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An Overview of Solar & Wind An Overview of Solar & Wind Energy in the Kingdom of Energy in the Kingdom of
Bahrain and the GCC StatesBahrain and the GCC States
Amman 27-28 March 2012Amman 27-28 March 2012
Khalid Khalid A. Burashid A. Burashid
CategoryQuantity
Area765.3 Sq km
Population 1,170,000
Population growth
2.8%/year
Peak load in 2011
2812 MW
Peak load demand
growth rate 10%/year
Expected Power growth
rate8%
Arabian Gulf
8
Al Hufuf
Abu Dhabi
Coverage Zone
E 50o 33` N 26o 1` 39”
Bahrain
E 51o 32` 0” N 25o 17`12”
Doha
E 58.54o 33` N 23.61
Muscat
Kuwait
E 49o 35` N 25o 23`
E 47o 58` N 29o 22`
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Qaysuma
Al Hufuf
Abu Dhabi
Coverage Zone
E 50o 33` N 26o 1` 39”
Bahrain
E 51o 32` 0” N 25o 17`12”
Doha
E 58.54o 33` N 23.61
Muscat
Kuwait
E 49o 35` N 25o 23`
E 47o 58` N 29o 22`
Solar
Wind
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Gizan
Al Wajh
Turaif
Qaysuma
Al Hufuf
Abu Dhabi
Coverage Zone
E 36o 25` 0 ” N 26o 17 ` 0”
E 38o 39`11” N 31o 40` 39”
E 50o 33` N 26o 1` 39”
Bahrain
E 51o 32` 0” N 25o 17`12”
Doha
E 58.54o 33` N 23.61
Muscat
E 42o 33`40” N16o 53`21”
Kuwait
E 49o 35` N 25o 23`
E 47o 58` N 29o 22`
Solar
Wind
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Monthly Average Daily Global Radiation and averageMonthly Average Daily Global Radiation and average Sunshine hours in BahrainSunshine hours in Bahrain
9.2 hrs
5180 Whr/m2
Monthly average daily global radiation and Monthly average daily global radiation and Sunshine hours in Qatar Sunshine hours in Qatar (Doha)(Doha)
9.3 hrs
5260 Whr/m2
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2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Solar RadiationSunshine Hours
hrs
W h
r/m
2Monthly average daily global radiation and Monthly average daily global radiation and
sunshine hours in Saudi Arabia sunshine hours in Saudi Arabia (Al Hufuf)(Al Hufuf)
8.7 hrs
5670 Whr/m2
15
16
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Solar Radiation
Sunshine Hours
hrs
W h
r/m2
Monthly average daily global radiation and Monthly average daily global radiation and Sunshine hours in KuwaitSunshine hours in Kuwait
8.9 hrs
5990 Whr/m2
17
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Janua
ry
Febr
uary
Mar
chApr
ilM
ayJu
neJu
ly
August
Septe
mber
Octob
er
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
2
4
6
8
10
12
Solar RadiationSunshine hours
W h
r/m
2
hrs
Monthly average daily global radiation and Monthly average daily global radiation and Sunshine hours in Oman Sunshine hours in Oman (Al Sib)(Al Sib)
9.6 hrs
5410 Whr/m2
18
Daily average solar radiation in the G.C.C CountriesDaily average solar radiation in the G.C.C Countries
19
Monthly average Irradiance on tilted plane (Bahrain)Monthly average Irradiance on tilted plane (Bahrain)
20
Mathematical Model for Monthly Average Mathematical Model for Monthly Average Daily Global Radiation in BahrainDaily Global Radiation in Bahrain
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H =Ho [A + B (S/So)]
Bahrain’s monthly variation of the fraction of possible duration of sunshine hours and the Clearness Index
June 0.635
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H/Ho = 0.45186 S/So - 0.00924 RH - 0.00788 T + 1.03452
The Radiation ModelThe Radiation Model For the Kingdom of BahrainFor the Kingdom of Bahrain
T : monthly mean daily temperature in oC.RH : monthly mean relative humidity
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Comparison between the proposed H/Ho model and other models for Bahrain
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Measured H/Ho Proposed ModelAttili & Abdulla Gopinathan
H/H
o
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Mean Annual Wind Speeds in BahrainMean Annual Wind Speeds in Bahrain
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Airport SCC
m/s
ec
31
countrySolar Power
Wind power
Solar /Wind
Bahrain558916.1
Qatar565856.6
Saudi Arabia Eastern
province587718.3
Kuwait6731404.8
Solar versus wind powers in the Arabian Gulf Solar versus wind powers in the Arabian Gulf Countries (W/mCountries (W/m22))
!!!!
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Monthly average wind speeds in Bahrain Monthly average wind speeds in Bahrain and selected GCC locationsand selected GCC locations
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
m/s
Bahrain Saudi Arabia Kuwait Qatar
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
W h
r / m
2
KWT
Oman
UAE
KSAQTR
BRN
Monthly average wind speeds in Bahrain Monthly average wind speeds in Bahrain and selected GCC locationsand selected GCC locations
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
m/s
Bahrain Saudi Arabia Kuwait Qatar
34
Bahrain's Demonstration Project Solar and Wind
Bahrain's Vision for Renewal energy
Why solar & wind
Implementation Program
Onshore potential areas were defined after subtracting from the total areas of Bahrain:
• Residential and touristic areas with a minimum distance of 500m from them
• Industrial and agricultural areas were excluded only when infrastructure existed
• Airports and their surroundings following guidelines from ICAO Protected areas (wild life sanctuary, parks etc.)
Net area available is 218 km2
Offshore potential areas
were defined by subtracting from the total exclusive economical zone of Bahrain:
• All areas with a water depth larger than 30m
• Areas with visual impact on onshore facilities (10km facing touristic areas and 5km facing residential areas)
• Main shipping lane entering the port with a buffer region around it and all the ‘Bahrain Port Limit’ as specified by the ‘General Organization of Sea Ports’.
Net available area is 4,980 km2
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Possible sites for windPossible sites for wind generatorsgenerators
Wind speed measured at 80 meters height
The solar resources in Bahrain are relatively uniform, locations with better wind speed may also be better for solar panels to control the temperature. This means location criteria for Wind and Solar energy are similar
Initial Proposed Site Assessment for the Observation Plant
EWA proposed a site located south East. A = 13 hectars
• Capital Cost : US $ 12 Million
41
ConclusionConclusion
Despite the availability of such enormous energy, which is clean and renewable, applications are still very limited in this region. There are only a few ambitious programs for research and development aimed to expand the usage of these energies.
Solar Energy:
Bahrain and the rest of the GCC states are subjected to very high solar radiation levels during summer months reaching up to 7200 Whr/m2 with an annual mean radiation of 5200 Whr/m2 which justifies the use of this energy for small/medium size power generation
Electricity production and Sea water desalination utilizing Reverse Osmosis process powered by Solar and wind turbines may also be considered for small and medium size plants in remote areas.
42
Further research and Studies on wind potential is recommended for developing experience with turbine generators performance and their economics in this region
Wind Energy:
Preliminary results show that the average wind ranges between 4.0 and 5.5 m/s. In a windy day wind power is equivalent to about 225 Watt/m2 distributed over 24 hours period.
Because of the frequency of calms, wind power can not contribute significantly to a firm power generation, however, it could be efficiently used in a hybrid wind/solar scheme.