An Introduction to Human Anatomy

Chapter 1

Definitions – Anatomy

• the study of the names of the structures in the human body

– Physiology

• the study of the functions of body parts

Variation in Human Structure

• Anatomy books can only teach you the most common structure – No 2 humans are

exactly alike

• Examples– Some people

completely lack certain organs

– Most have 2 kidneys– Situs inversus

http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_inversus

Fields in Anatomy

• Microscopic anatomy

• Gross anatomy

• Radiologic anatomy

• Regional anatomy

• Systemic anatomy

Chemical Level

• Atom– Smallest unit of a

specific substance

Chemical Level

• Molecule– 2 or more atoms

bonded together– Can be extremely

complex

Chemical Organization

• Four of the most widely distributed elements on earth are:– Oxygen– Carbon– Hydrogen– Nitrogen

• Inorganic compounds

• Organic compounds

Molecular Level - Categories of Organic Compounds

• Four categories form the basis of living matter– Carbohydrates – Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic acids

Molecular Level - Carbohydrates

• Contain C, H, O

• Function: structural building blocks, source of energy

• Sugars and starches

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Structure of Carbohydrates

Molecular Level - Lipids

• Contain C, H, O

• Function: food storage, structural component, source of energy

• Fats and oils

Molecular Level - Proteins• Contain C, H, O, N• Function: food source,

structural component, enzymes, etc.

• Structure: chains of amino acids• Sequence of amino

acids determines protein’s shape

• Shape determines how functional a protein is

• Basis of Lifehttp://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/02/18_table.shtml

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Molecular Level - Nucleic Acids

• Contain C, H, O, N, P• Function: energy

carriers – ATP

• Function: genetic systems– DNA, RNA

• Determine what proteins are made

• Structure: nucleotides bonded together to form long chains

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Base Pairs• Nitrogen bases of the

nucleotides occur in pairs– Hold the 2 strands of DNA

together

• 4 nitrogen bases in DNA– Adenine, guanine,

cytosine, thymine– Bonding is specific

• A – T• T – A• C – G• G – C

– Sequence determines the order of amino acids in a protein

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Protein Synthesis - Transcription• DNA separates• Each chain links itself to

RNA nitrogen bases (Transcription)

• 4 nitrogen bases in RNA– Adenine, guanine,

cytosine, uracil– Bonding is specific

• A – U• U – A• C – G• G – C

– Forms a single strand of RNA

• Mutations may occur

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Protein Synthesis - Translation

• RNA moves out into cytoplasm– Binds to a

ribosome– Binds to specific

amino acids

• Amino acids bond together– Form a protein

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Summary of Replication, Transcription, Translation

Levels of Organization

Organization of Molecules, Etc.

• Molecules are organized into cells – Basic unit of a living organism

• Cells are grouped together into tissues– Groups of cells having the same function

• Organs are groups of different tissues– Special functions

• Organs are grouped into organ systems – Groups of organs working together

Early Anatomists

• Aristotle – One of the earliest to write about anatomy

• Claudius Galen– Medical textbook was the basis for teaching for

1500 years

The Birth of Modern Anatomy

• Andreus Vesalius

– Pioneer of modern anatomy– Published the first atlas of anatomy

• De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body)

The Discovery of Microscopic Anatomy

• Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723)– Invented a microscope capable of visualizing

single cells

• Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703)– Developed the first practical compound

microscope – Observed “cells”

• Microscopes were improved in the 19th century– Matthias Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor

Schwann (zoologist) - cell theory

The Nature of Human Life – What is Life?– Organization– Cellular composition– Biochemical unity– Metabolism– Excitability– Homeostasis– Growth– Development– Reproduction– Evolution

The Nature of Human Life – What Is a Human?

• Primate characteristics– 4 upper and lower

incisors– A pair of clavicles– Only 2 mammary

glands– Forward-facing eyes

with stereoscopic vision – Flat nails– Opposable thumbs

The Nature of Human Life – What is a Human?

• Hominid Characteristics– Large brains– Complex speech– Tool making– Bipedalism

http://enrollment.rochester.edu/admissions/academics/medicine.shtm

Survey of the Human Body

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Integumentary System

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Skeletal System

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Muscular System

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Nervous System

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Endocrine System

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Cardiovascular System

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Lymphatic System

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Respiratory System

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Digestive System

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Urinary System

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Male Reproductive System

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Female Reproductive System

The Language of Anatomy

Descriptive Terms Used in Superficial Anatomy

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Anatomical Position

• Standing

• Facing forward

• Palms forward

Anatomical regions• Cephalic • Cervical• Thoracic• Abdominal• Inguinal• Lumbar • Brachial• Femoral• Abdominopelvic areas

– 2 methods

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

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Abdominopelvic Regions

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Directional Terms

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Sections and Planes

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Body Cavities• Body is divided into

cavities that contain organs

• Body cavities have membranes that line the cavity themselves as well as cover the organs.– Visceral and

parietal – The space between

the two is filled with fluid.

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Body Cavities

Body Cavity Linings

• Pericardial cavity– Pericardium– Pericardial fluid

• Pleural cavity– Pleura– Pleural fluid

• Abdominopelvic cavity– Peritoneum– Peritoneal fluid