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GOOD MORNING
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AN A
L YSIS
OF
C AL CI
U M
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INTRODUCTION MineralsCalcium
Functions Sources and Distribution Dietary requirements Uses
Absorption of calcium Regulation of absorption Disorders of calcium and metabolismconclusion
OUTLINE
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Minerals are neither animal nor vegetable; they are inorganic
Types of Minerals
There are two types of minerals: Macro minerals and Trace minerals
The macro mineral group- Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium,Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Sulfur Trace minerals includes Iron, Manganese, Copper, Iodine,
Zinc, Fluoride, and Selenium.Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body and has several important functions.The three major regulators of blood calcium are parathyroid
hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin
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Calcium Status A tomic Number: 20 A tomic Symbol: Ca A tomic Weight: 40.08Electron Configuration:
[ A r]4s2 A tomic Radius: 197.3 pmMelting Point: 842 0CBoiling Point: 1484 0COxidation State: 2
CALCIUM
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Plasma calcium : Normal level -8.6-10.6 mg/dl
i. 50% - present as ionized formii. 40% - bound to proteins
i.e. albuminiii. 10% - complexed calcium
calcium citrate,bicarbonate and
phosphate.
Ca X P in serumchildren 50 and adults 30-40.
Calcium: Phosphate ratio indiet:
During growth 1:1 After cessation of growth- 1: 2.
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RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE
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Functions of calcium: Hormone secretion
Hormone action : Ca +2 acts as second messenger, in the action of hormones
Neuromuscular transmission Muscular contraction CBP- Calmoduli,Troponin and calbindin I t is essential for the clotting of blood -. I t helps in the formation
of activated forms of factor IX , X , II and in the formation of prothrombin activator.
F ormation of bone and teeth I t regulates the permeability of the capillary walls. cell division, mitosis and fertilization endocytosis, exocytosis, cellular motility
F UNCTIONS O F CALCIUM
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RIC H SOU
RCE S OF
CALCI UM
y Dairy Products, such as Milk, Cheese, and Yogurt y Canned Salmon and Sardines with Bonesy Leafy Green Vegetables, such as Broccoli, Spinachy Calcium-Fortified foods - from Orange juice to Cereals and Crackers
Ice Cream, Oysters, Ricotta.
CALCI UM B ALANCE : It is the net gain or loss of calcium by body over a specific period of
time. Amount absorbed = Amount ingested - Amount egested in faeces Amount retained = Amount absorbed Urinary calcium( excreted)
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Bone organic-collagen.glycoproteins,phosphoprus
inorganic-hydroxyapatite crystals.-strength and hardness.Outer cortical layer and inner cancellous structure.Cancellous bone trabaculaeOsteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes.
BONE REMODELLING Osteoblasts secret interleukins osteoclasts
acids proteases
collagen lysis cavity formation
new bone formation
B ONE GROWTH AND CALCIUM META B OLISM
Ostoblasts Alkalinephosphatase
Estrogen-inhibitsosteoclastic activity
Glucocorticoids -inhibitsOsteoblastic activity
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B ONEGROWTH ANDCALCIUMMETA B OLISM
Gr owth of epiphyseal plateIGF-1, tyr oid ,v itD,Gr owthha rm one.
OSSI F ICATIONCa r tilagenous ossificationMe m br anous ossification
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Ca +2 is poorly absorbed from intestine.Vitamin D and PTH promotes absorption Slight acidity or neutral pH is needed for Ca absorption A ctive transport W here Ca absorption occurs
against Ca concentration and is dependent on 1,25 (OH) 2 cc.-Duodenum Passive diffusion occurs lower down in the small intestine and accounts only for 15%.
R enal excretion of calcium
AB SORPTION O F CALCIUM
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CALCIUM METABOLISM
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pH of intestinal contents acidic pH favors absorption alkaline medium - lowered
Composition of diet : High protein diet favors absorption F atty acids decreases calcium absorptionSugars and organic acids Citric acid also increases absorption- chelator Phytic acid forms insoluble calcium salts Minerals : Excess phosphates lowers calcium absorption, high magnesium content
decreases Ca absorptionHealth status Hormonal control : PTH, calcitonin, Vit-D, glucocorticoids decrease the intestinal transport of calcium.
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION :
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Sex harmones : I ncrease intestinal absorption Stimulate mineralization Decrease renal excretion
Thyroid harmones : Hyperthyroidism-increased bone resorption
Factors regulating absorption Three tissues- Three harmones- Three cells -
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Conclusion U nderstanding b one physiology is im portant in ort hodontic interventions involving mani pulation of b one by t he dentist should b e carried out onl y when t he patient is in positive calcium b alance
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TH
ANK YOU