An Introduction to the

An Introductionto the

1. Introduction to the IMS Course2. Introduction to the IMS & the Incident Commander

3. The Command Structure

4. Risk Management5. Apparatus Placement

8. Ventilation7. Forcible Entry6. Water Supply

Ice Breakers!

10. Victim Stabilization & Removal

9. Rescue

11. Fire Confinement & Extinguishment

13. Overhaul14. Size-Up & Exposure Protection15. Accountability & Entry Control16. Rehabilitation

Appendices & Miscellaneous

12. Salvage

20. Fire Ground Scenarios

17. Post Incident Analysis & Review18. Personnel Accountability Reports19. Evacuation & R.I.T.

Exit

IMS Course Overview

End of Section Mouse Warning!

Ensure that the mouse “hand” is visible on this screen in order to return to the proper location in the slideshow.

1. Introduction to the IMS Course

Introductions

End of Section

2. Introduction to the IMS & the Incident Commander

Prior to the Incident Command and the IMS fire departments had a LOT of good luck.

Examples… (flipchart)

(LG-3)

Why do we have an IMS?

1. One person command• Too many cooks spoil the broth!• IC’s may change, but always, only ONE person in

charge2. Ensures that a strong command is visible

• Lawsuits often center around this3. Establishes an effective organization

• Effectiveness & efficiency are operative words4. Provides a system for processing information

• IC, even at a simple house fire, can be overloadedwith information

5. Allows for an orderly Transfer of Command• A formal process (will be dealt with later)

6. Ensures the maximum level of firefighter safety• We are NUMBER 1

The Incident Commander

What are the traits of a good Incident Commander?

(Flipchart)

Let’s now take a look at the profile of a good IC…

Profile of an Effective IC

Implements effective action/continual focus on standard outcomes

Technically competent/street smart

Disciplined and consistent/flexible and responsive

High consciousness and awareness level/good intuition

Strong tactical focus/manages distractions and stress effectively

Profile of an Effective IC (cont’d)

Psychologically stable/cool head Risk/safety manager -- always reflects concern for

personnel & customers Information manager/quick decider/organized and

logical thinker Straight forward communicator – talks clearly &

listens critically Command competent: system activator – SOP

manager

Profile of an Effective IC (cont’d)

Focus on function/strong ego control Strong delegator (continually assists/coaches

subordinates) Develops, uses and escalates organizational

elements to fit situation Invents creative and innovative solutions Maintains effective command presence

Primary Responsibilities

What is the primary responsibility of the IC?

(Flipchart)

1. To ensure that the Tactical Priorities are met.

What are the Tactical Priorities?

(Flipchart)

1. Rescue

2. Stabilize the scene i.e. extinguishment etc.

3. Property Conservation

4. Firefighter Safety – CORE VALUE!

Is Firefighter Safety a “priority” or a “core value?”

FIREFIGHTER SAFETY AS A CORE VALUE

Every decision is filtered through the following question:– What affect will this have on firefighter

safety?

– If the action enhances or has no affect, continue

– If the action puts the firefighters in more jeopardy, apply the risk benefit analysis

Risk/Benefit Analysis

Is there a worthwhile benefit to be gained? Is it likely to succeed? How can the risk be minimized?

– Fewest possible firefighters exposed– Limit exposure– Rescue plan for firefighters– Back-up rescue plan for firefighters

Reporting Benchmarks

It is critical to understand the use and importance of “Benchmarks” in the Incident Management System. We may accomplish the tactical priorities out of order but that doesn’t change the way we rank their importance. As a result, the following benchmarks are always reported in the following order:

• Primary Search – All Clear

• Under Control (meaning, fire)

• Secondary Search – All Clear

• Loss Stopped (meaning, no more damage)

Functions of Command

What does the IC have to do on arrival & while on scene?

1. Assume command and announce it!!!2. Do an initial size-up3. Set up a Command Post and announce it!!!4. Initiate and control communications5. Determine strategy and develop the Action Plan

• assign companies6. Develop an effective Incident Management organization7. Provide the Tactical Priorities8. Provide continuity in Transfer and Termination of

Command

Who Takes Initial Command?

Usually the first arriving Officer (follow SOG’s)- this may not be an Officer in a volunteer dept.

Whoever it is it is imperative that communications knows who and where

Radio Reports: (to be discussed later)

Time for Quiz #1!(Page 7)

End of Section

3. The Command Structure

The beauty of an IMS is that it is versatile: anything from a dumpster fire to a complex fire in a high rise can be handled.

Each incident should be approached in a systematic, effective manner.

The term “Command Structure” simply means how we set up a command system at a fire that suits the size and complexity of the incident.

(LG-8)

Levels of Command

1. Strategic

2. Tactical

3. Task

Whatever the incident, there are always 3 levels of command…

Strategic

According to the Oxford Dictionary “strategy” means…

What does the term “strategy” mean to you?

Generalship, the art of war, management of an army or armies in a campaign, art of so moving or disposing troops or ships or aircraft as to impose upon the enemy the place and time and conditions for fighting preferred by oneself; instance of or plan formed to according to; this, hence - Generalship

This is where the “Big Plan” is put together…

Strategic Approaches

At the Strategic level, there are 3 terms that are indicative of the IC’s overall approach to the incident. They are…

Offensive – Aggressive, usually interior, fire attack that is intended to stop the fire at its current location. As a general rule, the IC should extend an offensive attack only where and when conditions permit, and adequate resources are available.

Defensive – Exterior fire attack with emphasis on exposure protection. The commitment of a fire department’s resources to protect exposures when the fire has progressed to a point where an offensive attack is not effective.

Marginal – Many times offensive/defensive conditions are clear cut and Command can quickly determine the appropriate strategy. In other cases, the situation is MARGINAL and Command must initiate an offensive interior attack, while setting up defensive positions on the exterior.

Source: http://phoenix.gov/FIRE/20202b.html

Strategic Integration

The 3 terms discussed in the previous slide – Offensive, Defensive & Marginal are reflective of a “risk/benefit” analysis that ultimately drives the incident Action Plan.

This Action Plan must be formulated within a structured risk management plan.

Source: http://phoenix.gov/FIRE/20202b.html

Tactical

Operational objectives are assigned at this level.

Objectives have to accomplish the Strategy.

What does the term “tactical” mean to you?

Task

This is where the job or work gets done.

Now, let’s look at some of the responsibilities we could find at each level…

What does the term “task” mean to you?

Responsibilities at Each Level of a Scene

Pump 1

Pump 2

Pump 3

D/Chief

Rescue 1Chief

Garage

2 Story Detached Dwelling

This incident can be divided into the Three Levels of Command. An Action Plan can be developed that includes strategic and tactical objectives along with support activities that bring this incident to a successful completion.

Strategic Responsibilities

Pump 1

Pump 2

Pump 3

D/Chief

Rescue 1Chief

Garage


Strategic LevelDevelop Action Plan: determine strategy & overall incident objectives; set priorities; obtain & assign resources; predict outcomes and planning; assign specific objectives to the Tactical Level

Tactical Responsibilities

Pump 1

Pump 2

Pump 3

D/Chief

Rescue 1Chief

Garage


Tactical LevelDirect activities toward specific objectives: responsible for geographic “areas” or functions; has responsibility & authority to meet strategic goals

Task Responsibilities

Pump 1

Pump 2

Pump 3

D/Chief

Rescue 1Chief

Garage


Task LevelIndividual companies – “where the rubber meets the road”: usually commanded by a company Officer; goal is to accomplish tactical objectives

Any Questions to this Point???

Sectoring

Geographical

Function

What does the term “sectoring” mean to you? Why would we use sectoring and what are the types?

Types:

Geographical Sectoring

Often used in conjunction with locations around a structure.

Alfa – Bravo – Charlie – Delta

If the Alpha side is not readily apparent, the IC must designate. E.g. a building has addresses on two streets.

GEOGRAPHIC SECTORING

C (3)

B (2)

A (1)

D (4)HOUSE GARAGE

STREET

OH#1

Function Sectoring

Identities are assigned based on the task. Can be termed as follows:

Search & Rescue Team 1

Suppression Team 1

Ventilation 1

Water Supply

What are some advantages or disadvantages of geographical or functional sectoring?

Command Organization

How does all of this look organizationally?

Should there not be differences between small, medium and large scale incidents?

“Span of Control” criterion: once over 3-5 FF’s

In fact, there are differences…but, some important similarities as well.

(See page 11 of the Learner Guide… and the next slide…)

LEVELS OF COMMANDIN ALL THREE EXAMPLES WHO IS STRATEGIC, TACTICAL AND TASK OFFICER?

P1EXAMPLE #1

EXAMPLE #2 P1

P2 R1

ICEXAMPLE #3

VENTILATION SECTOR

R1 P2

FIRE CONTROL SECTOR

P3 A1

OH #2

CO

CO

COCO

CHIEF

DISTRICT CHIEFDISTRICT CHIEF

CO’S CO’S

Establishing Command

Usually the first arriving Officer stays in Command until a transfer or the scene is stabilized.

Question… (hmmm…)The first on-scene Officer has been in control of an incident since the start. He/she is doing a good job. A more senior Officer arrives at the scene but chooses not to assume Command because the first Officer is doing well. Who is responsible for the fire?

What are your thoughts? Remember, You can share authority, NOT responsibility!

Initial Radio Reports

The initial radio report is very important. It starts the incident off on the right foot.

• Vehicle designation – “P-31 Arrived”• Address – “20 Spruce St.”• Building type – “2-story residential brick structure”• Obvious conditions – “smoke showing at front”• Initial actions taken – “have established water

supply and beginning primary search”• Declaration of Strategy “commencing Offensive

Attack”• Obvious safety concerns – “heavy traffic, need police”• Assume command & give location – “Capt. Sparky

establishing Command, Alfa-Delta side”• Request or release resources – “Control, Spruce Command. Dispatch EMS to this location”

Command Modes

There are 3 possible Command Modes upon arrival:

1. Nothing Showing Mode

2. Fast Attack Mode

3. Command Mode

Nothing Showing Mode

… also known as “Investigative Mode”

What are some features of this mode?

• Take crew, portable radio and check out the situation

• Stage additional arriving apparatus

Fast Attack Mode

“What you do in the first 5 minutes often determines what you will be doing for the next 5 hours.” - Brunacini

What are some features of this mode?

• Situations where immediate action is required

• Retain radio and maintain Command

• Should not last longer than a few minutes – you cannot maintain Command from inside a structure

When do we use Fast Attack Mode?

• Critical life safety situations… rescue• Offensive attack in “marginal” situations• Any incident where FF safety or welfare are of

concern• Obvious working situations that require further

investigation by the Officer

When does Fast Attack Mode end?• Situation is stabilized• The situation is NOT stabilized and the IC must

withdraw to establish a Command Post, crew may be withdrawn also, especially if they have no radios

• Command is transferred to a more senior Officer

Command Mode

What kind of incidents would require establishingCommand Mode immediately?

• Situations that are obviously large from the outset

• IC establishes a Command Post immediately

• A “Tactical Worksheet” is activated at this point!

Look at the OFM TACTICAL WORKSHEET found under Appendix “F” in your Learner manual.

Command Options for the IC

What are some of the options available to the IC at thepoint Command Mode is established?

• Assign the remainder of the crew to carry out tasks – appoint one of the crew as the acting Company Officer – provide the crew with radios

• Assign the crew to work under the supervision of another arriving Company Officer

• Assign the crew to staff positions to assist Command

Passing Command

What is passing Command?

• A system to assign the command responsibility to another Company Officer

Why do we pass Command?

• The initial Company Officer may be in Fast Attack Mode and it is taking longer than expected

• You CAN’T command from inside the structure!

How do we pass Command?

• The initial Company Officer radios from inside to the next arriving Officer

• The Officer to whom Command is being given should be on scene and not enroute!

Transferring Command

What is Transferring Command?

• A more formal method than “passing” Command

• Should be included in Department SOG’s

• Happens at larger incidents when a more senior Officer arrives and wants to assume Command

• Face-to-face is best but can be done via radio

• Important: the new IC must receive all the “relevant” information from the outgoing IC

Question: What kind of information is relevant?

Additional Fire Ground Components

1. Incident Safety Officer (ISO)• Risk management consultant• Advisor to IC re: risks• Provides situation overview & its risks• Dept. OG’s should include ISO

2. Rapid Intervention Team (R.I.T.)• A standby team for FF rescue• Specially trained• Excused from normal fire ground duties & tasks

3. Entry Control (part of Accountability)• Keeps track of FF’s in the Danger Zone

(continued….)

Additional Fire Ground Components

4. Rehab• Rest, hydration, cool-off (e.g. forearm immersion)• Sector Officers monitor FF’s and send to Rehab

5. Staging• Is a Sector – may have Officer assigned to Staging• Additional apparatus, equipment & manpower• Reports to IC• Also a part of Accountability

6. Fire Ground Incident Technician (F.I.T.)• This is an “assistant” or a “scribe” to work with the

IC• Can be a VALUABLE helper for the IC!

So what does all this look like organizationally?

OH #3 FIRE GROUND SCHEMATIC

STRATEGIC

ISO INCIDENT COMMANDER

ENTRY CONTROL

RIT OUTSIDE AGENCIES

STAGING REHAB

RESCUE SECTOR

P1 R1

FIRE CONTROL SECTOR

A1 P2

TACTICAL

TASK

Command Structure Quiz


End of Section

4. Risk Management

Some questions to ponder… (hmmm…)

How much risk is acceptable?

Who decides what amount of risk is acceptable?

What is a risk assessment based on?

Who determines what risks are present?

What is the role of the ISO in risk assessment?

What is the role of the Officers in risk assessment?

What is the role of the firefighters in risk assessment?

Why is a proper risk assessment necessary?

(LG-21)

About Risk

There will always be risk in the job we do. However, needless risk is unacceptable as it both injures and kills firefighters.

Who is responsible for assessing risk at an emergency scene?

i. First arriving Officerii. ISOiii. All firefighters and Officersiv. Ultimately, the IC

About Risk

It is NOT: guesswork or something we do only sometimes. It is on-going.

What it is:• assessing risk at each call and basing decisions on

that assessment

• primary search at one incident may not have the same risk factors associated with another call; e.g. primary search above the fire

• must be a part of the department “culture”

• must be outlined in departmental OG’s

What is risk assessment?

Operating Procedures vs. Operating Guidelines

What is the difference between these two concepts?

• Procedures can potentially be limiting

• Guidelines give Officers and firefighters more space to move in

Acceptable Risk

Who determines the level of acceptable risk?

• The IC has to determine the level of acceptable risk based on an on-going size-up

• He must ensure that acceptable levels are NOT exceeded

What is an “acceptable” level of risk?

• Significant calculated risk to save a life

• Some risk to save property

• NO RISK to save something that can’t be saved

The IC and Risk Management: Questions to Ask

1. Does the size, location and size of the fire warrant an offensive fire attack?

2. Do I have enough resources to carry out an offensive plan of attack? (human, physical – i.e. equipment/apparatus)

3. Is there rescue to perform? (rescue risks higher acceptability than suppression risks)

4. Should attack be delayed pending additional manpower? (If the answer is yes then all activities must be limited to the exterior)

5. What are the risks currently present? (based on initial size-up)

The IC and Risk Management: Key Points

• Remember: Initial actions are based on limited information

• An IC must base actions on KNOWN factors and avoid assuming other factors.

IC Responsibilities

1. Conduct a thorough size-up. (What are some ways to do this?)

2. Establish a command structure to supervise the incident. (What’s the primary reason for doing this?)

3. Determine strategic and tactical objectives. (What’s the difference between “strategy” and “tactics?” Click HERE for the definitions.)

4. Determine initial attack. (Offensive or defensive)

(continued…)

IC Responsibilities (cont’d)

5. Establish the “Accountability and Entry Control” sector.

6. Determine other sectors.

7. Develop an Action Plan.

The Action Plan

• Driven by Risk Management• IC must weigh the danger or risks against the

expected results

• Contains Strategic and Tactical Objectives

• Must be flexible and changeable based on changing conditions

• Must have identifiable benchmarks or objectives

Risk Assessment Responsibilities: for other levels of Command

1. Sector Officers• Supervise tactical operations based on risk in

their sector• Decisions based on IC’s strategy• Keep IC informed of conditions

2. Company Officers• Supervise task operations based on their risk

assessment• Keep sector Officers informed of conditions

(continued…)

Risk Assessment Responsibilities: for other levels of Command (cont’d)

3. Firefighters• May have to make risk assessments and decision

when no Officer present

4. Incident Safety Officer (ISO)• Risk management consultant and adviser to the IC• Standard system required to select ISO’s• Perform a 360o for IC• Advises IC as to risks, unsafe conditions, hazards,

inconsistent observations etc.

• NB: the ISO, under some conditions, may stop an activity if it is deemed to be unsafe. However, he must inform the IC immediately.

Risk Assessment Responsibilities: for other levels of Command (cont’d)

Two Perspectives

IC: How do I get the job done and work safely?

ISO: How do I work safely and get the job done?


End of Section

5. Apparatus Placement

How important is initial placement of apparatus?

What could be the effects of poor initial placement?

Your thoughts??

(LG-27)

Apparatus Placement

The importance of initial placement cannot be overemphasized.

Brunacini: 1st 5 minutes = Next 5 hrs.

Too close? - scorching, collapse etc.

Moving trucks? - affects time and fire attack

Departmental OG’s & Pre-plans must be current!

Apparatus Placement Exercise

Okay, let’s give it a try…

You have…

IC CP Vehicle

2 Pumpers

1 Rescue

1 Aerial

Maple Lane

Goose St.

Spruce

St.

Fire Warehouse

In your team, place your vehicles and be prepared to defend your placements…

Categories of Apparatus Responding to a Scene

i. Responding• FF safety utmost; many FF’s are killed responding• Damage to apparatus; “Highway Traffic Act!”

ii. Staged• First arriving on scene (OG’s); other apparatus a

block away until they’re need: NO CONGESTION!• Consider a “Staging Officer” for a large scene• Allows the IC to assign apparatus in an orderly

fashion

(continued…)

Categories of Apparatus Responding to a Scene

iii. Operating• Place to best utilize• Placement is determined by function i.e. water

supply etc.• Improper placement can cause major delays if an

apparatus must be moved

iv. Parked• Vehicles used for taxi service• Park in a manner that is easy to commit the vehicle

to action

v. Returning to Station• Crews and apparatus placed back in service by IC

(cont’d)

Specific Apparatus Placement

i. Forward Engine Companies• Placed for attack – pre-connects• Can cover exposures

ii. Support Engines• Placed at key water supplies• Large diameter hose for supply• Close enough that additional attack lines can be

used

iii. Elevating Devices• Place for rescue when required• Placement depends on ladder length• When not required for rescue place for exposure

protection(continued…)

Specific Apparatus Placement (cont’d)

iii. Rescue Trucks• Close to scene for quick entry and access to

specialized equipment

iv. Command Vehicle• Safe location with best view of the incident• Larger incidents = farther away

APPARATUS PLACEMENTOH #4

1. WHAT IS THE EXTENET OF THE FIRE?

2. NOTHING SHOWING? – CLOSE SO CAN BE DEPLOYED QUICKLY

3. OVERHEAD WIRES?

4. PLACE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

5. FREE OF COLLAPSE AND SCORCHING?

HOW?HOW?

WHAT?WHAT?

WHERE?

WHERE?

Apparatus Placement Quiz


End of Section

6. Water Supply

• Critical element of fire ground operations

• Whether from hydrants or portable water supplies in more rural locations, it must be reliable!

• FF’s doing interior attack: their lives depend on water supply

• IC ultimately responsible – can appoint a Water Supply Sector Officer

• Interruption of water supply: must be able to notify interior crews to withdraw e.g. 3 blasts of air horn

(LG-30)

WATER SUPPLYOH #5

HOW?HOW?

WHAT?WHAT?WHERE

?

WHERE?

1. WHAT DOES THE PRE-PLAN INDICATE?

2. HOW MUCH DO I NEED?

3. IS MORE APPARATUS REQUIRED?

4. FAST ATTACK?

5. WATER SUPPLY SECTOR

6. BIG FIRE = BIG WATER

IC Responsibilities re: Water Supply

1. Identify adequate supply for the size of the situation• PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN!!

2. Identify whether or not to start the attack from an on-board tank or wait for a permanent supply

• Fast attack = small volume• Slower attack = larger volume• Big fire = Big water

Water Sector Officer Responsibilities

1. Ensure a continuous supply

2. Refer to pre-plans and maps

3. Search out an alternative source for back-up

4. Keep IC informed


End of Section

7. Forcible Entry

• To provide a means of entry for fire teams

• To remove barriers to operations

Why?

(LG-31)

FORCIBLE ENTRYOH #6

HOW?HOW?

WHAT?WHAT?

WHERE?WHERE?

1. TRY BEFORE YOU PRY

2. IS THERE ENOUGH TIME TO GET THE KEY HOLDER?

3. GREATER THE FIRE DAMAGE – THE LESS IMPORTANT SECONDARY DAMAGE

IC Considerations re: Forcible Entry

• Must balance secondary damage against fire damage

• “Try before you Pry!”

• If time allows (nothing showing) call for the key-holder

• The more severe the fire the less the importance of forcible entry damage

Remember: Excessive effort causes excessive secondary

damage!

Forcible Entry Quiz


End of Section

8. Ventilation

• In the past ventilation was always sort of an afterthought

• Modern technology and information has changed the way we think

• Good ventilation practices helps the firefighter do a more efficient and effective job

(LG-32)

VENTILATIONOH #7

1. A TACTIC TO SUPPORT OTHER TACTICAL OPERATIONS

2. PLANNED AND CONTROLLED

3. BASED ON A) EXPOSURES, B) EXTENT AND LOCATION OF FIRE C) WIND DIRECTION D)TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

4. PRIORITIES FOR SMOKE AND HEAT REMOVAL:i) AWAY FROM VICTIMSii) AWAY FROM STAIRSiii) AWAY FROM HALLS AND CORRIDORSiv) OVER FIRE

5. CHOOSE THE METHOD AND TYPE

6. HAZARDS TO BE AWARE OF:i) OPENING BELOW THE FIRE, ii) OPENING TOO SOON, iii) OPENING IN THE WRONG PLACE, iv) INSUFFICIENT OPENINGS, v) ENDANGERING OCCUPANTS vi) TOO LONG A DELAY

Ventilation: Definition

• Planned and controlled

• Redirects or removes heat, smoke and gases

• Controlled replacement

What is it?

Ventilation: Key Points

• The decision to ventilate, where, when and how is the IC’s call

• Ventilation is part of the attack and action plan

Remember…

Reasons for Ventilation

i. Supports Tactical Operations• Where to ventilate is determined by the operation

being supported

ii. Firefighter and Victim Safety• Can direct heat and smoke away from the victim to

allow rescue

iii. Incident Stabilization• Allows FF’s quicker entry for their assigned task –

i.e.: to locate and extinguish the fire• Ventilation rationale based on: exposures, extent &

location of fire, wind direction, construction type

(continued…)

Reasons for Ventilation (cont’d)

iv. Property Conservation• Channels heat and smoke away from undamaged

property• Consider venting behind the fire

Where to Ventilate?

1. Location of victims

2. Type, age, structural integrity of the building and type and style of roof

3. Must consider rate of burning and possible paths for fire spread, safe routes of travel and escape routes and available resources

Depends on…

Venting Smoke and Heat Priorities

1. Away from victims

2. Away from stairways

3. Away from halls and corridors

4. Over the fire

Your thoughts?

PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN!!!

Ventilation Tactics

• Fire and smoke conditions

• Construction and condition of structure

• Weather

• Available resources

The type of ventilation chosen should match the…

Ventilation Types

• Vertical

• Horizontal

What are the two major types of ventilation?

Ventilation Methods

• Natural• Can be the safest sometimes

• Mechanical• Negative pressure (ejectors)• Positive pressure (PPV) (injectors)

• Done from outside• Ideal in most house fires• MUST be coordinated!

• Water Fog• Expulsion, expansion, syphon

• HVAC (Building air handling) (when possible)

What are the two major methods of ventilation?

Ventilation Hazards

1. Opening below the fire

2. Opening too soon – increases fire spread/damage

3. Opening in the wrong place

4. Opening into a blind attic

5. Insufficient openings

6. Openings that endanger exposures

7. Openings delayed too long – fire extinguishment more difficult

What are some potential hazards related to ventilation?

Ventilation Coordination Priorities

1. Coordinating ventilation with rescue is #1• e.g. keeping heat, smoke etc. away from

FF’s and victim

2. Coordinating ventilation with entry and fire attack• e.g. backdraft potential

Why is coordination important?

End of Section

9. Rescue

• Rescue is the #1 tactical priority• But, it can be the most dangerous thing we do e.g.

searching above a fire• IC must assess the risk and take whatever measures

to allow this priority (Rescue) to be accomplished• Remember: to save a life we will take a big,

calculated risk• The IC will NOT send FF’s to certain failure• On the contrary, measures should be taken

(ventilation, fire confinement etc.) that will facilitate rescue

• These measures are ONLY meant to help in rescue attempts

A bit of reading…important reading…

(LG-34)

Primary & Secondary Search

• Should be done at most, not all, fires (e.g. Defensive attacks would preclude Primary Searches)

• Risks/benefits should be considered• Rapid search• Various methods e.g. Hose team to search fire area,

second team enters 2nd floor by ladder• BENCHMARK: “ALL CLEAR”

Primary Search

• Thorough search by a different team than the primary• Done after fire control and ventilation• Can be combined with overhaul• May involve body removal (evidence considerations)• BENCHMARK: “ALL CLEAR”

Secondary Search

Primary & Secondary Search (cont’d)

Remember: it may not be possible to conduct a Primary Search at the outset of a fire (Defensive Attack). Also, even if a Primary Search has been started, it may not be possible to complete this Primary Search if the conditions of the building deteriorate to the extent that Withdrawal is necessary. Should this situation occur, the IC should radio that indicates the reasons for not initiating or completing the search. This demonstrates and records the IC’s commitment to rescue, and explains the circumstances for its abandonment.

Secondary searches must always be conducted. However, they may be delayed by the IC due to the condition of the building. Still, a radio announcement will record the reasons for doing so.

RESCUE OPERATIONSOH #8

HOW?HOW?

WHAT?WHAT?

WHERE?

WHERE?

1. PRIMARY SEARCH – ALL CLEAR

- RAPID SEARCH- “ALL CLEAR” - BENCHMARK

2. SECONDARY SEARCH-THOROUGH – DONE BY A DIFFERENT TEAM-OFTEN DONE DURING OVERHAUL- “ ALL CLEAR” - BENCHMARK

3. SUPPORT ACTIVITIES REQUIRED?

DO I HAVE ENOUGH RESOURCES?

Rescue Size-up Questions for the IC

• Affects your approach• Can be simple at small fires or major at large fires• There is NO search when operations are DEFENSIVE

Stage of Fire?

• Order of search: usually the fire floor, floor above the fire and then the rest of the building

Number, location and affect of fire on victims?

Resources available?• Success depends on numbers and equipment

Your thoughts: What would you do on arrival at a house fire when there are only two FF’s initially on scene?

Rescue Support Activities

Question: What is meant by the term “rescue support activities?”

Activities that facilitate rescue attempts

Remember: many support activities cause the structure to be opened up which can make fire matters worse.

“Coordination is the Key!”

(continued…)

Rescue Support Activities (cont’d)

1. Rapid Entry• When fire cuts off victims from escape• Most victims are found in normal exit routes

2. Hose Lines• Separate victims from the fire• Protect FF’s• Act as a lifeline as well

3. Ventilation• Allows entry, should be done before search starts• Visibility, safer interior operations• MUST be coordinated with search and attack lines

4. Ladders• Secondary exit for FF’s & victim removal

Rescue Coordination Issues

• Teamwork, coordination and communication vital

• Entry ASAP

• Hose lines to separate victims and fire

Time for Quiz #7!(Pages 36 & 37)

End of Section

10. Victim Stabilization & Removal

So, now that the victim has been located what are the issues surrounding stabilization and removal?

There is a sequence of IC decisions and actions that must be taken to facilitate victim rescue, stabilization and removal. Let’s look at this flow.

(LG-38)

Sequence of IC Decisions and Actions1. IC assumes Command

• Announce it!• Give report on initial actions

2. Interior attack to support rescue attempt• Attack crews must protect stairs and halls etc.• Must be viewed as a support activity• ALL CREWS MUST KNOW WHEN PRIMARY

SEARCH IS COMPLETED: HOW?

3. Extend Primary Search• Fire floor• Floor above etc.• More than one crew

(continued…)

Sequence of IC Decisions and Actions (cont’d)

4. Locate, protect and remove victims• Remove the victim from the fire?• Remove the fire from the victim?• Combination of both?• Use primary exits etc. (better than secondary)• Move victims to triage area & EMS personnel• Allow for victim warmth etc.

5. Treat victims and transport to hospital

6. Stop Re-entry

Victim Stabilization and Removal: Summary

The IC must ensure the following…

• Safety for fire ground personnel• Quick removal of victims• Occupants are moved away from direct fire ground• Victims are cared for• No occupants re-enter the building


End of Section

11. Fire Confinement & Extinguishment

The goal of the fire ground IC is ultimately to put the fire out. This is not always possible in the short term. Hose lines could be used in a “holding pattern.” There IS a difference between Confinement and Extinguishment.

Question: What IS this difference?

(LG-41)

FIRE CONFINEMENT AND EXTINGUISHMENTOH #9

HOW?HOW?

WHAT?WHAT?

WHERE?WHERE?

1. CONFINE OR EXTINGUISH?

2. SIZE-UP CONSIDERATIONS- WHERE IS IT GOING?- WHO OR WHAT IS IN THE WAY?- TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION- REQUIRED FLOW? VOLUME x 2 = L/MIN.

- UNDER CONTROL- LOSS STOPPED

“BENCHMARKS”

Confinement vs. Extinguishment

Confinement: Actions taken to stop the spread of fire.

(When would we do this?)

Extinguishment:Actions taken after confinement to extinguish the fire.

(When would we do this?)

Size-up Considerations: Confinement

• Location and extent of fire• Where is it going?• Who or what are in the way?• Type of construction• Required water flow*• Length and size of hose required

• MUST be coordinated with other tactical operations e.g. search, ventilation, forcible entry etc.

How do we KNOW required flow?

PRE-PLAN!!

Size-up Considerations: Extinguishment

• Location and extent of fire• Where is fire now and where is it going?• Risk/benefit for FF’s – the greater the risk the more

need for the management of safety e.g. back-up line(s)

• Evaluate areas of access and egress• Hose size and length• Building construction & classification – consider

structural deficiencies• Required fire flow

• Volume of involved area = (m3) x 2 = LPM• Room = 4m x 5m x 3m

= 60m3 x 2 = 120 LPM

Hose Placement

• Depends on function… confinement or extinguishment

• Initial line between fire and victims

• Frontal assault only when no other option is possible

• Use with second line to push fire back to place of origin

Benchmarks

“Under Control”

“Loss Stopped”

THE BENCHMARKS IN REVIEW

1) PRIMARY SEARCH = “ALL CLEAR”

2) FIRE EXTINGUISHED = “UNDER CONTROL”

3) SECONDARY SEARCH = “ALL CLEAR”

4) FIRE EXTINGUISHED AND

OVERHAUL COMPLETED = “LOSS STOPPED”

OH #10

Fire Confinement and Extinguishment Quiz


End of Section

12. Salvage

Why bother with salvage operations?

Your thoughts?

• Excellent PR with citizens

• Prevents smoke and fire damage

• Prevents water damage due to fire streams

• Prevents structural damage due to weight of water

(LG-44)

What Contributes to Salvage?

1. Salvage size-up

2. Ventilation

3. Rapid extinguishment

4. Conservation of water from attack lines

What are some things the IC has to consider?

SALVAGEOH #11

HOW?HOW?WHAT?WHAT?

WHERE?WHERE?

1. WHAT IS MOST IMPORTANT TO SAVE?

2. HOW CAN WE PROTECT ITEMS BEING REMOVED FROM THE BUILDING?

3. WHAT SALVAGE TACTICS ARE MOST APPROPRIATE?

4. IS ANY SUPPORT REQUIRED?

5. WHAT COORDINATION WITH OTHER TACTICS IS REQUIRED?

6. WHAT SAFETY CONCERNS EXIST?

Tactics for Salvage

1. Determine critical size-up factors

2. Identify and prioritize property to be protected

3. Select appropriate tactics to achieve strategy

4. Identify needed resources

5. Identify support required

6. Determine need for coordination

7. Identify safety concerns

End of Section

13. Overhaul

What does overhaul mean to you?

Your thoughts?

1. To show that complete suppression action was taken

2. To expose hidden and smouldering fires

3. To complete extinguishment

4. So we don’t get dragged into court!

(LG-45)

OVERHAULOH # 12

HOW?HOW?

WHAT?WHAT?WHERE

?

WHERE?

1. WHAT IS THE CONDITION OF THE BUILDING?

2. IS THE AREA SAFE FOR OVERHAUL?

3. WHAT HIDDEN AREAS HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO FIRE OR HEAT?

4. ARE THERE ANY SPOT FIRES?

5. WHAT PROVISION HAS BEEN MADE FOR RELIEF CREWS?

6. WILL OVERHAUL INTERFERE WITH ORIGIN/CAUSE INVESTIGATION?

Overhaul Coordination

1. Often coordinated with salvage operations

2. Must take into account the ensuing fire investigation – DON’T destroy evidence!

Overhaul Action Plan

1. Determine critical size-up factors2. Identify location of smouldering and potential

hidden fire areas3. Select appropriate overhaul tactics4. Identify needed resources5. Identify support required6. Determine need for coordination7. Identify safety concerns8. Evaluate effectiveness of overhaul operations

Overhaul Support Activities

1. Utility Control / Action Plan

2. Air Supply – at least 2 bottles per firefighter

3. Electricity – generators etc.

4. Rehab & medical support – FF’s need rest!


End of Section

14. Size-Up & Exposure Protection

Initial size-ups must be viewed as just that: initial. It must be an on-going process. Among the important decisions to be made relates to protection from exposures. More troops may be needed!

Question: When does size-up begin?

(LG-49)

Size-Up: An On-going Process

1. Time of day or night

2. Weather – wind conditions, humidity etc.

3. Type of occupancy

4. Nature of the emergency i.e. working fire?

5. Other apparatus responding

6. Reports from citizens

Begins on Receipt of Alarm

Size-Up: An On-going Process (cont’d)

1. Pre-plan factors

• Size & type of building• Building construction including roof• Water supply• Company assignments• Fire protection system connections• Access points• Normal building population• Fire protection equipment i.e. standpipe etc.• Fire flow required

Question: What other information could be on a pre-plan?

En Route

Size-Up: An On-going Process (cont’d)

1. Fire Ground Situational Factors

• Location, stage and extent of fire• Colour of smoke• Obstructions to operations• Apparatus on scene• People trapped?

Question: What other factors could there be?

During Operations• On-going process – you should see

results from actions

On Arrival

The Initial Size-up

1. Do a 360 if possible

2. Consider all environmental, pre-plan and situational factors

3. Determine the major factors – forget about things that aren’t

4. Formulate a strategy and determine tactics

5. Develop an Action Plan

6. Assign tasks

7. Monitor and make adjustments as needed

SIZE-UP (RULE OF EIGHT)OH #13

HOW?HOW?

WHAT?WHAT?

WHERE?

WHERE?

1. SIZE-UP 2. CALL FOR HELP 3. LIFE SAFETY - RESCUE 4. CONFINEMENT - EXPOSURES 5. EXTINGUISHMENT 6. VENTILATION 7. SALVAGE 8. OVERHAUL

1. SIZE-UP 2. CALL FOR HELP 3. LIFE SAFETY - RESCUE 4. CONFINEMENT - EXPOSURES 5. EXTINGUISHMENT 6. VENTILATION 7. SALVAGE 8. OVERHAUL

THE FIRE GROUNDOH #14

STRUCTURE B

A

C

HOT ZONE

D

REHAB

RIT

IC

ENTRY CONTROL

EMS

POLICE

PRESS

S

T

A

G

I

N

G

FIRE LINE TAPE

QuestionsHow is this fire ground marked?Who is allowed on the f/g?Who is outside the hot zone?

Exposures

Any part of a structure not yet involved with fire (Includes adjoined and non-adjoined buildings as well as the next room)

Definition:

Who decides what will be protected? The IC.

Question: What do we protect? (Flipchart listing…)

Exposure Protection Tactics

1. Coordinated attack

2. Wash face of exposure (What about a curtain?)

3. Push fire back to original area

4. Reduce intensity of fire in areas where fire spread will most likely occur

5. Spread lines into exposure

6. Charge sprinkler system in case of breakthrough

What are some tactical size-up considerations for exposure protection? (next slide…)

EXPOSURES – TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

HOW?HOW?

WHAT?WHAT?

WHERE?WHERE?

1. IS SUPPORT NEEDED?

2. OUTSIDE COLLAPSE ZONE?

3. FIRE FLOW AVAILABE?

4. HOSE AND APPLIANCES REQUIRED?

5. WHAT COORDINATION WITH OTHER TACTICS IS NEEDED?

6. SAFETY CONCERNS?

OH #15

Exposure Tactical Action Plan

1. Determine critical size-up factors

2. Identify and prioritize interior and exterior exposures

3. Determine volume of water available for exposure protection

4. Select exposure protection tactics

5. Identify needed resources, apparatus, personnel and equipment

6. Determine needed support & coordination

7. Identify safety concerns

Size-up & Exposure Protection Quiz

Time for Quiz #11!(Pages 51 - 54)

End of Section

15. Accountability & Entry Control

Its primary purpose is FIREFIGHTER SAFETY! The IC is ultimately responsible for safety. Some departments have ISO’s and safety MUST be part of OG’s. All FF’s and Officers must comply with safety guidelines.

Let’s look at how the “Accountability” and the “Two Tag System” works…

(LG-62)

How the Accountability System Works

Accountability Officer• Keeps track of who is at the scene• Collect first Tag• Will sometimes be Entry Control

Officer as well

Entry Control Officer• Records when FF’s enter the danger

zone• Generally uses a pre-fabricated Entry

Control Board• Reports to the IC and gives updates or

notifies the IC of any unaccounted for FF’s

ENTRY CONTROLOH #16

Sample Accountability & Entry Control Boards

Let’s take a look at Appendix “B” in your Learner Guide (pg. 66) to view some sample Accountability and Entry Control boards

(LG-66)

End of Section

16. Rehabilitation

A rehab sector is required for any extended incidents. The IC is responsible for having fresh crews when required. Sector officers should monitor crews because it is an issue of FF safety!

Question: Any thoughts of factors to consider regarding rehab? Look at the picture on the next slide. What do you notice about what is happening at rehab?

(LG-61)

REHABOH #17

Rehabilitation: Factors to Consider1. Fatigue

• Fatigued FF’s are accidents waiting to happen• FF’s should be evaluated by EMT’s or paramedics

prior to reassignment

2. Fluids and Food• Dehydration and hunger must be dealt with

3. Temperature• Harsh weather (hot, cold, wet, windy) affects the

condition of FF’s• Forearm Immersion!

4. Stress• Mental condition of FF’s is critical (C.I.S.)• These conditions affect: attitudes, attention span,

self-control – errors lead to accidents

Rehabilitation Quiz


End of Section

17. Post Incident Analysis & Review

The purpose is to improve performance and safety!

Let’s take a closer look at what P.I.A.R. is all about…

PIAR: Why?

To give credit where credit is due To point out concerns to the team To analyze tactics – good and bad It’s a good place for “soft intervention” To obtain feedback from all those involved

Above all: TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE!

Why do you do Post Incident Analysis?

PIAR: Who Conducts/Facilitates PIAR?

Chief IC Safety Officer Outside Facilitator

Who conducts a Post Incident Analysis?

PIAR: When?

As soon as possible after the incident

Time clouds the memory This is a good reason for all personnel to

take notes

When do you do a Post Incident Analysis?

PIAR: Who is Involved?

This may include…

IC Firefighters Police EMS Dispatch etc…

Everyone involved in the incident, if possible…

PIAR: How?

It doesn’t matter which, as long as it’s done

A PIAR can be either VERBAL or WRITTEN

PIAR: Where do you do a PIAR?

This may include…

Back at the hall On the tailboard at the scene It can be formal or informal

It can be done in a variety of locations…

PIAR: What is the Format?

An overview of the incident Positive things that happened Negative things that occurred Discuss perspectives of IC, Sector

Officers, firefighters Don’t forget the input from Dispatch

A PIAR should be comprehensive according to need. It should include…

PIAR: How long should it take?

People may be reluctant at first Remind participants that questions should

be posed in a non-accusational manner It may depend on the “culture” of the

department

As long as practicable to ensure performance is improved.(The first few PIAR’s a department does may take a little longer than subsequent PIAR’s.)

PIAR: Most Important Point

The purpose of a PIAR is to IMPROVE PERFORMANCE and NOTHING ELSE!

End of Section

18. Personnel Accountability Reports

The purpose is to assist the IC in a person Inventory Control.

There are 8 appropriate times to call for a PAR…

(LG-63)

PAR: Benchmarks

“All Clear” and “Under Control” Easy reminder for IC Good delineation of the event

1. When “Benchmarks” have been achieved

PAR: Time

30 and 60 minute bottles Some time to begin rescue if a

firefighter is missing

2. After twenty and forty minutes

Note: Some departments require the initial attack crew entering a building to radio to the IC or their Dispatch that they are “ON AIR” when they turn their cylinders on. This is to provide the IC and the Dispatch the reminder that the “clock is now ticking” in the countdown to a PAR.

PAR: Change of Command

This allows the new IC to be confident that all crews are accounted for

3. When command is Passed or Transferred

PAR: Significant Changes

Building collapse Flashover Backdraft Rapid smoke build-up Any other important event

4. When there is a significant change

PAR: Evacuation

5. After an ordered evacuation

PAR: Missing Personnel

Activated PASS alarm From radio report From other source Prior to activating RIT

6. Anytime Personnel go Missing

PAR: Rescue of Firefighter

This is a good time to “take stock”

7. After the rescue of a firefighter who was previously missing

PAR: Offensive to Defensive

It’s crucial to know everyone is out of the building prior to initiating significant defensive tactics that affect the internal environment

8. After a major change of strategy

End of Section

19. Evacuation & R.I.T.

1. Why Evacuate?• Sometimes conditions change for the worse• Changing from offensive to defensive attack

2. How to We Notify Interior FF’s?• Different OG’s in different depts. Air Horn is

common. Use anything to let FF’s know!

3. How do We Evacuate?• All personnel back out – with or without hose

depending on situation

(continued…)

(LG-55)

Terminology Note: Click Here

Evacuation & R.I.T. (cont’d)

4. What do we do after evacuation?• Accountability will call for a PAR• IC will be notified

5. What if there isn’t a PAR?• Activate MayDay procedures – search with R.I.T.

etc.

6. How do we ensure consistency?• OG’s OG’s OG’s

Let’s take a closer look at RIT…

RIT: What?

A standby team of firefighters at an incident, exclusively assigned, to search for and remove trapped or injured firefighters

These teams will be removed from fireground activities not specifically related to R.I.T. duties

RIT: Why?

Provide for the safety and welfare for all on-scene personnel

Provide a higher level of firefighter safety

Due Diligence Ministry of Labour Guidance Note 35

(should be used NFPA 1500 6-5.1 (will be used)

RIT: Responsibilities of the IC

Establish at all working fires (as staffing # allow) NFPA 1561-94-1.8 (will provide)

Ensure that the RIT remains updated on fire ground operations

Upon deployment, establish a backup RIT Critical Incident Stress Team is utilized, if

required

RIT: Responsibilities of RIT (prior to deployment)

Remain updated on fireground operations Gather necessary tools, R.I.T. kit

Familiarize team with building layout, points of egress

Establish secondary escape routes from upper floors, raise ground ladders where necessary

RIT: Responsibilities of RIT (prior to deployment) (cont’d)

Continually monitor situation in hazard zone De-brief firefighters leaving the hazard zone Liaise with I.C. and Entry control to track location

of teams in the hazard zone

RIT: Composition

Minimum 2 firefighters/team The use of a 3rd member could be utilized

as the RIT leader Maximum - as the situation & staffing dictates As the incident expands in size and

complexity there may be a need to increase the number of teams to cover various strategic locations throughout the incident

RIT: Deployment for Rescue

All members will be briefed on the teams mission (last known location, assignment, how many personnel are missing, the problem, how long in an entry point)

The RIT will be monitored by radio• dedicated radio frequency, if available

The IC will announce that a RIT has been deployed and the location of missing personnel (emergency radio traffic only!)

RIT: Staging a RIT

Strategic position that allows for constant updates and instant deployment

If the Command Post is within easy walking distance of the incident, it is a logical place for the team to stage

Proximity to Entry control board also desirable

RIT: Staging a RIT (cont’d)

Command may choose to have the RIT stage at a location advantageous for making quick access into the structures troubled areas; high-rise - 2 floors below the fire

RIT: Staging a RIT (cont’d)

RIT: T.E.A.R.

CREW MEMBER 1 (TEAM LEADER)

TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES

Radio to communicate with Command/Operations

Communicates progress and receives orders from Command

Provides guidance to team members including the way out to FF’s dragging the downed FF

RIT: T.E.A.R. (cont’d)

CREW MEMBER 2 (EXTRICATION)


“Irons” and/or other tools of potential use Wire cutters Frees the downed FF from obstructions

and restrictions Assists with air bottle switchover and FF

removal


CREW MEMBER 3 (AIR)


Extra air supply, rack or RIT-Bag depending on availability

Ensures the downed FF has an adequate air supply & switches the air supply to the carried-in supply when needed

Helps remove the downed FF


CREW MEMBER 4 (ROPE)


Search rope Deploys the search rope on the way in Picks up the search rope on the way out

RIT: Training

Ideally, specially trained dedicated personnel would form R.I.T. teams at all incidents

Realistically, all firefighters should be trained to fulfill R.I.T. duties

Additionally, all firefighters should be trained in self-rescue techniques, and methods to assist R.I.T. find them if they are lost or trapped

RIT: Training (cont’d)

Firefighter Self-Rescue

Firefighters may be:• Lost• Trapped• Injured or immobilized• Unconscious

RIT: Training (cont’d)

Firefighter Self-Rescue Remain calm Activate PASS alarm Attempt to get to:

• Path of egress• Outside wall• Window

Conserve Air Turn off Pass alarm when talking on radio

Never give up!

RIT: Equipment

Pre-plan/schematic diagram of building Thermal Imaging Camera Defibrillator Trauma kit/O2

Ropes for safety lines including pre-tied kit bags

Fresh hand-lights

RIT: Equipment (cont’d)

Full PPE including SCBA & PASS devices Portable radios (1 per member) Extra SCBA for victims Appropriate forcible entry tools Webbing Short personal escape lines Glow-sticks

RIT: Activation

Only the Incident Commander can activate the RIT

IC should activate the RIT when firefighters are reported as being in distress or missing

RIT: Activation (cont’d)

Firefighter rescue is likely to be:

• Labour intensive• Physically exhausting• Emotionally draining

• Time consuming!


Priorities for trapped firefighters…

Fresh air supply Water for protection Medical Attention Psychological support


Any time it becomes necessary to activate the R.I.T team more resources will be required on the scene

Firefighter rescue will dominate the scene activities

Provision must be made in order to continue I.C.s action plan

Extra personnel will be needed

RIT: Deployment

R.I.T.s must be put in place at the earliest opportunity

Early fire ground activities, (primary search, fire confinement) are evolutions most likely to put firefighters at risk

R.I.T.s should be among the first assignments

Nothing is more important than firefighter safety!

RIT: Deployment Checklist

Call for radio silence Have R.I.T. stand-by Consider evacuation (consult ISO) Call for additional help Conduct P.A.R. Activate R.I.T.

Upon receiving a call for help:

RIT: Deployment Checklist (cont’d)

Switch to alternate radio channel if available

Firefighter(s), ISO, R.I.T., and I.C. should

remain on original working channel All other activities move to alternate

channel. R.I.T. channel must use radio air time very

economically. Periods of complete silence may be

necessary to listen for faint messages.

RIT: Deployment Checklist (cont’d)

Replace R.I.T. (larger team) Appoint Operations Command Sector Take control of R.I.T. operations When rescue complete, call P.A.R. Provide C.I.S.D. for ALL personnel involved

RIT: Sobering Thoughts

Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003

As the result of an incident that took the life of Phoenix firefighter Brett Tarver, the Northern Virginia Community College Fire Science program conducted some tests.

Tarver was in a fire in a 25,000m2 supermarket. He lost the hose line, could not find his way out, ran out of air, and subsequently died.

RIT: Sobering Thoughts (cont’d)


The College conducted 200 drills 1,140 firefighters participated Their activities were monitored and timed The results were alarming:



AVERAGE TIMES

2.50 minutes for R.I.T. to be ready 3.03 minutes from MAYDAY until R.I.T. made

entry 5.82 minutes for R.I.T. to make contact with

downed firefighter Each team spent 12.33 minute inside the

building

21 minutes to effect rescue



CONSISTENT RATIOS REVEALED:

It takes 12 firefighters to rescue one firefighter 20% of the rescuers got into some type of

trouble A 30 minute bottle has 18.7 minutes of air (

30%)



It was suggested that the rescue be performed in two phases by two teams

Team 1 enters and locates the downed firefighter

Team 2 performs the removal

REMEMBER

It takes on average, 12 firefighters 21 minutes to rescue one downed firefighter!

RIT: Websites

.rapidintervention.com

.firetactics.com/.RIT

.firehouse.com/forums

http://www.opffa.org/s21/gn35.pdf

http://www.rapidintervention.com/

http://www.rapidintervention.com/

http://www.firetactics.com/.RIT



http://www.firehouse.com/forums

http://www.opffa.org/s21/gn35.pdf

RIT: Questions?

End of Section

20. Fire Ground Scenarios

The Fire Ground Scenarios that will make up the practical portion of this IMS course will largely be intended to provide each Learner with the opportunity to command an incident using the principles outlined so far. They are intended to be a positive learning opportunity that will strengthen the Learner IC’s organizational and communication skills. We will be “walking through” several theoretical scenarios that will allow us to play various roles that would be typical at a fire ground.

We will learn but we will also have fun too. Your thoughts and comments about the scenarios will be important to share so that we can all improve. Enjoy!

(LG-70)

IMS Overview of Practical Scenarios

Let’s look at Appendices “C” & “D” to get an idea as to what will be happening in the practical sessions coming up…

Also… let’s check out the “Mid-Week Exercise” as well as outlined in Appendix “I”…

End of Section



Slideshow Support Slides

The following slides in this presentation file are “called” or “referenced” by other “action buttons” or “hyperlinks” throughout the slideshow. They should not be altered without understanding what the hyperlinks are referencing with respect to returning to the “calling” slide.

Appendices & Miscellaneous

Credits & References

How to Read Smoke

(slideshow presentation)

(Version of this IMS Slideshow: Version #4…Sept. 2010)

End of Section



Strategy vs. Tactics

Strategy: The science and art of military command as applied to the overall planning and conduct of large-scale combat operations.

Tactics:A procedure or set of maneouvers engaged in to achieve an end, an aim, or a goal.

Bow String Truss

A Note about Terminology

It’s important to recognize that there may be differences in terminology that exist between different fire departments. The term “Evacuate” is used in some departments as meaning “… to have all firefighters leave the building in an orderly fashion…”

However, some departments would use the term “Withdraw” to mean this. “Abandon” is a term used by some departments to indicate that there is imminent danger to life of all interior firefighters and that they must exit immediately.

It is CRITICAL that ALL firefighters in each fire department know the terminology of their own department.

Development of the IMS Course

Why has the IMS Course been developed?

Unfortunate incidents of the past… Timmins, Barrie etc. (too many…) so, as a result…

Ministry of Labour has ruled that all officers must be more qualified

Liability!

OUR SAFETY!

Forearm Immersion

“The latest research shows that extremity immersion is the most efficient means of actually cooling the core.”

Source: http://www.officerstore.com/store/category.cfm?cID=798

Forearm Immersion

“The latest research shows that extremity immersion is the most efficient means of actually cooling the core.”

Source: http://www.officerstore.com/store/category.cfm?cID=798

Ice Breakers!

Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?(World’s Easiest Test!)

One way to go hunting in South River, Ontario

Alternate meanings for

common words

(Let’s share our own Ice Breakers too!)

Ice Breakers are a great way to “relax the mind.” Below are just a few samples…

Firefighter Auction

Treadmill

Reggae

Good DogSmoking Area

BrideFuture

DeWalt

Trunk Monkey

Tune Out

CouchSurprise

Ice Breakers!

Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?(World’s Easiest Test!)

One way to go hunting in South River, Ontario

Alternate meanings for

common words

(Let’s share our own Ice Breakers too!)

Ice Breakers are a great way to “relax the mind.” Below are just a few samples…

Firefighter Auction

Treadmill

Reggae

Good DogSmoking Area

BrideFuture

DeWalt

Trunk Monkey

Tune Out

CouchSurprise

Please… only click on the links.

Thank you!



D. Too long C. 116 Years

A. 100 Years! B. Never happened

How long did the Hundred Years War last?

Rank: Applicant

Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?

D. Too long C. 116 Years

A. 100 Years! B. Never happened

How long did the Hundred Years War last?

New Rank: Recruit


D. Panama C. Bolivia

A. Mexico B. Ecuador

Which country makes Panama hats?

Rank: Recruit


D. Panama C. Bolivia

A. Mexico B. Ecuador

Which country makes Panama hats?

New Rank: Probie


D. Dogs C. Bulls

A. Sheep and horses B. Cats

From which animal do we get catgut?

Rank: Probie


D. Dogs C. Bulls

A. Sheep and horses B. Cats

From which animal do we get catgut?

New Rank: Firefighter


D. Only at THAT time of the month!

C. October

A. November B. They never had one!

In which month do Russians celebrate the October Revolution?

Rank: Firefighter


D. Only at THAT time of the month!

C. October

A. November B. They never had one!

In which month do Russians celebrate the October Revolution?

New Rank: Lieutenant


D. Penguin droppings C. Squirrel fur

A. Camel hair B. It’s synthetic hair

What is a camel’s hair brush made of?

Rank: Lieutenant


D. Penguin droppings C. Squirrel fur

A. Camel hair B. It’s synthetic hair

What is a camel’s hair brush made of?

New Rank: Captain


D. Dogs C. Apes

A. Whales B. Canaries

The Canary Islands in the Pacific are named after what animal?

Rank: Captain


D. Dogs C. Apes

A. Whales B. Canaries

The Canary Islands in the Pacific are named after what animal?

New Rank: District Chief


D. Mud C. Albert

A. George B. William

What was King George VI’s first name?

Rank: District Chief


D. Mud C. Albert

A. George B. William

What was King George VI’s first name?

New Rank: Deputy Chief


D. Purple C. Blue

A. Gray B. Crimson

What colour is a purple finch?

Rank: Deputy Chief


D. Purple C. Blue

A. Gray B. Crimson

What colour is a purple finch?

New Rank: Chief


D. Australia C. New Zealand

A. Taiwan B. China

Where are Chinese gooseberries from?

Rank: Chief


D. Australia C. New Zealand

A. Taiwan B. China

Where are Chinese gooseberries from?

New Rank: Fire Marshal


D. White C. Yellow

A. Orange B. Black

What is the colour of the black box in a commercial airplane?

Rank: Fire Marshal


D. White C. Yellow

A. Orange B. Black

What is the colour of the black box in a commercial airplane?

New Rank: Retired!


You’re a Winner!

Thank you for playing the World’s Easiest Test!

End of Section



Hunting in South River, OntarioApparently, the driver of the vehicle only suffered a broken wrist… and needed a bath.

More pics on next page…

The moose was about a year old.

Hunting in South River, Ontario

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Alternate Meanings for Common Words

Here are 9 words and their alternate meanings as submitted by the Washington Post in an annual contest:

Coffee: - the person upon whom one coughs

Flabbergasted:- appalled over how much weight you have gained

Abdicate:- to give up all hope of ever having a flat stomach

Negligent:- describes a condition in which you absentmindedly answer the door in your nightgown

continued…

Alternate Meanings for Common Words

Lymph: - to walk with a lisp

Gargoyle:- olive-flavoured mouthwash

Flatulence:- emergency vehicle that picks you up after you are run over by a steamroller

Balderdash:- rapidly receding hairline

Testicle:- a humorous question on an exam

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Firefighter Auction

Click below to view…

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Treadmill


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Reggae


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Good Dog


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Smoking Area


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Bride Future


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DeWalt


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Trunk Monkey


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Tune Out


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Couch Surprise


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Reading Smoke

Smoke can tell a lot.

Being able to read the signs and clues it gives can save our lives.

Let’s look at how we can “read” smoke….

Reading Smoke - Density

Light or Thin Smoke Density Indicates complete burning, ventilation

(incipient burning)Moderate Smoke Density

Indicates fire in growth stage with a thermal balance

High Smoke Density Fire in the decay stage, incomplete

burning of fuels

Smoke Density – (Quality of the Burning Process)

Reading Smoke - Caution

Density that rapidly changes from dense to light indicates flashover just took place

You should see a change in smoke velocity or that the fire has adequately vented

Caution: Smoke that becomes rapidly dense indicates an imminent flashover

Reading Smoke - Velocity

Slow Moving Smoke - slow fire spread

Fast Moving Smoke - rapid fire spread

Smoke that leaves fast then slows or chugs – potential flashover or backdraft

Smoke Velocity indicates the rate of heat release

Reading Smoke – Caution re: Density & Velocity

Caution:

High Density & High Velocity smoke that fills a door or window indicates a well involved, extremely hot fire that is capable of a rapid, room-to-room flashover and full involvement of the structure (dark gray).

Reading Smoke – Volume

Small volume – small fire or complete burning

Large volume – heavy fuel load

Smoke Volume: the amount of fuels burning

Reading Smoke – Volume Changes

Rapid Decrease – flashover just took place

Rapid Increase – heavy fuel load has just been added to a hot fire

Note: Rapid change in smoke volumes may indicate fire events

Reading Smoke – Colour

White – often indicates a fire in its incipient stages… However, NOT necessarily!

Dark Gray – high density & high volume; typical in structure fires

Black – indicative of petroleum products

A uniform colour of smoke can help you classify the primary fuel

Reading Smoke – Colour (cont’d)

Brown – generally smoke from untreated/unfinished wood. What wood in most residences is untreated?

Room & contents vs. structure fire Unusual coloured smoke (e.g. green, red,

orange) – indicative of hazardous materials Yellowish & Lazy, Dense smoke – Back Draft

potential

A uniform colour of smoke can help you classify the primary fuel

Reading Smoke – Nothing Showing Mode

Investigative

ALWAYS suspect the worst

Arguably the most dangerous command mode

Familiarity breeds contempt

Reading Smoke – Fast Attack Mode

Smoke and limited fire showing Fire clearly in the room of origin and can

be extinguished quickly with minimal risk

Fast, aggressive interior attack Operations remain in rescue mode until the

“All Clear” – (fire control efforts must be coordinated with rescue operations)

Reading Smoke – Command Mode

Fully developed working fire (Flashover is the transition between the

growth and the fully developed stages)

Well Planned Interior Attack Fire in the decaying stage: Need to

consider flashover protection

Reading Smoke – Stratification

Stratification Status: smoke evident from floor to ceiling; little dispersal when door is opened. Where is the fire likely to be?

The fire is BELOW you!

Reading Smoke – Stratification (cont’d)

Stratification Status: smoke pushing down from the ceiling; drawn toward you. Where is the fire likely to be?

You are ON the fire floor

Reading Smoke – Stage & Distance

Light coloured smoke evident as you make entry?

Fire is probably in its incipient stage Could be heavy fire some distance from where

you are Smoke absorbs moisture & disperses

hydrocarbons as it moves away from the fire

Risk - Types

Risk is of 2 types: Pure and Speculative

PURE risk exists when there is a chance of loss but no chance of gain

SPECULATIVE risk exists when there is a chance of gain as well as loss

Risk Analysis Model

We will risk ourselves a lot, within a structured action plan, to save a savable life

We will risk ourselves a little, within a structured action plan, to save savable property

However, we will NOT risk ourselves at all to save lives or property that are already lost

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Credits & References

O.F.M. Trainer/Facilitator Manual PowerPoint Compilation

(Version #3)by

Capt. Kerry JohnsonKingston Fire & Rescue

May 2005

References:

An Introduction to the Essentials of Incident Management for Fire Department OfficersO.F.M. Trainer/Facilitator ManualJanuary, 2004

An Introduction to the Essentials of Incident Management for Fire Department Officers O.F.M. Learner ManualJanuary, 2004

Internet Sourceshttp://eaglelink.sas.edu.sg/MiddleSchool/electives/technology/tech8b/bridges//bridgehome.htmlhttp://phoenix.gov/FIRE/20205.htmlhttp://www.officerstore.com/store/category.cfm?cID=798http://phoenix.gov/FIRE/20202b.html

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1. Master Intro Slide

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