An Investigation of Negative Gravitational Propulsion.

7/28/2019 An Investigation of Negative Gravitational Propulsion.

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An Investigation of Negative Gravitational Propulsion

By William F. Hamilton III

Dzenleme: etin BAL

Abstract: The repeated observations of unconventional flying

objects in earths atmosphere, their apparent ability to nullify thegravitational and inertial forces, the alleged recovery of one or

more of these objects for study, and testimony of reverseengineering the advanced flight technology of these craft leads tospeculation about the principles of gravitational, electro-

gravitational, and magneto-gravitational or in one word negative

gravitational methods of propulsion and how these principles maybe rediscovered. This paper addresses the need for a new model of

physics that explains the interaction and coupling of electric,magnetic, and gravitational fields, a unified field theory that can

lead to engineering novel space-time craft.

Background: The discoveries of physicist Townsend T. Brown in

electro-gravitic phenomena, and countless scientists, engineers,and inventors who have considered the problem of gravity

nullification as well as inertial nullification for the purpose of

propelling an object of any mass to unlimited velocities has beenstudied and expounded on by a growing list of articles and books.

New discoveries in solid-state physics, fluid physics, ultra-cold

domains of fluids and solids have all led to a growing realizationthat new breakthrough discoveries are on the immediate horizonand a collation of all this information toward the application of

repeatable experiment and discovery may lead to the development

of ultra-fast fuel less space flight.


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Dark Energy: Recent discoveries in cosmology that an anti-

gravitational force exists in the universe that is causing the

acceleration of expansion since a specific cosmological time in the

history of the universe has led to a search for a new mysteriousform of energy that has been given the namedark energy.

Scientists have known since the 1920s that the universe is

expanding, and they discovered in the last year that the expansionis likely to go on forever. In recent months, however, evidence has

emerged to suggest that not only will the expansion continue, it

will accelerate. The only way to account for such acceleration isthe existence of a force to counteract the gravitational forces that

would stabilize or shrink the universe.

A news article refers to studies of dark energy by scientists atPrinceton:

"The evidence is now getting stronger that there really is a force in

the universe that competes with gravity and causes repulsion

instead of attraction," says Ostriker.

To account for this force, referred to as cosmic dark energy,

scientists recently have revived a concept called the cosmologicalconstant. In their paper, the Princeton scientists describe this

cosmic dark energy as "a vacuum energy assigned to empty spaceitself, a form of energy with negative pressure." Einstein first

introduced the cosmological constant in 1917, but later withdrew

it, calling it the worst mistake of his life. Understanding the sourceand nature of this force poses deep new problems for physicists."It's of very profound physical significance," says Ostriker.

The work to explain the source of this force already has begun.Steinhardt, a co-author, recently introduced a possible new force

called quintessence, which may account for the dark energy.

However, dark energy studies are not going to lead us from theunknown to the understanding of another unknown. We need to

start from the known to find those principles of the unknown.

Theory on Generating Dark Energy:

A New Model of Matter: My idea revolves around theintroduction of a new model of matter. Matter is the seat of forces

and atomic structure and function should reveal to us the secrets ofgravity, antigravity, electricity, and magnetism and how they


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function according to some natural principle. This model does not

need to elaborate an entire theory of unification, but serve as our

principal model for gravity-control technology.

The author considers that essential elements of this model include:

the nature of space, the nature of electric charge, the nature ofmagnetic moment and the interaction of elementary particles ofmatter in the space medium. It is now known that space is not an

empty container and is filled with energetic activity that we nowrefer to as the ZPE (Zero-Point Energy) which is herein consideredto be activity in the space-ether substance which serves as the

substrate of space-time.

The remainder of this thesis consists of material I have already

written and will integrate into the present work with certain

transitions from one idea to the next.The Aether: Its an ancient concept revived in modern physics in

the 19thcentury, disposed of by Einstein in the 20thcentury with

the publication of his seminal paper, On the Electrodynamics ofMoving Bodies where he first proposed what is now known as the

Special Theory of Relativity, and now going through a second

rebirth in the 21stCentury; the Aether returns as a fundamentalingredient in a Grand Unified Theory.

Aether in Greek mythology was the personification of the upper

sky, space and heaven. He is the pure, upper air that the gods

breathe, as opposed to aer which mortals breathed. He was theson of Erebus, the Greek God of darkness who dwelt in theunderworld.

In physics and philosophy, aether was once believed to be a

substance which filled all of space. Aristotle included it as a fifth

element on the principle that nature abhorred a vacuum. Aetherwas also called Quintessence. The luminiferous aether of the

better known 19thcentury invocation was a concept held by somephysicists and was an attempt to reconcile electromagnetic theoryand Newtonian physics.1

Einstein could sometimes speak as though the aether wassuperfluous (Einstein 1905) and at other times say "space without

aether is unthinkable" (Einstein 1922). This was due, of course, to

not starting with physical termsmatter its motion, and itsinteractions (force).


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Since the wide acceptance of the Special Theory of Relativity,

scientists have generally accepted the notion that the speed of light

in vacuo is the upper limit of all material speeds. For this reason,

space travel greater than the speed of light is usually consideredunattainable except through special contrivance, which is used toalter the properties of the space-time continuum. If the Special

Theory of Relativity is correct, the speed of light in vacuo is theonly universal absolute. Another way of stating this principle isthat light or, more precisely, electromagnetic waves have no

preferred frame of reference. Often cited in support of this

principle is reference to the classic Michelson-Morleyinterferometer experiment. This experiment was an attempt to

measure the earths motion through the hypothetical ether atrest in

space. The negative result of this experiment was used to provethat Einsteins proposition that the speed of light is not altered by

addition of velocities with light-emitting objects or that an etherwas necessary for explaining the propagation of light across empty

space.

Professor Laro Schatzer has made this cogent statement regarding

an ether frame:

There have been a variety of theories to describe electromagnetic

waves (light) as excitations of some medium, quite in analogy tosonic waves which propagate in the medium air. This hypotheticalmedium was called the ether and it was supposed to be at rest in

the absolute space-time frame. That is why this frame is alsocalled the ether frame sometimes. Since the establishment of the

theory of special relativity it has become extremely unpopularamong scientists to speak aboutether". However, we know today

that electromagnetic waves are indeed excitations of some"medium". However, this medium is not a solid or a liquid in theclassical sense, but it is governed by the laws of quantummechanics. Quantum field theorists found the name vacuum for it.

Some people interpret the vacuum as space-time itself, but thisdoes not cover the fact that its true nature still remains a mystery.Anyhow, the termquantum ethermight be used to indicate a

possible modern synthesis of both concepts.

A number of scientists have now revived theories of the ether and afew have re-analyzed the Michelson and Morley experiment as


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well as pointing out positive results from other experiments.

Physicist Paul Marmet has written:

We show that Michelson and Morley used an over simplifieddescription and failed to notice that their calculation is not

compatible with their own hypothesis that light is traveling at aconstant velocity in all frames. During the last century, the

Michelson-Morley equations have been used without realizing thattwo essential fundamental phenomena are missing in the

Michelson-Morley demonstration. We show that the velocity of

the mirror must be taken into account to calculate the angle ofreflection of light. Using the Huygens principle, we see that the

angle of reflection of light on a moving mirror is a function of the

velocity of the mirror. This has been ignored in the Michelson-Morley calculation. Also, due to the transverse direction of themoving frame, light does not enter in the instrument at 90 degrees

as assumed in the Michelson-Morley experiment. We

acknowledge that, the basic idea suggested by Michelson-Morley

to test the variance of space-time, using a comparison between thetimes taken by light to travel in the parallel direction with respectto a transverse direction is very attractive. However, we show here

that the usual predictions are not valid, because of those twoclassical secondary phenomena, which have not been taken into

account. When these overlooked phenomena are taken intoaccount, we see that a null result, in the Michelson-Morley

experiment, is the natural consequence, resulting from theassumption of an absolute frame of reference and Galilean

transformations. On the contrary, a shift of the interference fringeswould be required in order to support Einsteins relativity.

Therefore, for the last century, the relativity theory has been basedon a misleading calculation.

Also, the ether drift experiments of Dayton Miller have received

new attention and seem to indicate a positive result for theexistence of an ether.

Dayton Miller's 1933 paper inReviews of Modern Physicsdetailsthe positive results from over 20 years of experimental researchinto the question of ether-drift, and remainsthe most definitive

body of work on the subject of light-beam interferometry.Other

positive ether-detection experiments have been undertaken, such as

the work of Sagnac (1913) and Michelson and Gale (1925),

documenting the existence in light-speed variations (c+v > c-v),but these were not adequately constructed for detection of a larger


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cosmologicalether-drift,of the Earth and Solar System moving

through the background of space. Dayton Miller's work on ether-

drift was so constructed, however, and yieldedconsistently positiveresults.

There seems to be a growing preponderance of evidence that aspace ether medium exists and that physical theories ongravitation, inertia, electromagnetism, and nuclear forces as well as

cosmological theories will need to take account of these. It is evenpossible that an extensive revision of theoretical physics will benecessitated by these discoveries, both old and new.

If a velocity-dependent medium such as the ether could beestablished by experiment, then it could open the door to

alternative explanations to SR and GR regarding physical

phenomena. If this ether is quantized, then we could explore thetheoretical nature of a quantum ether. Is gravity a result of somestate of the quantum ether?

Does the quantum ether explain inertia? What does an electric or

magnetic field do to the state of the quantum ether? Are materialparticles some wave-state of the quantum ether? Can we unifyphysical principles by considering a quantum ether?

A complete theory of the ether has been attempted but many suchbut these theories lack the sweep and power of modern

mathematical theories.

A complete theory of the ether would not only account for the

origin of forces, but the origin of matter and mass. Past theorizinghas postulated the existence of circulating flows in a hydrodynamic

ether that form hollow or ring vortices that give rise to

electromagnetic forces and constitute the elementary particles thatmake-up the atomic nature of the world. Experiments conducted

on the alternating gradient synchrotron with colliding protons seemto indicate that protons behave like composite vortices as described

by Helmholtz and others in their excellent treatises on

hydrodynamics.

In 1897, the English physicist J.J. Thomson discovered the electron

and proposed a model for the structure of the atom. Thomson knew

that electrons had a negative charge and thought that matter musthave a positive charge. His model looked like raisins stuck on the


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surface of a lump of pudding. Rutherford thought that the negative

electrons orbited a positive center in a manner like the solar system

where the planets orbit the sun. Bohr came up with the first non-classical description of the electron in order to explain why

electrons do not lose energy and spiral into the nucleus of theatom. Schrdinger pictured the electron as a standing wave.Physicist Max Born turned the electron into a cloud of probability.

Modern quantum theory treats the electron as a point-particle withno specific structure or extension in space. The many versions of

the new String theories treat the electron as an extended 1-

dimensional string or loop, and some variations treat it as a 2-dimesional structure including a ring-like vortex structure. LordKelvin was the first to propose a vortex ring as a model for the

electron. This seems to be undergoing a revival in new proposals

in string theory, now known as M-Theory.

One mainstream physicist who is raising waves about ether drift

experiements and the detection of absolute motion is Reginald T.

Cahill of Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia. On thiscentenary anniversary of Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity(1905-2005), he has written a critical review of Einsteins

postulates:

The Einstein postulates assert an invariance of the

propagation speed of light in vacuum for any observer, and which

amounts to a presumed absence of any preferred frame. Thepostulates appear to be directly linked to relativistic effects which

emerge from EinsteinsSpecial Theory of Relativity,which isbased upon the concept of a flat space-time ontology, and which

then lead to theGeneral Theory of Relativitywith its curved space-time model for gravity. While the relativistic effects are wellestablished experimentally it is now known that numerous

experiments, beginning with the Michelson-Morley experiment of

1887, have always shown that the postulates themselves are false,namely that there is a detectable local preferred frame of

reference. This critique briefly reviews the experimental evidence

regarding the failure of the postulates (of the Special Theory ofRelativity), and the implications for understanding of fundamental

physics, and in particular for our understanding of gravity

Nicola Tesla, the prodigal genius and inventor of the 19

th

and20thcentury made this statement:


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"There manifests itself in the fully developed being , Man, a desire

mysterious, inscrutable and irresistible: to imitate nature, to

create, to work himself the wonders he perceives.... Long ago he

recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primarysubstance, or tenuity beyond conception, filling all space, theAkasha or luminiferous ether, which is acted upon by the life

giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence, in neverending cycles all things and phenomena. The primary substance,thrown into infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes

gross matter; the force subsiding, the motion ceases and matter

disappears, reverting to the primary substance."

Tesla opposed Einsteins ideas and now he may be vindicated bynew experiments, including one to be performed in the

International Space Station in 2007-2008 to detect the absolute

motion of the earth through the aether.

The new popular notion of the aether is embodied in the concept of

Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and the Zero Point Field (ZPF), howeverI have written that I believe ZPE is the activity we detect in the

Aether and not the Aether per se. My model of the Aether is of asuperfluid substance that constitutes physical space itself.

According to Barry C. Mingst, General Relativitys first postulateis that the source of the gravitational field is the stress-energytensor of a perfect fluid, T. T contains four non-zero

components. These four components are the density of the perfect

fluid and the pressure of the perfect fluid in each of the three

physical axes. A perfect fluid in general relativity is defined as a

fluid that has no viscosity and no heat conduction. This basicallydescribes a superfluid.

French physicistMayeul Arminjon in hisEther Theory ofGravitation: Why and How? writes:

The first point is that, in order that it does not brake the motion ofmaterial bodies, the physical vacuum or micro-ether must be

some kind of a perfect fluid. A truly perfect fluid is free fromany thermal effect that is necessarily bound to dissipation, hence,


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as noted by Romani , it must be perfectly continuous at any scale.

It is then characterized by its pressure and its density, which are

connected by the state equation, and by its velocity. It exerts onlypressure forces. Therefore, if one attempts to introduce a perfectly

fluid ether filling empty space, then any interaction forces at adistance, thus including gravity, have to be ultimately explainedas pressure forces, and hence as contact actions. As far as

gravitation is concerned, this is quite simple. I assume thatelementary particles are extended objects. The resultant of the

pressure forces exerted on a particle is Archimedes thrust, that is

proportional to the volume V occupied by a given particle. Inorder that this force be actually proportional to the mass m of the

particle, it is hence necessary and sufficient that the average

density inside a given particle, thus p = m/V , be the same for

all particlesat least at a given (macroscopic) place and at a giventime. However, since the gravitational attraction is a field, the

density p may also be a field, where the space-time variability hasto come from that of the pressure in the fluid, pe. In fact, as is

suggested by the observed transmutations of elementary particlesinto different ones, I assume that the particles themselves are made

of that microether: each of them should be some kind of organized

flow in this imagined fluidsomething like a vortex. (This isRomanis idea of a constitutive ether . In that case, the densityp would be nothing else than the local density in the fluid, e =

e(pe). Under these assumptions, the gravity acceleration is

obtained as : g = grad pe/e.

I think that Arminjon is taking the first steps toward a real unifiedtheory which must be based on the true properties of space. It is

the density differentials of space and the pressure waves (forces) ofthe ether that constitute a foundation for a complete theory ofmatter and energy.

Combining the stress-energy tensor of pressure with the stress-energy tensor of mass results in the stress-energy tensor for an

ideal fluid

Tmn= (r0+ p/c2)UmUn- gmnp (1)

My suggestion is that the quantized vortices that form in a

superfluid are those


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that, in the space-ether superfluid, compose the elementary

particles. The assembly and aggregation of these vortices produce

mass. Mass displaces the surrounding unaggregated fluid whichthen exerts pressure against the mass. We can then combine the

stress-energy tensor of mass and pressure to arrive at equation (1).

In "Ether and Relativity", 1920, Sidelights on Relativity, page 23,

Einstein writes:

Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of

relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense,therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of

relativity space without an ether is unthinkable; for in such a spacethere would not only would be no propagation of light, but also nopossibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the

physical sense. But this ether may not be thought of as endowed

with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting

of parts which may be tracked through time. The idea of motionmay not be applied to it.

Einstein admits that space is endowed with physical properties, as it mustbe in order to conform to geometrical distortions and affirms that, in that

sense, there is an ether, but does not ascribe any motion to this ether. Since

further developments postulated the existence of gravitational waves, it is

difficult to reconcile this early statement with modern thinking on the

subject.

The empty space within atoms or the distant spaces that separate galaxies is

referred to as the physical vacuum. The physical vacuum is considered far

from empty. It is seething with activity. Physicists describe a vacuum

constantly boiling with virtual particles that appear and disappear out of thedepths of space. The Casimir Effect is cited as experimental evidence of

this activity in the physical vacuum.

More recent theorists Carlo Rovelli (University of Pittsburgh) and

Lee Smolin (Pennsylvania State University) completed theiranalysis of a quantum gravity model developed by Abhay Ashtekarat Syracuse University in 1985. Unlike string theory, Ashtekar's

work applies only to gravity. However, it posits that at the Planck

scale, space-time dissolves into a network of "loops" that are heldtogether by knots. Somewhat like a chain-mail coat used by


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knights of yore, space-time resembles a fabric fashioned in four

dimensions from these tiny one-dimensional loops and knots of

energy.

These theories of the physical vacuum are based on theoretical

work in quantum theory and string theory, but may not necessarilybe correct. There is room for other models including a

hydrodynamic model as postulated here.

Flowing Gravity is based on a general hypothesis that space has

physical properties that can best be described as super fluidic. Bypostulating the superfluid nature of space problems in controlling

gravity and inertia can be clearly approached. New understandingsin electromagnetic phenomena, nuclear and particle physics,cosmology, and the basis of quantum mechanics may be clarifiedwith this shift of emphasis. What remains is to develop a more

specific theory and a general theory that can make predictions that

are in accord with natural measurements and observations and to

devise experiments that can test the nature of the space medium.

A New Model of the Atom:

In aether theory, elementary particles are considered vortices. Theelectron is considered to be either a toroidal vortex (a theory I

favor) or a spherical vortex. The proton and neutron areconsidered to be compound vortices composed of electron and

positron vortices. The vortex circulation creates a void core which

reduces aetheric pressure to a null state and produces an inward-directed aetheric static pressure from ambient space which gives us

gravitational and inertial force. The dynamic rotation of the toroid

produces an outward-directed dynamic pressure which gives us theelectric field while the circulation of the toroid produces an axial

magnetic field. This is a simplified version of a model which wewill use to visualize field propulsion in a saucer-shaped craft that

utilizes this knowledge to produce a gravitationally-repulsive force

for propulsion.

Electron Ring Vortex Model: In 1897, the English physicist J.J.

Thomson discovered the electron and proposed a model for the

structure of the atom. Thomson knew that electrons had a negativecharge and thought that matter must have a positive charge. His


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model looked like raisins stuck on the surface of a lump of

pudding. Rutherford thought that the negative electrons orbited a

positive center in a manner like the solar system where the planetsorbit the sun. Bohr came up with the first non-classical description

of the electron in order to explain why electrons do not lose energyand spiral into the nucleus of the atom. Schrdinger pictured theelectron as a standing wave. Physicist Max Born turned the

electron into a cloud of probability. Modern quantum theory treatsthe electron as a point-particle with no specific structure or

extension in space. The many versions of the new String theories

treat the electron as an extended 1-dimensional string or loop, andsome variations treat it as a 2-dimesional structure including aring-like vortex structure. Lord Kelvin was the first to propose a

vortex ring as a model for the electron. This seems to be

undergoing a revival in new proposals in string theory, now knownas M-Theory.

The purpose of this paper is to propose an ether-vortex model of

the electron as a rotating toroidal ring vortex and a positron as acounter-rotating toroidal ring vortex that is based on a synthesis ofvarious other proposed models of particle physics that may

eventually be integrated into a unified theory.

The first attempt to construct a physical model of an atom was

made by William Thomson (later elevated to Lord Kelvin) in 1867.

The most striking property of the atom was itspermanence.

Thompson wrote the following on Vortex Atoms1

After noticing Helmholtz's admirable discovery of the law of

vortex motion in a perfect liquid -- that is, in a fluid perfectly

destitute of viscosity (or fluid friction) -- the author said that thisdiscovery inevitably suggests the idea that Helmholtz's rings are

the only true atoms. For the only pretext seeming to justify themonstrous assumption of infinitely strong and infinitely rigid

pieces of matter, the existence of which is asserted as a probable

hypothesis by some of the greatest modern chemists in their rashly-worded introductory statements, is that urged by Lucretius andadopted by Newton -- that it seems necessary to account for the

unalterable distinguishing qualities of different kinds of matter. But

Helmholtz has provided an absolutely unalterable quality in the

motion of any portion of a perfect liquid in which the peculiarmotion which he calls "Wirbelbewegung" has been once created.


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Thus any portion of a perfect liquid which has "Wirbelbewegung"

has one recommendation of Lucretius's atoms -- infinitely

perennial specific quality. To generate or to destroy"Wirbelbewegung" in a perfect fluid can only be an act of creative

power. Lucretius's atom does not explain any of the properties ofmatter without attributing them to the atom itself. Thus the "clashof atoms," as it has been well called, has been invoked by his

modern followers to account for the elasticity of gases. Every otherproperty of matter has similarly required an assumption of specific

forces pertaining to the atom. It is easy (and as improbable -- not

more so) to assume whatever specific forces may be required inany portion of matter which possesses the "Wirbelbewegung," asin a solid indivisible piece of matter; and hence the Lucretius atom

has noprima facieadvantage over the Helmholtz atom. A

magnificent display of smoke-rings, which he recently had thepleasure of witnessing in Professor Tait's lecture-room, diminished

by one the number of assumptions required to explain theproperties of matter on the hypothesis that all bodies are composed

of vortex atoms in a perfect homogeneous liquid. Two smoke-ringswere frequently seen to bound obliquely from one another, shaking

violently from the effects of the shock. The result was very similar

to that observable in to large india-rubber rings striking oneanother in the air. The elasticity of each smoke-ring seemed nofurther from perfection than might be expected in a solid india-

rubber ring of the same shape, from what we know of the viscosity

of india-rubber. Of course this kinetic elasticity of form is perfectelasticity for vortex rings in a perfect liquid. It is at least as good a

beginning as the "clash of atoms" account for the elasticity of

gases. Probably the beautiful investigations of D. Bernoulli,

Herapath, Joule, Krnig, Clausius, and Maxwell, on the variousthermodynamic properties of gases, may have all the positiveassumptions they have been obliged to make, as to mutual forces

between two atoms and kinetic energy acquired by individual

atoms or molecules, satisfied by vortex rings, without requiringany other property in the matter whose motion composes them than

inertia and incompressible occupation of space. A fullmathematical investigation of the mutual action between two

vortex rings of any given magnitudes and velocities passing one

another in any two lines, so directed that they never come nearerone another than a large multiple of the diameter of either, is a

perfectly solvable mathematical problem; and the novelty of thecircumstances contemplated presents difficulties of an excitingcharacter. Its solution will become the foundation of the proposed

new kinetic theory of gases. The possibility of founding a theory of


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elastic solids and liquids on the dynamics of more closely-packed

vortex atoms may be reasonably anticipated. It may be remarked in

connexion with this anticipation, that the mere title of Rankine'spaper on "Molecular Vortices," communicated to the Royal

Society of Edinburgh in 1849 and 1850, was a most suggestivestep in physical theory.

Today, Thompsons vortex atom seems like a quaint piece of

physics history and the standard model of the electron assumes theelectron to be a point-like particle without extension in anydimension. However, it seems that the properties of an electron are

such that it is not reconciled by a point-like particle and for this

reason string theory has proposed that particles such as the electronare extended objects called strings. Whether this is proven in the

long run remains to be seen as there have been few tests of string

theory to allow us to believe that it is a description of the realworld. With the negation of the ether in modern physics, albeit it

may be making a comeback, the electron as a standing wave orvortex in the ethereal medium has generally been rejected, but now

needs to be reconsidered.

The Electron Ring Model:

FromModel of the Electronby Ph.M. Kanarev.


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Here is a table listing the properties of an electron:

Particle SymbolAnti-

particle

Rest

mass

MeV/c^2

L(e) L(muon) L(tau) Lifetime(seconds)

Elektron0.511 +1 0 0 Stable

The ring model of an electron is derived from an ether vortexflow. This vortex creates a pressure normal to its spin that is

conjectured produces the electrostatic charge. The magnetic

pressure gradient is normal to the electrostatic pressure gradientand acts along the central axis of spin. A vortex contains a lowinternal pressure, and a high stream pressure. When the streamflows mesh, the particles will attract one another and when they

clash, will repel. The vortex field produces a pressure gradient that

diminishes with radius from the core boundary. The force betweenelectric charges is inversely proportional to the radius (sq) and

directly proportional to the kinetic energy (mv2) of one vortextimes the kinetic energy of a paired vortex with the sign relative to

the circulation vectors.

FromModel of the Electronby Ph.M. Kanarev.

To quote Mayeul Arminjon again:

I assume that the particles themselves are made of thatmicroether: each of them should be some kind of organized flow in


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this imagined fluidsomething like a vortex. (This is Romanis

idea of a constitutive ether).

The toroidal form of the electron vortex may be generated by thehelical form of the photonic wave that produces the electron in pair

creation. The antimatter counterpart of the electron, the positron,has a circulation in the opposite sense.

Barry Mingst has said,

A long time ago, Lord Kelvin (W. Thompson), Lorentz, Maxwell,

and Hemholtz recognized that the behavior of matter had

characteristics similar to vortex ring structures in a fluid (the

atomic vortex hypothesis). This concept was abandoned in theearly 1900's. This abandonment was more philosophical thansubstantive with the real problem being the math describing the

model was, "at the time", intractable. Must more success was being

obtained by QM methods. This same model rears up again inmodern physics in the form of the mathematical topology of

string/super string theory as well as in superconductivity and

superfluidity. Penrose's twistor is a vortex ring, as is a magneticfield. It is interesting to note that vortex rings can sustain

transverse vibrations (analogous to guitar string vibration), indeedKelvin proved mathematically that linear disturbances in a

saturated 3D vortex fluid (he termed a vortex sponge) would

produce propagation of pure transverse waves identical to theequations and properties that describe the propagation of lightthrough space. It was this relationship as well as many others that

caused this hypothesis to be considered seriously. It also isinteresting to note that Maxwell used this conceptual model as the

basis for his derivation of the EM relationships.

Conclusions:

There is little doubt that the Aether Theory of Space is

experiencing a revival among scientists especially in the light offurther experiments and discoveries. The idea of a universalsubstance-energy that lies at the root of all material manifestation

is a magnificent conception that conveys to the mind a unifyingprinciple behind all physical phenomena. Paralleling this revival isthe concomitant reappraisal of particle vortex theories. It is

possible that we will see many new developments in the physics of

the 21stcentury.

1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. VI, 1867, pp.94-105; reprinted inPhil. Mag. Vol. XXXIV, 1867, pp. 15-24.


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" Ether" or " Aether" ??The term for the cosmological medium,

used by those scientists of the 1800s and early 1900s most engaged

with the question, was "ether" with an "e". Sometime in the 1950s,the spelling was changed by ether-critics to "aether" with an "a".

This was done in part to remove confusion with the chemical fluidether as used for anesthesia, but mostly the replacement appears tohave been undertaken to relegate the ether of space into ancient

history, as an unproven speculation similar to Aristotelian elementsof "fire, air, water and earth". I have used the "Aether" spelling in

the past myself, but now believe this form carries with it an

assumed disproof, that the cosmological medium or energy inspace does not exist. Since I fully accept the work of Dayton Milleras a proof of the existence of the ether, use of the other term is no

longer acceptable. Consequently, until some better evidence or

argument is put forth, I use the term used by Crookes, Lodge,Faraday, Michelson, Moorley, Miller, Tesla, Reich and even by

Einstein, spelled with an "e":ether

UFO Dynamics:

One of the fundamental forces studied in aerodynamics is lift, orthe force that keeps an airplane in the air. Airplanes fly because

they push air down. The leading edge of an airplane wing is higher

than the trailing edge. All aircraft have wings or lifting bodies orrotating blades as their lift depends on them. UFOs may not have

wings and may even have some unaerodynamic configuration. Liftis often explained using Bernoullis principle, which relates anincrease in the velocity of a flow of fluid (such as air) to a decrease

in pressure and vice versa. The air pressure on the upper side of anairplane wing is lower than that on the lower side giving a resultant

net force upward.

Another important aspect of aerodynamics is the drag, orresistance, acting on solid bodies moving through air. The thrust

force developed by either the jet engine or the propellers, for

example, must overcome the drag forces exerted by the air flowingover the airplane. Streamlining the body can significantly reduce

these drag forces. For bodies that are not fully streamlined, the

drag force increases approximately with the square of the speed asthey move rapidly through the air. The power required, for

example, to drive an automobile steadily at medium or high speedsis primarily absorbed in overcoming air resistance.

Supersonics, an important branch of aerodynamics, concerns

phenomena that arise when the velocity of a solid body exceeds thespeed of sound in the medium, usually air, in which it is traveling.


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The speed of sound in the atmosphere varies with humidity,

temperature, and pressure. Because the speed of sound, being thus

variable, is a critical factor in aerodynamic equations, a so-calledMach number, named after the Austrian physicist and philosopher

Ernst Mach, who pioneered the study of ballistics, represents it.The Mach number is the speed of the projectile or aircraft withreference to the ambient atmosphere, divided by the speed of sound

in the same medium and under the same conditions. Thus at sealevel, under standard conditions of humidity and temperature, a

speed of about 1220 km/h (about 760 mph) represents a Mach

number of one, that is, M-1. The same speed in the stratosphere,because of differences in density, pressure, and temperature, wouldcorrespond to a Mach number of M-1.16. By designating speeds by

Mach number, rather than by kilometers or miles per hour, a more

accurate representation of the actual conditions encountered inflight can be obtained.

Another factor, long known to rocket designers, is the directinfluence of ambient atmospheric pressures on the efficiency of the

flight of planes in supersonic speed ranges. That is, the closer the

surrounding medium is to a perfect vacuum, the more efficient isthe power plant of the plane. Reducing the area, or cross section,

displacing atmosphere, can also increase the range of thesupersonic plane. Increasing the weight by increasing the length,

but at the same time making the plane more slender and equippingit with a needle nose, are necessary features of design for planesoperating in the supersonic range in the atmosphere.

Generally, UFOs seem to bend the rules when it comes to

aerodynamics. The maneuverability of discs seen in flight is suchthat the UFO accelerates so quickly that it seems to overcome any

forces of drag that would retard its movement. Discs have beenseen to make 90-degree turns instantly, and in some rare cases,instantly reverse their direction of travel. When accelerating to

speeds estimated to be supersonic, no shock wave seems to begenerated and no sonic boom is heard. Some maneuversaccomplished by UFOs would place extraordinary stress on the

airframe if flying like conventional aircraft. Coming in contact

with the surrounding atmosphere at high rates of accelerationwould challenge the structural integrity of the vehicle, would

induce enormous drag and heat the skin of the craft to glowingtemperatures, but perhaps the UFO does not come into direct

contact with the atmosphere, but actually repels the atmosphericboundary layer surrounding its form. This would account for how

they can move quickly without encountering air resistance andthermal stress.


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Structural integrity is a major factor in aircraft design and

construction. No production airplane leaves the ground before

undergoing extensive analysis of how it will fly, the stresses it willtolerate and its maximum safe capability.

Every airplane is subject to structural stress. Stress acts on anairplane whether on the ground or in flight. Stress is defined as aload applied to a unit area of material. Stress produces a deflection

or deformation in the material called strain. Stress is alwaysaccompanied by strain.

Current production general aviation aircraft are constructed of

various materials, the primary being aluminum alloys. Rivets,bolts, screws and special bonding adhesives are used to hold the

sheet metal in place. Regardless of the method of attachment of the

material, every part of the fuselage must carry a load, or resist astress placed on it. Design of interior supporting and forming

pieces, and the outside metal skin all have a role to play in assuring

an overall safe structure capable of withstanding expected loads

and stresses.

Engineers carefully calculate the stress a particular part must

withstand. Also, the material a part is made from is extremelyimportant and is selected by designers based on its known

properties. Aluminum alloy is the primary material for the exterior

skin on modern aircraft. This material possesses a good strength toweight ratio, is easy to form, resists corrosion, and is relatively

inexpensive.

Fittings must be made of carefully selected materials because oftheir importance of holding the aircraft together under expected

stress and loading. The same holds true for important fastenerssuch as bolts and rivets. It is essential that these parts not fail under

stress. It is also essential that these parts not weaken with exposureto stress and weather elements.

UFOS have been observed that seem to have seamless, rivetlesshulls which could give such a craft high structural integrity.

Corrosion is also a consideration. A fitting made of one metal

cannot be secured to the structure with a bolt or fastener made of

another metal. This situation may result in "dissimilar metalcorrosion" over a period of time and result in a weakening of the

assembly to the extent that the assembly is rendered unsafe.

Types Of Structural StressThe five basic structural stresses to which aircraft are subject are:

1. Tension


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2. Compression

3. Torsion

4. Shear

5. BendingWhile there are many other ways to describe the actual stresses,

which an aircraft undergoes in normal (or abnormal) operation,

they are special arrangements of these basic ones.

"Tension"is the stress acting against another force that is trying to

pull something apart. For example, while in straight and levelflight the engine power and propeller are pulling the airplane

forward. The wings, tail section and fuselage, however, resist that

movement because of the airflow around them. The result is a

stretching effect on the airframe. Bracing wires in an aircraft areusually in tension.

"Compression"is a squeezing or crushing force that tries to makeparts smaller. Anti-compression design resists an inward or

crushing force applied to a piece or assembly. Aircraft wings are

subjected to compression stresses. The ability of a material to meet

compression requirements is measured in pounds per square inch(psi).

"Torsion"is a twisting force. Because aluminum is used almost

exclusively for the outside, and, to a large extent, inside fabricationof parts and covering, its tensile strength (capability of being

stretched) under torsion is very important. Tensile strength refers

to the measure of strength in pounds per square inch (psi) of themetal. Torque (also a twisting force) works against torsion. Thetorsional strength of a material is its ability to resist torque. While

in flight, the engine power and propeller twist the forward

fuselage. The force, however, is resisted by the assemblies of the

fuselage. The airframe is subjected to variable torsional stresses

during turns and other maneuvers."Shear"stress tends to slide one piece of material over another.

Consider the aircraft fuselage. The aluminum skin panels areriveted to one another. Shear forces try to make the rivets fail

under flight loads; therefore, selection of rivets with adequate shear

resistance is critical. Bolts and other fasteners are often loaded inshear, an example being bolts that fasten the wing to the spar or

carry-through structure. Although other forces may also be present,

shear forces try to rip the bolt in two. Generally, shear strength isless than tensile or compressive strength in a particular material.


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"Bending"is a combination of two forces, compression and

tension. During bending stress, the material on the inside of the

bend is compressed and the outside material is stretched in tension.An example of this is the G-loading an airplane structure

experiences during maneuvering. During an abrupt pull-up, theairplane's wing spars, wing skin and fuselage undergo positiveloading and the upper surfaces are subject to compression, while

the lower wing skin experiences tension loads. There are manyother areas of the airframe structure that experience bending forces

during normal flight.

An airplane structure in flight is subjected to many and varying

stresses due to the varying loads that may be imposed. Thedesigner's problem is trying to anticipate the possible stresses that

the structure will have to endure, and to build it sufficiently strong

to withstand these. The problem is complicated by the fact that anairplane structure must be light as well as strong. The manufacturer

states upon certification that the design meets or exceeds all FARrequirements for the category of aircraft being produced. However,

hard landings, gust loads caused by extreme turbulence,

performing aerobatic maneuvers in a non-aerobatic airplane, etc,.can affect the airworthiness of one or more major airframe

assemblies to the extent that the airplane is no longer airworthy.This reiterates the necessity of operating the aircraft within the

limitations outlined by the manufacturer. Every flight imposesloads and stresses on the aircraft. How carefully it is flown,therefore, will have an effect on the service life of its assemblies.

It is the UFOs ability to withstand or defy the normal loads and

stresses of our conventional aircraft that allows them to fly in sucherratic modes as zigzag flight, instantaneous decelerations, and

instantaneous accelerations. The type of flight pattern makes aUFO stand out from the aerobatic performances of conventionalaircraft.

This is only a small part of a subject that could fill a textbook. It isby capturing these details of UFO flight dynamics for the recordthat adds weight to the evidence that unconventional flying objects

have been cavorting around the earth for decades.

Magnetic Bubbles and Supercavitation:


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If we consider space a medium and that medium is a

particulate composition of space itself, similar to aether, then we

can model space propulsion systems based on that space-aetherconcept.

The material of space is said to be filled with a froth of virtualparticles. Perhaps, in addition, there are some lepton neutrino

space-filling particles that constitute a hydrodynamic energy thatexerts pressure on mass concentrations. If these particles, real or

virtual normally flow through matter, but encounter increasing

resistance with mass density, we could attribute the force of gravityto this virtual particle pressure. Likewise, such a pressure may be

responsible for inertia.

I quote from an article on supercavitation:

Lately there has been a resurgence of interest in a technology that

allows naval weapons and vessels to travel submerged at hundredsof miles per hour. The fastest traditional undersea technologies are

limited to a maximum velocity of about 80 miles per hour. The

technology that allows some undersea vessels to travel faster thanthe speed of sound in water is called supercavitation. First explored

in the 1940s, supercavitation exploits a loophole that allowsunderwater travel with minimal drag. For many years naval experts

studied its parent field, cavitation, because of the problems that it

brings about. Only recently did researchers considersupercavitation as a way to build faster submarines and torpedoes.

To understand supercavitation, first cavitation must be understood.

When a fluid moves rapidly around a body, the pressure in the flowdrops. This pressure reduction over the surface of the body is the

same effect that generates lift on airplane wings and gives sailboats

the ability to move on the water's surface with only the wind to

propel them. As the velocity increases and the pressure continuesto drop, a point is reached at which the pressure in the flow equalsthe vapor pressure of water, whereupon the fluid undergoes a phase

change and becomes a gas: water vapor.

Under certain circumstances, especially at sharp edges, the flowcan include attached cavities of approximately constant pressurefilled with water vapor and air trailing behind. This is called

natural cavitation. Normally, cavitation is a condition to be avoided

in fluid flow systems, because it can distort water flow to rob

pumps, turbines, hydrofoils, and propellers of operationalefficiency. It can also lead to violent shock waves (from rapid


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bubble collapse), which cause pitting and erosion of metal

surfaces.

In supercavitation, the small gas bubbles produced by cavitation

expand and combine to form one large, stable, and predictable

bubble around the supercavitating object. The bubble is longer thanthe object, so only the leading edge of the object actually contactsliquid water. The rest of the object is surrounded by low-pressure

water vapor, significantly lowering the drag on the supercavitatingobject.

A supercavity can also form around a specially designed projectile.

The key is creating a zone of low pressure around the entire objectby carefully shaping the nose and firing the projectile at a

sufficiently high velocity. At high velocity water flows off the edge

of the nose with a speed and angle that prevent it from wrappingaround the surface of the projectile, producing a low-pressure

bubble around the object. With an appropriate nose shape and a

speed over 110 miles per hour, the entire projectile may reside in a

vapor cavity.

Some estimates indicate that a supercavitating projectile, using

rocket propulsion, could travel at speeds in excess of 230 miles perhour underwater.

[Caltech Undergraduate Research Journal, November 30, 2001 ;

Scientific American, May 2001;Deep Angel Cavitator]

Note the analogy of a spatial ocean or sea with an H2O ocean.

Creating a supercavity around a submarine would permit rapidtravel through the medium.

Creating a supercavity in space fluid around a spacecraft would

also permit rapid travel through the vacuum of space. The

supercavity envisioned might be created as an electro-magnetic

bubble that repels space particles or drastically reduces the densityof the space foam so as to enable the spacecraft to achieve

hyperlight velocities, especially if by this action it has ameasurable effect on reducing inertia.

The magnetospheric plasma propulsion envisioned by RobertWinglee may be one step on the path toward a true magneto-gravitic propulsion system.
http://www.curj.caltech.edu/archives/vol1/1004005/http://www.deepangel.com/About_Deep_Angel/Tech%20Specs/Supercav/Squall/squall.htmlhttp://www.deepangel.com/About_Deep_Angel/Tech%20Specs/Supercav/Squall/squall.htmlhttp://www.deepangel.com/About_Deep_Angel/Tech%20Specs/Supercav/Squall/squall.htmlhttp://www.curj.caltech.edu/archives/vol1/1004005/


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The method makes use of the ambient energy of the solar wind by

coupling

to the solar wind through a large-scale (~ > 10 km) magnetic

bubble or mini-magnetosphere. The magnetosphere is produced by

the injection of plasma on to the magnetic field of a small (< 1 m)dipole coil tethered to the spacecraft. In this way, it is possible fora spacecraft to attain unprecedented speeds for minimal energy and

mass requirements. Since the magnetic inflation is produced byelectromagnetic processes, the material and deployment problemsassociated with the mechanical sails are eliminated.

Perhaps a magnetic vortex of extreme power drives flying saucers

across our skies and through space. If such a magnetic vortex

could be focused to tunnel through the space medium, then Ibelieve hyperlight speeds are possible.

Lifter technology may demonstrate the utility of an HV-poweredcraft, but I believe that eventually we need a dynamic generator

that will produce the powerful fields necessary to propel an

interstellar craft. Perhaps some experiments with rotating electricor magnetic rings could be tried to test levitation effects.

Reverse Engineering:

The alleged recovery of a flying disk near Roswell, New Mexico inJuly 1947 has sparked discussions, opinions, and reports that theU.S. Army and Air Force studied the remnants of the disk,

especially the methods and modes of its propulsion with the intent

of reverse engineering the advanced technology found in the

alien craft.

Alien astronautics is a subject predicated on the existence of

intelligent alien life forms whose evolution occurred on an

extraterrestrial world and who developed means to travel fromtheir world to other worlds in spacecraft. Reverse engineering is

predicated on the fact that we have acquired alien hardwarethrough flight systems failure of an alien spacecraft or through

communication and negotiation. Reverse engineering of

mechanical parts requires extraction of information about an

instance of a particular part sufficient to replicate the part usingappropriate fabrication techniques.


25/33

In a letter to researcher William Steinman, Dr. Robert I. Sarbacher

who was with the Washington Institute of Technology, confirmsthat some of the scientists involved in the study of recovered flying

discs were Dr. Vannever Bush, John von Neumann, and Dr. RobertOppenheimer. Steinman also discovered that one of the scientistsworking on saucer technology from the early days was Dr. Eric

Henry Wang who became Director of the Department of SpecialStudies, within the Structures Division, of the old Wright Air

Development Center, near Dayton, Ohio.

New technology such as morphing airplanes and carbon nanotubes

may be the result of alien technology back-engineering studies

conducted by the military-industrial complex in top secretunacknowledged special access programs.

The Bi-Field Theory:

From a scientist:The primary propulsion system is electro-

magnetic fl ux directional positi ve force generating system. The

secondary propulsion system isaanti-gravity (using fluid

plasma) di rectional negative force generating system. Remember,these are our terms. The entire craft can be a super conductor or

a super capacitor depending on how the propulsion system is

conf igured.L ike I said, the system is extr emely compli cated.

Unl ess you understand the entire system, which we don' t, you

won' t understand what I am saying. The electrical system works

on a vacuum vacated energy pri nciple. This system generates an

unlimi ted amount of power. The Visitors have determined that

hydrogen has many more isotopes than we thought. H5 is

oneisotopesthey harnessed and use as a catalyst inside the power

device.

What is a negative force generating system?

This was something proposed a long time ago by engineer LeonardG. Cramp in trying to explain flying saucer propulsion when he

alluded to the bi-field theory, the G field and the R field. He says,

Of the G field-propelled craft discussed earlier (the use of an

artificially created gravitational field), we could say that it wasgravitationally movedtowardsits point source, or, due to a


26/33

decreased gravitational field strength above it, it is repelled by the

denser space beneath, and either could be equally trueof the R-

field (Repulsion Field) vehicle, we might say that was repulsivelymovedawayfrom its point source or, due to

theincreasedgravitational field strength below it, it is attracted tothe less dense space above, and either could be true.. Leonardgoes on to propose that both G-field and R-field, one convertible

into the other are in use in UFOs.

Paul Hill, retired and now deceased NASA scientist in his excellent

technical analysis of UFOs in his bookUnconventional Flying

Objectsconsiders that the UFO generates a repulsive field. Hesays, it is shown that the UFO field is not of the static -electric or

static-magnetic type. Rather, it appears to be a quasi-static field ofa negative-gravity type. This is concluded because the data shows

that the UFO field repels all mass, not just electrically charged or

magnetic materials.

He also mentions, like Cramp, before him that the field must have

some degree of field focusing, that it goes out predominantly inone direction in order to give control.

These ideas now invoke a new idea in the field of cosmologytermeddark energy. Dark energy is thought to be smoothly

distributed throughout the universe. Dark energy has a strongnegative pressure of the same order as its energy density. Darkenergy interacts only through gravity. Dark energy produces

arepulsiveforce and drives the expansion of the universe.

The point to be made here is that the extraterrestrial starship

engineers have harnessed both gravitation and repulsion as a means

of traveling through interplanetary and interstellar space. Perhaps

they have even been able to artificially create a wormhole tunnel to


27/33

distant parts of the galaxy through using their control of gravitation

and dark energy.

Townsend Browns Electrogravitic Capacitors:

Strange as it seems it was during the 1950s that various aircraft

companies started research projects on the control of gravity and

electro-gravitational propulsion. It is possible that these projectsconstituted some of the first reverse engineering projects onextraterrestrial propulsion systems.

American physicist and inventor, T. Townsend Brown discovered

an effect of highly charged disk-shaped capacitors. When thecapacitors were charged in excess of 50 KV, they would have atendency to accelerate in the direction of the positive pole.Suspending a number of these disk capacitors from a freely

rotating carousel would cause, when charged, the entire assembly

to rotate. These charged capacitors could also levitate.

According to the Air Force Manual from Wright-Patterson AFB onElectrogravitics we have this description on the Thomas Townsend

Brown discovery.

Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of electrostatic

energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion or horizontalor both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in which energy is

also used to set up a local gravitational force independent of the

earths.

Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a possiblemeans of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron motor

or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment to

produce astronomical velocities. But the ion motor is not strictly apart of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric control in

an electrogravitics system is envisaged for a vehicle operating

within the earths environment and it is not seen initially for spaceapplication. Probably large scale space operations would have toawait the full development of electrogravitics to enable large

pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region of the earthsstrongest gravity effects. So, though electrostatic motors were


28/33

thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after the War,

when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various

proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently toproduce some visible manifestation of sustained motion. Whereas

earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research, Brownsrigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying article. As aprivate venture he produced evidence of motion using condensers

in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating round a centraltower with input running down the arms. The massive-k situation

was summarized subsequently in a report, Project Winterhaven, in

1952. Using the data some conclusions were arrived at that mightbe expected from ten or more years of intensive development -similar to that, for instance, applied to the turbine engine. Using a

number of assumptions as to the nature of gravity, the report

postulated a saucer as the basis of a possible interceptor with Mach3 capability. Creation of a local gravitational system would confer

upon the fighter the sharp-edged changes of direction typical ofmotion in space.

The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very strongpositive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative on the

other. The core of the motor is a condenser and the ability of thecondenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the yardstick of

performance. With air as 1, current dielectrical materials can yield6 and use of barium aluminate can raise this considerably, barium

titanium oxide (a baked ceramic) can offer 6,000 and there ispromise of 30,000, which would be sufficient for supersonic speed.

The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of around

50,000 and a small amount of current in the milliamp range. Therewas no detailed explanation of gravity in Project Winterhaven, butit was assumed that particle dualism in the subatomic structure of

gravity would coincide in its effect with the issuing stream of

electrons from the electrostatic energy source to producecounterbary. The Brown work probably remains a realistic

approach to the practical realization of electrostatic propulsion and

sustentation. Whatever may be discovered by the Gravity ResearchFoundation of New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic

reproduction of gravity is not essential for limited success. Theelectrogravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting

surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and a

suction effect on the upper, but, unlike the airfoil, it does notrequire a flow of air to produce the effect.


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ContacteesDescriptions:


30/33

Many UFO contactees, those who have claimed to have been taken

physically aboard a flying saucer, describe high-voltage

electrostatic capacitors, a magnetic rotor, and a central columnsometimes referred to as the magnetic pole of the ship. They also

report that when the craft is in motion, there is no sensation ofacceleration and yet, the apparent gravity in the cabin seemsnormal.

The description of the saucer seems as if the alien visitors had

modeled their craft on the constituents of an atom with a central

reversible magnetic pole, a positive core or nucleus in the craft,and capacitive electrons which aid in directional control. All

report very high voltages are generated to produce a field around

the craft allowing it to nullify gravitational and inertial forces.

Here is a brief description given by contactee George Adamski and

reiterated by many other contactees since then:

Within the craft there was not a single dark corner. I could not

make out where the light was coming from. It seemed to permeate

every cavity and corner with a soft pleasing glow. There is no wayof describing that light exactly. It was not white, nor was it blue,

nor was it exactly any other color that I could name. Instead, itseemed to consist of a mellow blend of all colors, though at times I

fancied one or another seemed to predominate.

I was so engrossed in trying to solve this mystery, and at the same

time to see and absorb every detail of this amazing little craft that Iwas quite unaware we had taken off, although I did suddenly

register a slight feeling of movement. But there was no sensationof enormous acceleration, nor of changes in pressure and altitude

as would be the case in one of our planes going at half the speed.

Nor had we experienced any jerk as we broke contact with the

ground. I had an impression of tremendous solidity andsmoothness, with little more realization of movement than of theunnoticeable journey of the Earth itself as it revolves around the

Sun at eighteen and one-half miles per second. Others who have

been privileged to ride in these Saucers also have been struck bythe same sensation of movementor rather, the almost total lack

of it. But the fact is, with so many wonders crowding my

consciousness, it was only later, after I was back on Earthreviewing the nights experiences in my own mind, that I could

begin to sort them out.The Searl Disc:


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New experiments attempting to replicate the Searl Disc and Searl

Effect Generator (SEG) may yet vindicate its inventor who has

stuck by his story of development over the years. I believe theSEG models the atom in that it uses self-impelled rollers that

behave like electrons in orbit around the central plates. The platesdevelop a positive charge while the rollers develop a negativecharge. The outer runner is moving through an electromagnetic

field which tends to suppress dielectric breakdown and allowsmegavoltages to develop surrounding the disc with a vacuum layer

that, as the runners achieve their velocity, produces a cooling effect

around the disc, and the whole becomes a superconductor thatgenerates a powerful electric field that decouples the disc from theearths gravity.

The SEG consists of a basic drive unit called the Gyro-Cell (GC)

and, depending on the application, is either fitted with coils forgeneration of electricity or with a shaft for transfer of mechanical

power. The GC can also be used as a high voltage source. Anotherand important quality of the GC 1s its ability to levitate.

The GC can be considered as an electric motor entirely consistingof permanent magnets in the shape of cylindrical bars and annularrings.

Figure 1 shows the basic GC in its simplest form, consisting of one

stationary annular ring-shaped magnet, called the plate, and anumber of moving cylinder-shaped rods called runners.

Figure 1 ~

During operation each runner is spinning about its axis and is

simultaneously orbiting the plate in such a manner that a fixed


32/33

point p on the curved runner surface traces out a whole number of

cycloids during one revolution round the plate, as shown by the

dotted lines in Figure 2.

Figure 2 ~

Measurements have revealed that an electric potential difference isproduced in the radial direction between plate and runners; the

plate being positively charged and the runners negatively charged,as shown in Figure 1.

In principle, no mechanical constraints are needed to keep the GC

together since the runners are electromagnetically coupled to the

plate. However, used as a torque producing device, shaft and

casing must be fitted to transfer the power produced. Furthermore,in applications where the generator is mounted inside a framework,the runners should be made shorter than the height of the plate to

prevent the runners from catching the frame or other parts.

When in operation, gaps are created by electromagnetic interaction

and centrifugal forces preventing mechanical and galvanic contact

between plate and runners and thereby reducing the friction tonegligible values.

The experiments showed that the power output increases as the

number of runners increase and to achieve smooth and evenoperation the ratio between external plate diameter Dp and runnerdiameter Dr should be a positive integer greater than or equal to

12. Thus:

(1) P/Dr= N > 12 (N = 12, 13, 14, &c)

The experiments also indicated that the gaps O between adjacent

runners should be one runner diameter D as shown in Figure 1.

More complex Gyro-Cells can be formed by adding further plates

and runners to the basic unit. Figure 3 illustrates a 3-plate GC


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An Investigation of Negative Gravitational Propulsion.

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