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Principles ofPrinciples of
Organic and BiochemistryOrganic and BiochemistryEllen J. Wilson, RPh, PhDEllen J. Wilson, RPh, PhD
College of Southern arylandCollege of Southern aryland
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!riedric" W!riedric" W##hler is the $father%hler is the $father%
of organic chemistryof organic chemistry
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What is Organic Chemistry&What is Organic Chemistry&
car'oncar'on
o(ygeno(ygen
hydrogenhydrogennitrogennitrogen
phosphorusphosphorus
sulfur sulfur halogenshalogens
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-*ydrocar'ons*ydrocar'ons
Compounds that contain mostly car'onCompounds that contain mostly car'onand hydrogenand hydrogen
/lso called /lso called al"anesal"anes ethaneethane C*C*00 EthaneEthane C*C*--C*C*--
PropanePropane
C*C*--
C*C*,,
C*C*--
/re called /re called saturated saturated al"anesal"anes
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1oo" Bac" to C*E+1oo" Bac" to C*E+
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Saturated Saturated *ydrocar'ons*ydrocar'ons
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-*ydrocar'ons*ydrocar'ons
Some al"anes are cyclic2Some al"anes are cyclic2cycloal"anescycloal"anes
CyclopropaneCyclopropane CC--**33 Cylco'utaneCylco'utane CC00**44 CyclopentaneCyclopentane CC55**+.+. Cyclohe(aneCyclohe(ane CC33**+,+,
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Cycloal"anesCycloal"anes
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/nother 6ie7 of Cycloal"anes /nother 6ie7 of Cycloal"anes
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-
*ydrocar'ons*ydrocar'ons Some al"anes areSome al"anes are substituted substituted Can ha8e other hydrocar'on groups orCan ha8e other hydrocar'on groups or
halogens on them in place of hydrogenhalogens on them in place of hydrogen
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-*ydrocar'ons*ydrocar'ons
Some hydrocar'ons areSome hydrocar'ons are unsaturated unsaturated *a8e*a8e double bondsdouble bonds oror triple bondstriple bonds in place ofin place of
hydrogen in some placeshydrogen in some places
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1oo" Bac" to C*E+1oo" Bac" to C*E+
REEBER999REEBER999 Car'on satisfies the octet rule 'y formingCar'on satisfies the octet rule 'y forming
0 'onds0 'onds *ydrogen satisfies the duet rule 'y forming*ydrogen satisfies the duet rule 'y forming
+ 'ond+ 'ond
EthaneEthane EtheneEthene EthyneEthyne
C*C*--C*C*-- C*C*,,C*C*,, C*C*C*C*
al"aneal"ane al"eneal"ene al"yneal"yne
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:nsaturated *ydrocar'ons:nsaturated *ydrocar'ons
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-*ydrocar'ons*ydrocar'ons
:nsaturated hydrocar'ons:nsaturated hydrocar'ons can also 'ecan also 'esu'stitutedsu'stituted
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-
*ydrocar'ons*ydrocar'ons )here is a special class of hydrocar'ons)here is a special class of hydrocar'onscalledcalled aromatic aromatic hydrocar'onshydrocar'ons )hey are)hey are cycliccyclic andand unsaturatedunsaturated
Ben;eneBen;ene is an e(ampleis an e(ample CC33**33
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/romatic *ydrocar'ons /romatic *ydrocar'ons
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-O(ygen9Containing CompoundsO(ygen9Containing Compounds
/lcohols /lcohols contain hydrocar'onscontain hydrocar'ons
plus an O*
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-
O(ygen9Containing CompoundsO(ygen9Containing CompoundsPhenolsPhenols contain a 'en;enecontain a 'en;enering plus an O* groupring plus an O* group
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-
O(ygen9Containing CompoundsO(ygen9Containing Compounds)hiols)hiols contain an S*
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-
O(ygen9Containing CompoundsO(ygen9Containing CompoundsEthersEthers contain a hydrocar'on groupcontain a hydrocar'on groupon either side of an o(ygenon either side of an o(ygen
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-
O(ygen9Containing CompoundsO(ygen9Containing Compounds /ldehydes /ldehydes andand "etones"etones containcontaincar'on dou'le 'onded to o(ygencar'on dou'le 'onded to o(ygen
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-
O(ygen9Containing CompoundsO(ygen9Containing CompoundsCar'o(ylic acidsCar'o(ylic acids contain car'on dou'lecontain car'on dou'le'onded to o(ygen 7ith an O*
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-Car'ohydratesCar'ohydrates
What are car'ohydrates&What are car'ohydrates& SugarsSugars Speciali;ed o(ygen9containing compoundsSpeciali;ed o(ygen9containing compounds
Can 'eCan 'e onosaccharidesonosaccharides
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Car'ohydratesCar'ohydrates
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+- /mines and /mides /mines and /mides
Compounds that contain nitrogenCompounds that contain nitrogen /mines /mines can 'e primary, secondary, orcan 'e primary, secondary, or
tertiarytertiary
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-
/mines and /mides /mines and /mides /mides /mides contain car'on dou'le 'onded tocontain car'on dou'le 'onded too(ygen plus an >* groupo(ygen plus an >* group
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-1ipids1ipids
What areWhat are lipidslipids&& !/)S?????!/)S????? /nother type of o(ygen9containing molecule /nother type of o(ygen9containing molecule / com'ination of long hydrocar'on and a / com'ination of long hydrocar'on and a
car'o(ylic acidcar'o(ylic acid
!ats can 'e!ats can 'e saturatedsaturated oror unsaturatedunsaturated
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Saturated and :nsaturatedSaturated and :nsaturated
!atty /cids!atty /cids
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What is Biochemistry&What is Biochemistry&
BiochemistryBiochemistry is the application of chemistryis the application of chemistry2'oth organic and inorganic22'oth organic and inorganic2
to li8ing organismsto li8ing organisms
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-ProteinsProteins
)he nitrogen9containing compounds in)he nitrogen9containing compounds inyour 'ody are proteinsyour 'ody are proteins )hey are 8ery large molecules)hey are 8ery large molecules )hey are made of speciali;ed molecules)hey are made of speciali;ed molecules
called amino acidscalled amino acids
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En;ymes are speciali;ed proteinsEn;ymes are speciali;ed proteins
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-olecular @eneticsolecular @enetics
D>/D>/ R>/R>/
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-eta'olismeta'olism
What happens to the foods you eat&What happens to the foods you eat& Car'ohydrate meta'olismCar'ohydrate meta'olism
@lycolysis@lycolysis Citric acid cycleCitric acid cycle O(idati8e phosphorylationO(idati8e phosphorylation andand electronelectron
transporttransport
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-eta'olismeta'olism
What happens to the foods you eat&What happens to the foods you eat& 1ipid meta'olism1ipid meta'olism
B9o(idationB9o(idation
)al" a'out ho7 car'ohydrate and lipid)al" a'out ho7 car'ohydrate and lipidmeta'olism are lin"edmeta'olism are lin"ed
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)opics in C*E+-)opics in C*E+-
eta'olismeta'olism
)al" a'out the role that)al" a'out the role that insulininsulin plays inplays in'oth of them'oth of them
)al" a'out)al" a'out /merican diets /merican diets
AncludeAnclude protein meta'olismprotein meta'olism as 7ellas 7ell
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An 1a' )oday ou Will 1oo" at 6ariousProperties of *ydrocar'ons
/ddition reactions 7ith 'romine :nsu'stituted
compound to asu'stituted compound
O(idation reactions *ydrocar'on to an
alcohol
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An 1a' )oday
!lamma'ility ofhydrocar'ons Burn cleanly
al"ane Burns a little smo"y
al"ene
Burn 8ery smo"y
aromatic
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An 1a' )oday
Boiling PointDetermination
!rom C*E+ What determines
'oiling point& What "ind of
compounds ha8e high
'oiling points& 1o7 'oiling points&