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ComputerComputer

FamiliarizationFamiliarization

ZULFIQAR MIRANI

Sr. Electronics Engineer

Civil Aviation AuthorityCivil Aviation Authority--PakistanPakistan

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Computer

is a machine that can solve problems by

accepting data, performing certain

operations and presenting results of those

operations

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Types of Computer

AnalogueDigital

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Analogue Computer

Recognize data as a continuous

measurement of a physical property

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Digital Computer

Recognize data by counting discrete signals

representing either a high (ON) or low

(OFF) voltage state of electricity.

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Digital Computer can

Perform mathematical calculations

compare values and

store results

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In Digital Computers

Data is represented in Binary form

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Computers are used in

Business & Industry

Science & Technology

Education

Government

Recreation & Entertainment

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In Civil Aviation

Computers are used in

Radar Data processing & representation

Flight plan data processing & management

Air Traffic Message Switching

Flight Information Display

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Computer System

Hardware

Computer

Primary storage

Secondary storage

Input devices

Output devices

Software

User

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Classification

Large computer are grouped as

Super Computers

Mainframe Computers

Mini Computers

Whereas

Microcomputers

are the smallest computer

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How Computers are used?

Data Processing

Control

Design & Development

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Functions

Computer can perform

Arithmetic functions on numeric data

Compare values

Store & retrieve data

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Data Processing

converting the Data (raw facts) into

Information (an organized, usable form) is

called data processing

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Flow of data

Input

Processing

Output

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Input involves

Collecting

verification and

encoding data into a machine readable form

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Processing involves

Classifying

sorting

calculating

summarizing and

storing the results

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Output involves

Retrieving the data

converting data into human readable form

and

displaying the information to the user

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Computers can not

Decide how to be programmed

provide its own input

interpret data

implement decisions

Think

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Basic Elements of a Computer

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Basic Elements of a Computer

Input

Arithmetic & Logic Unit

Control Unit

Primary Memory

Output

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Microcomputer Elements:

Input/output

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Memory

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Central Processing Unit

Comprises:

ALU

CU

Primary Storage

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Microprocessor

Arithmetic & Logic Unit and

Control Unit

on a single chip (Integrated Circuit) is

called a Microprocessor.

It may also contain primary storage

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Memory

Primary

Secondary

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Primary Storage

provides temporary storage of data during

program execution.

Example:

Semiconductor Memory

RAM

ROM

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RAM

Random Access Memory allows the user to

enter data into memory (write)

retrieve the stored data (read)

RAM is also called Read & Write Memory

When power is shut off everything that was

stored in RAM is lost

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ROM

Is a Read Only Memory, data cannot be

written into it

Contents of ROM are permanent and do not

lost when power is shut off

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Volatile MemoryIs called when Data is lost with powershut off

Example

RAM

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Non Volatile MemoryPower shut off has no impact on data.

Example:

ROM

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BitIs smallest unit of data that a computer

recognizes

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ByteIs a group ofEight bits

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InputIs the process of entering and translating

data into a machine readable form

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Input devicesKeyboard

Mouse

Joystick

Track ball

Light pen

Digitizer

Touch screen

Magnetic strips

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OutputIs the process of

translating data into a form understandable

to a humans or

storing data or information in secondary

storage device readable by other machines

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Output devicesPrinter

Plotter

Monitor

Voice synthesizer

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PrinterImpact Printers

Dot Matrix

Daisy wheel

Non Impact Printers

Inkjet

Thermal transfer

Laser

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PlotterProduces images on paper

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Secondary MemoryIs a non-volatile memory used for

storage of large amounts of data for

permanent or long term storage

storing backup or copies of data

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Secondary Storage devicesMagnetic tapes

Magnetic disks

Optical media

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Magnetic Tapes formsReel to reel

Cassette

Cartridge

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Magnetic Disk formsFloppy Diskette

Hard Disk

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Optical Technology formsCompact Disk

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Thank YouThank You