An overview on the resultsAn overview on the results of the sof the study of tudy of ggroundwater roundwater aanomalies nomalies aassociated with the ssociated with the eearthquake arthquake in in TaiwanTaiwan,, 2002001~20051~2005

ChjengChjeng--LunLun ShiehShieh1,21,2, , WenWen--Chi LaiChi Lai11, Chung, Chung--Min TsengMin Tseng33, Chi, Chi--Cheng YangCheng Yang33

1. Disaster Prevention Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

2. Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

3. Water Resource Agency, Ministry of Economic Affair, Taiwan

Introduction: GLOBAL SEISMIC HAZARD MAPGLOBAL SEISMIC HAZARD MAP

Deadliest EarthquakesDeadliest Earthquakes (1990~2004)(1990~2004)

Iran50,0007.406/201990

Northern India2,0006.810/191991

Flores Region, Indonesia2,5197.812/121992

India9,7486.209/291993

Colombia7956.806/201994

Kobe, Japan5,5306.901/161995

Yunnan, China3226.602/031996

Northern Iran1,5727.305/101997

Afghanistan-Tajikistan Border Region4,0006.605/301998

Turkey17,1187.608/171999

Central Taiwan22977.709/211999

Southern Sumatera, Indonesia1037.906/042000

India20,0237.701/262001

Hindu Kush Region, Afghanistan1,0006.103/252002

Southeastern Iran31,0006.612/262003

Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra283,1069.012/262004RegionRegionFatalitiesFatalitiesMagnitudeMagnitudeDateDateYear

Origin: USGS Database

Annual Seismicsity of Earthquakes in the World for 2000 - 2005

USGSUSGSJMAJMACWBCWBUSGSUSGSData OriginData Origin

20002000--2005200520002000--2005200520002000--2005200520002000--20052005Data PeriodData Period

15691569

1150 1150

365 365

48 48

5 5

1 1

USAUSA

409.17409.17293.33293.331675016750TotalTotal

305305102*102*6437 6437 3.0 to 3.93.0 to 3.9

87871531538885 8885 4.0 to 4.94.0 to 4.9

141434341281 1281 5.0 to 5.95.0 to 5.9

3344134 134 6.0 to 6.96.0 to 6.9

0.170.170.330.3313 13 7.0 to 7.97.0 to 7.9

JapanJapanTaiwanTaiwanWorldWorldMagnitude Magnitude

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(~2004)

WRA

Taiwan Groundwater Monitoring Network Taiwan Groundwater Monitoring Network (1992~2003)(1992~2003)

Design for water resources managementDesign for water resources managementMonitoring different aquifer in same site Monitoring different aquifer in same site

35351616HsinchuHsinchu--Miaoli Miaoli AreaArea

560560228228TotalTotal45453030Ilan PlainIlan Plain

1321325555Pingtung PlainPingtung Plain

1051054040ChiayiChiayi--TainanTainanAreaArea

1931937070Choshui River Choshui River Alluvial FanAlluvial Fan

101055Taoyuan TablelandTaoyuan Tableland

30301212Taipei BasinTaipei Basin

WellWellSiteSiteSubSub--ProvinceProvince

Well Fault

Goals of Our WorkGoals of Our WorkFinal GoalsFinal Goals

Application for earthquake hazard mitigationApplication for earthquake hazard mitigationCrossCross--Linkage with related projectsLinkage with related projects

Directly GoalsDirectly GoalsProvide good quality observation data Provide good quality observation data Development of needed techniques and researches Development of needed techniques and researches for longfor long--term monitoringterm monitoringEvaluate the relationship between groundwater Evaluate the relationship between groundwater changes and earthquake occurrences changes and earthquake occurrences Extend the functions of Extend the functions of ““Groundwater Monitoring Groundwater Monitoring Networks of TaiwanNetworks of Taiwan””

Advantages of the TaiwanAdvantages of the Taiwan’’s researches s researches

Dense observation wells (single screen, Dense observation wells (single screen, multiple aquifers )multiple aquifers )Good quality control (maintain by the Water Good quality control (maintain by the Water Resource Agency)Resource Agency)Clearly hydrogeology background informationClearly hydrogeology background informationHigh seismic activityHigh seismic activityGood quality seismic observation network Good quality seismic observation network (high density observation network)(high density observation network)

ManpowerManpower

3030

44

66

1212

88

20042004

303030303030TotalTotal

444488OtherOther

666688BacheloBachelorr

1212121288MasterMaster

888866DoctorDoctor

200320032002200220012001YearYear

Potential SitesInvestigation

Instrument of theobservation

Cases Studies andAnomalies Detect

Data Filtering andAnalysis Method

Mechanism ofHydrological

Anomalies

Groundwatergeochemical

Research Dr. Lin, C. W. Dr. Lin, C. W.

Mr. Lai, W. C. Mr. Lai, W. C. & Procal Inc.& Procal Inc.

Dr. Lee, T. Y. Dr. Lee, T. Y. Dr.Jan, C. D. Dr.Jan, C. D.

Dr.Hsu, K. C. Dr.Hsu, K. C.

Dr.Wang, C. L. Dr.Wang, C. L.

Dr.Kuo, M. C. Dr.Kuo, M. C.

Dr. Shieh, J. L.

PublicationPublication

22

11

44

55

66

00

33

20042004

772222Invited Foreign ScholarInvited Foreign Scholar

332211Short CourseShort Course

336622Technical ReportTechnical Report

665522Internal Conference Internal Conference Paper Paper

774411Conference PaperConference Paper

331100Internal JournalInternal Journal

111100SCI JournalSCI Journal

200320032002200220012001YearYear

Major Accomplishments (2001~2005)Major Accomplishments (2001~2005)Investigation of potential sitesInvestigation of potential sitesEstablishment of the monitoring systemEstablishment of the monitoring systemObservation data acquisition and transferObservation data acquisition and transferData analysis and interpretationData analysis and interpretationDevelopment and establish of the procedures of Development and establish of the procedures of monitoringmonitoringAssociated ResearchesAssociated Researches

AAmplify effect of the signal from the resonate of wellmplify effect of the signal from the resonate of well--aquifer systemaquifer systemMMolding of a strain olding of a strain -- pressure coupling systempressure coupling systemEEstimation of the rainfall effect to ground water levelstimation of the rainfall effect to ground water levelDDetecting the anomalies changes using static methodsetecting the anomalies changes using static methodsRRadon monitoring in the groundwateradon monitoring in the groundwater

International cooperative research activity International cooperative research activity

Investigation of potential Investigation of potential sitessites

Criteria for Potential Site Criteria for Potential Site SelectionSelection

Good Structural positionGood Structural position

Good confinement Good confinement

Highly strain sensitivityHighly strain sensitivity

No artificial disturbance No artificial disturbance

Position of Exist wells

Comparison

Active Fault

Yes

Yes

Potential Earthquake Area

Exist Water Level data

Comparison

Pumping

Yes

No

No

NoRainfall

Barometric

No

Yes

No

YesEarth Tide

Yes

Preseismic Change

C l a s s IC l a s s I IC l a s s I I IC l a s s I VC l a s s V

PeitouPeitou HuatanHuatan

HerkangHerkang TungyeTungye

Well choosing results Well choosing results

Establishment of the monitoring system:Establishment of the monitoring system:Observation NetworkObservation Network

Philippine Sea PlatePhilippine Sea Plate

Eurasian PlateEurasian Plate

AccretionalAccretionalWedgeWedge

Luzon Arc

Luzon Arc

Ryuku ArcRyuku Arc

TaipeiTaipei

Kaoshiung

KaoshiungTainanTainan

Taichung

Taichung

TaitungTaitung

HulienHulien

IlanIlanIlan Seismic Zone

Ilan Seismic Zone

TaitungTaitung--Huilen Seismic Zone

Huilen Seismic Zone

SanyiSanyi--Puli Seismic ZonePuli Seismic Zone

ChiayiChiayi--Tainan Seismic Zone

Tainan Seismic Zone

DLI

BTO

JSUWUT

JUS

SBT

JND CHS

HDN

SIP

DHR

LJANBA

TWNHUA

TLO

XXX

XXX

Well Location

Before 2004

After 2004

Establishment of the monitoring systemEstablishment of the monitoring systemFront SideFront Side Rear SideRear Side

Instruments Setting

Data Receiving and Instruments ManagementData Receiving and Instruments ManagementInstruments Instruments Condition CheckCondition CheckData ReceiveData ReceiveData PreprocessData PreprocessData FilteringData FilteringAnomalies DetectAnomalies DetectData Data InterpretationInterpretation

Report PreparationReport Preparation

Automation Automation ProcessingProcessing

Process Start

Data Acquisition

Data Check andPreprocessing

Data Filtering andAnalysis

Data Receiving andConvert

Data Interpretation

AnomaliesDetect

EnvironmentFactors

Anomalies Report

Database ReportY

es

No

Observation Well

Control Center

Investigation

Development and establish Development and establish of the procedures of monitoringof the procedures of monitoringInstruments Instruments

Condition CheckCondition CheckData ReceiveData ReceiveData PreprocessData PreprocessData FilteringData FilteringAnomalies DetectAnomalies DetectData Data InterpretationInterpretation

Report PrintingReport PrintingAutomation Automation ProcessingProcessing

More WellsMore WellsHighly Sampling Highly Sampling RateRate

Routine

Observation Data FilteringObservation Data Filtering

Automatic recording, analysis and anomalies Automatic recording, analysis and anomalies detecting systemdetecting system

1.Recording1.Recording 2.QC, pre2.QC, pre--processingprocessing 3.Daily plots & 3.Daily plots & reprotreprot

4.Data 4.Data filtingfilting 5.Anomaly 5.Anomaly DeteDete.. 6.Results publication6.Results publication

The Study of Groundwater Anomalies Associated with the EarthquakeStation Hualien 2004/11-2005/06

11/01/04

12/01/04

01/01/05

02/01/05

03/01/05

04/01/05

05/01/05

06/01/05

TIME

0

10

20

30

40

50

Rai

nfal

l(mm

/hr)

990

1000

1010

1020

1030

Pres

sure

(hPa

)

640.00

680.00

720.00

760.00

Wat

er L

eve

l(cm

)

25.660

25.680

25.700

25.720

Wat

er T

empe

ratu

re(o C

)

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000Ai

r Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

Made by Wen-Ji Lai & Tzay-Tzong Tsai

Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04

660

680

700

720

740

760

660

680

700

720

740

760

Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04

970

985

1000

1015

1030

0

20

40

60

80

100

Rai

nfal

l_H

UL(

mm

/hr)

HULCorrected

Original

860

870

880

890

900

910

920

860

870

880

890

900

910

920TWNCorrected

Original

Evaluation of the observation wellsEvaluation of the observation wellsA.Noise Level B.Str. Sen. C.Events Score

Obs. well (cm) (mm/10-8) (no./yr.) =(B/A)*C

Grade

HUL 0.72 5.02* 18.0 125.0 I

TWN 0.29 3.78* 9.3 121.2 I

TLO 5.14 1.14 6.0 1.3 IV

DHR 0.65 4.39 5.6 37.9 II

SBT 0.39 1.77 2.0 9.1 III

TUS 0.28 2.20 4.0 31.3 II

LUJ 0.25 1.78 4.8 33.8 II

NBA 0.34 2.92 4.4 37.8 II

JDR 0.86 2.20 2.0 5.1 III

CHS 0.78 1.58 2.0 4.0 III

SIP 4.18 2.28 2.7 1.5 IV

HRD 9.88 1.84 2.0 0.4 IV

Score =Score =((StrStr. Sen./Noise Level). Sen./Noise Level)

SignalSignal--Noise RatioNoise Ratio×× EventsEvents

Verify potentialVerify potential

GradeGradeI :I :Very GoodVery GoodII: GoodII: GoodIII: FairIII: FairIV: PoorIV: Poor

Observation ResultsObservation Results

Earthquake observation HUL TWN LUJ NBA HDN DHR TLO SIP

2003/4/3 Taina, M=4.96 2 S S

2003/6/10 Taitung, M=6.5 3 S O O+S O

2003/6/17 Taitung, M=5.9 2 O O

2003/12/10 Taitung, M=6.6 7 O+S O+S S B S O+S O+S O

2003/12/11Taitung, M=5.7 1 S

2003/12/18 Taitung, M=5.78 1 O

2004/1/1Taitung, M=5.9 1 O O

2004/1/6 Ilan, M=4.63 1 O+S O

2004/1/13 Hulien, M=5.0 1 S O

2004/2/4 Hulien, M=6.0 3 O+S O+S O

2004/2/9 Hulien, M=4.3 2 O S

O: oscillation S: step-like change blank: no deteact

2222

1414

1212

~Jun,2005~Jun,2005

414117179911EventsEvents

94945252212111RecordsRecords

1212884411No. WellNo. Well

TotalTotal200420042003200320022002YearYear

2004/12/26 2004/12/26 SumatraEarthquake M9.0Earthquake M9.0

720722724726728730732

Hulien:Waterlog:Water level (cm) Hulien:Waterlog:Water level(fit) (cm)

-1-012

Hulien:Waterlog:Water level(resid) (cm)

1016101710181019102010211022

Hulien:Barometer:Pressure (hPa)

131415161718

Hulien:Therometer:Air Temperature (c)

25.69025.69525.70025.70525.71025.715

Hulien:Therometer:Water Temperature (c)

00h00m00s08-02-04

12h00m00s08-02-04

00h00m00s09-02-04

12h00m00s09-02-04

00h00m00s10-02-04

0.00.20.40.60.81.0

Hulien:Raingage:Rain fall (mm)

14:10 +1.5 cm

Feb. 9 15:14, 2004, Hulien Earthquake, (M=4.3 Depth 27.6 Km)

GWL(cm)GWL(cm)

Res.(cm)Res.(cm)

Baro..(hp)Baro..(hp)

Air temp. (C)Air temp. (C)

GWL temp. (C)GWL temp. (C)

Rain fall (mm)Rain fall (mm)

2cm

6cm Obs.Tidal.

Intens.Obs. Sta.Distance

(km)Depth(km)Lat.Lon.MLOcc. TimeNo.

44HULHUL13.3 13.3 18.918.924.0524.05121.51121.514.64.62004/05/13 23:28:472004/05/13 23:28:479305393053

11HULHUL15.7 15.7 21.121.124.0924.09121.52121.524.14.12004/07/14 20:04:302004/07/14 20:04:30--

33HULHUL23.3 23.3 19.519.523.8623.86121.43121.434.84.82004/07/09 19:19:292004/07/09 19:19:299306993069

EQ

EQ

EQ

Sea levelGroundwater level

T.D.

T.D.

T.D.

650

660

670

680

690

700

Hulien:Waterlog:Water level (cm) Hulien:Waterlog:Water level(fit) (cm)

-10

-5

0

5

Hulien:Waterlog:Water level(resid) (cm)

1000

1005

1010

1015

1020

Hulien:Barometer:Pressure (hPa)

10-04-05 20-04-05 30-04-05 10-05-050.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0Hulien:Raingage:Rain fall (mm)

I III II

4/5/

05

4/10

/05

4/15

/05

4/20

/05

4/25

/05

4/30

/05

5/5/

05

5/10

/05

5/15

/05

Time

3

4

5

6

Mag

nitu

de (M

L)

Seismic activity and the groundwater level changes Seismic activity and the groundwater level changes ((April~MayApril~May, 2005), 2005)

SeismicitySeismicity((MMLL))

Orig. WL. Orig. WL. (green)(green)FiltedFilted ComponentsComponents(red(red))

Residual water levelResidual water level(cm)(cm)

Barometric PressureBarometric Pressure((hpahpa))

RainfallRainfall(mm)(mm)

April,2005

May,2005

Other Approaches on the Groundwater Other Approaches on the Groundwater Anomalies Associated with EarthquakeAnomalies Associated with Earthquake

Preparation for LongPreparation for Long--Term MonitoringTerm MonitoringPlanning for the Standard Procedures for detecting Planning for the Standard Procedures for detecting the Anomaliesthe AnomaliesResearch for theoretical support of observation resultsResearch for theoretical support of observation results

Anomalies detection techniquesAnomalies detection techniquesEarly warning system for foundation engineeringEarly warning system for foundation engineeringApplication for water resources Application for water resources mangementmangement

International cooperative research activityInternational cooperative research activity"Hydrological and geochemical research for earthquake

Prediction in Taiwan (February 2002 - March 2005)"

Exchange of information Exchange of information and personneland personnelAnnual workshopAnnual workshopPublicationPublicationPlanning for extended Planning for extended cooperationcooperation

Future PlansFuture Plans

Stage 1: Construction of the Stage 1: Construction of the WellWell--Aquifer System Aquifer System

The components of wellThe components of well--aquifer aquifer systemsystemMassMass (Water in well and parts of the (Water in well and parts of the water in aquifer)water in aquifer)Restoring ForceRestoring Force (the difference (the difference between well and aquifer) between well and aquifer) Damping ForceDamping Force (the friction along the (the friction along the well body and flow through the well well body and flow through the well and aquifer) and aquifer) Surface Tension ForceSurface Tension Force of the water in of the water in wellwell

The limitation of the observation The limitation of the observation made by Well Radiusmade by Well Radius、、Properties Properties of Aquifer (Conductivityof Aquifer (Conductivity、、Storativity)Storativity)

The amplify or attenuation factors The amplify or attenuation factors for pressure between the well and for pressure between the well and aquiferaquiferWell-Aquifer System (Cooper et al.,1965)

Stage 2Stage 2：：Extracting the Differential Extracting the Differential Components of the Water Level fluctuationsComponents of the Water Level fluctuations

Extract the different Extract the different components of the water components of the water level fluctuations to estimate level fluctuations to estimate the response of the wellthe response of the well--aquifer system to different aquifer system to different sources.sources.

Using the characteristic Using the characteristic responses to estimate the responses to estimate the material parameters of wellmaterial parameters of well--aquifer system .aquifer system .

Setup the system parameters Setup the system parameters and boundary condition and boundary condition prepare for testing the prepare for testing the assumption. assumption.

The spectrum of different sources (long period)

The spectrum of different sources (short period)(Ishimura, 2002)

Stage 3Stage 3：：Derived the Poroelastic Properties of Derived the Poroelastic Properties of the Wellthe Well--Aquifer System by Stochastic MethodsAquifer System by Stochastic Methods

Using the stochastic and Using the stochastic and statistical methods to statistical methods to estimate the poroelastic estimate the poroelastic parameters of the wellparameters of the well--aquifer system aquifer system

Curve Fitting

Type Curve Plotting(Roeloffs, 1996)

Stage 4Stage 4：： Construction of the Faulting and Construction of the Faulting and Water Pressure Coupling ProcessesWater Pressure Coupling Processes

Precursory changes got no spatial Precursory changes got no spatial relation with source region of relation with source region of earthquake.earthquake.Difference between sensitive and Difference between sensitive and nonnon-- sensitive wellssensitive wells

•• Material properties of aquiferMaterial properties of aquifer•• Characteristic of signal propagationCharacteristic of signal propagation•• Characteristic of faulting processesCharacteristic of faulting processes

Resonance of WellResonance of Well--Aquifer systemAquifer systemFaulting and stress field distribution

(USGS , 2002)

Thank You!Thank You!