Anaerobic digestion - ADEME€¦ · they belong. In addition, this document does not reflect the...

Anaerobic digestionS T R A T E G I C R O A D M A P

SOMMAIREPREAMBLE 3

1/ SCOPE 5

2/ CHALLENGES 8

3/ VISIONS 17

4/ OBSTACLES 24

5/ RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION NEEDS 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY 34

ANNEX 1 35

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PREAMBLEADEME is one of the state operators supporting the ecological and energy transition. The Agency’s roles include supporting the development, demonstration and spread of new technological or organisational solutions that contribute to the energy and ecological transition.

To support the development of anaerobic digestion (AD) and organise strategic thinking at national lev-el about research and development needs, ADEME has supported the creation of this strategic “Anaerobic Digestion” roadmap.

Its objectives include:• highlightingtheindustrial,economic,societalandenvi-

ronmental challenges of the industry’s development;•creatinglong-term,consistent,sharedvisionsofAD;• identifyingscientific,technological,organisational,eco-nomic, financial, sociological, cultural and psycholog-ical obstacles and obstacles relating to public policies and measures;

• highlightingtherequirementsandprioritiesforresearch,development and innovation (RDI) to promote and sup-port the development of the industry in France.

These needs can then act as a basis for structuring national RDI provision by bringing together:• researchplanningwithinADEMEandotherinstitutions

such as the French National Research Agency (ANR), the French National Alliance for the Coordination of Energy Research (ANCRE), the National Research Alliance for the Environment (AllEnvi) and local authorities (regional councils, cities etc.);

• andtheresearchcarriedoutbypublicandprivateRDIorganisations.

These research and experimentation priorities are based on the visions and obstacles identified. They also takeinto account French capacities in the fields of researchand industry.

The roadmap was produced with the help of a group of experts (listed in the table below), who met six times between November 2015 and June 2016. A seminar on the human and social sciences was also organised in May 2016 to examine the subject in greater depth, featuring twospeakers:Marie-LaurenceGrannec(BrittanyRegionalChamberofAgriculture)andHervéFlanquart(UniversityoftheLittoralOpalCoast).

Thecontentof the roadmap reflects thepersonalopin-ions of the experts and not of the institutions to which theybelong.Inaddition,thisdocumentdoesnotreflectthe views of ADEME or of the government about France’s environmental and energy policy for the coming years.

ADEME provided the expert group with a technical sec-retariat consisting of Loïc Antoine, Erwan Autret, MarcBardinal, Guillaume Bastide, Luc Bodineau, Daniel Clément, Aïcha El Khamlichi, Bruno Gagnepain, MichelGioria,OlivierThéobaldandJulienThual,withcontribu-tionsfromengineersatADEME’sregionaloffices(BertrandAucordonnier,ImanBahmani,JulieBarthélémy,Christo-pheBogaert,CédricDjedovic,ClaireFlorette,ChristopheHévin,SébastienHuet,ChristelleLancelot,PierreLaurent,Marie-ÉmilieMollaret,JonathanMuller,SophiePouthierandBernardVigne).

3ANAEROBIC DIGESTION / STRATEGIC ROADMAP

CONTENTS

4

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE GROUP OF EXPERTS

NATURE OF THE ORGANISATION NAME ORGANISATION

Private companies

CaroleBloquet Suez Environnement (SITA) and the National Federation of Decontamination and Environmental Activities (Fnade)

PierreCoursan Suez Environnement (Degrémont Services)

Jean-Marie Faure Arcbiogaz

Anthony Mazzenga Engie(GrDFthenEngieCorp)

Isabelle Robin Evalor

Technical institutes/technology centres

PascalLevasseur IFIP(theFrenchPorkandPigInstitute)

Sylvain Marsac Arvalis (agricultural research organisation)

PhilippePouech Apesa(environmentandriskmanagementtechnologycentre)

Research bodiesPascalPeu Irstea – Rennes (French National Centre for Agricultural

and Environmental Engineering Research)

SébastienPommier INSA Toulouse (French National Institute for Applied Sciences)

Marc-André Théoleyre ÉcolecentraleParis

Funding bodiesAurélien Hue CDC(CaissedesDépôtsGroup)

LoïgImbert Crédit Agricole Énergie - Centre

Consular body CarinePessiot PermanentAssemblyofChambersofAgriculture(APCA) and Chambre Agriculture 56

Associations

Armelle Damiano AILE(AssociationofLocalEnergyandEnvironmentInitiatives)

Claire Ingremeau ATEE Club biogaz (French Energy and Environment Technical Association)

Jean-MarcOnno AAMF (French Agricultural Anaerobic Digestion Association)

CONTENTS

1/ SCOPE

The scope of the roadmap is defined by a thematic area, a time scale and a geographical perimeter. The thematic area covers the AD value chain, from the mobilisation of feedstock sources to the exploitation of the biogas and digestate (see box below).

Anaerobic digestion is a technology based on the breakdown of organic matter by micro-organisms under controlledconditionsandintheabsenceofoxygen,i.e.inananaerobicenvironment,unlikecomposting,whichisanaerobicreaction.Thisbreakdownresultsintheproductionof:- a moist material known as digestate, rich in partially stabilised organic matter. This is generally “returned to the soil”,possiblyafteraphaseofmaturingthroughcomposting;

- biogas, a gaseous mixture saturated with water when it leaves the digester. Biogas(calledbiomethaneafterpuri-fication)consistsof50to70%methane(CH4),20to50%carbondioxide(CO2) and a few trace gases (NH3, N2, H2S). Biogashasacalorificvaluebelow5to7kWh/m3(kilowatthourspercubicmetre).Thisrenewableenergysourcecanbeusedinanumberofways:combustiontoproduceelectricityandheat,fuelproductionorinjectionintothenaturalgasnetworkfollowingpurification.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN A FEW WORDS

Weassume that the conditions aremet for AD tomeeteconomic and environmental performance criteria with-in the dynamic of the circular economy, i.e. a sustainable source of renewable resources (organic matter, renewa-ble energy), efficient use of non-sustainable resources(water, non-renewable energy) and low environmental and health impact (environmental emissions, waste pro-duction etc.) throughout the life cycle of the digested ma-terials and optimum rates of exploitation for energy (bio-gas)andagronomy(digestate).Anaerobicdigestionoffersall the necessary guarantees in terms of safety, and all the visionsandresearchproposalsidentifiedinthisroadmaphelp to increase this further.

The feedstock sources involved are the following: live-stock waste, crop residues, verge cutting residues, in-vasive plants, energy crops, energy catch crops1, food crops, green waste, industrial waste (food processing, pa-per, chemicals etc.), collective catering and retail waste, household waste, treatment sludge, waste water from private or small-scale collective sanitation, microalgae, animal by-products etc.

The scope of the roadmap includes the upstream stages of harvesting, collection and conservation of substrates (including characterisation), together with logistics and transport to the storage and AD sites. The earlier stages of cultivation, livestockbreedingandbiomassproduction,however, are excluded from the thematic area.

The scope covers all possible AD solutions, which can be qualifiedbytypeoffeedstockandmajorityprojectback-er, e.g. a local authority, an agricultural business, an in-dustrial company, another type of business2 or a private individual. However, there is no universal classificationforAD installations,and theycanacceptdifferent typesoffeedstocks,involvemultipleplayerswithinanarea(lo-cal authorities, companies, farmers) and vary widely in size. For themoment,we can position the different ADsolutionsaccordingtothetypeof feedstockandmajor-itybacker(seetable1),assumingaspartofthisforecast-ing exercise that other types will develop in the coming decades.

1 An energy catch crop is a crop planted and harvested between two main crops in a crop rotation system.2 Such as waste treatment companies and producers of organic soil conditioners or energy.


CONTENTS

6

TABLE-1EXISTING AD SOLUTIONS BY FEEDSTOCK TYPE AND MAJORITY BACKER

* Anaerobic digestion unit involving multiple local players (farmers, businesses, local authorities etc.), partly reusing agricultural materials (animal waste, crop residues etc.). Source: ATEE Club biogaz, 2014 [1]

The pretreatment and preparation of the materials are defined based on the characteristics of the feedstocks,theADprocessandthequalitiesexpectedofthedigestateand the biogas. The primary objective is to eliminate any unforeseen contingencies that could disrupt the smooth operationof the installation.Physical,biologicaland/orchemical processes can be used to improve the hydrol-ysis and the biodegradability of the organic matter, thus increasing the methane yield during the digestion phase. For example, sorting and shredding can reduce the size of solid materials before digestion. Certain animal by-prod-ucts are prepared using hygienisation processes such as liming3.

The AD step produces biogas and a digestate by digest-ing the organic matter introduced into the installation. The design and specifications of an anaerobic digest-er, and thus its profitability, depend on the choice of “recipe”, the process and the associated technologies.

The recipe aims to ensure a stable, balanced, controlled supply of materials introduced into the digester. The main parameters that determine this balance are the methano-genic potential, the concentration of organic matter and mineral elementsand theC/N ratio4. There must be no undesirable elements (materials that are non-degrada-bleor likely todisrupt theprocess).Eachsubstrateandco-substrate(e.g.enzyme)alsohasitsownqualitiesandconstraints,whichneedtobeknowninordertoencour-age synergies and avoid any antagonism. Similarly, it is important to manage the selection of bacterial popula-tions and control them to optimise digestion.

Anaerobicdigestionprocessesvary.Wedividethemintotwo families: wet, containing 5 to 15% of drymaterial,anddry,containing15to40%.Theprocessesaredistin-guished primarily by the acceptable level of dry matter (wet or dry), the digestion temperature conditions (mes-ophilic, thermophilic or psychrophilic5), whether the

reaction is continuous or batch and horizontal or verti-cal, the time the mixture stays in the reactor and the type ofagitation.WetADgenerally takesplace incontinuousstirred-tankreactorsundermesophilicconditions.Indryprocesses,ADcaneitherbecontinuous(piston-flowreac-tor) or discontinuous under thermophilic conditions.

Biogas canbe used for energy directly after ADor afteran additional treatment stage. Its properties now enable us to consider many applications for the CH4andCO2 of which it consists. The following treatments and uses are examinedinthisroadmap:• productionofelectricity,heatandcooling,separatelyor

simultaneously (heating, cogeneration or trigeneration6);• biogas purification to obtain biomethane that can beinjected into the natural gas network (directly or aftertransport) or used at an industrial site;

• production of bio-NGV (natural gas for vehicles from biogas);

• productionofhydrogen (H2) by reforming biomethane for uses such as industrial and mobility applications;

• the interaction between AD units and renewable elec-tricitygenerationunits:thismakesitpossibletoproducesyntheticmethanethroughmethanationoftheCO2 from biogas with hydrogen produced from electricity using the electrolysis of water (the principle of power-to-gas); similarly, the “fatal hydrogen”7 present at some industrial sites can be used to produce synthetic methane;

• the use of CO2 for applications in chemistry, materials and energy (production of dimethyl ether, methanol etc.).

The scope of the roadmap also includes the packing,compression, transport, distribution and storage of fuels until they reach sales outlets and points of consumption.

The digestate is an organic fertiliser that can be used as-is, spread directly, or transformed through physical, chemical and/or thermal processes to achieve optimal fertilisation.

MAJORITY BACKER OF THE AD UNIT PROJECT: LOCAL AUTHORITY AGRICULTURAL

BUSINESSMULTI-PARTNER/

CENTRALISED*

MAJORITY FEEDSTOCK:Animal waste • •Crop residues • •Energy crops • •Energy catch crops • •Greenwaste • • •Wastefromthefoodindustry,collectivecateringand retail • • •

Household waste • Treatment sludge • • •

CONTENTS

Various technologies (screw press, centrifugation, filterpress etc.) can be used to separate the solid fraction (with a high concentration of organic material and phosphates, usedasasoilconditioner)fromtheliquidfraction(richinammoniacal nitrogen, a substitute for mineral fertilisers). Dry digestate is obtained using evaporation or thermal treatment processes. A digestate with a higher degree of maturity and better stability can be obtained with a com-posting stage. Finally, certain compounds can be extract-edselectivelywithspecificprocessessuchas:• stripping throughacidwashing to recoverammoniumand/orammonia;

• theproductionofstruvite(phosphorus)throughthepre-cipitation of ammonium and phosphate;

• reverseosmosistoproduceaconcentrate freeofsolidmatter, containing the majority of the nitrogen in the di-gestateand70%ofthepotassium.

The following stages are also covered by the scope of the roadmap: digestate storage, spreading, packing, trans-port, logistics and export.

The following are considered to be outside the thematic area:• theuseoftheenergyvectorafteritsdistribution8 and the

adaptation of energy consumption mechanisms arising from the use of biogas as an energy source (such as adaptingbusenginestorunonbio-NGV);

• the production of biogas from non-hazardous wastestorage installations;

• the production of biogas through biomass gasification(alreadycoveredinthe“AdvancedBiofuels”roadmap[2]).

The time scale of the roadmap is limited to 2050 for the long-term visions. This time scale is long enough for a deliberate move away from current industrial strat-egyandtheknownpublicpolicydirectionsfortheyears2020-2025. It provides space to imagine and construct desirable and even extreme visions and to describe dif-ferent possibilities for the deployment of technological, organisational and socio-economic options. However, the 2050 time scale also enables determinants such as demographics and the impact of political decisions to be considered with a certain realism.

The roadmap also leads to the identification of needsfor research whose results will enable these visions to be achieved. Identified in 2016, they can be formalised incallsforresearchprojectsoverthe2017-2020periodandcarried out between 2018 and 2023, with innovative solu-tionscomingtomarketbetween2025and2030. The geographical scope is at least European.While itgives priority to AD installations in France, it cannot avoid broader reflection informedbya reviewof technologiesand their uses and impacts, at least across Europe and even further afield, taking imports and exports of sub-strates, digestates and energy into account. Particularattention is also given to regional characteristics and to whetherlocalADinstallationsareadequateforthesourcesandopportunitiesidentified.


3 Liming is a method of chemical treatment that aims to reduce pathogenic agents by contact with lime.

4 The C/N or carbon to nitrogen ratio is an indicator of the degree of evolution of the organic matter, i.e. its ability to break down quickly or slowly in the soil.

5 Mesophilic: reaction temperature between 35 and 40°C; thermophilic: between 50 and 65°C; psychrophilic: at ambient temperature.

6 Production of electricity, heat and cooling.7 Hydrogen produced but not used in the industrial process, and lost

if not used elsewhere.8 However, energy reuse on site (cogeneration, engines etc.) is within

the scope.

CONTENTS

8

InFrance,ADhasdevelopedpartlythankstoevolutioninsupportmechanismsandregulatoryframeworks.Historicallyseenasatechniquefordecontaminatingwasteonbehalfofindustryand urban water treatment plants, AD is now one of the solutions of the energy transition, and has increasingly involved the agricultural world over the last decade.

The development of AD has been driven by several po-litical agendas relating to climate change, energy and agriculture:• Themulti-year investmentplanningact (onelectricity,

heat and gas, 2009), the national action plan in favour of renewable energy (2010) provided for by Directive 2009/28/EConthepromotionoftheuseofenergyfromrenewable sources, and, more recently, the order of 24 April 2016 on the planning of renewable energy pro-ductioncapacity.The24April2016orderspecifiesnewtargets for the development of electricity production, heat production, injected biogas and fuels based on re-newable energy sources in continental mainland France up to 2023.

The national plan, meanwhile, specifies a French tar-getof23%offinalenergyconsumptiontobeprovidedfrom renewable sources by 2020. For biogas (including biogas from waste storage installations), the annual targets for installed capacity and gross electricity gen-eration constitute a fourfold increase in installed pow-erbetween2010(164megawattsorMW)and2020(625MW).Thetargetforinstalledpowerin2015(363MW)wasachieved,with365MW installedasof1January2016,whileelectricitygeneration(1.7terrawatthoursorTWh)isbelowthetarget(2.1TWh)[3].Theplanalsospecifiesthat 555 ktoe9 of heat must be produced from biogas in 2020 (comparedwith 86 ktoe in 2009), ofwhich anunspecified proportionmust come from the injectionof biomethane into thenatural gasnetworks. In 2014, ADproducedabout1,600gigawatthours(GWh)ofheat[4],or138ktoe,belowthe205ktoespecifiedbytheplan.

In addition, the order of 24 April 2016 sets targets for the energy use of AD (excluding waste storage installations and water treatment plants) in the form of electricity, heatandbiomethane(includingbio-NGV)by2018and2023 (see table 2). Two options, high and low, are con-sidered for the 2023 time scale.

• TheEnergy,AnaerobicDigestion,AutonomyandNitro-gen(EMAA)plan: thisaimstodevelopaFrenchmodelof agricultural AD, including the installation of 1,000 an-aerobic digesters on farms by 2020 (compared with 90 at the end of 2012), to encourage the agricultural use of an-aerobicdigestatesandtocreateaFrenchADequipmentindustry by supporting innovation. The 2020 target will only be achieved if the current rate of creation of units increasessignificantly.

The development of AD has been made possible by the creation of project funding incentives (see box) and an increasingly structured regulatory framework (see box)since 2002.

2.1/ STEADY DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRENCH INDUSTRY OVER THE LAST TEN YEARS

9 Kilotonne of oil equivalent.

2/ CHALLENGES

CONTENTS

Several mechanisms have supported the devel-opment of both agricultural and centralised AD in France:• The creationof tariffs for thepurchaseof electricity

generated from AD biogas in 200210; these depend on the maximum electrical power installed, the installa-tionitselfanditsenergyefficiency,andhaveregularlybeen revised in the meantime;

• Theintroductionofatariffforthepurchaseofbiome-thaneinjectedintothenaturalgasnetworksin201011; theproducerbenefitsfromtheguaranteedpurchaseof biomethane at a price set by order depending on the type of waste treated and the installation’s maxi-mum capacity for biomethane production;

• Preferential electricity purchase rates for successfulbidders for state contracts; these were implement-ed by the Energy Regulation Commission (CRE) to achieve the targets set by the multi-year plan for in-vestment in renewable electricity; anaerobic digesters generatingpowerof0.5to5MWe(megawattelectric)have been eligible for this since 2015;

• ADEMEinvestmentassistance:- specificdigestatetreatmentequipmentiseligiblefortheWasteFund;

- AD projects incorporating the use of biogas for cogen-eration have been eligible for theWaste Fund since2007;

- ADprojectsincorporatingheat,purificationandinjec-tionintothenaturalgasnetworkoruseforNGV-typefuel, and heat grid projects involving cogeneration, havebeeneligiblefortheWasteFundsince2009;

Consequently, 547 projects have benefited from investment support between 2007 and 2015, repre-senting €192.3m in ADEME aid;• Grantsfromlocalauthorities(departmentorregion),

the ERDF12 and water agencies;

• The use of biomethane as a biofuel has been pro-moted since 2011 through the support provided for injection into thenaturalgasnetwork, viaa specificprovision on the value of guarantees of origin when the biomethane is used as fuel for vehicles.

INCENTIVES SINCE 2002

10 Order of 16 April 2002 setting the terms for purchasing electricity generated by AD, repealed by the orders of 10 July 2006, 19 May 2011, 30 July 2013 and 30 October 2015 setting the terms for purchasing electricity generated by installations exploiting biogas.

11 Grenelle 2 act adopted on 12 July 2010, together with four decrees and four orders of November 2011, modified on 27 February 2013 and 27 June 2014.

12 The ERDF aims to promote economic and social cohesion in Europe by correcting the main regional imbalances and taking part in developing and converting regions, while guaranteeing synergy with the operations conducted by other structural Funds.


TABLEAU2TARGETS FOR THE ENERGY USE OF AD BY 2018 AND 2023

* On the expectation that bio-NGV represents 20% of total NGV consumption (bio-NGV and fossil NGV) by 2023, in segments complementing electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles.

DEADLINE

ELECTRICITY GENERATION HEAT PRODUCTION BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION

TOTAL INSTALLED POWER ENERGY PRODUCTION PRODUCTION OF

INJECTED BIOMETHANEBIO-NGV*

CONSUMPTION

31/12/2018 137MW 300ktoe 1.7TWh 0.7TWh

31/12/2023 Lowoption:237MWHighoption:300MW

Lowoption:700ktoeHighoption:900ktoe 8TWh 2.0TWh

2/ CHALLENGES

CONTENTS

10

The regulatory framework has gradually been put inplace, with the creation in 2009 and 2010 of specificcategories devoted to AD and the use of biogas in the classification of listed installations: the non-hazard-ouswasteADactivity comesunder categoryno. 2781(decreesof29October2009and26July2010)andco-generation plants consuming AD biogas come under category no. 2910C (decrees of 28 April 2010 and 26 July 2010).

WithregardtofoodcropsasafeedstockforADinstalla-tions,thedecreeof7July201613 sets maximum thresh-oldsforfeedstocksforADunitsbasedonnon-hazardouswaste or raw plant matter from food crops, including a maximumproportionof15%ofthetotalgrosstonnageoffeedstockineachcalendaryear(art.D.543-292).

Withregardtotheregulationsontheagriculturaluseofdigestates, several projects are in progress to encour-agethesustainabledevelopmentofamarketatEuro-

peanUnion level. Several legal solutions arepossiblesubject to certain conditions for digestate producers, such as direct spreading (the digestate remaining waste in statutory terms),marketing authorisation ormoni-toringthespecificationsofexistingstandards14; in these latter cases, the digestate becomes a product in statu-tory terms in the same way as any other product sold or marketed.The legislationand regulationson fertilisermarketingwererevisedbyanorderon4June2015andadecreeon21 July 2015.Whilemarketingauthorisa-tionisawell-knownprocedureusedforgrowthmedi-ums and fertilisers, it has only recently been applied to digestates–thefirstopinionswerepublishedin2013,with three favourable opinions in 2013 and three more in 2014. Finally, at EU level, the revisionof regulation2003/2003onfertilisersisontheagendaaspartofthecirculareconomypackage(CommunicationCOM(2015)of 2 December 2015) to extend it to organic fertilisers andstimulatethesustainabledevelopmentofamarketatEuropeanUnionlevel.

EVOLUTION OF THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK BETWEEN 2009 AND 2016

13 Decree no. 2016-929 of 7 July 2016 in application of article L. 541-39 of the French Environmental Code, Official Journal no. 0158 of 8 July 2016.14 - NF U 44 051 standard on organic soil conditioners; - NF U 44 095 standard on composts containing agronomically beneficial materials produced by water treatment (MIATE); - NF U42-001-2 standard on organic fertilisers. The application of this standard was made obligatory by the order

of 11 December 2015 amending the order of 5 September 2003 on the obligatory application of standards (Official Journal of 24 December 2015). The standard defines two types of NP fertiliser (based on nitrogen, N, and phosphorus, P) obtained from liquid manure:

- Type 6a, NP fertiliser from liquid manure: product obtained by extracting the solid phase of raw liquid manure followed by composting with or without the addition of plant matter and/or drying and containing at least 40% dry matter;

- Type 6b, NP fertiliser from anaerobically digested and composted liquid manure: product obtained by extracting the solid phase of liquid manure after anaerobic digestion with or without the addition of plant matter followed by composting with or without the addition of plant matter and with or without drying and containing at least 40% dry matter.

CONTENTS

On the farm or centralised?ADEMEusesthefollowingdefinitions[5]:

AfarmADunitisbackedmostlybyoneormorefarmers.Farmandagriculturalwastepredominates,andtheinstalledpowerisgenerallybelow500kWe.

Acentralisedunitisalarge-scalecodigestionunit,oftendescribedas“territorial”or“multi-partner”.Itsinstalledpowerisgenerallyabove500kWeandprojectsdrawonmanysourcesofsubstratescodigestedinthesameunit.Thissectorincludesbothcollectiveagriculturalprojects(over60%farmwaste)andmoregeneralwasteprojects,involvingfewerplayers,inwhichlivestockwasteisoftennotapriority.

ON THE FARM OR CENTRALISED?

FIGURE-1 EVOLUTION OF FARM AND CENTRALISED ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS ; EVOLUTION OF INSTALLED POWER [5]

France currently has about 400 AD units, with installed electrical power of over 100 MWe (excluding waste stor-age installations). The French inventory, carried out in 2014byADEME for the International EnergyAgency [4],reported389units:88fedwithwatertreatmentsludge,11fed with household and similar waste, 210 farm and cen-tralised units and about 80 industrial units.

The speed with which AD units have been created be-tween 2011 and 2015 is evaluated at about fifty per year, mostly farm and centralised units. The number installations processing sludge from water treatment and industrialeffluentorwaste(foodprocessingorpaper)hasremained fairly stable for several years; though treatment sludgehasseennewmomentumthankstonewarrange-ments to promote the injection of biogas into the gas net-work,as shownby the increase in thenumberof studyprojects and calls for bids, which should result in further plants entering service in the next two or three years.

As of 1 January 2016, ADEME counts 236 anaerobic digest-ers in service on farms and 31 centralised units (see box), i.e.atotalof267units,withtotalinstalledelectricalpowerof78MWe(seefigure1).Theaverageinstalledelectricalpoweris202kWeforfarmunitsand1,180kWeforcentral-ised units. Almost all the units (251) use biogas for cogen-eration. Inall,17ADunits injectpurifiedbiogasintothenaturalgasnetwork(farmunits,centralisedunits,house-hold waste and water treatment), plus two units that enteredserviceafterOctober2015(inVilleneuve-sur-Lot(Lot-et-Garonne)andChagny(Saône-et-Loire)).


90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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300

250

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150

100

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02010 2012 20142011 2013 2015

No. of farm units in operation

Total power in MWe

CONTENTS

12

In Europe, the development of the AD industry varies widely from one country to another, in termsofboththenumberofinstallationsandtheproductionofbiogas,asshowninfigure2,takenfromtheADEMEstudy[6].

2.2/ A SITUATION OF CONTRASTS IN EUROPE

This highlights three levels of development: countrieswhere the sector is developed (Germany, Austria, Bel-gium,Denmark, France, Italy,Netherlands,UnitedKing-dom, Sweden, Switzerland), emerging (Spain, Luxem-bourg)andundeveloped(Ireland,Portugal...).Anaerobicdigestion has developed almost exponentially in some

countries,suchasGermany(2,121unitsin2010and9,145units in 2012) and Italy (a few dozen units in 2000 and nearly 1,500 in 2012). France, meanwhile, is recognised by its European partners for its expertise in technologies and installation management, particularly for urban sludge treatment.

S PA I N

FRANCE

ITALY

CYPRUS

GREECE

BULGARIA

CROATIA

SLOVAKIA

CZECHIA

HUNGARY

ROMANIA

TURKEY

POLAND

BELGIUM

AUSTRIA

LUXEMBOURG

SWITZERLANDSLOVENIA

NETHERLANDS

GERMANY

NORWAY

SWEDENF I N L A N D

DENMARK

ESTONIA

LITHUANIA

LATVIA

UNITEDKINGDOM

IRELAND

I C E L A N D

PORTUGAL

FIGURE-2 BIOGAS PRODUCTION (EXCLUDING LANDFILL BIOGAS) PER HEAD OF POPULATION AND MAIN SUPPORT MEASURES IN EUROPE (SITUATION IN 2013) [6]

Not surveyed

0-20

20-50

50-100

100-250

250-600

600-900

Electricity purchase tariff

Biomethane purchase tariff

Green certificate system

Bio-NGV incentive policy

Grants for investment

Support suspended

BIOGAS PRODUCTION PER HEAD OF POPULATION (KWH/HEAD)

MAIN BIOGAS SUPPORT MEASURES

CONTENTS


This study analysed past and current public policy and drewthefollowingconclusions:• the countries that have experienced fast growth havedone sowith strong, simplemeasures (Germany, Aus-tria, Italy) and have now more or less stopped their de-velopment; they have production capacity that is much higher than France’s, even though biogas is no longer developing;

• the countries that have experienced fast growth havedone so by allocating a proportion for energy crops, al-lowing the possibility of issues when operators purchase feedstocksratherthanproducingthemthemselves;pur-chasing crops from other farms leads in particular to a loss of autonomy (and control over the source) and accentu-ates the use of sources in competition with food uses;

• theproportionof small installations (2or3GWh/year,or100-150kWe)isnohigherthan20%ofnationalbio-gas production from AD in countries where the sector is developed,exceptinLuxembourg;Switzerlandachieves20%andFrance13% forbiogasproduction from farminstallationswithanaveragesizeof2GWh;

• sevencountriesorregionshaveaqualityassurancesys-tem or national regulations enabling the digestate to be usedasafertiliser(Netherlands,UnitedKingdom,Flan-ders, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and Austria), in-volvingeitherrawdigestateorthesolidorliquidfraction.

Anaerobic digestion has the particularity that it is an attractive solution for the energy transition, the move to a more circular economy and the evolution of agricultural production systems si-multaneously. It treats organic matter while producing biogas and a digestate that can then be used in a variety of forms (energy, agriculture etc.).

2.3/ VARIED ISSUES COMPARED WITH ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

TABLE3POSITIONING OF THE MAIN ALTERNATIVES TO AD IN RELATION TO THE PRIORITIES IDENTIFIED; COLOUR CODE: FAVOURABLE IMPACT IN LIGHT GREY, UNFAVOURABLE IMPACT IN DARK GREY, NO IMPACT IN WHITE

positive impact unfavorable impact without impact

Fighting CC and reducing GG emissions

Reducing fossil energy consumptione

Increasing RE production

Reducing the volume of landfill and incinerations

Sustaining agricultural production systems

Reducing the risk of land use conflicts

Reducing agriculture’s dependence on minerals

Anaerobic digestion l l l l lVariable depending on the industry

l

ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT INDUSTRY:

Composting l l l l l l l

Waste storage l l l l l l l

Incineration l l l l l l l

Recovered Solid Fuel (RSF) l l l l l l l

ALTERNATIVES TO BIOGAS USE:

Biomass energy, other RE, H2

l l l l lVariable depending on the industry

l

Fossil energy l l l l l l l

ALTERNATIVES TO DIGESTATE USE:

Direct spreading of sludge and manure l l l l l l l

Chemical fertilisers l l l l l l l

CONTENTS

Anaerobic digestion needs to be positioned as a bench-marksector,amongothersectors,foraddressingthefol-lowing priorities (presented in no particular order, and all consideredfromasystemicviewpoint):• fightingclimatechange(CC)andreducinggreenhousegasemissions(GG);

• reducing the consumption of fossil fuels, includingnon-energy resources (water, phosphates etc.);

• increasing theproportionof renewableenergy (RE) inthe energy mix;

• reducingthevolumesofwastesenttolandfillorinciner-ation;

• putting agricultural production systems on a perma-nent footing in the context of the energy and ecological transitions;

• reducingtheriskoflanduseconflicts(foodproduction,energy, biodiversity preservation etc.);

• reducing French agriculture’s dependence on miner-alelements suchasnitrogen (N),phosphorus (P)andtraceelements suchaspotassium (K)andsulphur (S)while respecting the balance between fertilisation and soilquality;

• creatingvalue,skillsandjobs.

Othersectorssharethesepriorities15, including compost-ing, biomass energy and direct spreading of sludge and manure. However, none initially appears able to address them all at the same time, as shown in table 3.

Bybenchmarksector,wemeananoptimisedsectorbasedonsustainabledevelopmentthattakesnotjusteconomicbut also environmental and social priorities into account.

Anaerobic digestion needs to be a high-performance, competitive option, taking all the issues of sustainabledevelopment into account, compared with alternative solutionsinthecarbon,CO2,nitrogenetc.markets.

a/ Fighting climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Thanks to the reuse of biogas and digestate, AD has apositiveoverallprofilerelativetothestandardsolutionsfor handling these materials that do not involve reuse or require equivalent consumption of natural gas andchemical fertilisers. The reuse of biogas, and of digestate when it replaces mineral fertilisers, helps to limit the use of fossil resources such as oil and natural gas. Several life cycleanalysesconducted recentlyonspecificexamples of AD indicate that savings can be made.

For example, a life cycle analysis of biogas from en-ergy crops was carried out, involving reuse as a ve-hicle fuel and for heating following injection into the natural gas network [7]. This led to an initial diagno-sis of the role of energy crops in the environmental analysis of an AD pathway. The study examined one main substrate (liquid manure), and the incorpora-tion of several energy crops was modelled at varying levels. The results were compared with petrol, diesel and NGV for use as a vehicle fuel and with natural gas for use in boilers. Result: with all the necessary precautions relating to the data and the methods used, significant reductions in GG emissions can be obtained: 60 to 70%, depending on the energy crops and the levels at which they are incorporated.

15 These alternatives nevertheless have their own priorities, which are not examined here.

14

CONTENTS


TheevaluationoftheGGimpactofinjectingbiomethaneinto thenatural gasnetworkswasalsobasedondiffer-enthypothesesabouthowthesectorwoulddevelop[8]. By 2020, biomethane injection is estimated at 4 TWh,about 1% of the predicted gas consumption, based onanaveragemixcalculatedfromtheGrDFprojectportfolioand presented in detail in the study. Six sectors of biom-ethaneproductionarecompared:non-hazardouswastestorage installations, household waste with and without separation at source, agricultural and territorial waste, agricultural waste on the farm and water treatment waste. The development of these sectors and their impact on cli-mate change (emissions caused and avoided) are com-pared with the current situation (existing waste treatment sectors,useofcropresiduesorlivestockwaste,landuse).The development of biomethane injection into the gas networkwouldenableaclearreductioninGGemissionsestimated at 188 gCO2eq/kWh by 2020 compared witha situation in which this avenue is not developed. For productionof 4TWh, theGGsavingsby2020wouldbe 751kTCO2eq.

Accordingtothecurrentstateofknowledge[9],therisksofGGemissionsfromADarisefromthepossibilityofun-controlledleaksofCH4duringthebiogasproductionandtreatment stage, and to a lesser extent during the storage and treatment of digestate, together with the discharge of nitrous oxide (N2O)whenthedigestateisreused.Howev-er, these emissions are lower in the case of well-managed AD than with other management methods, such as stor-age and direct spreading or composting.

b/ Air quality

As AD takes place in a closed cycle and involves pro-cesses to treat and purify the biogas, the possible impact on air quality is limited, though this does not prevent measurements being taken to reduce them to the minimum. The process also leads to a substrate being deodorised, reducing the release of odours when the digestate is spread relative to substrates not arising from AD. However, there is a shortage of reference data to quantifyandcomparetheimpactofADrelativetoothermanagement solutions, such as storage and spreading, composting, incineration or elimination at a storage in-stallation.Basedonthecurrentstateofknowledge[9],thepotential impactsarethefollowing:emissionsofhydro-gen sulphide (H2S) during biogas production, emissions ofregulatedpollutants(NOx,SOxetc.)duringreuseandemissions of ammonia (NH3) and odours during storage of substrates and digestate and during digestate spread-ing.Odourisinfacttheprimaryreasonquotedbypeoplewho do not want an anaerobic digester to be located less thanakilometrefromtheirhomes[10].

c/ Reducing the consumption of fossil resource

As stated previously, the energy reuse of biogas re-duces the consumption of fossil resources that would have been destined for the same use. The agronomic reuse of digestate also reduces the consumption of the

fossil energy that would have been needed to produce an equivalentquantityofchemicalfertilisers.

Digestate reuse instead of mineral fertiliser also helps to reduce the extraction of the trace elements contained in fertilisers.

d/ Increasing the production of renewable energy

The state plans to use AD to increase the proportion of renewable energy in the energymix [11]:by 2020, the state predicts that biogas will account for 2.3% of re-newable electricity generation (3.7 TWh and 625 MW installed, compared with 1.1% in 2010) and 2.8% of renewable energy in the heating and cooling sector (555 ktoe of final consumption compared with 0.7% in 2010).

In addition, as stated above (see table 2), the order of 24 April 2016 planning renewable energy generation capac-ityspecifiesnewtargetsfor2023.ForAD,intermsoftotalinstalled power, these are16:•137MWby31December2018;• 237 MW (low option) and 300 MW (high option) by

31 December 2023.

e/ Creating value, skills and jobs

Jobs numbered 1,700 in 2013 according to a survey of over 370 biogas sites and players in the sector [12]: about a third were at biogas installations and two thirds in associated activities (studies, design, consultan-cy, development, installation, construction etc.). The jobs areessentiallyqualifiedandnon-relocatable:90%ofsiteemployees had post-18 training and 70% in associatedactivities had four or more years of higher education. The study also provides an estimate of the number of jobs that would be created17by achieving the state targets for 2020:10,043 jobs indevelopmentandconstructionand4,854jobsinoperationsandmaintenance.ThebenefitofthisstudyisthatitalsooffersFTE(full-timeequivalent)/MWratiosfordifferenttypesofsite,asshownintable4.

16 This order specifies that the goal of electricity generation from biogas in both sectors – landfill or water treatment plant biogas and household waste incineration plants – is to equip existing sites with electricity generation resources enabling the energy produced to be exploited when this is economically worthwhile.

17 The authors of the study state that the data presented represent orders of magnitude and trends which must be considered in context to appreciate their value.

CONTENTS

16

In economic terms, the challenge is to develop a long-term model for waste management that fully exploits the benefits of AD (energy gener-ation, digestate production, ecosystem servic-es, reducing negative externalities etc.). Anaer-obic digestion must also differentiate itself from othermanagementsolutionsbyofferingservicesforanaccept-ablecost.Eachlinkinthevaluechain(researchandde-velopment, project sponsorship, study and design, con-struction,operation,maintenance,finance)mustachieveprofitabilityfordifferentcategoriesofprojectsdependingon size, backing (individual or shared), feedstocks andmodes of reuse.

In technical terms, several concerns relating to installation design,operationandmaintenancehavebeenidentifiedbyplayersinthesector[13,14]andwillultimatelyneedtoberesolved:evaluationofmethanogenicpotential,itsvariability and control over formulation; preparation of the materials; adjusting processes according to substrate; optimisingthescaleofunits;energyefficiencyofequip-ment; fertiliser treatmentand reuse;biogaspurificationperformance; cogeneration performance; biomethane in-jection; performance control and validation. Safety is also an important issue.

Othersubjectswillmeritparticularattentioninthecom-ingyears.Theywill requiretechnologicalbreakthroughsand/orasystemicvisionofthepositionofADinlocalare-as (incorporating agriculture, industry, energy, the circular economyetc.).ThepriorityistomakeADappropriateandcompatible, contributing to the energy developments of the future in terms of both the production of energy vec-torsandnetworkmanagementmethods(electricity,gas)and/oruses(electricity,heat,fuelformobility,buildings,digital technology, energy storage etc.). It is also to adapt AD to the specific features anddynamicsof local areas(agricultural,urban)atvaryinggeographicalscales,with:•agoodmatchbetweenthesourcesoffeedstockavailableanddemandfordigestateintermsoftypeandquantity;

•adaptabilitytodifferentformsofbiomass;•betterintegrationofADintoplansforbiomassmanage-

ment and exploitation.

TABLE4RATIO OF JOBS CREATED IN THE AD SECTOR PER MW INSTALLED BY TYPE OF AD UNIT (FTE/MW [12])

Tobecomeacompetitive industry,ADcurrently faces specificchallenges thatareeconomic,technical,environmentalandsocialinnature;itmustalsopositionitselfasaresilient,flexibleand multi-functional solution.

2.4/ SPECIFIC CHALLENGES

TYPE OF AD UNIT RATIO OF DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION JOBS/MW

RATIO OF PERMANENT JOBS/MW

Agricultural/industrial250kWe 7.1 FTE/MW 4.8 FTE/MWAgricultural/territorial700kWe 14.9 FTE/MW 6.7 FTE/MWIndustrial1MWe 3.8 FTE/MW 1.4 FTE/MWWatertreatment1MWe 14.0 FTE/MW 2.1 FTE/MWHouseholdwaste1MWe 49.7 FTE/MW 17.9 FTE/MW

CONTENTS


The long-term visions established in this roadmap aim to provide a broad-brush descrip-tion of AD in 2050. They «narrate» different credible solutions through the choice of the resources used, AD technologies, energy vectors and digestates produced.These visions do not set out to describe the future reality, but to define a range of possibil-ities from which a broad range of obstacles and research priorities can be drawn. Reality will probably be a combination of these prospective visions.

The building of long-term scenarios is based on the identification of key parameters, fac-tors external to AD that are likely to affect its development by 2050. They have been select-ed on the basis that their contrasting devel-opment results in radically different visions (see figure 3). Given that these visions have the main purpose of informing decision mak-ers, it is useful to limit the number of key pa-rameters and therefore the number of visions resulting from them.

The construction of no more than four visions is a conceptual exercise that deliberately avoids choosingstrategicorientationsordefiningpriority objectives.

The following visions are all theoretically possible and compatible with achieving Factor 418 in 2050. Wealsoconsider thatAD isasectorwith theca-pacity to adapt to the volatility of energy prices, withbothpositiveandnegativevariations.Weas-sumethatADunitsin2050areefficient,safeandprofitable,dueinparttoremunerationfortheser-vices they provide.

3.1/ METHODOLOGY

FIGURE-3 CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM OF THE PROSPECTIVE VISIONS BASED ON KEY PARAMETERS

18 Emerging from the French energy policy framework programme of 2005, Factor 4 aims to reduce French greenhouse gas emissions fourfold by 2050 compared with their 1990 levels.

3/ VISIONS

VISION 1

VISION 3

VISION 2

VISION 4

Key parameter 2

Key parameter 1

CONTENTS

18

3.3/ KEY PARAMETER No. 2: EXPLOITATION

The biogas and digestate can be exploited fully or part-ly,onsiteoroffsite.Severallegalarrangementscouldbeconsidered:• theprojectowneroftheADunitmanagesexploitation;• theprojectownersuppliesbiogastoathirdparty,whocollects,transportsandtransformsit:purification,injec-tion,bio-NGV,H2 fuel etc.; this third party is an energy specialist and may be able to optimise the production ofdifferentenergyvectorstosuitdifferentconsumptionprofiles;

• theprojectownersuppliesrawdigestatetoanoperatorwho treats it and transforms it into an approved, stand-ardised product in the form of molecules (sometimes called high-value-added molecules).

a/ Simple exploitation:

The AD unit exploits the raw digestate through spreading and the biogas in the form of one or more energy vectors (heat, electricity, biomethane inject-ed into the network, bio-NGV), without necessarily seeking any energy optimisation between them or any synergy with uses.

Exploiting the biogas for energy contributes both to the site’s own consumption of heat, electricity and even fuel and to the large-scale production of an energy vector.

b/ Multiple exploitation:

All pathways for exploiting the digestate and biogas are theoretically possible, whether for agricultural use, energy or materials (NP fertiliser, organic fertil-iser, organic soil conditioner, energy vectors in the form of heat, electricity, biomethane injected into the network, bio-NGV, H2, CO2, molecules), including pathways that have so far seen little development, such as third-generation biomethane from microal-gae and the exploitation of CO2 from biogas.

The AD unit produces a digestate which is treated to pro-duce at least two energy vectors.

Biogasexploitationforenergyalsoallowsfornewscenar-ios of optimisation and synergies between vectors, such as convergence between biogas production and electrici-tynetworksthathaveasurplusofrenewableelectricitytoproduce hydrogen fuel.

Several economic models could be considered to man-age the multiple exploitation of digestate and biogas, de-pending on whether or not the project owner is responsi-ble for this step.

Thisoption includes thedifferentmodelsofbiorefinery(local, global) using AD.

This parameter allows the number of and complexity of exploitation options to be varied between the two extremes of “single” and “multiple” exploitation.

3.2/ KEY PARAMETER NO. 1: MANAGEMENT OF SUPPLIES

a/ Local management

This involves a short circuit or proximity between the locations where feedstocks are produced and the AD unit. In some cases, the AD unit may be locat-ed at the site where feedstocks are produced. This is the case with farm-based AD or micro-AD.

The biogas is used for energy and the digestate for its agronomicbenefitsas closeaspossible to theADunit,promoting farms’self-sufficiency intermsofenergyandnitrogen. This also reduces the consumption of non-re-newablerawmaterials(naturalgas,fuel,CO2) and chem-ical fertilisers.

Sometimes, groups of local players manage a shared, col-lective, multi-partner AD unit covering all or part of the val-uechain (feedstock supply,AD,digestate treatmentandtransformation,collection,purification,biogasinjection).

b/ Global management

Supplies are selected for their prices and intrin-sic properties to suit the digester’s “recipe”, inde-pendently of their proximity to the AD installation. They can thus be imported and transported over long distances if necessary.

The AD unit is large. It is designed to produce energy vec-tors on a huge scale (so-called third-generation biometh-anemadefrommicroalgae,biomethane/syntheticmeth-anemix,bio-NGV).

It is also positioned as a component for other industri-al activities, suchasoptimising the reuseofbiorefineryby-productsorsupplyingrenewableCO2.

This parameter is associated with the concept of proximity in the management of supplies, lead-ingtotwocontrastingsituations:

CONTENTS


a/ Vision 1: local management of supplies and multiple exploitation

Inthisvision:• sourcesoffeedstockaremanagedlocally;• theADunithasthecapacitytomanagemultiple,mixedfeedstocks;

• local players group together around a local develop-ment project;

• AD isadapted for industrial sitesandwater treatmentplants,whichoffermultipleusesforthebiogasanddi-gestates;

• biogasexploitationforenergyisadaptedtolocaluses;• the digestate is treated and transformed primarily

for local agricultural use.

Anaerobic digestion is an alternative to composting, di-rect spreading and elimination in waste storage installa-tions. Anaerobic digestion units develop according to the localbiorefinerymodel.Forexample,theunitislocatedat the site of an industrial plant producing organic waste, a water treatment plant or a waste treatment site or in a rural area supplied by several farms.

Thisvisionisbackedequallybyindustrialandagriculturalplayers and local authorities on their own behalf and by groupsofseveralpartners.Theprojectbackersaccountforthemajorityofthefeedstocksources.Thesimplifiedscenarioisasfollows:• aplatformforreceivingandpreparinglocalsourcesoffeedstock;

• anADstage;• multiplestages,onsiteoroffsite,toexploitthebiogasanddigestate,suchas:

- heat and cold grids, CH4purificationandinjectionintothenetwork,bio-NGV,conversiontohydrogenfuel(seethe detailed example in the box below);

- on-site production of NP fertiliser, organic fertiliser, approved and standardised organic soil conditioners; possible on-site consumption or export;

- transformation of the digestate into nitrogen (N), phos-phate(P)ormolecules,onsiteoroffsite.

3.4/ THE PROSPECTIVE VISIONS OF AD

Thefourvisionsaredescribedinfigure4.

FIGURE-4 FOUR PROSPECTIVE VISIONS OF AD IN 2050

Multiple exploitation methods for agricultural, energy and materials use: NPfertilisers,organicfertilisers,organicsoilconditioners,energyvectors

(heat, electricity, CH4injection,bio-NGV,H2etc.),CO2, molecules

Single exploitation: spreadingofrawdigestateandproductionofoneormoreenergyvectors:

heat,electricity,biomethaneinjectedintothenetwork,bio-NGV

Local management of supplies and multiple

exploitation

Local management of supplies and single

exploitation

Global management of supplies and multiple

exploitation

Global managementof supplies and single

exploitation

1

3

2

4

Glob

al m

anag

emen

t of s

uppl

ies

Loca

l man

agem

ent o

f sup

plie

s

CONTENTS

20

The exploitation of AD through the “catalytic reforming of biogas” is still little explored, and is at the stage of “demonstration of the technology in a relevant environment”. For example, a pilot project to produce 5 m3/hofH2 fuelfromlandfillbiogasiscurrentlyinstalledinLabessiére-Candeil(Tarn)atasitemanagedbyTrifyl,thelocalwastedisposalorganisation. Industrialunits (withbiogasofdifferentorigins)areplanned fordeployment in thenextfiveyears.Theircapacitiesareevaluatedat100to500m3/hofhydrogenforseveralhundredm3/hofnon-purifiedbiogas19.Hydrogenfuelproductionbythisroutewouldmakealow-carbon,zero-emissionscontribution(nopartic-ulatesorNOx) to new electric mobility solutions in urban and suburban environments. In vision 1, the deployment ofhydrogenenergytakesplacebasedonthelogicofmatchingtherenewableresourcesavailableintheterritorywiththeenergyneedsofconsumers.Ultimately,10,000hydrogenservicestationswouldneedtobebuiltinEuropeby2050;eveniflocalproductionisonlyconsideredfor10%ofthem,therewouldbeamarketforseveraldozenADunitsperyear.Thebiogassectorcouldcapturemuchofitthankstoadvantageouseconomicpositioningforappli-cationsinurbansettings,whicharesubjecttostrictairqualitycriteria.

PRODUCTION OF 100% RENEWABLE HYDROGEN FUEL

b/ Vision 2: global management of supplies and multiple exploitation

Inthisvision:• thesourcesareselectednotfortheirgeographicalprox-

imity, but for their properties in relation to the digester’s “recipe” and the planned methods of exploitation;

• the production system is on an industrial scale, largein size, to takemaximum advantage of economies ofscale; production is optimised according to a system-ic approach, taking into account priorities relatingto climate, waste and replacing virgin raw materials simultaneously.

The AD unit is located in an easy-to-access area, such as a road or river hub, a port or airport area, an industrial and territorial ecology zone20 etc.

Thisvisionisbackedprimarilybyeconomicactorsintheagro-resources, food processing, chemicals, materials and bioenergy industries. The simplified scenario is asfollows:• large-scalelogisticsactivitytomanagefeedstocksources;• anADstageinteractingwithotherindustrialsystemsfor

producing raw materials and energy (see the detailed example in the box below);

• multiplestages,onsiteoroffsite,toexploitthebiogasanddigestate,suchas:

- heat and cold grids, CH4purificationandinjectionintothenetwork,bio-NGV,combiningADwithmethanation(see the detailed example in the box);

- on-siteproductionofNPfertiliser,organicfertiliser,ap-proved and standardised organic soil conditioners; pos-sible on-site consumption or export;

- transformation of the digestate into nitrogen, phos-phateormolecules,onsiteoroffsite;

- manymethodsofreusingCO2 (see the detailed example in the box).

Eachindustrialunitisaspecificcasetakingadvantageofthese methods of exploitation, as shown in the examples below, which are designed only to illustrate the scope of possibilities that can be imagined today.

19 The correlation between the production of H2 and non-purified CH4 depends partly on the level of CH4 in the biogas.

20 Industrial and territorial ecology, also known as industrial symbiosis, is a business-to-business organisational model characterized by exchanging flows or pooling requirements.

CONTENTS


FIGURE-5 THE THIRD-GENERATION BIOMETHANE SECTOR [15]

The cultivation of microalgae is currently being studied by a variety of projects to extract compounds for food and industry (chemicals, fuels; see the ALLGAS, SALI-NALGUEandSYMBIOSEprojectslistedintheappendix).Incorporating a residue AD stage into these production

systemsisparticularlybeneficial,makingitpossiblenotonlytoprovideasourceoftheCO2 needed for the mi-croalgae to grow but also to produce biomethane that canbeinjectedintothenetwork,asshowninfigure5.

BiomethaneproductionatanADunitcanbesignificant-ly increasingbycombining itwithaCO2 methanation unit (or power-to-gas). This solution presents advan-tages if there is a surplus renewable electricity, as long as the AD unit is close to the surplus. The principle of methanation involves using this electricity to produce hydrogen through water electrolysis. The hydrogen is then injected into the digester or into the biogas to reactwiththeCO2 from the digestion process and pro-duce synthetic CH4.Inall,withthissystem,about60%

ofthemethaneproducedandinjectedintothenetworkcomes from biomethane (produced through AD) and 40% from syntheticmethane (produced throughme-thanation).Theadditionalinvestmentsrequiredareanelectrolyser and a hydrogen injection system. Several projectstoproducesyntheticmethaneusingCO2 from biogas are at varying stages of development (see the AlphaPlant,EIUpgradedBiogas,Electrochaea,Euco-lino,HyCaBioMeandP2G-BioCatprojectslistedintheappendix).

TheCO2 contained in the biogas can be exploited in a variety of chemical forms, as shown by recent studies [16,17]anddescribedinfigure6.Severalsynthesesarealreadybeingproducedonanindustrialscale.TheCO2 arising from AD has the advantage of not being of fossil

origin. It can thus be imagined that large-scale produc-tionofCO2 at industrial AD sites interests industrial cus-tomersconsuminglargequantitiesofCO2 and located near the site.

MICROALGAE AND THIRD-GENERATION BIOMETHANE

POWER-TO-GAS

SOLUTIONS FOR EXPLOITING CO2

Feedstock collectionCO2, Water, Nutrients, Sun…

Microalgae cultivation

Methane production through AD

Marketing

Biomethane injected into the network

UsesFuel, domestic, …

- Compounds identified- Yields and extraction techniques- Flows of algal residues redirected to digestion

- Promising markets- Market needs

Joint exploitation of high-added-value compounds or exploitation of whole dry matter

CONTENTS

22

FIGURE-6 MAIN CHEMICAL PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM CO2 [17]

Alcohols- Methanol - Ethanol

Carboxylic acids- Salicylic acid- Acrylic acid- Acetic acid- Formic acid

Alcanes (CnH2n+2)

Inorganic carbonates (MCO3)

Proteins, lipids, high-added-value molecules, hydrocarbons

Urea

Carbomates

Esters and derivatives- Lactones, amides...

- Sodium bicarbonate

CO

Organic carbonates- Propylene and bisphenol A polycarbonates- Linear organic carbonates- Cyclic organic carbonates

Methane (CH4 )

FischerTropsch

Synthetic gasCO + H2

In bold: syntheses produced at industrial scale,In italics: syntheses at “pilot” and/or “R&D” stage

Organic synthesis

Methane reforming

Hydrogenation/electrolysis

TRANSFORMATION METHOD

TECHNOLOGICAL MATURITY

Mineralisation Biological transformation

CO2

CONTENTS


c/ Vision 3: local management of supplies and single exploitation

Inthisvision:• sourcesoffeedstockaremanagedlocally;• theADunitisdesignedtorespondtotheneedtohandleoneormoresourcesoffeedstock,withtheopportunityfor single exploitation of the biogas and digestate;

• theprojectbackergenerallyownsthefeedstocksource;• therawdigestate isspreadonfieldsandthebiogas is

exploited in the form of one or more energy vectors, without necessarily seeking any energy optimisationbetween them or any synergy with uses.

Thedifferencefromvision1comespartlyfromthelevelof exploitation of the biogas and digestate (single here and multiple in vision 1) and partly, in certain cases, from thenatureoftheprojectbackers.Heretheprojectbackerisgenerallytheeconomicactorwhoownsthefeedstocksource and the AD unit is located at the site of production; while in vision 1, the economic actors come together to manage the unit as a partnership.

Three types of unit are suitable: 1/ Farm AD: The unit is integrated into the farm’s op-

eration. It extends the agricultural operation and contributes to itsself-sufficiency inenergyandtraceelements by returning the raw digestate to the farm’s soil. The biogas is exploited in the form of heat and electricity, or possibly bio-NGV, for the farm’s ownconsumption, with any surplus being sold (injection of CH4 intothenetwork);thereisnotnecessarilyanyattempt to achieve synergy with other energy vectors. The raw biogas can also be sold to a collector.

2/ Anaerobic digestion incorporated into an indus-trial site or water treatment plant: The AD unit is locatedclosetothefeedstocksource,e.g.atthesiteof an industrial company producing organic waste or a water treatment plant. The biogas is exploited in the formofheatandelectricity,orpossiblybio-NGV, forthe farm’s own consumption, with any surplus being

sold (injection of CH4 into thenetwork); there isnotnecessarily any attempt to achieve synergy with other energy vectors. The raw biogas can also be sold to a collector and the digestate delivered to a third party for transformation.

3/ Residential or tertiary micro-AD: The unit is built into a residential or tertiary building. It treats domes-tic waste and organic residues while producing ener-gy (heat/cold/electricity) which is consumed locallyby the building’s users. The digestate is used locally or sold to a third party.

d/ Vision 4: global management of supplies and single exploitation

Inthisvision:• thesourcesareselectednotfortheirgeographicalprox-

imity, but for the properties needed for the digester’s “recipe”andspecificexploitationforenergypurposes;

• thesystemisonanindustrialscale,withmajorproduc-tion of an energy vector, which is easily transported and suited to national uses (biomethane injected into the network,bio-NGV);

• thedigestateisgenerallysoldtoathirdpartywhotreatsit and transforms it for exploitation.

The AD unit is located in an easy-to-access area, partly forsuppliesoffeedstockandpartlyforthetransportanddistribution of the energy vector. It is located on a large biogas producing site, such as a water treatment plant, an industrial site or a dedicated site.

Thisvisionisbackedprimarilybyenergycompanies.Thesimplifiedscenarioisasfollows:• large-scalelogisticsactivitytomanagefeedstocksources;• anADstage;• major biomethane production (injected into the net-work,bio-NGV;seetheboxbelow);

• Thedigestateisspreadrawlocallyorsoldtoathirdpar-ty for treatment and transformation.

Gaseous bio-NGV production already exists on an in-dustrial scale, enabling biomethane to be used as a fuel followingthepurificationofthebiogastoreplaceNGVof fossiloriginwithnoneed forenginemodifications.Several bio-NGV service stations exist in France andmanymoreareplannedforbusfleets, rubbishcollec-tion trucks, local authority vehicles, businesses, taxisand private vehicles21.Liquefiedbio-NGVproductioniscurrently in the industrial demonstration phase, includ-

ingtheBIOGNVALprojectsupportedbyADEMEaspartof the Circular Economy aspect of the Investments for theFutureprogramme.ThisisthefirstdemonstratorinFrancetoofferliquefiedbiomethaneproduction.Lique-factionmakes itpossibletocondensethegasandre-duce its volume by almost 600 times for the same calo-rificvalue,makingitmucheasiertotransport.Itisusedfor landtransportbytruck,maritimetransportandas a short-term means of storing gas.

PRODUCTION OF GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED BIO-NGV

21 Morsbach (Moselle), Vert-le-Grand (Essonne), Lille (Nord), Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin), Antibes (Alpes-Maritimes), Locminé (Morbihan).

CONTENTS

ThesemaypresentthemselvesatoneormorestagesofAD:duringthemobilisationofthefeed-stocksource,biogasproductionorexploitation.ItisalsoimportanttokeepinmindthattheADlifecyclebeginswiththeproductionoffeedstockandendswithfinaluse–whichgoesbeyondthescopeofthisroadmap.Thismustbetakenintoaccountwhenproducingglobal,systemicevaluations.

Wenotealackofknowledge about the microbe eco-systems involved in the processes by which organic matter is broken down and transformed into biogas orhigh-added-valuemolecules.Thislackispartlyduetotheshortage of molecular biology tools adapted to AD. It re-sultsinobstaclesrelatingto:• theunderstanding,controlandguidanceofprocesses;• combiningbiologicalmodelsofADwithchemicalandbiochemicalmodels: thesemodelswould help in un-derstanding the operation of the systems by explaining the factors in play in order to develop supervisory tools andpredictreactorproduction(peaks,high-added-val-ue molecules etc.);

• knowledgeaboutcarbonmodificationprocesses,howits stability evolves and the transformations throughout its life cycle;

• theevaluationofhealthimpacts, includingknowledgeabout emerging micropollutants and pathogenic mi-cro-organisms in order to better understand their inter-actionswiththemicrobialflora,theconditionsfortheirproliferation and their destruction;

• themetrologyat each stage, from themobilisationofthefeedstocktotheproductionandexploitationofthebiogas:controltools,biologicalindicators,analysiskitsandportablemeasurementtoolsareinadequate,asarethe tools for monitoring «analytical signals» to antici-pate gas production problems and the corresponding rulesofconduct(ifaproblemoccurs,areturntoequi-libriumwilltakeweeks).Forexample,thereisalackoftoolstomeasureBMP(BiochemicalMethanePotential)quicklyaccordingtoastandardisedprotocol.

The lack of intensive processes is another obstacle fortreatingdifferentresources,oftendispersedandwithlittlemethanogenicpotentialbutpresent in largequan-tities in a local area. Technological development is cur-rently mostly empirical, and is rarely based on a detailed

understanding of the biological, chemical and physical phenomena.Theareas requiring further scientific studyare dry, solid and paste AD, separating reactions (hydroly-sis,acidogenesisetc.)andcontroloverfeedstockrecipes(antagonisticand/orsynergisticeffects).

ObstacleshavebeenidentifiedforeverystageoftheADprocess.

Withregardtothemobilisation of feedstock sources, we generally see a shortage of technological and logistics solutions.Forexample, there isa lackofcollectionandstorage solutions for certain livestock wastes22 and of technologies suited to mobilising crop residues or road-side waste23.

Withregardtotheproduction stage, the obstacles iden-tifiedare:• the lack of solutions for separating products of inter-est (e.g. by extraction or purification), both pre- andpost-digestion;thedifficultyoforientingmicrobialcon-sortia towards transformations of interest;

• theneed for technologicalsolutions (mechanical,bio-logical, chemical) on an industrial scale to improve the bioavailability of the organic matter;

• theinadequacyofequipmentand/orprocessesforthefeedstock, theneed for flexibility, particularly toman-age variations and heterogeneity (agitators, shredders, feed hoppers, transfer and mixing systems etc.); the lackofdryADsolutions, sometimesmeaning thatdryfeedstocksneedtobehumidifiedforwetAD;thelackoffeedbackaboutdryandwetmethodscomplementingeach other at the same site24;

• theneedformicro-ADsolutions;• thesignificantcostsofconstruction,whichitwouldbe

desirable to lower through new construction methods, for example.

4.1/ SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OBSTACLES

24

These are of various kinds.

4/ OBSTACLES

CONTENTS

Ineachvision,thedevelopmentofADrequirescollaborationbetweendifferentplayersinthe“feedstock-treatment-exploitation”valuechain,inassociationwithothereconomicandpoliti-calplayersinthelocalareaandincivilsociety.Thedifficultyfortheseplayersofworkingtogeth-er,trustingeachotherandsharingtheirinterestsisanobstaclefor:

• reverse flow26 of the gas injected into the distribution networkbackintothetransportnetwork.

Theobstacles specific to the treatment, transformationand agronomic exploitation of the digestate are:• theshortageofsolutionsforrecoveringorganicmatter,macronutrients(N,P,K,S)andmicronutrients…

• thelackofknowledgeabouttheconsequencesforthelife of soil and humus of returning digestates to the soil; the long-termpicture; the impactofADon thebreak-down of organic matter.

• positioningADasanintegratedresponsetolocalques-tions about the management of organic materials, sus-tainable soil management, renewable energy genera-tion, energy management and the energy mix;

• agreementonthequestionofcompetinglandusesforfood and non-food production;

• establishingsmall-scaleoptimisedADinfrastructureoreven very small installations (micro-AD) able to han-dle feedstocks, outputs (biogas, digestates), exploita-tion of energy and materials (in the form of digestates, molecules etc.).

In addition, we see in France27 a limited number of pre-in-dustrial AD demonstrators, test beds and test platforms. Thiskindofequipmentcanhelpplayerstoworktogeth-er, reinforce theirknowledgeandskillsand facilitate re-search transfer into the industrial sector.

ADplayersofalltypeswillalsoneedtousedecision-mak-ing tools that are more and more complex and precise, guides,methodsetc.Wecanseethatthereiscurrentlyalackofsuchtoolstoensure:

• amatchbetweentheareaswhereorganicmattersuit-able for AD is produced and areas where resources (en-ergy and materials) that can be supplied by AD are con-sumed; among other things, this prevents a satisfactory responsetothe followingproblems:effectiveresourcemobilisation, returning digestates to the territories that need them, the optimum location of AD units, reinforc-ing the electricity grid, the choice of gas projects for transport or distribution etc.

• an informedchoiceofanenvironmentallyefficientADsolution based on information such as the characteris-ticsof the feedstocks, thebest technologiesavailable,productivity increases, performance (economic, tech-nical and environmental), the ease of integrating AD intoanexistingactivity (agriculture,biorefinery,water treatment etc.).

4.2/ ORGANISATIONAL OBSTACLES


22 To avoid storing this waste, which leads to losses of methanogenic potential, it must be managed directly from production to anaerobic digestion. This requires the construction of livestock buildings suited to continuous management.

23 The problems concern the separation of inert matter from organic matter (manual solutions are currently used); mobilising sources while respecting road safety and preserving biodiversity (e.g. not cutting grass during nesting season without generating problems for agriculture (weeds); the absence of economical technological solutions; the lack of knowledge and experience.

24 Straw products in dry AD continuously combined with a small liquid digester can encourage seeding while avoiding the sudden reactions that would be caused if the digestion were kept separate (project in progress in Recques-sur-Course, Pas-de-Calais).

25 A trial project has been identified: Cobiogaz (Côtes d’Armor), backed by the project company of the same name.26 Reverse flow involves compressing the gas in a network towards the upstream network, e.g. from the distribution network

to the transport network.

27 The following have been identified: the Biogaz Vallée demonstrator (60 m3, wet AD) in Troyes, the semi-industrial Solidia dry AD platform (Toulouse) and the mechanical biomass pre-treatment platform in Bure.

The obstacles relating to biogas exploitationare:• thelackoflow-powergenerators(<60kW);• theneedforsmall-capacitypurifiers;• theshortageofsmall“on-sitefuel”NGVstations;• thedistancebetweenbiomethaneproductionsitesandnetworkinjectionpoints;

• the need for economic solutions to create a logisticssector for transporting biogas cylinders25: there is nocompression technology adapted to biogas; nor is there an economic optimum for the “compression-trans-port-storage-purification-decompression-injection” pathway;

• thelackofhigh-performancestoragetechnologies;• the need for proximity and for a match between thesupplierofbiogas(thedegreetowhichitispurifiedandcompressed) and its use (boilers, engines etc.);

4/ OBSTACLES

CONTENTS

ThefollowingobstacleslimitthedevelopmentofAD:

TheobstaclesconcerntheneighboursandcitizensinvolvedasmuchasthebackersofADpro-jects(farm-basedorcentralised).Theyinclude:

Thefollowingobstacleshavebeenidentified:

• the difficulty of allocating an economic and commer-cial value to the service provided by AD for a territory in terms of digestate production (there are no figuresforthebenefitsofreturningorganicmattertothesoil,for example) or biogas production (there are similarly nofiguresforthereductioninGGemissionsassociatedwith replacing natural gas with biogas);

• investment projects with no financial support (fromADEME,theregionsetc.)canbedifficulttofinance;fund-ing sometimes needs to be divided into several phases, tothedetrimentoftheproject’soverallbenefits,e.g.de-laying funding for heat reuse;

• poorknowledgeoftheeconomicimpactandalackofmanagementoftheassociatedrisksforanoperator(ag-ricultural, industrial etc.) investing in an AD solution;

• refusal to allow the presence of an AD unit with, de-pendingonthecase,objectionsto:

- any type of industrial unit;- AD in particular due to perceptions of the possible

dangers;- allorpartofanADproject,challengingandquestioningthechoicesoflocation,design,feedstocksources,pro-cesses used, costs etc.;

• the lack of easily accessible information about AD forthe general public, though there is no shortage of infor-mation about accidents, dangers and inconveniences;

• lack of communication when projects are being put together;

• thelargenumberandfragmentationofdecision-makingplayers involved in the administrative process; regional heterogeneity;thequantityandvarietyofregulatorycri-teria with which AD projects must comply, resulting in realdifficultyinassemblingaprojectwithinareasona-ble time frame;

• thecomplexityoffinancingpackages;• thelackoftolerancefortheuseofenergycrops(energy

catch crops or dedicated energy crops);

• ADisnotappreciatedatitstruevalueasaleverforstabi-lising the economic activity of an operation (agricultur-al, for example) or strengthening its resilience;

• thepriceofproductionunitsandtheassociatedequip-ment isoftenprohibitive for thesizeofagricultural in-stallations(<50m3/h),especiallyforcogenerationunitsandgaspurificationunits;

• thelengthofmarketingchannelsandtheaccumulationof margins between technology suppliers and installers limitthebenefitsforoperatorsofADunits;

• operatingcostsareoftentoohighcomparedwithotherrenewable energy sources;

• thedigestateisdifficulttoexploitinthecurrentregula-toryframework;

• thecostofaccess to thegasnetworkmakes injectionimpossible for small production units

• poor knowledge among project backers and decisionmakersaboutenergycatchcropsanddedicatedcrops28, creatingariskofconfusionandmisunderstandings;

• a sometimes unfavourable climate of mistrust and await-and-seeapproach,withafearoflaunching,takingpart or co-funding an AD project;

• thedifficultyforprojectbackersofmasteringallthevar-ious disciplines involved and complying with the many associated regulations, such as waste management, biological treatment of organic material, gas produc-tion and transport, digestate exploitation etc.

• the lackof incentives in thecurrent regulations tode-ploy innovative solutions, particularly with regard to the deployment of new energy andmobility uses: forexample, vehicles running on hydrogen fuel produced by reforming biogas could be encouraged by changing theregulationsonairqualityinurbanenvironmentstosignificantly reduce emissions of GG, fine particulatesandNOx.

4.3/ ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL OBSTACLES

4.4/ SOCIOLOGICAL, CULTURAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL OBSTACLES

4.5/ OBSTACLES RELATING TO PUBLIC POLICIES AND MEASURE

26

28 Dedicated crops, including energy crops, are considered primary crops, unlike energy catch crops. France has opposed this model for AD, in contrast to Germany.

CONTENTS

scientific,technologicalandmethodological.Theyrequirean international community of public and private research bodies to come together and a strengthening of national coordination. This will help to ensure that research capac-ity matches the current and future needs of local econom-icplayersandtocreatethenecessarylinkbetweenscien-tific,technologicalandmethodologicalwork.

RDI needs are also part of a dynamic. The expert group considered the many studies and projects already con-ducted or in progress in its thought process. The TRLscale(TechnologyReadinessLevel)isusedtocharacter-ise requirements for technologicalRDI according to thedegreeofmaturityofatechnologysector(seefigure7).


Achieving the 2050 visions will involve overcoming the obstacles described above and im-plementing research, development and innovation (RDI) programmes of different but com-plementary kinds:

5/ RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION NEEDS

FIGURE-7 TRL MATURITY SCALE OF A TECHNOLOGY (TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL)

Basic principles observed

Technology concept

formulated

Experimental proof

of concept

Laboratory validation of concept

Validation of the

technology in a relevant environment

Demonstration in a

relevant environment

Demonstration in an

operational environment

System completed

and qualified

Successful mission

operations

2 4 6 83 5 7 9TRL 1

CONTENTS

TheseneedscovertheacquisitionofknowledgeaboutthereactionmechanismsspecifictoADand the associated environmental impact. The resulting technological and methodological re-searchanddevelopmentprojectsarecloselyinterlinkedandmutuallyenhanceeachother.

TechnologyRDIworkisnecessarytodevelopequipmentandprocessesonanindustrialscale,togetherwithenvironmentallyefficientproductionsystemsforfeedstockpreparation,anaero-bic digestion, energy exploitation and digestate transformation.

a/ A detailed understanding of the biological, chemical and physical mechanisms and their interactions is requiredtocontinuethedevelopmentoftechnologiesand models, particularly with regard to the following themes:

• theantagonisticand/orsynergisticeffectsofmicrobialpopulations depending on the physical and chemical conditions in the digester;

• knowledgeofthebiologicalactivitythroughouttheADprocess, including the use of digestates and their im-pact on soil biodiversity;

• carbonmodificationprocesses,howitsstabilityevolvesand the transformations throughout its life cycle, in-cludingseveralyearsafteritisreturnedtothesoil;

• knowledgeabouttheimpactofemergingmicropollut-ants and pathogenic micro-organisms on digestion, in order to better understand their interactions with the microbial flora and the conditions favourable to theircontrol;

• the biological orientation of digestion towards prefer-able biogas compositions (CH4, H2,CO2 etc.), including the use of additives;

• knowledgeofseasonalvariations in feedstocksourcesand theirconsequences fordigestionand theproduc-tion of biogas and digestate;

The goal is to improve the services provided by AD and to ensure the availability of high-performance29 technologi-cal solutions with a low environmental impact and strong marketingpotential.Forexample,dependingontheap-plication,RDIinprocessengineeringwillseektoachieveunits that are flexible, robust, intensive, miniaturised,flexible, safe and/or responsive toheterogeneity and tovariationsinfeedstocksandmaterialandenergymarkets.

Specificneedsare identifiedateachstageof thechain:mobilisation of the feedstock, anaerobic digestion andexploitation of the resulting products. RDI for new pro-cesses must incorporate an economic approach from the beginning, which will be reinforced as the technology matures, so that the industrial process is ultimately well suitedtotheneedsofthemarket.TheRDIneedsarepre-sentedbelowinincreasingorderofTRL.

• the selection of microbe strains suited to biologicalmethanation to promote the production of synthetic CH4 from H2 injected into the digester while maintaining the production of biogas through anaerobic digestion.

b/ It is also important to develop knowledge about the positive and negative impact of AD on climate, water, air quality, odours, soil, waste etc. for dif-ferent feedsourcesanddifferentsolutions fordiges-tion and energy and agricultural exploitation, in order to improve the quality of impact studies and mul-ti-criteria evaluations using an approach based on life cycle.Thisknowledgewillalsocontributetothinkingabout the monetary value of externalities. Research needshavealsobeenidentifiedinrelationto:

• evaluatingbiogasleaks;• emissionswhenspreadingdigestates(N2O,NH3);• theimpactofcatchcrops;• theimpactofremovingcropresiduesonsoilquality;• thecarboncontentofbiomethane.

a/ The needs relating to feedstock mobilisation are: • thedevelopmentoftechnologiesforpre-treatingorgan-

ic matter using biological, chemical or physical meth-ods; the developing of material preparation solutions involving hydrolysis or mechanical preparation (shred-ding, defibration etc.) [TRL2-4 for biologicalmethods;TRL5-8forphysicalandchemicalmethods];

• the development of optimised systems for collectingbothrecurringandone-offfeedstockscombinedwithasuitable method of storage to enable the most regular possiblesupplyoffeedstockforthedigester[TRL5-8];

• thedevelopmentofpackagingremovalandunbaggingequipment[TRL6-8].

5.1/ RESEARCH NEEDS RELATING TO MECHANISMS AND IMPACT

5.2/ TECHNOLOGICAL AND METROLOGICAL NEEDS

28

CONTENTS

b/ The needs relating to anaerobic digestion result-ing in intermediate products are:

• thedevelopmentofa“flexible”ADsolutionabletopro-ducedifferentqualitiesofbiogasanddigestatefromasinglefeedstockaccordingtodemand[TRL2-4];

• the development of multimodal waste and biomasstreatment platforms, with a combination of dry and wet treatments and, by extension, a full spectrum of possi-bilitiesbetweenthetwo[TRL2-4];

• thedevelopmentoftechnologiesfordestroyingpatho-genic germs while preserving the microbial populations necessary for digestion and useful for soil biodiversity [TRL2-4];

• thedesignanddevelopmentof reactors able to carryout biological methanation within a digester (in situ), with a suitable H2 injection system and an optimised area of exchange between H2andCO2, while maintain-ing the production of biogas through anaerobic diges-tion[TRL2-4];

• thedevelopmentofmicro-ADunits for optimisedCH4 production[TRL2-8]30;

• theoptimisationofADprocesses[TRL5-8];• the improvement of the technical and energy perfor-manceofhygienisationsolutions[TRL7-8].

c/ The needs relating to biogas exploitation cover the biomethane vector, the electricity grid and exploitation of CO2.

Withregardtobiomethane,theyinclude:• thedesignofsmartgasgrids,withallthetechnologicalcomponentsrequiredtoincorporateAD[TRL2-4];

• the reduction in sizeof equipment,with thedevelop-ment of micro-scale gas purification technologies viatheemergenceofnewprocesses[TRL2-4]andthemin-iaturisationofexistingtechnologies[TRL4-6];

• logistics,includingsolutionsforexploitingbiomethaneinstalled near production sites and adapted distribu-tion and transport infrastructure to avoid overloading localnetworks: gas compressionand storage [TRL2-4, example: porous membranes], micro-liquefaction[TRL3-4],reverseflowfromdistributiontotransportanddistribution to distribution networks [TRL6-8], biogascompression and transport by road with pooled injec-tion[TRL7-8];

• theadaptationoftechnologiestothetreatmentofvar-iablequantitiesofbiogasand tovariablebiomethaneproduction (e.g. purification in nitrogen, siloxanes)[TRL4-8];

• hydrogen production, including catalytic reforming ormicrowaveplasmatechnologies[TRL6-8].

With regard to electricity generation, a demonstrator[TRL5-8] would make it possible to develop and testa solution for aggregating31 production from AD in the electricitymarketinsynergywiththeconstraintsofotherenergy sources available (solar, wind) and incorporating storage solutions. The operation of the digester would have to be adapted to optimise aggregation.

With regard to the exploitation of CO2 from biogas, the needsare:• the development of technologies to produce CH4 throughthemethanationofCO2 from anaerobic diges-tionwithH2obtainedbiologically[TRL3-5]andcatalyti-cally[TRL5-8];

• thedevelopment of technologies to exploit CO2 using precipitation to produce carbonates;

• the development of purification technologies to pro-duceCO2fordirectuse,e.g.food-grade[TRL7-8].

The development and industrialisation of these technol-ogies toexploitCO2 throughCH4, carbonates,pureCO2 etc.mustseekoutsynergieswithmaterialsandenergyatthe AD site, or with other industrial activities nearby, to be profitableincomparisonwithcurrentofferings.

d/ The needs relating to digestate exploitation are: • the development ofmolecule extraction technologies[TRL2-4];

• thedevelopmentoftechnologiestotransformandfor-mulatefertilisersandsoilconditioners[TRL8].

e/ Metrology needs: Metrology helps to improve knowledge and enables allactorstomakeprogress,whetherinthedesign,construc-tion and operation of AD units or in research, consultancy, inspectionandverification.Wenotethatthereiscurrent-ly an increased need for test capacity (test beds) for veri-fying the environmental claims of new eco-technologies, asspecified,forexample,bytheETVprogramme32 (Envi-ronmentalTechnologyVerification).


29 Performance is evaluated on the basis of an average over a period (week, month, year) rather than a one-off value (hour, minute, second).

30 This significant divergence in technological maturity is explained by the existing provision of single-substrate low-cost micro-AD units; the TRL<8 RDI aims to optimise these solutions while the TRI>2 RDI aims to develop new ones

31 L’agrégation est une fonction intermédiaire entre le système Aggrega-tion is an intermediate function between the electricity system and users: its role is to optimise the balance of the electricity system in real time by encouraging synergies and flexibility between the actors involved in electricity generation (centralised, intermittent), storage, distribution and consumption.

32 The ETV programme is aimed at companies who market innovative eco-technologies. A verification body checks performance claims, using test facilities where necessary.

CONTENTS

“Organisational”researchisalsonecessarytodeveloptoolsandmethods.Thismayinvolvepre-paring reference data, producing socio-economic surveys, trials, writing guides to best practice, developingdigital toolsetc.Theobjective is to supportconsultation,decision-makingand theplanning, design, construction and operation of AD units and to monitor the sector’s development.

The needs for research, broken down by broad the-matic area, include:

a/ AD project planning and engineering• thecreationofdecisionsupporttoolstohelpintegrateADintoalocalenergymix,planningafleetofADunitssuitedtothespecificneedsoflocalareas(sourcesandmarkets);

• improvingdetailedknowledgeoffeedstocksourcesandresource requirements (energy, fertilisersetc.) and thesuitability of AD to handle these sources and produce these energy and material resources;

• the development of locally sustainable supply planssuitedtoafleetofADunits,withthespecificationoftheunits designed to respond to the capacities of the ener-gyandmaterialsmarkets;

• thedevelopmentofinformationresourcesaboutbiogasandotheropportunities(fuel,hydrogen,CO2 etc.) to eval-uatetheneedforpurificationaccordingtopublicspecifi-cationsortherequirementsofprivate-sectorusers;

• thedevelopmentof tools fordesigning “tailored”pro-jects (withsignificantrisksandpotentialbenefits)andgenericprojetcs(withmorelimitedrisksandpotentialbenefits).

b/ Analysis of economic risks and new business models

• abreakdownofthefinancialriskbytypeofinstallation,inordertoimproveprojects’financialexpertise,thevis-ibilityoffinancestakeholdersinthesectorandcontroloverkeyprofitabilityparametersforprojectbackers;

• theinvolvementandroleofinsuranceinrelationtotherisks;

• thinking about the future of sites that benefited fromthefirstelectricitypurchasetariffs;

• thedevelopmentofnewbusinessmodelswithadiffer-ent distribution of value, the creation of new services or costings for the services provided apart from biogas and

digestate exploitation, such as waste treatment or the impact on the social and community economy.

c/ Sociological obstacles and levers• anunderstandingoftheobstacles,levers,supportandlearningrequiredtoencouragetheecologicalandener-gy transition and behavioural change among actors;

• analysingparticipatorycivicapproachestoprojectsin-corporating AD (design, funding etc.);

• prospects andmethods for evolvingagricultural prac-tices towards energy production;

• measuringthesocialimpactofADusingamulti-criteriaapproach based on life cycle.

d/ New digital tools • support for the real-timeremoteoperationalmanage-

ment of AD installations, involving easy-to-monitor in-dicators. This means going beyond existing modelling tools, incorporating the coupling between biological and chemical phenomena. These tools can also incor-porate algorithms that predict the installation’s oper-ationbasedonthequalityofthefeedstockinordertohelp the operator optimise the recipe and operating conditionsforthedesiredproductionofbiogasand/ordigestate at a cost considered to be acceptable;

• planning local energy plans incorporating renewableenergy including AD, with possible synergies between networksandenergyvectors;

• theoperationalmanagementofenergynetworksinrealtimeforspecificlocalcontextssuchasareaswithalargesurplusordeficitthatarenotinterconnected;

• predictingtheagronomicbehaviourofdifferentdiges-tate types based on the soil and climate conditions where they are spread, including spreading over long periods;

• predictingtheevolutionoforganicmatterduringdiges-tion, in the same way as the tables of animal nutrition used in agriculture.

5.3/ THE NEEDS FOR TOOLS AND METHODS FOR ACTORS IN THE SECTOR

30

Theneedfordevelopmentincludes:• measurement, analysis and diagnostic tools, togetherwithnewprotocolsforcharacterisingfeedstocksources,their variability, the evolution of AD, the production of bi-ogasanddigestate,thepresenceofpathogens…beyondthe parameters usually measured today; these tools must beportableandcarryouttheiranalysesquickly;

• tools formeasuringmethane leaks,e.g.at connectionpoints, for use by operators; these must be easy to use on the ground;

• more reliable metrology for biogas engines, and par-ticularlygasmeters(flow,yield);

• reliable, fast, connected in situ sensors for analysinggases, includingpurifiedgases (nanochromatography,laser and infrared measurement);

• theproductionofabenchmark formeasurementandtest technologies under real conditions, followed by the draftingofaguidewithrecommendations;

• conductingmaterial fatigue tests (pumping, agitation,motors).

CONTENTS

Insummary,wehavepositionedtheneedsforresearchidentifiedaboveaccordingtothreemu-tuallyinteractingobjectivesasshowninfigure8.

5.4/ GOING FURTHER


FIGURE-8 NEEDS FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION RDI BY OBJECTIVE

DEVELOP technology pathways (TRL2-8)

- Mobilisation feedstock sources (2.a)- Anaerobic digestion resulting in intermediate

products (2.b)- Biogas exploitation (2.c)- Digestate exploitation (2.d)

SUPPORTING players in the sector

- Knowledge about the positive and negative impact of AD on climate, water, air quality, odours, soil, waste etc. (1.b)- Metrology (2.e)- Tools and methods: - AD project planning and engineering (3.a), - Analysis of economic risks and development of new business

models (3.b), - Analysis of sociological obstacles and levers with a view

to action (3.c)- New digital tools (3.d)

DEVELOP THE FOUNDATION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE about biological, physical and chemical mechanisms (1.a)

Goingfurther,table5listsexamplesofresearchprojectson the biological, physical and chemical mechanisms and their interactions. These examples are not exhaus-tive.Theyaimto illustratetheresearchneeds identifiedwith a few representative projects at local, national or in-ternational level. The full list of projects is presented in Appendix 1. This list needs to be updated.

Withregardtothetechnologypathwaystobedeveloped,figure9presentstheRDIneedsidentifiedaccordingtotheTRLscale,withexamplesofcurrentandfinishedprojects.Finally, table 6 presents examples of RDI projects relating to support for actors in the AD sector.

CONTENTS

32

TABLE5EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH PROJECTS ON THE BIOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF AD AND THEIR INTERACTIONS

RESEARCH NEED IDENTIFIED SAMPLE RESEARCH PROJECT

Theantagonisticand/orsynergisticeffectsofmicrobialpopulationsdepending on the physical and chemical conditions in the digester

Thesis by M Moletta, VALORGAS

KnowledgeofthebiologicalactivitythroughouttheADprocess,includingtheuse of digestates and their impact on soil biodiversity -

Carbonmodificationprocesses,howitsstabilityevolvesandthetransformationsthroughoutitslifecycle,includingseveralyearsafteritisreturnedtothesoil VADIMETHAN

Knowledgeabouttheimpactofemergingmicropollutantsandpathogenic micro-organisms on digestion, in order to better understand their interactions with themicrobialfloraandtheconditionsfavourabletotheircontrol

CARMEN, PECMICMOG

The biological orientation of digestion towards preferable biogas compositions (CH4, H2,CO2 etc.), including the use of additives VALORGAS

Knowledgeaboutseasonalvariationsinfeedstocksourcesandtheirconsequences for digestion and the production of biogas and digestate -

The selection of microbe strains suited to biological methanation to promote the production of synthetic CH4 from H2 injected into the digester while maintaining the production of biogas through anaerobic digestion

-

RESEARCH NEED IDENTIFIED SAMPLE RDI PROJECT

KnowledgeaboutthepositiveandnegativeimpactofADonclimate,water,airquality,odours,soil,wasteetc.

ADEME1, EMAMET, METERRI, MéthaLAE, PROBIOGAS, Remi Prophyte, VALORGAS

Metrology AD-WISE, COMET, RECORD1,2, Trackyleaks

Toolsandmethods:ADprojectplanning and engineering

Bioenergy Farm II, Determeen, ELDA, FABBIOGAS, FERTIPLUS, INEMAD, MethaLAE, VALORMAP

Toolsandmethods:analysisofeconomicrisks and development of new business models BIO-METHANE REGIONS, GREENGASGRIDS

Toolsandmethods:analysisofsociologicalobstaclesand levers METERRI, MéthaLAE

Toolsandmethods:newdigitaltools -

TABLE6EXAMPLES OF RDI PROJECTS RELATING TO SUPPORT FOR ACTORS IN THE AD SECTOR

CONTENTS


FIGURE-9 EXAMPLES OF CURRENT OR COMPLETED PROJECTS BASED ON THE RDI NEEDS IN DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGY SECTORS (TRL SCALE)

Biological routePETIOLE, Thesis by F Monlau

Flexible unit-

Tech component for smart gas grids-

Gas micro-purificationThesis by L Sarperi, thesis by D Benizri, BIO-METHANE REGIONS

Production of CH4 by biological methanation off siteHyCaBioMe

Adaptation to the variability of biogas productionIntelgas, HYTEB

CH4 production through catalytic methanationJupiter1000

Aggregation in the electricity marketRECORD 3,4,5

Hydrogen productionPlascarb, VaBHYOGAZ

CO2 exploitation: carbonates, pure CO2VABHYOGAZ

Logistics: adapting biomethane exploitation near production sites and distribution and transport infrastructure (TRL2-4 compression and storage; TRL3-4 micro-liquefaction; TRL6-8 reverse flow; TRL7-8 biogas transport)

ADEME2, BIOGNVAL, COBIOGAZ, Methagris du Blavet, Biosurf

Molecule extractionPREPHOS

TRL 2Concept

formulation

TRL 3Experimental proof

of concept

TRL 4Lab

validation

TRL 5Validation

in relevant envt

TRL 6Demonstration relevant envt

TRL 7Demonstration

operational envt

TRL 8Complete

qualified system

Fertiliser, soil conditionerNew, VADIM, VALODIM, NEWFERT

BIOGAS EXPLOITATION

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

DIGESTATE EXPLOITATION

Positioning of RDI requirements on anaerobic digestion according to the TRL scale, with examples of RDI projects carried out and in progress

FEEDSTOCK MOBILISATION

OptimisationODEXA, ARKOMETHA, ODYSSEE, RESIMETHA, SMARTTANK, BIFFIO, VALORGAS, ManureEcoMine

HygienisationPROBIOTIC

Multimodal platform (solid/liquid)-

Pathogen destruction-

Production of CH4 by biological methanation on siteVALORCO

Micro-ADGEVABIOM, ORION, VALORGAS, BIOGAS3, Bioenergy Farm II

Physical/chemical routeRESIMETHA, VALORGAS

Optimised collection systemOPTICIVE, SAM

Packaging removal, unbagging-

CONTENTS

34

BIBLIOGRAPHY[1] ATEEClubBiogaz,2014,Typologiedessitesdeméthanisation

[2] ADEME, 2011, Feuille de route biocarburants avancés, Ref. 6921

[3] Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Énergie et de la Mer, commissariat généralaudéveloppementdurable,Chiffres&statistiques,Tableaude bord : biogaz pour la production électrique, 4e trimestre 2015,n°735,Février2016

[4] IEA Bioenergy, 2015, Task 37 Biogas Country Report Summaries,France 2015

[5] ADEME, Données issues du recensement accessible sur la base de donnéesSINOE@le19avril2016

http://www.sinoe.org/thematiques/consult/ss-theme/29

[6] ADEME, 2015, Benchmark des stratégies européennes des filièresde production et de valorisation de biogaz et prospectives pour la filièrefrançaisedeméthanisation,Étuderéaliséepourlecomptede l’ADEMEparAILEetEREPetTripleE&M

[7] ADEME, 2011, Analyse de cycle de vie du biogaz issu de culture énergé-tique–Valorisationencarburantvéhiculeetenchaudière,aprèsin-jection dans le réseau de gaz naturel, Étude réalisée pour le compte del’ADEMEparBioIntelligenceServiceenpartenariatavecl’EREP

[8] GrDF,2015,Évaluationdesimpactssurlesgazàeffetdeserredel’in-jection du biométhane dans les réseaux de gaz naturel, Étude réalisée pourlecomptedeGrDFparQuantisetEneaConsulting

[9] ADEME,2015,Étatdesconnaissancesdes impactssur laqualitédel’airetdesémissionsdegazàeffetdeserredesinstallationsdevalori-sation ou de production de méthane, Étude réalisée pour le compte de l’ADEME par I Care Environnement, Envir0consult et Solagro

[10]ADEME,2015,EnquêteEnvironnementvague2,SondageréaliséparOpinionwaypourlecomptedel’ADEME

[11] Ministère de l’Écologie, de l’Énergie, du Développement durable et de laMer,Pland’actionnationalenfaveurdesénergiesrenouvelables–Période2009-2020

[12]ATEEClubBiogaz,2014,L’emploidans lafilièrebiogazfrançaisede2005à2020

[13] ADEME, 2016, Étude d’opportunité (en cours)

[14] Feuille de route de la Commission Méthanisation du pôle de compéti-tivitéIAR,réaliséeenpartenariatavecBiogazVallée,l’AAMFetleClubBiogazdel’ATEE

[15]GrDF,2013,Biométhanedemicroalgues,ÉvaluationdupotentieldeproductionenFranceauxhorizons2020et2050,Rapportfinal

[16]ADEME,2014,ValorisationchimiqueduCO2:étatdeslieux.Quantifi-cationdesbénéficesénergétiquesetenvironnementauxetévaluationéconomiquedetroisvoieschimiques,Étuderéaliséepourlecomptede l’ADEME par ENEA consulting, EReIE et l’université de Strasbourg

[17]RECORD,Réseaucoopératifderecherchesurlesdéchetsetl’environ-nement,2014,LesfilièresdevalorisationduCO2 - État de l’art et avis d’experts,Référence12-0237/1A

CONTENTS





ANNEXE 1List of research, development and innovation projectscited in the roadmap (theses, projects, studies, trials etc.)

ADEME1,2015,Stateofknowledgeof the impactonairquality and greenhouse gas emissions of methane ex-ploitation or production installations, study conducted on behalf of ADEME by I Care Environnement, Envir0con-sult and Solagro

ADEME2, 2016, Technical, economic and environmental study of the individual and pooled transport and injection ofbiomethaneintothegasnetwork,studyconductedonbehalf of ADEME by S3d

AD-WISE, European project (2012-2014, FP7) to controlandoptimisetheanaerobicfermentationprocess:AINIA(Spain), San Ramon (Spain), MAC (Ireland), Fraunhofer IPMS(Germany),Interspectrum(Estonia)

ALLGAS,Europeanproject(FP7winner,ESP),demonstra-tor in progress

Alpha Plant, Etogas project in Stuttgart (Germany), 30kW(2009)

ARKOMETHA,partoftheADEMEDOSTE2013callforpro-jects (organic waste returned to the soil, treatment and energy) on continuous multi-stage dry AD using the in-novativeARKOMETHAprocess,project funded jointlybyADEME,METHAENR,INSALyon

Beniszri, D,Thesispresentedin2016:“Épurationdubi-ogazàlaferme:EPUROGAS,unesolutionénergétiqueetéconomique d’avenir” (biogas purification on the farm:EPUROGAS,aneconomicalenergysolutionforthefuture)

BIFFIO, Europeanproject (2013-2016, FP7)onADusingmanure and aquaculture waste: Landberatung Nieder-sachsenGmbH,NorskBioenergiforening,ScottishSalm-onProducers’OrganisationLtd,BritishTroutAssociationLtd IPS, Association européenne pour la biomasse, OÜKalaveski,AwiteBioenergieGMBH,Aqua&WasteInterna-tionalGmbH,UniversityofLiverpool,AquaConsultInge-nieurGMBH

Bioenergy Farm II, European project (ending in 2020), “Manure, the sustainable fuel for the farm”:CornelissenConsulting Services B.V. (Netherlands), Trame (France),Chambred’agriculturedeBretagne (France),DCAMulti-mediaB.V.DCA(Netherlands),UniversityofTurin–DEIAFA(Italy),ColdrettiPiemonte(Italy),FoundationScienceandEducation forAgri-FoodSectorFNEA (Poland),NationalEnergyConservationAgency(Poland), IBBKFachgruppeBiogas GmbH (Germany), KTBL (Germany), Farmer so-ciety for projects Innovatiesteunpunt (Belgium), Agro-tech A/S Agrot (Denmark), Organic Denmark, Organlan (Denmark)

BIOGAS3, IEE (Intelligent Europe Energy) European pro-ject on sustainable small-scale biogas energy from food and agriculturalwaste for energy self-sufficiency: ACTIA(France), IFIP (France), FIAB (Spain), Ainia (Spain, coor-dinator), IRBEA (Ireland), UNITO (Italy), Tecnoalimenti (Italy),Renac(Berlin),JTI(Sweden),FundEko(Poland)

BIOGNVAL, Investments for the Future 2013 project, a pre-industrial trial of the production and distribution of liquefied biomethane fuel from waste treament plantbiogas, jointly funded by ADEME, Suez Environnement, Cryopur,GNVERT,SIAPP,IVECO

BIO-METHANE REGIONS, IEE (2011-2014) European pro-ject,“PromotionofBio-MethaneanditsMarketDevelop-ment throughLocalandRegionalPartnerships”:SevernWyeEnergyAgency (UK, coordinator),WFGSchwäbischHall (Germany),TechnicalUniversityofVienna (Austria),Rhonalpenergie-Environment (France), Landesenergiev-erein Steiermark (Austria), Centrewallon de recherchesagronomiques (Belgium), University of Glamorgan/Pri-fysgolMorgannwg(UK),RegioneAbruzzo (Italy),Agricul-turalInstituteofSlovenia(Slovenia),EnegikontorSydost (Sweden), Knowledge Centre for Agriculture (VfL) (Den-mark),EnergetskiInstitutHrvojePožar(Croatia),Hungar-ianInstituteofAgriculturalEngineering(GMGI)(Hungary),Fedarene(Belgium),AILE(France)

Biosurf,H2020Europeanproject (2015–2017)onbiom-ethaneasafuel: InstitutodiStudiperL’IntegrazionedeiSistemiScrl,EuropeanBiogasAssociation,ArgeKompostUnd Biogas Osterreich Verein AGCS – Gas Clearing andSettlementAg,Cib-ConsorzioItalianoBiogasEGassifica-zione,FachagenturNachwachsendeRohstoffeE.V.,Mag-yarBiogaz Egyesulet (HBA), DBFZDeutschesBiomasse-forschungszentrum Gemeinnuetzige GmbH, AssociationTechniqueÉnergieEnvironnement,ClubBiogaz,Renewa-bleEnergyAssociationLbg,FachverbandBiogasEv

Carmen,Projecttocharacterisepolycyclicaromatichy-drocarbons and metals in roadside grass cuttings for an-aerobic digestion, project jointly funded by ADEME CIDE 2014,Ineris,Cerema,AILE

COBIOGAZ, innovative project company developing farm-basedADinBrittany.Objective:todesignandimple-ment a technically and economically high-performance solution to inject agricultural biomethane into the gas network,2016

COMET,DOSTE2015(2016-2018)projecttodevelopop-tical sensors to monitor, manage and control the AD pro-cess, project jointly funded by ADEME, Irstea, S3D

CONTENTS

36

Determeen, project taking spatial and environmentalconstraints into account for a systemic approach to inte-grating collective AD units into a territory, project jointly funded by ADEME CIDE 2013, Irstea, BRGM, Akajoule,Rennes Métropole

EI upgraded biogas,HaldorTopsoeprojectinDenmark,40kW(2013)

ELBA, project (2015-2017) evaluating agricultural bio-mass,jointlyfundedbyADEMEandprivatefinance

Electrochaea,projectbyElectrochaeaandtheUniversi-tyofAarhus,inFoulum(Denmark),150kW(2013)

Emamet, project on the biological and chemical atmos-pheric emissions of the AD sector; project jointly funded byADEMECIDE2014,Armines-LGEI,Olentica,theUniver-sityofNîmes:CHROME(EA7352)

Eucolino,MicrobenergyprojectinSchwandorf(Germany),120kW

FABBIOGAS, European project (2015) on biomethane production from foodandagriculturalwaste:Universityof Natural Resources and Life Sciences (Austria), Euro-peanBiogasAssociation (Belgium),ATRESGroup,Asso-ciation nationale des industries alimentaires (France), Kompetenzzentrum für Ernährung (KErn), Federalimen-tare, Potravinářská (Czech Republic), ecoplus (Austria),PolitechnikaŁódzka(Poland),www.fabbiogas.eu

FERTIPLUS, European project (FP7), «Compost, diges-tates and biochar», Alterra Wageningen UR with Bau-haus-Universität Weimar, VLAGEW (ILVO), University ofLeeds, Organic Waste Systems NV, Consejo Superiorde Investigaciones Cientificas, Consiglio per la Ricercae la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Idconsortium SL,StichtingEnergieonderzoekCentrumNederland,Graph-ite Resources (Knightsbridge) Ltd, Fundacion Para lasTecnologias Auxiliares de la Agricultura, Proininso S.A.,IRIS-IsontinaRetiIntegrateeServizi,GestoradeResiduosdelSurS.L.

GEVABIOM, DOSTE 2013 project on the managementand exploitation of biowaste and fats through micro-AD, jointlyfundedbyADEME,BioECOSARL

GREENGASGRIDS, IEE European project (completed in 2014), «Boosting the European Market for Biogas Pro-duction,UpgradeandFeed-InintotheNaturalGasGrid»,DENA(Germany)ADEME(France),EBA(Belgium),Fraun-hofer Umsicht, EA (Austria), EIHP (Croatia), ConsorzioItalianoBiogas(Italy),NVGAEurope,NLAgency(Nether-lands),REA(UK),SIEA(Slovakia),Kape(Poland),Szeged(Hungary)

HyCaBioMe, Project to convert hydrogen and carbondioxide through biological methanation, jointly funded by ADEME Énergie Durable 2015, Solagro, INSA Toulouse (LISBP),Hespul,LEAF

HYTEB, Project to optimise an installation purifying bi-ogas by washing with water, jointly funded by ADEME APRED2016,Chaumeca

INEMAD,Europeanproject(2013March2016,FP7)onIm-proved Nutrient and Energy management through Anaer-obicDigestion,UniversityofGhent,AUP,DLO,FOI,withaconsortiumconsistingofpublicresearchlaboratories(IL-VO-EV,LDAR),alocalauthority(SMC),asectorallocalco-ordinator(BGBIOM)andseveralSMEs(Soltub,DLV,BTG,IZESandInnova)

Intelgas, project on the innovative, intelligent, complete purification of biogas containing H2S, volatile organ-ic compounds and siloxanes, jointly funded by ADEME APRED2016,VerdeMobilBiogaz,Armines,Hygenat

Jupiter1000, Investments for the Future project on the construction and operation of a power-to-gas demon-stratorwithCO2 methanation, capture and exploitation in Fos-sur-Mer,jointlyfundedbyADEME,GRTGaz,Atmostat,CEA,CNR,Leroux&LotzTechnologies,PortdeMarseilleFos,McPhyEnergy,TIGF

ManureEcoMine, European project on manure AD to produceenergyandrecyclenutrients:UniversityofGhent(Belgium), University of Girona, Laboratory of Chemicaland Environmental Engineering, Girona (Spain), Univer-sityofSantiagodeCompostela,GroupofEnvironmentalEngineering and Bioprocess, Santiago de Compostela(Spain),UniversityofNaturalResourcesandLifeScienc-es Vienna, Vienna (Austria), Forschungszentrum JülichGmbH, Juelich (Germany), Colsen, Adviesburo voor Mi-lieutechniekBV,Hulst(Netherlands),MaatschapJ.W.E.M.enG.W.M.vanAlphen-Mulders,Axel(Netherlands),AhidraAguaYEnergía,Barcelona(Spain),BaucellsAlibes,Barce-lona (Spain),LVAGmbH,Vienna (Austria),PeltracomNV,Gent(Belgium)

METERRI, CASDAR project (agricultural and rural devel-opment)2014-2017.Energyself-sufficiencyforareaswithhighlivestockdensitythroughsustainableagriculturalADprojectsinharmonywiththeirterritory,IFIP

Methagri du Blavet, association founded in 2014 to re-searchinnovativesolutionsforsharingthebenefitsofbi-ogas produced by production units on multiple farms

MéthaLAE,CASDAR2015-2017projectusingADasaleverfor agro-ecology, Solagro

Moletta, M, thesis presented in 2005 characterising the diversity of airborne microbes in biogas, thesis co-funded by ADEME

Monlau, F, thesis presented in 2012, “Application of pre-treatmentstoenhancebiohydrogenand/orbiomethanefrom lignocellulosic residues: linking performances tocompositional and structural features”, thesis co-funded by ADEME

CONTENTS


NEW, project completed in 2014 on the conservative treatment of digestates from an AD process, jointly fund-edbyADEMEandprivatefinance

NEWFERT, European H2020 project (2015) on the recy-cling of NPK nutrients in organicwaste for fertilisation,projectfundedthroughtheBBIPPP(public-privatepart-nership between H2020 and the Bio-Based Industriesconsortium): Irstea (France),KompetenzZentrumWass-erBerlin(Germany),ProMan(Austria),FertIberia(Spain),Drage&MateInternational(Spain),UniversidaddeLeon(Spain)

ODEXA, DOSTE 2013 project to optimise digestionthrough continuous or discontinuous ammonia extrac-tion, jointly funded by ADEME and INSA Toulouse

ODYSSEE, DOSTE 2015 project to optimise solid staticdigesters with percolation, jointly funded by ADEME and INSA Toulouse – IMFT (Toulouse Institute of Fluid Me-chanics)–SCEADubousquet

OPTICIVE,DOSTE2015projecttooptimisethemobilisa-tion of energy catch crops for anaerobic digestion in oper-ational systems, ADEME project jointly funded by ADEME, GIEGAO(Arvalis,Onidol,Cetiom)–Euralis

ORION, European project (2014, in progress, FP7), «Organicwastemanagementbyasmallscaleinnovativeautomatedsystemofanaerobicdigestion»:DOM,Ireland,ADS (Spain), ANIA (France), Cand-Landi (Switzerland),CSEM(Switzerland),DIGESTOSarl(Switzerland),ETA-Flor-ence Renewable Energies (Italy), EUBIA (Belgium), Fast-net(Ireland),HES-SoHeig-VDIGT-SIB(Switzerland),IRTA(Spain), Maisonneuve (France, industrial boilermakers),MIS(Ireland),Seaspray(Ireland),Setbir(Turkey),Uniman(UK), UOG (UK), Validex (France, horizontal and verti-cal conveyors forwashingmachinesandcatering),ZAD (Turkey),IFGRA(Switzerland)

P2G-BioCat,ElectrochaeaprojectinAvedore(Denmark),1MW(2014)

PECMICMOG, project on interactions between endocrine disruptors, micro-organisms and organic matter, the driv-ers of ecodynamics, and the impact of pollutants in puri-ficationecosystems,jointlyfundedbyADEME2013,Irstea

PETIOLE, DOSTE 2013 project on the biological pre-treatment of lignocellulose substrates, jointly funded by ADEME,Irstea,Lubem(universitybiodiversityandmicro-bial ecology laboratory)

Plascarb, European project (2013-2016, FP7) on theconversion of methane into renewable hydrogen and graphite-quality carbon (resource: food waste): CPI(UK),Gasplas (Norway),CNRS(France),Frauenhofer IBP,Uvasol(UK),GAPWasteManagement(UK),GeonardoLtd (Hungary), Abalonyx (Norway)

PREPHOS,DOSTE2013projectontheagronomicuseofstruvite as part of a demonstrator project, jointly funded byADEME,NASKEO,RITTMI,TIMAB

PROBIOGAS, European project (2008-2011), “Promo-tionofBiogas forElectricityandHeatProduction inEUCountries–EconomicandEnvironmentalBenefitsofBi-ogasfromCentralisedCo-digestion”:UniversityofSouth-ern Denmark (Denmark), Centre wallon de recherchesagronomiques (Belgium), Danish Agricultural AdvisoryService, National Centre (Denmark), Danish Institute ofAgricultural Sciences (Denmark), Danish Research Insti-tuteofFoodEconomics(Denmark),RisoeNationalLabo-ratory(Denmark),AssociationSOLAGRO(France),CentreforRenewableEnergySources(Greece),MethanogenLtd(Ireland),NLAgency(Netherlands),UniversitatdeBarce-lona (Spain)

PROBIOTIC, project on pathogen dynamics in the stor-ageandspreadingoforganicresidues:influenceofbiot-ic determiners and the bioavailability of organic matter, jointly funded by ADEME CIDe 2013, INRA, Irstea

RECORD1, study on behalf of RECORD (in progress) toprovide a review and an experimental comparison of methods to determine total silicon in a biogas and a bi-omethane(HMétivier,VChatain)

RECORD2, study on behalf of RECORD (in progress) tocharacteriseand interpret thespecific featuresofabio-gasorabiomethane:thecontributionoftwo-dimension-al chromatography in the gaseous phase. Experimental study (F Hilaire et al.)

RECORD3, study on behalf of RECORD (2009) on tech-niquesforgeneratingelectricityfrombiogasandsynthe-sis gas (C Couturier)

RECORD4, studyonbehalfofRECORD (2011) reviewingthe long-distance transport and storage of heat energy combined with waste-to-energy processes

RECORD5, studyonbehalfofRECORD (2012) reviewingknowledgeabout low-temperatureenergy recoveryandreuse processes

Remi Prophyte,DOSTE2013projectonADdigestates:limitingandreducingleakstothesurroundingsbymod-ifying their physical presentation and spreading tech-niques,jointlyfundedbyADEME,Irstea

RESIMETHA, DOSTE 2015 project on farm-based cropresidueADusingadiscontinuousdryprocess,backedbyADEME, GIE GAO (ARVALIS, ONIDOL, CETIOM) – Irstea –GAECBoisJoly–CRITTGPTE

SALINALGUE,FUIproject(2010-2014)

SAM,DOSTE2015projectonstoragebeforeAD,analys-ing the evolution of organic waste depending on storage methods, jointly funded by ADEME, INSA, Apesa

CONTENTS

38

Sarperi,L,thesispresentedin2014onthedevelopmentof a bio-NGV production sector based on agricultural biogas on an individual scale, thesis co-funded by ADEME

SMART TANK,Europeanproject(2007-2013)onthecon-struction of thermophilic AD “tank & systems”: Perma-store Tanks & Silos, Harvestore, Farmatic, Enia, Biogas FuelCell,UKHealthandEnvironmentResearchInstitute,FrauenhoferIMPS

SYMBIOSE, ANR project (2008-2010)

Trackyleaks, project to develop a method for identifying andquantifying fugitivebiogasemissionsappliedtoADinstallations, jointly funded by ADEME CIDE 2013, Irstea

VABHYOGAZ, project on the exploitation of biogas to produce renewable hydrogen: designing and testing a 5 Nm3/h demonstrator at a non-hazardous waste stor-agesite:Albhyon,Trifyl,VerdeMobil,Solagro,projectco- funded by ADEME TITEC 2012

VADIM,DOSTE2013projectonfieldspreadingofnitro-genfromdigestates,jointlyfundedbyADEME,theBritta-ny,Loire-AtlantiqueandCentreChamberofAgriculture,LDAR(districtanalysisandresearchlaboratory)

VADIMETHAN, project (2013-2015) to test the use of AD digestates:Arvalis,Paysde laLoireChamberofAgricul-ture,AILE,Terrena,CAVAC,project jointly fundedby thePaysdelaLoireregionandADEME

VALODIM,InvestmentsfortheFuturePSPCproject(com-pleted in 2014) on the production of environmentally friendly, competitively priced fertilisers, Arterris Inno-vation with a consortium consisting of an SME (Uniondes Distilleries de la Méditerrannée), four medium-sized companies (Arterris Innovation, Cap Seine, Fertigaz, Ovalie Innovation), a large corporation (Vivescia) andthreelaboratories(INSAToulouse,UniversityofTechnol-ogy of Compiègne and Irstea)

VALORCO, Investments for the Future project on the re-use and reduction of industrial CO2 emissions: ArcelorMittal,CNRS,LRGP,Lyon1, IFPEN,AirLiquide,Linde,BioBase Europe Pilot Plant, ICCF, ICSM, IDEEL, InnovationConcepts, project co-funded by ADEME

VALORGAS,Europeanproject(2010-2013,FP7)onthere-useof foodwaste:UniversityofSouthampton (UK),Uni-versityofVerona(Italy),UniversityofVenezia (Italy),MTTagrifood research (Finland), Biogas Development andTrainingCentre(India),VeoliaEnvironmentalServices(UK), Andigestion (UK), Aerothermal (UK), Biogen Greenfinch,MetenerOry(Finland),UniversityofJyvaskyla(Finland)

VALORMAP, DOSTE 2013 project to create a spatial database on AD used to generate energy from agro- industry organic residues and by-products, jointly funded by ADEME, RMT, ACTIA, Ecoval

CONTENTS


ABOUT ADEMEThe French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) is active in the implementation of public policy in the areas of the environment, energy and sustainable development.

The Agency provides expertise and advisory services to businesses, local authorities and communities, government bodies and the public at large, to enable them to establish and consolidate their environmental action. As part of thisworkADEMEhelpsfinanceprojects, fromresearch toimplementation, in the areas of waste management, soil conservation,energyefficiencyandrenewableenergy,airqualityandnoiseabatement.

ADEME is a public agency under the joint authority Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition, and the Ministry for Higher Education, Research and Innovation.

www.ademe.fr

COLLECTIONS

ADEMEFOCUS ON ACTIONADEME is a catalyst: Actors and stakeholders talk about their experience and share their know-how.

KEYS TO ACTIONADEME is a facilitator: ADEME compiles practical handbooks and guidelines to help actors implement their projects methodically and in compliance with regulations.

HORIZONSADEME looks to the future: ADEME promotes a forward-looking and realistic view of the energy and environment transition and what is at stake for society, to build a desirable future together.

EXPERTISEADEME is an expert: ADEME reports on research, studies and collective work carried out under its supervision.

FACTS AND FIGURESADEME is a reference: ADEME provides objective analyses based on regularly updated quantitative indicators.

CONTENTS

http://www.ademe.fr

Anaerobic digestionS T R A T E G I C R O A D M A P

The local or global management of feedstock supplies and the choice of whether the digestate and biogas are used for single or multiple purposes are parameters with a significant influence on the development of anaerobic digestion. Four contrasting visions have been extrapolated.

Research, development and innovation (RDI) needs are focused on developing equipment and processes on an industrial scale, together with environmentally efficient production systems for feedstock preparation, anaerobic digestion, energy exploitation and digestate transformation, but also on gaining knowledge about mechanisms and impacts and developing tools and methods on behalf of players in the sector.

This strategic road map presents visions for the possible development of the AD sector’s development by 2050 and deduces the priority needs for RDI. It aims to provide a reference for all RDI stakeholders on the subject of AD.

www.ademe.fr

ISBN : 979-1-02970-860-2

http://www.ademe.fr

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