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Anaesthesia in Developing Countries course, November 2013 Course report The rationale for the course The Oxford Anaesthesia in Developing Countries course (ADC) offers focused training over five days for anaesthetists wishing to work in remote and lowresourced environments. Established more than thirty years ago in Oxford by Dr. Michael Dobson, and now codirected by Dr. Hilary Edgcombe (Oxford) and Dr Jeanne Frossard (UCLH), the course has thrived ever since on word of mouth and the experience of participants. Now more than ever this type of training is invaluable, in a climate of increased scrutiny and focus on best practice for aid organisations and volunteers from high income countries. In addition, there is increased recognition internationally that the surgical burden of disease in low and middle income countries may have been underrated and even neglected. Initiatives to address surgical provision must address the particular challenges to safe anaesthesia provision with understanding of the differences between practice of anaesthesia in high income versus lowincome environments. As the ADC course has continued and developed we aim to offer highcalibre training to increase the safety of practice of anaesthetists working outside their familiar systems as well as their understanding of issues around aid, short and longterm interventions and the local impact of expatriate workers. To this end the location of the course (operated and organised through the University of Oxford) is now in Kampala, Uganda. Collaboration and partnership with local anaesthesia providers and hospitals has developed over the last 5 years and is a unique feature of the course. The experience of the receiving hospital: panel discussion with Ugandan faculty
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Anaesthesia  in  Developing  Countries  course,  November  2013    

Course  report    

 The  rationale  for  the  course    The  Oxford  Anaesthesia  in  Developing  Countries  course  (ADC)  offers  focused  training  over  five  days  for  anaesthetists  wishing  to  work  in  remote  and  low-­‐resourced  environments.  Established  more  than  thirty  years  ago  in  Oxford  by  Dr.  Michael  Dobson,  and  now  co-­‐directed  by  Dr.  Hilary  Edgcombe  (Oxford)  and  Dr  Jeanne  Frossard  (UCLH),  the  course  has  thrived  ever  since  on  word  of  mouth  and  the  experience  of  participants.      Now  more  than  ever  this  type  of  training  is  invaluable,  in  a  climate  of  increased  scrutiny  and  focus  on  best  practice  for  aid  organisations  and  volunteers  from  high  income  countries.  In  addition,  there  is  increased  recognition  internationally  that  the  surgical  burden  of  disease  in  low  and  middle  income  countries  may  have  been  underrated  and  even  neglected.  Initiatives  to  address  surgical  provision  must  address  the  particular  challenges  to  safe  anaesthesia  provision  with  understanding  of  the  differences  between  practice  of  anaesthesia  in  high-­‐income  versus  low-­‐income  environments.    As  the  ADC  course  has  continued  and  developed  we  aim  to  offer  high-­‐calibre  training  to  increase  the  safety  of  practice  of  anaesthetists  working  outside  their  familiar  systems  as  well  as  their  understanding  of  issues  around  aid,  short  and  long-­‐term  interventions  and  the  local  impact  of  expatriate  workers.  To  this  end  the  location  of  the  course  (operated  and  organised  through  the  University  of  Oxford)  is  now  in  Kampala,  Uganda.  Collaboration  and  partnership  with  local  anaesthesia  providers  and  hospitals  has  developed  over  the  last  5  years  and  is  a  unique  feature  of  the  course.            

   

The  experience  of  the  receiving  hospital:  panel  discussion  with  Ugandan  faculty  

 

 

Course  remit    The  ADC  course  trains  small  groups  of  delegates  from  a  variety  of  (usually  high-­‐income)  countries  for  a  period  of  5  days.  Core  topics  include  the  use  of  equipment  designed  for  low-­‐resource  conditions,  appropriate  use  of  drugs  such  as  ketamine,  halothane  and  ether  which  are  less  commonly  encountered  in  high-­‐income  countries,  and  typical  surgical  and  medical  morbidity  of  relevance  to  anaesthetic  practice.  In  addition  we  dedicate  time  to  some  of  the  hardest  aspects  of  aid  /  volunteer  working  including  how  aid  interventions  may  be  undertaken  well  or  badly,  the  impact  of  overseas  workers  on  people  and  systems  (led  by  our  Ugandan  colleagues),  dealing  with  the  psychological  and  physical  stresses  on  the  volunteer  and  decision-­‐making  in  difficult  clinical  circumstances.    In  addition  we  aim  to  tailor  some  parts  of  the  course  to  the  known  interests  of  our  participants  (who  provide  this  information  when  booking).          The  November  2013  course:  specifics    This  course  ran  between  the  4th  and  8th  November  2013,  based  at  the  Makindye  Club  in  Kampala.  It  was  as  usual  accredited  by  the  Royal  College  of  Anaesthetists  for  15  CPD  points.  We  had  17  participants  from  the  UK,  Ireland,  Norway,  Denmark,  the  US,  Canada  and  Australia.  Around  half  had  no  prior  experience  in  low-­‐income  countries  since  medical  school  and  the  majority  had  plans  to  engage  in  some  sort  of  work  overseas  subsequent  to  the  course.        

   We  were  also  delighted  to  have  faculty  from  the  UK,  the  US  and  Uganda  involved  this  year.  Of  particular  note,  the  US  faculty  (Dr  G  Dubowitz  and  Dr  T  Roche)  have  key  involvement  with  the  Global  Partners  in  Anesthesia  and  Surgery  /  AAGBI  collaboration  for  training  anaesthetists  in  Uganda.  As  such  they  were  invaluable  both  for  their  insights  and  expertise  and  in  assisting  us  to  link  with  a  number  of  the  Ugandan  anaesthetists  as  part  of  the  course.  We  were  very  grateful  for  the  contributions  made  by  Dr.  Arthur  Kwizera,  Dr  Emmanual  Ayebale,  Dr.  Mary  Nabukenua,  Dr.  Susan  Anena  and  Dr.  Isabella  Epiu,  all  affiliated  with  the  Dept  of  Anaesthesia  at  Mulago  Hospital.  

Course  delegates  and  faculty  

 

 

 We  also  welcomed  the  attendance  of  two  participants  and  one  member  of  the  faculty  from  the  UK  International  Emergency  Trauma  Registry,  with  a  view  to  informing  the  development  of  targeted  training  of  anaesthetists  affiliated  with  the  UKIETR.  This  initiative  operated  by  the  NGO  UK-­‐Med  in  agreement  with  the  Department  of  Health  and  Department  for  International  Development  seeks  to  coordinate  appropriately  trained  personnel  for  response  to  major  international  disasters.      The  programme  for  the  week  and  faculty  information  are  provided  as  appendixes  to  this  report.  As  usual  the  aim  was  to  break  even  financially,  covering  the  course  costs  within  the  participants’  registration  fees.  This  was  achieved  and  we  are  grateful  to  the  faculty  who  all  funded  their  own  flights  and  expenses.      The  immediate  course  outcomes  were  positive;  all  participants  complete  feedback  forms  and  were  universally  happy  with  the  course  overall:  all  would  recommend  the  course  to  a  colleague  (and  indeed  almost  all  participants  had  come  as  the  result  of  personal  recommendation)  .  Highlights  included  the  sessions  on  oxygen  provision,  drawover  systems,  difficult  decision-­‐making,  the  experience  of  receiving  hospitals,  aid  models  and  ethics  and  the  personal  accounts  of  faculty.  In  addition  the  opportunities  to  visit  two  contrasting  local  hospitals  and  dialogue  with  local  anaesthetists,  observing  both  clinical  practice  and  some  of  the  challenges  of  receiving  aid  were  highly  valued.        Thanks  and  acknowledgements    This  course  would  not  be  possible  without  the  dedicated  assistance  of  a  large  number  of  people.  In  particular  thanks  are  due  for  the  ongoing  support  of  the  Oxford  University  Hospitals,  the  Anaesthetic  Department  in  Oxford  and  the  Nuffield  Division  of  Anaesthetics  administrative  staff.  The  Makindye  Club  once  again  provided  stand-­‐out  quality  accommodation,  food,  conference  facilities  and  a  warm  welcome.      Our  regular  faculty  are  the  bedrock  for  the  course;  they  are  able  to  teach  on  a  wide  variety  of  subjects  with  excellence  and  continually  review  and  maintain  a  high  quality  of  training.  As  always,  special  acknowledgement  is  due  to  Dr.  Sarah  Hodges  who  coordinates  the  administration  in  Kampala  in  addition  to  adding  the  voice  of  long-­‐term  experience  which  is  always  immensely  valued  by  delegates.      

 

 

Future  developments    We  expect  to  continue  offering  and  developing  training  on  the  Oxford  ADC  course  for  as  long  as  it  is  required.  The  next  course  is  planned  for  October  /  November  2014  and  we  hope  to  be  able  to  expand  numbers  somewhat  with  additional  off-­‐site  accommodation  nearby.  However  as  demand  continues  to  be  very  high,  we  are  delighted  that  there  are  three  other  centres  world-­‐wide  which  offer  similar  training,  in  North  America,  Australia  (five-­‐day  “Real  World  Anaesthesia”  course  and  Bristol  (the  one  day  “Developing  World  Anaesthesia”  course).  Collaboration  across  these  centres  has  always  been  of  great  benefit  and  we  hope  it  will  continue  in  the  years  to  come.      A  new  initiative  this  year  is  the  fuller  evaluation  of  the  ADC  course.  Although  immediate  feedback,  recommendations,  continued  demand  and  word  of  mouth  are  all  positive,  we  hope  to  demonstrate  the  outcomes  of  this  training  for  international  medical  volunteers  on  a  more  robust  basis.  To  this  end,  this  year’s  course  delegates  have  been  invited  to  participate  in  a  novel  evaluation  of  long-­‐term  course  outcomes  with  a  combination  of  semi-­‐structured  interviews  and  on-­‐line  surveys  to  assess  the  effectiveness  of  this  training  in  the  longer-­‐term.      We  remain  excited  about  the  opportunity  to  offer  an  excellent  training  course  for  anaesthetists  crossing  cultures  and  borders  to  work  in  unfamiliar  environments.  It  is  our  hope  that  this  kind  of  training  which  recognises  and  addresses  the  challenges  faced  by  both  volunteers  and  hosts  at  organisational  and  individual  levels  will  become  the  norm  for  those  involved  in  funding,  supporting  and  actually  undertaking  medical  aid.        Dr  Hilary  Edgcombe  (Course  Co-­‐Director  and  organiser)  Dr  Jeanne  Frossard  (Course  Co-­‐Director)      

 

 

Appendix  1:  programme    Anaesthesia  in  Developing  countries  November  2013      Mon   0830   HE     Welcome           0900   JF/SH     Introduction:  Anaesthesia  around  the  world  and  in  Uganda     0930   MD     Resources  I:  Oxygen  sources  around  the  world     1015       Coffee     1045   JF     Resources  II:  Using  ketamine  wisely     1130   HE     Clinical  practice:  Obstetric  anaesthesia     1230   SH     Hospital  visits  briefing     1300         Lunch     1400   HE     Where  there’s  no  machine:  drawover  circuits  and  vaporisers       (also  MD,  RN,  SH,  JF)     1600       Tea     1630   JF     Clinical  practice:  Paediatric  anaesthesia     1730   RN     Travelogue:  tales  of  an  engineer    Tues   0830   SH/GD     Hospital  visits  I     1300       Lunch     1400   MD     Where  there  is  a  machine:  drawover  machines     1430   JF     Clinical  practice:  Trauma  and  Primary  Trauma  Care     1530   MD     Resources  III:  Halothane  need-­‐to-­‐knows     1600       Tea     1630   HE     Clinical  practice:  Tropical  diseases  and  anaesthesia     1715   JF     Hospital  visits  debrief     1730   JF     Travelogue    Weds   0830   SH/GD     Hospital  visits  II     1300       Lunch     1400   HE     Clinical  practice:  Difficult  decision-­‐making  scenarios       (also  MD,  JF,  SH)     1600       Tea     1630   HE     Your  health  I:  physical  wellbeing     1700   RC     Travelogue:  MSF    Thurs   0830   TR     Aid  models  and  ethics     0915   EA/SH/panel  The  receiving  hospital’s  experience     1000   RN     Resources  IV:  electrical  and  gas  safety     1045       Coffee     1115   RC     Your  health  II:  psychological  wellbeing     1230   JF/SH     Procurement,  donations  and  storage     1300       Lunch     1400   Faculty   Workshop:  maintaining,  cleaning  and  sterilising  equipment     1600       Tea           Optional  craft  centre  visit     Evening     Course  meal  

 

 

 Fri   0900   SH     Clinical  practice:  Airway  management     0945   HE     Teaching    and  training  overseas     1030       Coffee     1100   RN     New  technologies  for  remote  areas     1145       Guest  lecture     1300       Lunch     1400   JF     Preparing  to  go:  practicalities  and  considerations       (also  all  faculty)     1530   HE     Course  close,  certificates,  MCQs      

 

 

Appendix  2:  faculty  biographies      Dr  Mike  Dobson  (Oxford,  UK)  Dr  Mike  Dobson  first  got  interested  in  the  third  world  as  a  medical  student  in  Nepal,  whither  he  returned  mid-­‐training  to  work  as  a  staff  anaesthetist  at  a  busy  mission  hospital.  Subsequently  he  has  taught  in  over  25  countries  in  Africa  and  Asia.  He  started  this  course  in  Oxford  in  1981,  directing  it  until  2009,  and  says  that  those  attending  the  course  have  taught  him  most  of  what  he  knows...  He  has  been  anaesthetic  advisor  to  the  World  Health  Organisation  for  20  years,  and  other  interests  include  Primary  Trauma  Care  and  TALC  (Teaching  Aids  at  Low  Cost).      Dr  Gerald  Dubowitz  (USA)  Dr  Gerald  Dubowitz  is  an  Assistant  Professor  in  Anaesthesia  based  in  San  Francisco,  USA.  He  is  a  founder  of  the  Global  Partners  in  Anesthesia  and  Surgery  (GPAS)  programme  and  director  of  the  Global  Health  Program  at  UCSF.  His  experience  includes  work  in  Nepal,  the  South  Pacific  and  Africa,  with  particular  links  in  Uganda.    Dr  Hilary  Edgcombe  (Oxford,  UK)  Dr  Hilary  Edgcombe  is  a  consultant  anaesthetist  at  Oxford  University  Hospitals,  Oxford  where  her  practice  includes  anaesthesis  for  transplant  and  trauma  surgery.  She  has  clinical  and  teaching  experience  in  a  number  of  countries  in  sub-­‐Saharan  Africa,  including  Zimbabwe,  Zambia,  Malawi,  Sierra  Leone  and  South  Africa.  She  is  Course  Director  together  with  Dr  Jeanne  Frossard  for  the  well-­‐established  course,  "Anaesthesia  in  Developing  Countries"  based  in  Oxford  and  Uganda,  now  in  its  thirty-­‐first  year.  This  course  aims  to  train  and  equip  anaesthetists  from  developed  world  countries  who  plan  to  work  and  /  or  teach  in  developing  world  environments,  in  order  to  maximise  their  usefulness  in  such  endeavours.      Dr  Jeanne  Frossard  (UCLH,  UK)  Dr  Jeanne  Frossard  is  a  consultant  anaesthetist  at  UCLH  NHS  trust  in  London  and  has  been  involved  in  this  course  for  eleven  years,  as  well  as  lecturing  on  the  similar  global  outreach  course  in  Canada  and  on  clinical  officer  refresher  courses  in  Rwanda  and  Mozambique.  She  is  especially  interested  in  trauma  management  and  has  been  on  the  faculties  setting  up  Primary  Trauma  Care  in  Rwanda,  MSF  Belgium,  China,  Iraq  ,  Jordan  ,  the  West  Bank  and  the  Gaza  strip.  She  has  worked  twice  in  Sarajevo  during  the  siege  with  an  NGO  called  HAMD,  twice  with  the  ICRC  in  a  war  surgery  hospital  on  the  Kenyan/  Sudanese  border  and  also  with  MSF  in  Afghanistan.      Dr  Sarah  Hodges  (Kampala,  Uganda)  Born  in  India  and  brought  up  in  South  East  Asia  and  France,  Dr  Sarah  Hodges  wanted  to  study  medicine  from  a  very  early  age  and  was  challenged  by  witnessing  the  inequalities  while  growing  up  in  Asia.  She  started  training  in  anaesthetics  before  moving  to  Uganda  with  her  husband,  Andrew  Hodges  (a  surgeon)  to  work  with  CMS,  an  Anglican  mission  organization  in  Kagando  Hospital,  a  Church  of  Uganda  hospital  in  the  West  of  Uganda.  Following  a  brief  return  to  the  UK  during  which  she  completed  anaesthetic  training,  she  returned  to  Uganda  in  December  2004.  Since  then  she  has  been  involved  in  a  wide  variety  clinical  and  teaching  endeavours  at  a  variety  of  hospitals  in  Kampala  and  a  Associate  Director  

 

 

for  this  course.  She  was  recently  awarded  the  Pask  Certificate  of  Honour  by  the  Association  of  Anaesthetists  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.    Dr  Amy  Hughes  (Manchester,  UK)  Dr  Amy  Hughes  is  an  Emergency  Medicine  registrar  with  an  established  interest  in  expedition  and  remote  medicine.  She  has  experience  in  Madagascar,  Belize,  Sri  Lanka  and  a  current  research  interest  in  the  infrastructure  of  foreign  medical  teams  working  in  disaster  settings.  She  is  also  involved  with  the  UK  International  Emergency  Trauma  Register.    Mr  Robert  Neighbour  (Diamedica,  UK)  A  former  aeronautical  engineer,  Robert  Neighbour  now  heads  a  medical  equipment  company  specialising  in  the  needs  of  the  developing  world.  Their  anaesthetic  machines  are  based  on  teaming  oxygen  concentrators  with  draw-­‐over  gas  delivery  systems.  He  is  a  tireless  supporter  of  anaesthetists  in  the  developing  world.    Dr.  Tony  Roche  (USA)  Dr  Tony  Roche  is  an  Associate  Professor  of  Anesthesia  at  the  University  of  Washington  in  Seattle,  USA.  He  is  involved  with  the  GPAS  collaboration  and  has  been  collaborating  for  several  years  with  the  Department  of  Anaesthesia  at  Mulago  Hospital,  Uganda.  He  is  particularly  involved  in  research  and  education  linked  with  obstetric  and  regional  anaesthesia.      


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