is in the construction stage for her. But according to their traditional custom, Goddess is supposed to be under the shade of a big Neem tree. In the new site, they have planted a small sapling now, which will take years to take a shape of a tree. These features clearly explain that these people do not have access to common property resources, which is an impoverishment risk according to Cernea.

3.6 Food Insecurity

The resource map shows the absence of agricultural land, kitchen garden in most of the houses and livestock in large numbers has made the people of the village to depend on markets to get their daily share of vegetables, cereals, milk etc. Since they have shell out some money for getting vegetables, now vegetables hardly find a place in their daily menu, which was not the case before according to them. This shows that these people have been exposed to situation where in they are facing food insecurity. Although they have poultry farms eggs and chicken hardly form part of their menu as they feel selling that extra egg will earn them an extra penny.

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The people also mapped food seasonality in the seasonality diagram. According to them the months of November and December are generally dark month as they feel they food insecure as not much of grains available at normal rates and the prices of vegetables also tend to be high during these months.

From the impact diagram, it is known that people got less compensation, because of which they are not able to purchase agricultural land leading them landless. So people could not cultivate food grains and vegetables, for which they had to entirely dependent on market. This caused food insecurity

3.7 Increased Morbidity and Mortality

This impoverishment risk could not be identified directly using the selected PRA tools. However the from the other risks, the existence of this risk is identified. The women and elderly men who do not go for any work get their diet from pokhal, a diet made of boiled rice and water. This does not contain any nutrition which in the long run can lead to increase in deficiency diseases, a situation which Cernea calls as Increased Morbidity and Mortality.

The seasonality diagram also captured about the diseases across the seasons. People felt that during the months of July and August there are high incidences of fever after coming to resettlement colony. They are of strong opinion that the same was not the case before displacement. One person also commented that “Before there was no doctor with us and no diseases too, but with the arrival of doctor diseases also came to us”. Going by what people say we can consider that there is a slight increase in morbidity after displacement. From the impact diagram, it is understood that due to food insecurity, there is an absence of nutritious food from their diet which in turn might lead to increase in morbidity.

3.8 Social Disarticulation

The resource map shows that there is a small forest land near the village, which people haven’t shown it in the resource map. The reason is that the host villagers i.e. people from Varasayee are not allowing people of Sansilo to use the forest land. The same was with the burial ground too; so these people allotted a small portion of the empty plot as burial ground. This shows that these people are socially disarticulated. From the timeline it is very clear that these people have undergone a tremendous mental trauma. They have been compensated for their assets and also provided with R and R assistance. But they have suffered something more which can’t be quantified. They have lost their homes, trees, neighbors, village ponds, festivals etc. This reiterates the fact that people face social disarticulation due to displacement. While Wealth ranking, many of them considered they poor because they are socially disarticulated as the people from the host village treat them as strangers. From the exercise, it is clear that all the households have agricultural land were considered to be rich.

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Based on all the parameters two households 24 and 39 were considered rich. These households are identified as those belonging to persons who are contractors and were the panchayat president and ward member of their earlier village. They are traditional land lords who acted as village heads. From this it is very clear just owning material wealth is not considered as wealthy person by the villagers. The host villagers create problems to the displaced people in accessing the common property resources. Thus making them social disarticulates.

3.9 Other Risks Identified

The daily activity schedule for women shows that there is not much change of the activities, a woman undertakes after displacement but the number of hours they work has gone up & a lot of time is left unproductive. The major thing that has to be noted is that these women spend few hours of the day on SHG activities. On the other hand men have started working for lesser hours as now most of them do not work in agricultural land. This map gave a new risk that is not covered under the eight impoverishment risks which is gender and displacement. From the simple map above it is clear that women are more affected compared to their male counterparts due to displacement.

Apart from the impoverishment risks listed by Cernea, two other risks are also identified with the help of impact diagram. After displacement women tend to do more work than men. Because the lack of access to common property resources they have to walk long distances to fetch water and firewood. Women now have SHG groups and they look after some activities like poultry farming and pickle making. There is no R and R assistance to women except certain clauses. These things show us that a more gender gap is caused by displacement. Due to training activities, some people are taken to cities like Jamshedpur and Bangalore. People say that the recent incidents of unwed mothers and inter caste marriages are against their culture

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4. Need to address impoverishment risks

The study of impoverishment risks using PRA tools at Sansilo Rehabilitation centre clearly summarizes that displacement always causes impoverishment, how much ever care is tended to rehabilitate people. All the eight impoverishment risks enlisted by Michael Cernea viz Landlessness, Homelessness, Joblessness, Marginalization, Lack of access to common property resources, Increased morbidity and mortality, food insecurity and Social disarticulation were identified among the displaced people at the Sansilo Rehabilitation colony. Apart from these increased gender gap and loss of culture were also identified as risks caused due to displacement.

The following suggestions might be incorporated while planning Resettlement and Rehabilitation assistance to mitigate the impact of impoverishment risks.

4.1 Landlessness

Key Findings

Displacement causes Landlessness. The major reason attributed for the same is the fact that compensation paid to the displaced people is not sufficient to enable them to purchase the land in the nearby area; as the price of the land near the project area shoots up once the project is announced.

Recommendation

It is well known that development cannot happen in sky; so for undertaking any development activity land is must. When acquiring land the government should ensure utmost transparency to the concerned people. The land valuation can be done by using one of the two methods replacement cost method or negotiated settlement method. By doing so, people who are supposed to loose their land will be taken in to consideration and they also will have a say in deciding what they will get in lieu of land. The compensation should be paid immediately after the land acquisition as it will enable them to purchase agricultural land.

4.2 Joblessness

Key Findings

Although, people are provided with alternate skills, to make them employable they loose their traditional occupation i.e. agriculture. The people who were land owners once become laborers after displacement. 17

Recommendation

Apart from providing training, the organization responsible for displacement should ensure that every house hold has some agricultural land. This will give them satisfaction that they are still self dependent. As far as possible the people should be engaged in the same occupation or similar occupation. For example, the village barber should be made to have a small parlor near to the staff residence quarters of the organization. This will help the person to get new customers for his traditional occupation. He can be trained in modern practices of the trade.

4.3 Homelessness

Key Findings

Every displaced family will be eligible for a house in the resettlement colony. The house constructed might not be the same as their hold homes. In this case it was identified that people were not happy as some of the houses did not have space for kitchen garden. Moreover as the compensation paid was in cash, people spend it in on other necessities at the end they end up in houses that are partially completed.

Recommendation

A certain sum of the compensation money should be allotted only for the purpose of constructing houses. Moreover the people should be consulted on how they would like their homes to be. The idea of transit colony can be avoided as the people are really marginalized in these camps. They should be made to leave their ancestral home only after the completion of the rehabilitation colony.

4.4 Marginalization

Key Findings

Even though people are compensated for the land and other fixed assets, the compensation is paid usually after a long time period and the amount paid is generally less compared to the market value. Even if the compensation amount is paid without much delay, it is paid as a huge amount. The displaced people are not that aware to make proper investment of the cash they got. So in the long run the money is spent in unproductive activities. This results in Marginalization.

Recommendation

The time delay in paying the complete compensation should be kept to the minimum. People should be made aware of the various investments possible, so that the money won’t be spent in

the unproductive activities. The displaced people may be allotted some shares of the organization. This will boost their morale.

18 4.5 Lack of access to the common property resources

Key Findings

The R and R colony is a newly established one and in many cases it is located much away from their native village. The common property resources like the forest, ponds, grazing land etc may not be present there. Even if it exists there will be a problem between the displaced people and host villagers, making the common property resources not available to the displaced people.

Recommendation

The R and R colony can be established at least a year before, the people are displaced. The area should be developed with all the necessary facilities, planting tree saplings etc. This will make them to settle in a better way in the new place rather than them going and establishing the colony. Some important resources like grazing ground, crematorium should be demarcated.

4.6 Food Insecurity

Key Findings

Non availability of agricultural land, make the displaced people to depend on market for their basic food needs which includes rice and vegetables. This along with the fact that their regular income has come down due to contractual jobs will make the food availability a problem.

Recommendation

The displacing organization can identify the R and R colony nearer to the place the displaced people can purchase agricultural land. The availability of the same will make people not be much dependent on market for their food needs.

4.7 Increase in Morbidity and Mortality

Key Findings

Food insecurity might lead to malnutrition, which in turn in the long run can cause morbidity.

Recommendation

Providing access to proper medical facilities can address the problem to an extent.

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4.8 Social Disarticulation

Key Findings

How much ever care is taken to rehabilitate the people who loose their land and other assets, there always exists a problem of social disarticulation. People may have to move away from their kith and kin.

Recommendation

Even though a solacium is paid along with the compensation money, no amount of material compensation can compensate for this psychological state. The better solution can be to explain people why the land is acquired, the benefits of the acquisition to the country and them. If the people agree based on this then the land can be acquired.

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5 Concluding Remarks

It is known that the people displaced because of TATA steel project and rehabilitated at Sansilo R and R colony is well taken care by CSR activities of the organization. They have been provided with basic amenities like electricity and water, social infrastructure like roads and dispensary, skill training is provided to people to get employment, women are involved in SHG activities to generate additional income to their families. For a common man who looks at this development at R and R site, these facilities can mean that the lives of people have been better now after displacement. But for me working with these people, involving them in drawing PRA tools, it is very clear that displacement will certainly cause impoverishment how much ever care is taken to resettle and rehabilitate people. But with some constructive steps the effect of the impoverishment can be mitigated.

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6 References

1. Mathur and Marsden, Development Projects and Impoverishment Risks, Oxford University Press, 1998.

2. Kumar Somesh, Methods of Community Participation, Practical action, 2002. 3. Cernea and Mathur, Can Compensation Prevent Impoverishment, 2008. 4. Council of Social Development, India Social Development report 2008: Development

and Displacement 5. Mukherjee Neela, Participatory Rural Appraisal, Concept publishers, 1997. 6. Jayanthi, Geddes and Mondal, A Handbook on using Participatory Monitoring and

Learning tools, Academic Foundation, 2007 7. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTISPMA/

0,,contentMDK:20190393~isCURL:Y~menuPK:415131~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:384329,00.html accessed on 14th January 2008

8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_rural_appraisal accessed on 14th January 2009. 9. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Policies/Involuntary_Resettlement/reset120.asp accessed

on 8th February 2009.

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Appendix 3 Chapatti Diagram

– Sansilo Rehabilitation Colony Towards Sukinda

Towards Dubri

Towards Jajpur Road

Sansilo Village TATA

Dispensary

Community

centre

TATA Sports

Academ

Bus Stop 1

km

Bank (SBI) 3 km

PHC 5

km

Railway Station 12 km TATA

Training Centre 12 km

Panchayat Office 5

km

Govt. School 5 km

SHG activities

Post Office 5

km

Weekly Market

5 km

BDO 4 km

Govt. Hospital 4 km

Temple

Police station 4 km

Govt. College 4 km

AP – 3

Appendix 4 Time line

Time Line – Displacement related issues – Sansilo Rehabilitation Colony

1990s Rumor about the land acquisition

2000 Almost confirmed from official sources

2003 4(i) notification issued

January 2nd 2006 Firing Incident

December 2006 Shifted to the transit camp

March 2007 People were identified for training

December 2007 Shifted to Sansilo R and R colony

March 2008 Training complete for first batch of people

January 2009 Some trained people are left without any job.

AP - 4

Appendix 6 Daily Activity Schedule (Women)

Daily Activity Schedule – Sansilo Rehabilitation colony

a. Daily Activities for Women Time (In hours)

Activities (Before Displacement)

Time (In hours)

Activities (After Displacement)

4:00 Get up 4:00 Get up By 4:30 Clean the house By 4:30 Clean the house 4:30-5:15 Get ready for the day 4:30-5:00 Get ready for the day 5:15-6:30 Start the preparation of

food and go out to fetch water

5:00-5:45 Preparation of meals and ready with food (Valid for ladies who have to go to fields), Others start the preparation and wait for everyone to get up and then cook food later

6:30 – 7:00 Cook food 5:45-6:00 Have breakfast 7:00 – 7:30 Serve food and eat

breakfast 6:00 – 6:45 Fill the buckets with water

7:30 Leave for fields 7:00-11:00 Some household chores and serve food

7:45 – 11:00 Work in fields 12:00 – 14:30

Prepare and serve lunch

12:00 – 14:00 Cook and serve food 14:30 – 16:00

SHG activities

15:00 – 16:00 Work in the fields 16:00-18:00 Start preparation for meals & cook them

16:30-18:00 Start preparation for meals & cook them

18:00-20:00 Serve Meals (Some women have to wait for their husbands to come back from work, those who go in late shifts)

18:00-19:30 Eat meals 20:00-21:00 Watch Television 19:30-20:00 Household Chores 21:00 Go to bed 20:00 Go to bed

AP - 6

Appendix 7 Daily activity schedule (Men)

a. Daily Activity clock (Men)

Time (In hours)

Activities (Before Displacement)

Time (In hours)

Activities (After Displacement)

6:00 – 6:45 Get up & get fresh 6:00 to 7:00 Get up & get fresh

6:45-7:30 Get ready 7:00 to 8:00 Get ready & have meals

7:30-8:00 Have meals 8:00 to 18:00

Reach factory and start work

8:00 -9:00 Socialize 18:00 to 20:00

Back home

9:00 – 12:00 Work in fields 20:00-21:00 Socialize

12:00 – 14:00 Relax at home & eat food 21:00-22:00 Spend time with kids & eat dinner

14:00-14:30 Socialize 2200 Sleep

14:30 – 17:30 Work in fields

17:30-18:30 Relax & Socialize

19:00 Eat dinner

20:00 Go to bed

AP - 7

Appendix 8 – Wealth Ranking Method

Wealth Ranking – Sansilo Rehabilitation Colony

Rich

Middle income

Poor

Agricultural Land 17, 21,24,28,31,39 Nil All other households

Monetary Wealth 17, 21,24,28,31,39 All other households Nil

Social Status 24, 39 All other households Nil

Other assets (including

livestock and two wheeler)

21,24,39 All other households Nil

Job 24, 39 All other households 9,11,15,19,23,26,2933,36,55,58,59

• The numbers represented correspond to the house numbers in the social map.

AP - 8

Appendix 9 Impact Diagram

Impact diagram – Risks due to displacement – Sansilo Rehabilitation colony

Acquisition of Agriculture and homestead land

Not adequate compensation

Not able to purchase agricultural land

Landlessness Homelessness

Food grains and vegetables are not

cultivated

Food Insecurity

Less nutritious diet

Increased Morbidity

Market Dependency

Lacks of access to Common property resources

Social Disarticulation

Partially completed houses at the resettlement colony

No Kitchen Garden and livestock

Problems from the

host community

Identification of people to provide training

Land owner to a daily

wage earner

Totally different

occupation

Joblessness

Low and Irregular income

Marginalization

Increased working hours for women

Gender issues due to

displacement

Training in

different

Cultural degradation

AP – 9

Appendix 5 Seasonality Diagram

Jan Feb Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Agriculture Farming activity ( those who own Farm land)

Contractual Men - Contractual Labor (High Wage rate)

Men - Contractual Labor (low wage rate)

Labor (Men)

Women - Poultry activities

Women activities

Women - Pickle making activities

Vegetable Vegetable Cultivation

Cultivation

High Occurrence of diseases

Diseases

Food Insecurity

Food availability

AP - 5