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An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

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to Peste des Petits Ruminants dR Kedar Karki
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Page 1: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

An Introduction to Peste des Petits

Ruminants

dR Kedar Karki

Page 2: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Peste des Petits Ruminants Pest of Small Ruminants, Pest of

Sheep and Goats, Stomatitis-Pneumoenteritis Complex

or Syndrome, Pseudorinderpest of Small

Ruminants, Kata, Goat Plague, contagious Pustular Stomatitis

Page 3: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Overview Organism

Economic impact

Epidemiology

Transmission

Page 4: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Overview

Clinical signs

Diagnosis and treatment

Prevention and control

Actions to take

Page 5: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

The Organism Family Paramyxoviridae

Genus Morbillivirus

Similar to Rinderpest

Page 6: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Other members of the family include

Measles virus

Canine distemper virus

Phocid distemper virus of sea mammals

Page 7: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

History 1942: : Cote d’Ivoire in West Africa

Soon spread to Nigeria, Senegal and Ghana

1972: Sudan

1990’s: Re-emerging as a result of decreases in

veterinary services

Page 8: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Economic Impact Presence of disease can limit Trade and

export

Import of new breeds

Development of intensive livestock production

Loss of animal protein for human consumption

Page 9: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Epidemiology /Susceptible Species

Principally goats and sheep

One report in captive wild ungulates

American white tail deer experimentally susceptible

Page 10: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Susceptible Species Role of wildlife in transmission

unknown

Cattle and pigs seroconvert but do not transmit disease

High mortality in Indian buffalo in 1977

Page 11: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Probable global distribution

of PPR virus infection

Page 12: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Geographic Distribution Africa, between the Sahara and the

equator

The Middle East

Arabian Peninsula, Israel, Syria, Iraq,Jordan

Indian subcontinent Nepal.

Page 13: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Morbidity/Mortality Morbidity 80-90%

Mortality 50-80%, can be up to 100%

More severe in young animals, poor nutrition, concurrent parasitic infections

Goats more susceptible than sheep

Page 14: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Transmission /Animal Transmission Close contact

Virus present in ocular, nasal and oral secretions and feces

No known carrier state

Unknown if fomites play a role

Page 15: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Human Transmission

The Pestes des Petit ruminants virus does not infect humans

Page 16: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Disease in Animals/Clinical Signs Incubation period 3 to 10 days

Acute fever and anorexia

Upper respiratory discharge progressing

to catarrhal exudate

Page 17: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR - Dried exudate on the muzzle and around the eye resulting from rhinitis and conjunctivitis.

Page 18: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR - Necrosis (whitish areas) of the epithelium on the tongue and pharynx.

Page 19: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

diarrhea often watery and dark green (almost black) in color.

Page 20: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Loss of condition and rough hair coat

Page 21: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Loss of condition and rough hair coat

Page 22: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR in a goat: purulent eye and nose discharges

Page 23: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR in a goat: inflamed (reddened) eye membranes

Page 24: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR in a goat: later mouth lesions

Page 25: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR in a goat: early mouth lesions showing areas of dead cells

Page 26: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR in a goat: swollen, eroded lips

Page 27: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR in a goat: signs of diarrhoea

Page 28: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR in a goat: nodular lesions around the mouth

Page 29: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR in a goat: "zebra striping" in the large intestine

Page 30: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Clinical Signs

Profuse diarrhea, dehydration, emaciation, dyspnea and death in 5-10 days

Bronchopneumonia, abortion

Prognosis correlated with extent of mouth lesions

Page 31: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Post Mortem Lesions Inflammatory and necrotic lesions

Oral cavity

Throughout gi tract Emaciation

“Zebra stripe” lesions of congestion in large intestine

Page 32: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Post Mortem Lesions

Bronchopneumonia and other respiratory lesions

Enlarged lymph nodes

Lesions similar to Rinderpest

Page 33: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Sampling•

Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted

Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease

Page 34: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Clinical Diagnosis Clinical

PPR should be considered in any acutely febrile, highly contagious disease with oral erosions and GI signs

Page 35: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Differential Diagnosis Rinderpest

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia

Bluetongue

Pasteurellosis

Contagious ecthyma

Page 36: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Differential Diagnosis Foot and mouth disease

Heart water

Coccidiosis

Nairobi sheep disease

Mineral poisoning

Page 37: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Diagnosis Laboratory Tests

Wide variety are used for detecting virus, viral antigen, viral nucleic acid and antibody

Page 38: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Diagnosis/Samples

Swabs of conjunctival, nasal, buccal and

rectal discharges

Whole blood collected on heparin Lymph nodes, especially mesenteric and bronchial nodes

Spleen

Large intestine and lungs

Page 39: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Samples

Transport under refrigeration

Page 40: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Treatment No specific treatment

Drugs to control bacterial and parasitic complications may decrease mortality

Supportive care

Page 41: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Prevention and Control Recommended Actions Notification of Authorities

Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC) State veterinarian Quarantine

Page 42: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Disinfection virus killed by most common disinfectants

Phenols

Sodium hydroxide 2% for 24 hours

Ether

Detergents

Virus survives for long periods in chilled or frozen tissues

Page 43: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Vaccination Rinderpest vaccine used in Africa

effective for 12 months against PPR

Vaccination hinders ongoing efforts at Rinderpest eradication

Homologous attenuated PPR vaccine is being tested and may soon be commercially available

Page 44: An Introduction to Peste des Petits Ruminants

Control and Eradication Affected area should be quarantined

Infected animals slaughtered

Carcasses burned or buried

Proper disposal of contact fomites, decontamination

Import restriction


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