Analyses of the energy consumption of the household sector ... · Blocks of flats and apartments in...

SECH PROJECT -SPAHOUSEC

Analyses of the energy

consumption of the household

sector in Spain

FINAL REPORT

IDAE General Secretary

Planning and Studies Department 16th of June of 2011

SECH Project - SPAHOUSEC

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Content

0. - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 33

1. - INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 66

2. - BACKGROUND INFORMATION .................................................................................... 99

3. - SPAHOUSEC PROJECT’S METHODOLOGY ............................................................ 1111

3.1. - Action Scheme .................................................................... 1212 3.2. - Phone Survey Operations ....................................................... 1515 3.3. - Face-to-face Survey Operation ................................................ 1818 3.4. - Measurement Operation .................................................... 2222 3.5. - Survey to Land Agents Operation .......................................... 2727 3.6. - Information from Energy Traders Operation ............................. 2828 3.7. - Information on Renewable Energies Operation .......................... 2828 3.8. - Integration of Results ........................................................... 2929 3.8.1. - Dwelling and Household Features ........................................... 2929 3.8.2. - Household Equipment ......................................................... 3030 3.8.3. - Aggregate energy consumptions by energy sources ...................... 3232 3.8.4. - Energy Consumptions by Services/Uses and by Energy Sources ........ 3535

4.- RESULTS AND VALIDATION ..................................................................................... 3737

4.1. Characterization of the Stock of Dwellings and Building Features ..... 3737 4.2. - Features of Households ..................................................... 3939 4.3. Joint Characterization of Dwellings and Households ..................... 4242 4.4. - Equipment ..................................................................... 4343 4.5. - Energy Consumption of the Residential Sector by Services and Uses 5454 4.5.1. - Energy Consumption of the Residential Sector in Spain: .............. 5454 4.5.2. - Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector by Climate Zones .... 5757 4.5.3. - Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector by Type of Dwelling . 6161 4.5.4. - Energy Consumption by Climate Zones and Type of Dwelling: ........ 6666 4.6.-Summary of Total Consumptions and Averages of the Households Sector 6969 4.7. - Validation and comparison of results ..................................... 7070

5. - DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS ........................................................................... 7373

6- GAINED EXPERIENCE AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS ................................................ 7474


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0. - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The residential sector is essential in the current energy sector, both at national and EC level, because of the importance of its energy needs which in Spain, in terms of final energy, account for 17% of the final energy consumption and for 25% in terms of electric consumption. Various are the factors giving reason of the representativeness and the upward trend of its energy consumption, such as the increase in the number of households, the ensuing greater comfort demanded and consequently, larger equipment. The whole is brought about by a higher purchasing power and an improvement in the standard of living, which lets envisage upward trends as regards the representativeness of the residential sector in energy demand. The remarkable impacts related to meeting energy needs by society in general and by the residential sector in particular in terms of energy dependence, security of supply and environmental impact, forcefully lead to the appropriate, well-founded energy planning which rests on three large pillars in Spain: Planning of the Electric Power & Gas Sectors, Energy Saving and Efficiency Planning and Renewable Energy Plans. A key instrument to the devising of the various energy plans is to know the extent of the demand and which the agents that have a bearing on it are. Thus, one of the objectives of the energy statistics consists in providing the energy manager and planner worked-out information as reliable as possible on the energy sector. Energy statistics has its origin in the first energy crises of the 70’s in the XX century. The first challenge it had to face was determining the energy offer, from domestic energy production to the energy provided to end users, including balances of trade, energy transformation and distribution. At present, most of the developed countries have reasonably reliable energy statistics in terms of energy offer. The explanation to society’s energy demand is also reasonably represented in some sectors like industry, but shows significant weaknesses in other sectors, the so-called “diffuse sectors”, where there are high heterogeneity and atomisation degrees, like in the residential, trade and service sectors, and to a lesser extent, in transportation. Being aware of this situation, the European Commission through Eurostat and in collaboration with the State Members wants to make sure that the statistics corresponding to the final energy demand are comparable, transparent, detailed and flexible. It is in this context that Eurostat proposed SECH Project (Development of detailed Statistics on Energy Consumption in Households) to the State Members in the Eurostat Statistics Work Group meeting on 29th June 2009. The aim of the project is the development of energy statistics in the residential sector through Bottom-Up technologies for measurements and modelling. The importance of the residential sector in Spain and the need of being more acquainted with it led IDAE/MITyC to submit the Spanish proposal SPAHOUSEC Project (Analysis of the Energy Consumption in the Spanish Households) before Eurostat, within the framework of the SECH project.


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This report makes up the final document in the SPAHOUSEC survey and includes, along with the rest of the documents associated with the Project, a phone survey on equipment and energy consumption in the residential sector; electric energy consumption measurements in the residential sector; the methodology used and the results achieved in determining the aggregated energy consumption by services, uses, climate zone area and kind of residence for the Spanish case. The objectives set at the beginning of the study were ambitious and based on the development of a methodology that would combine various methods and information sources, both new and already existing, and that would enable to determine consumption in the residential sector by means of a bottom-up approach. The information resulting from integrating the various methods should be contrasted with the energy information existing in the sector, and obtained through top-down procedures. The developed methodology has included the compilation of the existing information of energy and social and economic kind relevant to the sector, phone and face-to-face surveys, meant to know the Spanish houses and households as well as their equipment, energy consumption and behaviour, and the “in situ” measurements of the electric consumption in 600 households, an innovative that has been carried out in Spain for the first time. Once the former information has been compiled, the results have been validated through instruments developed by IDAE to determine the energy consumption and costs of the Spanish households, and their integration. Likewise, the group of agents that have taken part in the development of the Project has been large both in terms of number, representativeness and quality. A remarkable factor has been the citizen’s participation, through surveys and consumption measurements, the various energy traders, Red Eléctrica de España (REE) (Spanish transmission and system operator), Land Agents through their professional association, consumers’ associations and the various departments in the Public Administration such as the MITyC and the National Statistics Institute (INE). Without the help, collaboration and participation of them all the ambitious goals of the projects could not have been reached. As regards the results achieved in the SPAHOUSEC study, it can be said that the bottom-up and integration methodology has accomplished a rapprochement to the energy consumption in the sector, determined by the top-down methods, 6% lower in terms of total consumption. As for the main energy supplies in the sector - electricity, natural gas and diesel oil -deviations take place between +5% for diesel oil and -7% for natural gas; this figure is put at -4% for electric power. Regarding less representative energy sources as liquefied petroleum gas and coal, deviations increase as a result of their lesser presence and penetration. Additionally, the exploitation of these energies by non-residential users, such is the case of small businesses, involves a distortion in energy consumption, calculated from top-down methodologies, based almost exclusively on the information coming from energy traders. These results, remarkably lower than the ones expected at the beginning of the project, enable to determine the kind of rapprochement and provide an explanation of the consumptions in the sector, from a technical point of view.


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The structural explanation of consumption for services and uses, historically carried out by IDAE with information coming from former energy distributors, shows some remarkable deviations yet absolutely assumable from a statistic point of view. Energy consumption associated with sanitary hot water services were overvalued by 7 points per cent, whereas the ones associated with electric appliances account for 6 points per cent less than the ones provided by SAPHOUSEC. Everything seems to point to the fact that there is a top-down methodology estimate behind these deviations, not very much adjusted to the electric consumption linked to sanitary hot water services. The results of the SPAHOUSEC study have also delved into the explanation of consumption per climate zone and type of building. The average Spanish household consumes around 10,500 kWh per year, some 0.85 toe per year in line with the rapprochements carried out earlier by IDAE/MITyC. Blocks of flats and apartments in the Mediterranean area are shown as less energy intensive, with 0.53 toe per year, whereas the single family houses in the continental sector use more energy, 1.69 toe per year. On average, single family houses use twice as much as flats. Other remarkable data are the results of consumption in standby mode, which reach almost 7% of electric consumption, largely exceeding cooling consumption and equalling that of washing machines. The results of the project have enabled to get to know the residential equipment and its real consumption, confirming the high level achieved in Spain and the need to stress rational use policies intended for households. Given that the global differences achieved as opposed to conventional methodology can be assumed and the said methodology does not allow pinpointing the non-residential consumers included in the various supply fees, the experience gathered with the SPAHOUSEC study advises replicating studies of this kind with a periodicity between 4 and 6 years, as it is a key sector in global energy consumption. Likewise, it would be necessary that Eurostat should adopt a methodology to establish the residential consumption by uses with a homogeneous, common approach at EU level. Additionally, it would be advisable to have suitable training for this kind of energy statistics, aimed at technicians and statistical bodies, as well as having resort to a methodology manual.


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1. - INTRODUCTION The residential sector is essential within the energy national and EC context, because of the importance of its energy needs. In terms of total and electric consumptions, it reaches 17% and 25% respectively at national level, and 25% and 29% at EU27 level. Within the domestic scope, various factors as the increase of households, consumption habits, the progressive equipment of households enhanced by a far-reaching purchasing power and an improvement in the standard of living lead to envisage some upward trends as regards the representativeness of the residential sector in energy demand. This is backed by various relevant prospective studies which are carried out at present ease the design and setting more in accordance with the energy planning policies which will meet the coverage of the said demand. On the other hand, this sector currently accounts for less consumption if compared to other end-use sectors in Spain, even if it is one of the sectors, along with the service one, that has registered a larger increase in its energy consumption and associated intensity along the last years.

Trends in Energy Consumption (ktoe) within the Households Sector in Spain

Source: IDAE

Given the implication of the energy activities, both at environmental level and at the level of our security of supply, and given also the high energy dependence, the impact associated with the future evolution of the demand of a sector such as the residential one is taken for granted in relation to the energy activities, uses and services that take place in the said sector. For all the above, this sector, takes a preference position at national level in the energy and environmental policies, both present and future. Currently, there are two important planning actions in Spain that make up the reference framework, meant to give a response to the energy and environmental situation: the Spanish Strategy on Energy Saving and Efficiency 2004-2012 (E4), implemented through Action Plans horizons 2005-2007 & 2008-2012, and the recently finished Renewable Energies Plan 2005-2010. These measures pretend a transition to a more sustainable and diversified energy model, where local renewable sources of energy gain greater prominence on meeting a more moderate energy demand, thanks to applying actions and measures on energy saving and efficiency.

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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Energy Demand of Households Nº Households


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The energy efficiency area in general, and the residential sector and its buildings in particular, are given special attention within these plans as it can be inferred from the budget increase of the Action Plan 2008-2012. In turn, the last Plan corresponds to the first National Action Plan on Energy Saving and Efficiency (NEEAP), demanded by Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services, with even more ambitious annual saving objectives, set up at 2% as opposed to 1% as established by the said Directive. At present, and pursuant to the above-mentioned Directive, the second National Plan (NEEAP) is being drafted – Action Plan 2008-2020. This Plan shall lay the bases of the future policy in the field of national energy efficiency. This political framework will be reinforced with the New Renewable Energies Plan, 2011-2020, also under way, meant to improve the synergy between the two key axes of the energy policy and energy demand; this will enable the achievement of a more efficient and sustainable energy model. In like manner, and given the synergy between energy and environmental policies, the application of the above plans contribute to the accomplishment of the Spanish Strategy on Climate Change as it eases the achievement of the emissions reduction objectives set forth in the various National Emission Allocation Plans. National policies in the field of energy efficiency and climate change are in turn, coherent with EU directives in this respect, of which Directive 2006/32/EC on Energy Services and Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Efficiency in Buildings and its recast text into Directive 2010/31/EU, EU Action Plan on Energy Efficiency and the EU legislative package on Energy and Climate Change make up a key reference. These policies have in common highlighting the energy efficiency role. It is estimated that an energy saving potential of 27% will be reached in the whole of the EU residential area buildings in the 2020 horizon.

Table: Estimates for full energy saving potential in the end-use sectors

Sector

Energy consumption (Mtoe) 2005 (EE scenario)

Energy consumption (Mtoe) 2020

(BAU scenario)

Energy Saving Potential 2020

(%)

Households (Residential) 280 338 27%

Commercial buildings (Tertiary) 157 211 30%

Transport 332 405 26%

Manufacturing Industry 297 382 25%

Source: European Commission EU-25 baseline Scenario and Wuppertal Institute 2005

All the above, along with the pressing need of adapting Energy Saving and Efficiency and Renewable Energies Action Plans to the new imperatives imposed by the EU energy policy, the expected evolution of the energy and social-economic situation, leads to the need of deeper energy knowledge of the residential sector. It is only from the right energy diagnosis of the sector through the development of energy statistics linked to it that it will be possible to design suitable and proficient energy efficiency and diversification policies, which envisage the inclusion of more efficient equipment in terms of consumption as well as


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constructive elements and optimum designs, such is the case of new buildings, which lead to the ideal concept of passive or low-consumption houses in the future. Hence, the significance of initiatives such as SECH Project on the part of Eurostat, branded as SPAHOUSEC in Spain, which will doubtless facilitate achieving these objectives.


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2. - BACKGROUND INFORMATION Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22nd October 2008, on energy statistics, regulates known statistics by establishing a common framework for the production, transmission, evaluation and dissemination of comparable energy statistics in the EC. This Regulation applies to statistical information on energy products and their aggregates at EC level. Article 9 of the Regulation refers to statistics on renewable energy and final energy consumption, pointing to the need to improve the quality of current statistics on renewable energy and final energy consumption. To do this, in terms of final energy consumption, the European Commission through Eurostat, in collaboration with Member States, aims to ensure that the statistics are comparable, transparent, detailed and flexible, through the examination and determination of the methodology used at national and community level to generate these statistics, on the basis of the current situation, existing studies and feasibility pilot studies, as well as of the cost/benefit analysis still to be implemented, and evaluation of the results of pilot studies and cost/benefit ones. The purpose of the above is to establish a consumption breakdown key in each sector, according to sources and uses of energy, and gradually integrate the resulting elements into statistics from 2012 on. This becomes especially important from a political point of view, being key the need of development of energy statistics by sectors through the reliable analysis of energy consumption. This happens to be even more relevant in sectors such as the residential one, where the unreliability of energy statistics available limited in scope to aggregate energy consumption, involves the existing ignorance in terms of delving into the issue. This entails a constraint at the time of devising efficient policies and actions aimed at improving the efficiency in this sector, as well as at their analysis and assessment. The latter is especially necessary in the context of the monitoring of the EU policies currently in force in energy efficiency and buildings. Some of the methods proposed by the various Directives propose the use of a series of indicators based on both the top-down and the bottom-up approaches, whose drafting requires a set of statistic data with minimum quality and reliability standards. It then seems required to implement methods that will contribute to lessening such deficiencies, the most outstanding of which are the development of models, surveys and in situ measurements of energy consumption. The experiences from other countries where they have been implemented show large variability regarding the used procedures, their quality and their cost. In this context was held the meeting of the Eurostat Statistics Working Group on 29th June 2009, where all these considerations were recorded. The said meeting witnessed the criticality of the residential sector due to its greater weakness concerning statistics, and it was also stated the need to develop statistics oriented towards this sector by means of the methods above mentioned, and to face the difficulties that hinder its development, essentially those of an economic nature.


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To ease the said task, Eurostat ruled to allocate M€1 budget to facilitate the studies targeting the analysis of the household energy consumption in the Member States. It is thus that SECH Project (Development of detailed Statistics on Energy Consumption in Households) started, promoted by Eurostat in the Member States, which submitted a detailed proposal of the various projects to be approved in a first phase, on 27th July 2009, to Eurostat, taking as a reference the coverage of data acquisition recommended by the Eurostat Energy Statistics Working Group, with the requirement of exceeding the scope of Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 on Energy Statistics. The importance of the residential sector in Spain, along with the need of more involved knowledge of the sector, has led IDAE to develop sectorial studies on various occasions so as to delve into the knowledge and monitoring of end-consumption in the sector, with a view to improving energy statistics. IDAE’s interest in taking part in SECH Project is double, as regards the need to explore both into the characteristics and general trends of the household sector and the itemisation of the consumption in this sector by uses. Bearing in mind the above, Spain’s representation by the Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving (IDAE), a public business entity ascribed to the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade (MITyC), joined Eurostat’s proposal through SPAHOUSEC Project (Analysis of the Energy Consumption in the Spanish Households), which makes up the Spanish version of Project SEC. SPAHOUSEC Study, coherent with the premises laid down by Eurostat, aims essentially at the development of the methodology that will determine the consumption of the residential sector, both at global and segmented levels per uses and services. It is expected that the results of SPAHOUSEC Study will contribute to the improvement of energy statistics, as stated in the National Statistic Plan, approved by Royal Decree 1708/2010 of 17th December.


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3. - SPAHOUSEC PROJECT’S METHODOLOGY According to the initial project proposal, its main purpose is "to determine the basic parameters of the residential sector, as well as the global and segmented energy consumption by uses and services associated with the sector, and develop a methodology with common criteria at European level for future information collections." Additionally, "the information will be segmented and systematized according to different areas: kinds of accommodations, climate zones, types of services, types of applications or uses, etc. for which the reference to take into account is Eurostat’s European Working Group on Statistics in terms of coverage of data acquisition in the domestic sector. " The climate zones that feature Spain were set up pursuant to the above; their delimitation has been obtained according to the maximum, medium and minimum average temperatures of the Spanish provinces for period 1997-2007.

Territorial distribution of climate zones in Spain

In like manner, and with respect to the kind of accommodation, the housing stock has been segmented, paying attention to the type of buildings, whether they are single-family houses or blocks of flats, given the incidence of this parameter on energy consumption. The information on the service section and the use of energy in the sector is segmented as follows: heating, sanitary hot water, cooking, cooling, lighting and electric appliances. For the latter, the following itemisation also applies: fridge, freezer, washing machine, dryer, oven, TV, computer, standby and the rest of the equipment.


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The base methodology of SPAHOUSEC Project consists in the combination of the various methods and information sources, both existing and new, which may enable to determine the consumption of the residential sector through a bottom-up approach. The information resulting from the integration of the various methods used is eventually checked against the existing official energy information available in the residential sector, usually obtained through top-down procedures, and which is also checked up with consumption calculations on the basis of equipment and average consumption.

The various methods used all along the implementation of this Project, each of the procedures and specific and the differentiated objectives are supplementary, which enables to reach greater understanding of the energy consumption in the sector. These methods stem from the choice of a statistically representative sample, both at national level and at the level of climate zones, as well as of the type of dwelling, of the permanently occupied houses, considered relevant for energy purposes in this project.

Additionally, the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE) has provided information and statistical technical assistance alike.

3.1. - Action Scheme With a view to giving response to the envisaged objectives, the work scheme undergone has been structured through various operations spinning round four action axes: a) Compilation of the existing information of an energy and social-economic

kind, relevant to the residential sector On the one hand, the information coming from the energy statistics of all kind collected by the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade (MITyC)/IDAE has been taken into account; the said information relates to the end-energy consumption in the residential sector and its itemisation according to energy sources.

In like manner the information derived from studies and surveys has been collected. These were essentially carried out by the National Statistics Institute (INE) and the former Ministry of Housing, whose functions are currently transferred to the Ministry of Development, within the framework of studies aimed at knowing the standard, quality and living conditions of Spanish households. The main information sources have been:

Population figures and Demographic Census 2001 Household Budget Survey (EPF). Living Conditions Survey (ECN). Survey on households and the environment Survey on Equipment and Use

of Information and Communication Technologies in Households.

Apart from the available information to the general public, IDAE and the MITyC have closely collaborated with the INE with a view to gathering any additional information of interest, not available according to the media commonly used. In this way, the INE has played an essential role as regards the statistical counselling provided to IDAE in terms of defining the household samples and other variables.


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All the above has been supplemented with other information sources, and to do so, key agents who have a direct or indirect bearing on the residential sector have been contacted. Some of these have been the energy supply and trading firms that operate on the Spanish energy market, national associations of estate managers and consumers. Particularly, the information provided by Land Agents as regards energy billing and the consumption associated with thermal services in residents’ associations, such as collective systems for heating and sanitary hot water, have been really useful as it sets up a reference to validate the achieved results through other means with in terms of energy consumption in households.

b) Definition of the Work Programme

It has been necessary to analyse and define the sample sizes, the problems associated with every field work and the methodology to be used before undergoing the field works with a view to guaranteeing a sufficient degree of confidence, with a maximum deviation under ±3% in the crossings resulting from the combination of the three climate zones and the two types of dwellings considered. The cooperation and counselling received on the part of the INE has really been useful on this point.

c) Field Work

The consumption complexity of the residential sector has demanded carrying out “ad-hoc” studies through research field works. Three studies in the residential sector, based on representative household samples have been carried out with different, supplementary methodological approaches in their goals:

Phone surveys

Face-to-face surveys and

“In situ” measurements of electric power consumption per kind of service or the equipment in dwellings.

Work Scheme of SPAHOUSEC Project

(1) Existing Info at aggregated

level Results

Constructive characteristics

of buildings and dwellings

Socioeconomic Data

Climatic and Geographical

Data: HDD; CDD

Energy Parameters:

Consumption by fuels in

physics and economic units

(3) Research work:

Interviews by phone

and on location

“In situ” measurement

Consumption by Uses andFuels: By climatic zones andtypes of dwellings

Assessment of the airconditioning/heat pumps

Energy indicators: unitconsumption; unit electricityconsumption, per surface;per appliances; per uses andservices, etc.

Equipment

(4) Adjustment

and Evaluation

(2) Definition of the

Framework:

Statistics considerations: Sample sizes; methodological

issues related to research

work, etc.


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Phone surveys have been used with a view to determining aspects such as: the building features of dwellings and households; average occupancy; the average energy expenditure estimated by the household, both in economic and physical terms (energy units) and the availability and kinds of equipment. Face-to-face surveys have been oriented, towards not only the features of the dwellings, households and equipment , but also a more thorough diagnosis and research , by means of the real consumption invoices and the energy situation of the chosen samples, which has allowed delving into the aspects dealt with the phone surveys. The performance of two kinds of surveys with a common core is meant to determine the limitations, good points and costs associated with every survey with a view to a likely future replication of studies of this kind. Finally, “in situ” measurements have been done over a total number of 22 electric equipment units that draw together all the energy services a household can have so as to determine the associated electric consumption. These measures are contrasted with the billing carried out by electric power traders. Measurement campaigns have been done in summer, autumn and winter, both on working days and bank holidays so as to record the “calendar effect” and seasonality, and therefore achieve the most accurate estimation possible of the average consumption of households in relation to their equipment. For energy purposes, autumn has been assimilated with springtime. The collection of the entire information above has been carried out all along year 2010.

d) Analysis and Validation of Results

By processing the information from all previous proceedings, it has been possible to determine the energy consumption of the residential sector in Spain, by climate zones, by type of dwelling and by uses and services. Two types of power supplies have been considered:

Thermal SHW/Heating/Cooking

Electric Lighting/Electric Appliances/Air Conditioning Cooling/SHW/Standby

With regard to thermal supplies and from the information gathered in surveys, the first item determined has been the collective aggregate consumption of households in terms of the fuel used; the inference of the consumption per uses and services followed next, according to the equipment and bearing in mind all the thermal energy sources. As for electric uses, a similar procedure has been followed, working on the electric equipment measurements and the data obtained from electric consumption measurements.


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Average consumptions in households have also been estimated on the basis of the consumption calculations per services/uses and equipment. Finally, a coherence analysis has been done between the top-down methods -used to draft official statistics- and the bottom-up one -applied to SPAHOUSEC study-, so that the grouping of energy consumptions by sources of the various uses should correspond to the energy consumption by sources in the residential sector.

3.2. - Phone Survey Operations The aim of surveys of this kind is to know the essential features of energy demand in the residential sector: types of dwelling and equipment. For this purpose, a population sampling carried out per climate zone and type of dwelling. Six sub-samples have been obtained out of the crossing climate zone-type of dwelling, whose sample size has been defined by the INE data as regards main houses and population. 6,390 effective1 phone surveys have been done as a whole, ensuring a maximum absolute error of ±3% and a confidence level of 95% in each of the six sub-samples. The distribution of the 6 sub-samples chosen and the one of the dwellings coming from the INE Census are shown in the following table:

Distribution of Dwellings and Household Samples according to Climate Zones and Types of Dwellings in Spain

Climatic Zone

Type of Dwelling TOTAL

Single-Family Houses Blocks of Flats

Dwellings Samples Dwellings Samples Dwellings Samples

North Atlantic 580,240 1,065 1,673,181 1,065 2,253,421 2,130

Continental 1,649,042 1,065 4,133,792 1,065 5,782,834 2,130

Mediterranean 2,867,948 1,065 6,295,427 1,065 9,163,375 2,130

TOTAL 5,097,230 3,195 12,102,400 3,195 17,199,630 6,390

Source: INE and Own Elaboration As the number of units in each sub-sample is over 100,000 and bearing in mind that from that amount the same sample2 error occurs, a same sample size is achieved for each sub-sample. The gathering of information has been done through computer-assisted phone interviews with the help of a half-structured questionnaire with the following sections: type of dwelling and building features, household features, household equipment and annual average energy expenditure.

1 What is understood by effective interview is the one that responds to 75% of the questions in the

questionnaire at least; therefore, interviews with a lower answer percentage are discarded because of the slant they may have introduced into the study. 2 Population sizes over 100,000 units can be considered infinite for statistical purposes; thus, variations on this number do not translate into significant changes in the sample size, unlike error or level of confidence, which have a direct bearing on its variations.


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A pilot test is carried out (Pre-test) as a previous step to the interviews on household samples, with the aim of checking the suitability and validity of the questionnaire in issues such as: the comprehension of questions on the part of the interviewees; the categorisation of the answers and their coding; the adequacy and logics of the question sequence stated in the questionnaire as well as its length with a view to avoiding tiring the interviewee; and last, the understanding of the instructions provided in the questionnaire; as well as the filter questions. The pilot test has also been of use in the development of the survey, as it provides interviewers with training; validates the follow-up and control systems and the software application used in this process. The choice of the household samples has been done through a random procedure from a telephone directory in each climate area, managed through a Call Centre software system which guarantees the randomness of each chosen dwelling until the completion of the area sample size. In this way, all the dwellings in the area with a fix telephone line are guaranteed the access, regardless of the locality of residence and population figures. The choice of the dwelling according to its typology has been done at the moment of the interview, based on a filter question at the beginning of the questionnaire. All the necessary calls have been made until completion of the quotas set up per type of dwelling in each climate zone. On the other hand, and in order to avoid possible slants in the results, a weekly follow-up was done of the effective interviews obtained to control their distribution by provinces, according to the proportional weight of the population in each of the provinces over the total, and having into account the distribution per type of dwelling. The field work control has been carried out by means of the CATI System (Computer Assisted Telephoned Interviewing), which enables to do a follow-up of all the events occurred during working time: calls made or attempted their results, wrong numbers, date and time, interviewer, etc. The phone numbers are provided to the system through a database that has identification and quota data apart from these numbers. An advantage of the CATI System is the possibility of fixing a telephone appointment with the interviewee beforehand. The team of interviewers have been specifically trained, what enabled them to become acquainted with the questionnaire. A head of the team was appointed, in charge of coordinating and controlling the interviewers allotted, and a general co-ordinator, in charge of leading the coordinators. The field work took place over 30 calendar days. Special attention has been given to the validation and debugging of the information obtained through the survey. These tasks started with the beginning of the works (design of questionnaires, choice of samples, etc.) and went on till the end of the survey (elevation to the national total). Moreover, a validation has been implemented in relation to the issues considered in the questionnaire through the Pre-test mentioned above. The research tool debugging has been supplemented by a field control which revised 25% of the calls made. This revision enabled to check the effective execution both of the telephone contacts with households and the very interview.


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As a prior step to the collected information analysis, an exhaustive debugging of the database to get rid and correct possible inconsistencies and errors was carried out. The debugging procedure took up three phases:

1. Initial debugging: quota checking; no-answer rate analysis; code control; recording control and information consistency control.

2. Elimination of inconsistent records: once the non-valid registers detected,

they have been eliminated and replaced by the corresponding ones. In like manner, in the cases of incomplete information registers, these were replaced by complete registers

3. First data tabulation: a first tabulation was done through syntax in the SPSS

statistic software, which showed the frequency distribution of all the variables included in the database. This first analysis allowed observing other possible non-detected inconsistencies or errors in former phases, such as: variable recoding errors; spelling errors; errors in the flow of responses; errors in syntax.

For their part, the systematization and processing of information have been performed both at the initial stages of the interviews and in the final stages of the survey. Initially, these works were directed to determining the sample size for the 6 sub-samples, calculated on the basis of the number of dwellings they contained, and starting from a random sample design with stratification by province within each one of them. On the other hand, statistical elevation factors and an extrapolation method for results and statistical inference have been applied in order to extrapolate the results of interviews with a national household universe. Other tasks are included in the information systematisation and treatment, like imputation and missing data treatment, and the calculation of the accuracy of estimates - done with SPSS statistical programme -as well as the debugging of the collective energy expenses. Regarding the debugging process of energy consumption and expenditure for each energy source, in a first phase, the results obtained have been annual energy consumption and expenditures based on the semi-annual, quarterly or monthly consumption as specified by the households interviewed, on the basis of assuming a homogeneous and linear consumption behaviour, as the interviewees were asked to specify their usual average energy expenditure in their dwellings, regardless of the month the interview was done. The following casuistries have been studied in a detailed way to determine the household consumption in physical and money units, affected by the following information singularities provided by IDAE: energy consumption in residents’ associations with centralised heating and/or sanitary hot water services, obtained through a survey to Land Agents, and the real supply costs of the various energy sources, obtained from the information provided by the various energy traders.


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The following algorithm has been used for this adjustment:

where m relates to the month.

In a first phase were discarded the interviews whose annual average costs for each

energy source were over 10% of the annual average cost of their climate zone obtained from their traders. The average of each sub-sample was calculated with the rest of the interviews, and was further applied to the interviews discarded in the first phase.

This final assessment of the survey highlights a high level of reliability and a statistical representativeness in accordance with the requirements envisaged at the beginning. This accounts for the consistency of the research method used, as well as of the design and choice of the sample sizes chosen for each population segment. The maximum absolute errors obtained are as follows:

Error Distribution according to Climate zone and Type of Dwelling

CLIMATE ZONE Blocks of Flats Single-Family Houses TOTAL

North Atlantic 3% 3% 2.1%

Continental 3% 3% 2.1%

Mediterranean 3% 3% 2.1%

TOTAL 1.7% 1.7% 1.23%

Source: P Value

3.3. - Face-to-face Survey Operation The objective sought by this survey has also been to know the essential features of energy demand in the residential sector through the types of dwellings and equipment, supplemented with respect to the phone survey, with the energy costs derived directly from the users’ billing and an energy behaviour module. In this case, the procedure started from a Pre-test and loyal panel of households, representative of the whole of the Spanish households. As in the telephone survey, the starting point of the research has been the definition of the universe of primary households by climate zone and type of

dwelling, based on data supplied by the INE. The sample used to determine households is stratified two-stage and stratified in the primary units. The first part stems from the census sections defined by the INE covering the whole of the national territory. This first choice is done according to the size of the municipality each section belongs to. The following step deals with the choice of the sample units, made up by the households that are going to be part of the final sample. This stratified sampling system reduces the variance and costs, and ensures lower standard error and therefore a more representative sample by province and municipality size.


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For SPAHOUSEC Project, the choice of the section simple was done in a systematic way with a probability proportional to the population in each sector. A sample and its associated units were chosen to determine the minimum sample size of households (3,000 units), which at a first stage was higher than 6,000 census tracts in more than 1,500 municipalities. At a second stage, households were chosen randomly within each census tract chosen but in such a way that all the social-demographic variables would be represented either at area level or at the whole level in the same proportion than the universe of reference. The resulting sample is distributed according to the distribution of the population in the national whole, but favouring the proportion in the breakdowns with a lower percentage. The aim is to improve its representativeness by allotting a minimum number of households. In like manner, what is sought factor is the representativeness per province depending on the population density stated in the data of the last Municipal Census. The social-demographic features considered in the sample of household of choice have been the following:

Household size and number of household members Level of annual household income Social class of home Geographical area of the household according to climate zones Size of habitat Living with children under 12 years old at home Activity of the housewife Age of the housewife by intervals Life Stages in the household: a classification that reflects the moment

the household is living at present, both by the age of the housewife and the presence or absence of children. The life stages considered have been: single junior adult, young couples, young families, and families in progress, families with teenagers, families with older children at home, elderly couples and senior adults only.

Lifestyles

The person chosen as a spokesperson within the household has been the responsible for the food products purchase, who is usually the housewife/husband, regardless of their sex, as they are considered to hold the highest responsibility for the household purchases and expenses. Taken all the above into account, a final sample with 3,035 valid households has been reached, used as a basis for carrying out the face-to-face surveys. The SPAHOUSEC Project sample has been rendered as follows:

Source: Nielsen

North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean TOTAL

602 1.201 1.232 3.035

Blocks of Flats 408 818 842 2.068

Single-Family Houses 194 194 390 778

SAMPLE OF DWELLINGS

TOTAL

TYPE OF DWELLING


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The sample error envisaged for the sample is 1.78% within a confidence interval of 95%. Given that the error will vary depending on the population segmentation considered, and that the single-family houses in the North Atlantic climate area are weaker as regards representativeness, intensification in the said segment has been applied so that the errors in it are compatible with the ones in the rest of the segments. The expected errors for the sub-samples resulting from the distribution of the entire study sample by climate zones and type of dwelling, for a confidence interval of 95% are:

Sample Error Distribution by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling

Source: Nielsen

Work field consists in a telecommunication system that enables collecting and transmitting information, in this case, in relation to a questionnaire. This system has an optic reader that permits the information capture by means of bar codes to be sent to households on a weekly basis via modem. The questionnaire to apply is self-managed with a scanner format, and electronically processed through the computer tool stated earlier.

Tool Used in Face-to-Face Surveys

The designed questionnaire has closed questions and a scanner format, which involves the allocation of a bar code to every answer. Additionally, the questionnaire on paper format was sent to the households. These have had a reasonable term, over 3 weeks, to answer the questionnaire. Once the answers have been validated, the results have been processed to be analysed and extrapolated over the entire household universe for further analysis.

TYPE OF DWELLING North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean

Blocks of Flats 4,85% 3,43% 3,38%

Single-Family Houses 7,05% 5,01% 4,96%

TOTAL 3,99% 2,83% 2,79%

CLIMATE ZONE

TOTAL

1,78%


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The validation and debugging of inconsistencies has been a critical element all along the process in the interviews. All the phases of the survey have undergone various quality controls meant to guarantee the validity of the data. Precisely, the applied controls ranged from the sample determination and design, the design of the questionnaire to the analysis and coherence of the results. The quality of the sample design is implicit in the universe estimate. The distribution of households was stratified, according to the most relevant geographical and demographic breakdowns, proportionally to the universe. The sample choice has been coherent with the sample design set up as ideal, ensuring the maximum randomness to prevent unwanted slants. The performance of the interviews has demanded an effort as regards the information systematisation and processing, which becomes evident in the very design of the questionnaire as well as in the quality controls of the answers. Nevertheless, this has been supplemented with specific quality controls that ensure the consistency of the reported data. The very design of the questionnaire does not allow multiple answers in questions that do not require so, nor incomplete questions, so a first formal validation of completeness or inconsistency has been determined by the very design of the questionnaire3. After the interviews, the interview validation and debugging processes and the solution of incidences, the results have been extrapolated to the national household universe. This has been done through a sample projection method, whose aim is to determine a factor of expansion or of statistical elevation. These factors are automatically calculated through an iterative calibration algorithm called “Calmar IPF”, where factors are recurrently calculated through interactions until achieving the best possible approximation to real universes. The achieved factors in the final iteration are the ones used as “extrapolation factors”. The energy consumption of the residential sector has been calculated on the basis of the consumptions declared by the households through bills for a calendar year, both in physical and money units. In the case of households without bills an estimate has been realized depending on the type of dwelling, household size and climate zone. These estimates are statistically representative after applying the corresponding statistical elevation factors, according to the household typology and sources of energy. Finally, an analysis has been done of the total energy weighted expenditure per kind of energy according to size, kind of dwelling, climate zone and depending on the technological equipment to ensure the coherence of the results. In like manner, a comparative analysis has been done of some of the results derived from surveys with analogical data coming from other information sources, particularly, the penetration of the equipment with respect to other sources of information such as the INE, the average electrical expenditure of the household with respect to REE (Spanish transmission and system operator), etc.

3 A questionnaire is considered complete and effective when the household has read all the questions with the reader. In like manner, a maximum number of “don’t know, no answer” answers of 10% was accepted for the total of the questionnaire.


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A control over the very content of the surveys has also been done, stressing the analysis on the completeness and consistency of the block of questions relating to the energy consumption and expenditure, particularly, between the energy sources declared and the consumption and expenditure variables stated in relation to the consumption or service block (heating, water, air conditioning, and cooking) and energy source. This procedure has been extended to a more specific analysis for possible inconsistencies in each kind of equipment, as well as in relation to the identification of atypical households and possible anomalous data. As relates to the debugging process of the energy consumptions and expenses of each source of energy, annual energy consumption and expenses have been obtained from the monthly invoices and consumptions provided by the interviewed households. As in the telephone survey, to determine the household consumption in physical and money units, the different casuistries have been studied in a detailed way, as the information provided by IDAE affected these information singularities: energy consumptions in residents’ associations, obtained through a survey to Land Administrators, and real supply costs of the various energy sources, obtained from the information provided by the various energy traders. The following algorithm has been used for this adjustment:

Annual Average Cost =

where m corresponds to the month. In a first phase were discarded the interviews whose annual average costs for each

energy source exceeded 10% of the annual average cost of its climate area, a datum obtained through their traders. The average of each sub-sample was calculated for the rest of the interviews, which was applied to the interviews discarded in the first phase.

3.4. - Measurement Operation The aim of this operation is determining the electric power consumption of the electrical services and equipment in Spanish households by means of “in situ” measurements in the various pieces of equipment. Measurements have taken place in a total number of 600 dwellings, representing the 3 climate zones over the summer, autumn and winter season, as well as over four working days and two bank holidays. For methodological purposes and for economic reasons, springtime has been equalled to autumn. With a view to ensuring measurements in working and bank holiday days, the measurement equipment have been installed in each house for four consecutive days, preferably on Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday. When it has not been possible to carry out the measurements on any of the dwellings chosen initially, they have been replaced for another one of similar features.


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The information obtained has enabled to achieve the average electric consumptions, hourly, daily and season timetables, corresponding to working schedules (working days and bank holidays) and annual ones for each kind of equipment, climate zone and type of dwelling, both individually for each house and grouped per scopes (types of dwellings and climate zones). 600 pieces of individual measurement equipment have been used to do the measurements, whose features are the following:

Consumption measurement in real time in Watts-hour.

Memory for the whole of the costs and energy consumed in a period.

Information on the connection times and running.

Voltage: 230V AC.

Frequency: 50 Hz.

4 Digits (up to 9999 Wh).

Accuracy: deviation under +-5%.

Consumption measurement capacity up to 3.000 W.

Six time analysers in total have been installed for each type of dwelling, which enabled to measure time consumptions and provide electric consumption curves for ten months. Despite the amount of equipment being small, it provided a large amount of information since it measured the consumption per hour for the stated period. Therefore, each time analyser offers information for 10 months x 30 days x 24 hours. Moreover, these analysers store information every hour and can therefore provide the real consumption curves of the dwellings, very useful for features such as the standby mode or the collection of consumption peaks.

Measurement equipment used

Individual equipment Time analyzers

The electric equipment, on which the measures have been done, whenever the house had this equipment available, has been:

Electric Heating System:

• Reversible heat pump. • Non-reversible heat pump. • Electric heater.


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• Electric convector. • Electric radiator. • Electric boiler.

Sanitary Hot Water Service:

• Electric water heater

Cooling:

• Air conditioning • Reversible heat pump

Kitchen:

• Electric. • Glass ceramics. • Induction.

Electric Appliances:

• Fridge. • Freezer. • Washing machine. • Dishwasher. • TV Set • Tumble dryers. • Ovens. • Microwave ovens. • Computer: desktop or laptop. • Rest of electric equipment.

Given the impossibility of fully measuring the consumption of certain services or use by competition with other unmeasured consumption of the equipment, the methodology used to estimate the same has been as follows:

1. Completion by each household of a questionnaire with data from equipment and consumer habits.

2. Lighting consumption: estimated on the basis of existing lighting equipment in each home and the use of such equipment.

3. General standby consumption: estimated by deducting the measurements of the equipment consumption that may be running in these periods from the total consumption measured in periods of null or minimum electric consumption.

4. Rest of the electric equipment: estimated as the difference between the daily total consumption and the summation of the daily consumptions associated with the rest of the equipment.


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Apart from the measurements of real consumption of the chosen equipment, the total electric consumption and the costs associated with it have been drawn from the information derived from the electric billing for a consecutive 12-month period, as provided by the house owners. The choice of the dwellings has been made with enough representativeness as regards their features and location so that all the data obtained can be quantified and used in the calculations necessary for the development of the study. To do so, the following has been considered:

- Dwellings in towns with an average per capita GDP equivalent to the national average: the aim is to represent the direct relation between energy consumption and affordability.

- Geographical balance: 200 dwellings in each of the three climate zones. - Differentiation by type of housing: maintaining a ratio of approximately 3 to

1 blocks of houses with respect to single-family houses according to the INE information concerning the number of houses in Spain against the primary residence total4.

This new operation established a method, equally novel, which has allowed access to dwellings for the measurements. The method is based on agreements and collaborations with universities and university students with technical training, in their final university years or taking an official Master’s degree, for each climate zone. To promote the interest in the execution of the study, a newsletter was sent by IDAE, informing about the relevance of this action. The possibility of contacting the IDAE’s Citizens Information Service on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (SICER) to solve issues in relation to these subjects was also promoted among the house owners. A bottom-up method, supplemented with a top-down one has been used in order to achieve the results needed, so that the whole of the system generates consumption curves from:

1. The information drawn from individual measurement equipment: to obtain information on the consumed electric power in the measured period and corresponding running time of the equipment. A data collection intermediate of the consuming equipment has been done with a sample of 10% of the dwellings (60 as a whole).

2. The information provided by the questionnaire: it enables to collect the information on the equipment inventory and their technical features as well as the usage habits for the said equipment.

3. The information from model consumption curves: already known from projects formerly carried out in Spain (Intel, Samelec, etc.). These curves are weighted with the curves generated with the information

4 INE Data: INEbase / Industry, energy and building / building and housing / Population and Housing Census.


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drawn from the measurement equipment and the questionnaire data, and allow homogenizing the information coming from the 600 dwellings measured. The rest of the households in Spain are thus generalised with a lesser error margin.

4. The information obtained with energy time analysers: they provide “model” curves for each type of dwelling and climate zone, and allow measuring standby modes and consumption peaks.

5. The information derived from house billing: which enables to adjust the house consumption curves in the billing period, adding an extra adjustment to the previous curves in order to adapt them to the said consumption.

The methodological scheme used is shown in the following figure:

Methodological outline used in measurements

The possible distortions integrated in the measurements, derived from the lack of

measurement data from some equipment, have been refined to minimize the

overall weight by controlling the quality of the preliminary results using two

automated filtering actions in the measurement database:

1. Filtering and control No.1: which checks that every dwelling has all the necessary data from the equipment and that the capacities shown in different tables add up the total capacity installed in the home

(1) 600 pieces of measuring equipment in 600 dwellings

(2) Questionnaire: electric appliances and energy-consuming equipment and consumption habits data

DATA RESULTS

Initial consumption curve of every piece of equipment, dwelling curve (and stand by) for every dwelling measured (600)

(4) 6 pieces of measuring equipment with 10-month consumption records

Stand-by and consumption peaks checking

(3) Consumption type curves coming from former experiences/ projects of each piece of equipment

(5) Dwelling billing: curve adjustment to the value stated in the invoice

Time consumption is obtained for every dwelling and piece of main equipment, both for equipment in running or stand-by mode, either on working days or holiday, etc.

Loading factor

use

Data obtained from “other equipment”


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2. Filtering and control No.2: which checks that the billing in every dwelling corresponds to the equipment consumption for the period stated in the invoice

Invoices are checked for the addition of equipment consumptions for every dwelling.

Initial Data Filtrating

Once the filtering of the preliminary data has been done, the values which did not meet the demanded quality parameters were adjusted and the final results were produced.

3.5. - Survey to Land Agents Operation Apart from the above operations and with a view to supplementing them, contacts were established with the General Council of Land Managers, which officially and totally represents the profession of Rural and Urban Land Manager on an exclusive basis. The objective was to have access to information on energy consumptions and expenses in common installations for heating and/or sanitary hot water in houses through a survey aimed at the various members of the Land Managers Association. A survey was done to a total number of 100 Land Managers, 33 per climate zone, who provided information on the energy consumption per energy source, the associated expenses, the heated or cooled surface and common service for as many as 3,656 dwellings with common installations for heating and/or sanitary hot water. The information derived from this survey was used as a comparative and adjustment element for phone and face-to-face surveys when the interviewee stated having heating and/or sanitary hot water consumptions on communal basis.

(6) Filtering and control No.1. It is checked that each dwelling provides the necessary data from the equipment, and that they coincide with the capacities in the

various tables.

(7) Filtering and control No.2. For every dwelling, the billing is checked to make sure it corresponds to the summation of the equipment consumptions. Consumption peaks and minimums are calculated.

Calculations and achievement of seasonal and national results


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3.6. - Information from Energy Traders Operation

MITyC/IDAE also requested information from the main energy traders and their associated billing, itemised by climate zone, and whenever possible, by type of dwelling. Thanks to the information provided by these traders, it was feasible to determine the energy consumption and the billing for the different climatic zones; this enabled having the actual cost per physical consumption unit of the major energy sources. This information has been used as a contrastive and checking element in the various consumptions derived from phone and face-to-face surveys.

3.7. - Information on Renewable Energies Operation IDAE/MITyC annually draft an energy consumption statistics on renewable energies, used among other purposes to inform the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Eurostat about the consumption by sectors, associated with the said energy sources. To draft this statistics, IDAE, in its capacity of advisory support body, relies on the Advisory Committee for Energy Saving, Diversification and Renewable Energies (CADER), presided over by the President of IDAE and made up by representatives of the State General Administration and of the Autonomous Communities. There is a Working Group on Renewable Energies within CADER, which meets twice a year and analyses the national and regional energy statistics to establish a consensual working method and the national statistics on renewable energies.

These statistics are drafted from the information available in the Public Administrations, both national and regional, and from national bodies as the National Commission for Energy (CNE), the Spanish transmission and system operator (REE), and the Corporation of Strategic Reserves of Oil-based Products (CORES). The Database for the Development of Renewable Energies (BDFER) is available for the management and treatment of these statistics, which can be consulted by all the members of the Public Administrations belonging to CADER. The increasing presence of private, non-subsidized initiatives in the sector of thermal renewable energies has made "ad hoc" studies necessary for certain sectors such as solar thermal energy, thermal biomass, and recently, geothermal energy. In this sense, IDAE has carried out both statistical operations in the said sectors for the year 2009, which have enabled a deeper, thorough knowledge of the implementation of the said renewable technologies in Spanish society. The results of the phone and face-to-face surveys carried out within the framework of project SPAHOUSEC do not permit a suitable assessment of the presence of renewable energies in Spanish society, since on the one hand, the universes used in both surveys were not designed with the specific aim of providing relevant information on the renewable energy consumptions in particular, and on the other hand, they are not mostly commercial energies with costs associated with their consumption. Moreover, if we consider that energies of this kind have been developing rather in a rural environment than in large population centres, the result is a low penetration of renewable energies in the national whole, as provided by phone and face-to-face surveys.


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Valid as the approach carried out through the phone and face-to-face surveys is for commercial energies, “ad-hoc” studies carried out on solar thermal energies and thermal biomass have stressed the fact that 17% of energy consumptions in the residential sector are met with thermal technologies derived from solar and biomass technologies and, to a lesser extent, from geothermal energy. For all these reasons above, it has been considered desirable and appropriate so as to reflect as closely as possible the energy situation in the residential sector, to integrate the statistics results of renewable energies as solar thermal, biomass and geothermal technologies as such, in the energy consumption associated with the residential sector in SPAHOUSEC project.

3.8. - Integration of Results The set of the six operations carried out, stated above has required a major effort as regards design, setting, and coordination of both the volume of the tasks undertaken and the novelty of some of them, as is the case of the measurements made in 600 dwellings. This cabinet work has been undertaken entirely by IDAE, in collaboration with the MITyC, which also has designed and implemented the integration of the various methodology results obtained from the operations carried out. This integration methodology has taken place along several stages:

1. Features of dwellings and households. 2. Household equipment. 3. Aggregate energy consumption by energy source. 4. Energy consumptions per services/uses and energy sources

The levels of segmentation and crossings established for the study have been preserved throughout the whole process of integration of results, i.e., national scope, Climate Zone, size and type of dwelling.

3.8.1. - Dwelling and Household Features The characterisation of Spanish dwellings and households has been obtained from the result of phone and face-to-face surveys, which have supplied information for all the required scopes. The data provided by each of the surveys have been virtually identical; therefore, the adjustments made when necessary, have been minimal, and a weighted adjustment between both surveys for the various characterisations of the housing and household stock.


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The main features achieved through the surveys done have been:

Type of dwelling. Kind of location. Property type. Climate zone. Surface to heat/cool. Age of the dwelling. Household composition. Number of household members. Average income level and family incomes.

3.8.2. - Household Equipment The origin of the information to determine the housing and household equipment has been based on the surveys, both phone and face-to-face, and electric consumption measurements. The various methodologies used in the operations carried out have contributed with quite accurate information, in general terms, with regard to the said operations, and the differences that may be noticed are quite irrelevant. It must be taken into account that the approximation has been achieved through a random access to the households in each of the 6 sub-samples to do the phone survey and the electric consumption measurements whereas the face-to-face survey has been done through a loyal panel. Additionally, some features of the equipment supplemented one another between the different types of operations.

Phone

Survey

Face-to-face

Surveys

Dwellings/Households

Dwellings/Households Features

Adjustment

Dwellings/Households Features

SPAHOUSEC: DWELLING AND HOUSEHOLD FEATURES MODULE

Dwellings/Households


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Despite the above and given that equipment is an essential parameter in determining the consumptions, both total and by services and/or uses, it has been necessary to do weighted adjustments between the data achieved by the various operations carried out, in accordance with the following chart:

As shown, the adjustment methodology has been based on the adjustment of non-electrical equipment on the one hand, and the electrical, on the other hand, as a result ensuing the electricity metering information operation, carried out exclusively on electric equipment, and regardless of the electric or thermal use given to it. Thus, non-electrical equipment has been determined at an early stage by adjusting the results of telephone and face-to-face surveys to further determine the electric equipment through the adjustments of the information resulting from surveys, both telephone and face-to-face, and from the electric consumption metering. The adjustment methods used have been the two following:

1. Supplementary adjustment: used when some given equipment has been reported by some of the operations carried out but not by others. In this case, the equipment rate resulting from the operation which reported on the said equipment has been assumed.

2. Inter-operational adjustment: this kind of adjustment has been used when several operations have informed about the same equipment with different

rates in a range of 25% over the equipment. There are two casuistries for this issue:

a. The equipment rates of the three operations fall within the 25% range: it is adjusted to the equipment rate through the weighted average of all three operations.


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b. The equipment rates of two operations fall within the 25% range, and the third operation is over: in this case, the adjustment is made through weighted averages with the equipment rates of the two

operations found between the 25% range.

3.8.3. - Aggregate energy consumptions by energy sources Almost all the operations in SPAHOUSEC study have been involved in determining the aggregate energy consumptions by type of energy source. This module also considers, along with the information in section 3.5.4, the core of the integration and determination system for the sector’s energy consumption. The aim sought by this module is determining the aggregate consumptions in the residential sector, both totalised and segmented by kind of energy source considered in the study. The energy sources researched in the various operations have been:

Anthracite.

Soft coal.

LPG.

Diesel oil.

Natural Gas.

Charcoal.

Pellets.

Briquettes.

Other solid biomass.

Electric power.

District heating.

Other energy sources. Some of the energy sources above are not sufficiently identified by household consumers as shown in surveys, either phone or face-to-face ones. In like manner, it has been noticed that households find it difficult to tell between the various kinds of mineral coal, and get messed about the various kinds of biomass. Additionally, some residual kerosene consumption has been found in the energy demand of some rural areas, which are not representative enough in the grouping and segmentation levels of SPAHOUSEC study. As a result of the above, it has been deemed suitable to group supply energy sources envisaged initially under the following energy groups:

Coal: including energy consumptions derived from anthracite and soft coal, with no difference, for lack of representativeness in the survey operations.

Petroleum Products: including the derived consumptions of diesel oil and LPG duly differentiated.

Natural Gas; which consists both of natural gas as such and some residual town gas.


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Renewable Energies: which envisage the derived consumption, dully segmented, from the use of energy sources such as solar thermal energy, geothermal energy, and the various biomass presentations (charcoal, firewood and branches, pellets and the rest of solid biomass).

Electricity: which groups the energy consumptions derived from its use.

As regards the consumption associated with other energy sources such as district heating and residual kerosene, it has not been possible to associate them with the total consumption in the sector for their low penetration. The presence of energy sources of this kind in the residential sector consumption remains virtually symbolic at best; therefore, they have not been taken into account in terms of determining the entire end energy consumption in the residential sector.

Both costs and energy consumption have been part of the issues in the surveys carried out in face-to-face and phone mode to land administrators. Filters and debugging actions have been added to the information about costs and energy consumption, on the basis of the unit supply prices provided by traders, validated by an instrument developed by IDAE to determine the average prices that a user pays for a given energy supply service. The debugging phases have been as follows:

1. The collected information, in every climate zone, and in survey and interview, has been applied a filter consisting in initially discarding the

energy costs and consumptions exceeding the average price by 5%. 2. The interviewees with a face-to-face survey that have initially been

discarded by the former filter have been contacted anew so as to amend their data.

3. All the interviews outside the allowed variation ranges of average prices have been recalculated in terms of costs and energy consumptions, depending on the very features of the relevant household. There is always a residue of approximately 7% of rejected interviews in terms of cost and energy costs.

Surveys

Energy Cost

Energy Consumption

Average Energy Prices (PM)

IDAE/MITyC

Average Energy Prices

Traders

Average Energy Prices

SPAHOUSEC: ENERGY COST AND CONSUMPTION ADJUSTMENT

Energy Costs and ConsumptionAverages Cost (CM)

Correction

CM>PM 5%No

Yes


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Once the energy consumptions and costs for the various surveys have been adjusted, as it happened with the equipment, a new adjustment and balancing between the different surveys has been done, using a similar method:

1. Supplementary adjustment: used when a given cost or energy consumption has been reported by some of the operations carried out but not by the others. In that case, the equipment rate resulting from the operation that reported on this equipment has been assumed.

2. Inter-operational adjustment: this kind of adjustment has been used when several operations reported on the same cost or consumption with different

values within the range of 15% on the equipment rate. Should this happen, there are two casuistries:

In practice, the adoption of this approach has meant that the energy consumption derived from the phone survey could not be assumed in the context of SPAHOUSEC study, as it showed very high dispersion values and completely outside the established ranges. Therefore, face-to-face surveys and the information from land administrators have been used to determine the conventional thermal consumptions. As regards electric consumptions, the information derived from the electric measurement operations have been used as it shows deviations under 3% as opposed to the face-to-face survey. As regards the role of renewable energies in the sector consumption, surveys have detected a low penetration f of each of the various types of RE in residential consumption. Therefore, the consumption deviations for these renewable energy sources can undergo strong deviations. Therefore, given that IDAE provides specialised, updated statistical5 operations on thermal energy derived from solar, biomass and geothermal energy, it has been considered that the information provided by these operations is more reliable than the one provided by the face-to-face survey.

55 IDAE has carried out statistical operations on the consumption of renewable energies, which include both the statistical operation as such and the drafting of a specific methodology. These operations have been:

1. Statistics on Low-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy 2008 & 2009. 2. Statistics on Biomass, Biogas and Waste for Thermal Uses 2009.

Additionally, a new study on the Assessment of the Geothermal Energy Potential in Spain was drafted within the framework of the drafting of the New Plan on Renewable Energies 2011-2020.


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3.8.4. - Energy Consumptions by Services/Uses and by Energy Sources

The determination of energy expenditure for services and / or residential uses, one of the main objectives of the study, has been conducted according to the type of consumption considered: consumption of electricity and fuel consumption.

With regard to electricity consumption, regardless of thermal or electrical use, the segmentation of the same service and / or use is the result of the operation of electricity metering by type of equipment.

Concerning fuel consumption, and in the absence of consumption measures, it has been necessary to infer the segmentation of aggregate consumption from the information provided also by the traders, especially natural gas.

The information supplied by natural gas marketers is broken down by climate zones, the month of consumption and two types of fees: the one relating to households consuming natural gas for cooking and sanitary hot water, and the one in households with consumptions in cooking, sanitary hot water and heating.


________________________________________________________________________ Page 36 of 75

Consumptions devoted to coo have been inferred taking into account the consumptions measured for electric cookers, affected by a performance of 85% of the gas and LPG cookers. These consumptions are subtracted from the aggregate consumptions by energy source, leaving a residue ascribable solely to the associated consumptions of sanitary hot water and heating. A similar procedure takes place with the consumptions associated with sanitary hot water, once discounted the cooking consumption and the heating seasonality from the whole of the aggregate consumptions. In this sense, taking into account the minimum temperatures it is deemed that there are not associated consumptions with heating from mid-June to mid-September. Lastly, the residue left after subtracting the aggregate consumptions by sources coming from the energy consumption module, the consumption associated with the cooking and sanitary hot water has been ascribed to heating consumption.


________________________________________________________________________ Page 37 of 75

4.- RESULTS AND VALIDATION

Here are the results obtained in SPAHOUSEC study according to the project’s initial proposal thanks to the application of the methodology as described in chapter 3:

Housing stock featuring and building characteristics.

Household features.

Dwelling and household joint featuring.

Household equipment.

Residential sector energy consumption per services and/or uses.

4.1. Characterization of the Stock of Dwellings and Building Features

A high percentage of households in Spain - 70% - live in blocks of houses and 92% of the households are freehold properties. Although there are not big geographical differences, the incidence of blocks of houses in the North Atlantic climate zone is slightly higher than the average, accounting for 74% of the whole.

Households by Type of Dwelling, Climate Zone and Property Regime

Most of the Spanish houses are freehold properties; this rate is lower in the North Atlantic zone, reaching 98% for single-family houses. The number of houses owned is higher than the rented ones, mostly in single-family houses in all climate zones.

The average house has 8 rooms, including bathrooms and kitchen, a figure higher for single-family houses, especially in Continental and Mediterranean areas.

70

74

71

69

30

26

29

31

TOTAL SPAIN

North Atlantic

Continental

Mediterranean

Blocks of Flats Single-Family Houses

92

89

92

94

90

98

8

11

8

6

10

2

TOTAL SPAIN

North Atlantic

Continental

Mediterranean

Single-FamilyHouses

Blocks of Flats

Freehold Property Rental


________________________________________________________________________ Page 38 of 75

Average Number of Rooms by Type of Dwelling and Climate Zone

With respect to the average surface of a Spanish household, it is 102.4 m2, and actually reaches 140.2 m2 in single-family ones. Single-family houses have a larger average surface, above all in the Continental zone.

Average Surface (m2) of the Dwellings by Type of Dwelling and Climate Zone

49% of Spanish dwellings have been built between 1979 and 2005, thus they are over 30 years old. According to the type of dwelling, most single-family houses have been built in the last 30 years, so their building structure is newer than housing blocks. Thus, dwellings before 1979 accounted for 49% of housing blocks, and only 33% for single-family houses. Regarding climate zones, the oldest dwellings are found in the North Atlantic zone, while the most modern ones are the single-family ones in the Continental area.

Age of Houses per Type of Dwelling and Climate Zone

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TOTAL SPAIN North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Single-FamilyHouses

Blocks of Flats

4453

44 4249

33

4943

48 5246

58

7 5 8 6 6 9

< 1979 1979 - 2005 > 2006

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TOTAL SPAIN North AtlanticBlock

North AtlanticSingle-Family

ContinentalBlock

ContinentalSingle-Family

MediterraneanBlock

MediterraneanSingle-Family

44 48

66

49

33

49

26

4947

31

44

56

46

65

7 5 3 7 115 9

< 1979 1979 - 2005 > 2006

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

TOTAL SPAIN North

Atlantic

Continental Mediterranean Single-family Block

8 7,3 8 8,3

7,5 9,3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

TOTAL SPAIN North

Atlantic Block North Atlantic

Single-family Continental Bloc

k Continental Single-family

Mediterranean Block Mediterranean

Single-family

8 7,1 8 7,4

9,4 7,7

9,4

0 20 40 60 80

100 120 140

TOTAL SPAIN North

Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Single-family Block

102,4 93,7 103,5 103,8 86,5

140,2

0 20 40 60 80

100 120 140

TOTAL SPAIN North

Atlantic Block North Atlantic

Single-family Continental

Block Continental Single-family Mediterranean

Block Mediterranean Single-family

102,4 82,2

126,7 84,7

150,6

88,7

136,8


________________________________________________________________________ Page 39 of 75

In summary, the oldest houses have less surface area and a smaller number of rooms, and are located in large habitats, while new dwellings display a higher percentage in small habitats.

Households according to Number of Rooms and Age of the Dwellings

Households according to Age of Dwellings and Habitat Size

4.2. - Features of Households Household size, in terms of household members, is a variable with significant impact on energy consumption, which reached 2.7 members per household in Spain in 2010 on average. Half of the Spanish households are small, with 1 or 2 members, while households with more than 5 members hardly represent 9%.

TOTAL

SPAIN< 1979 1979 - 2005 > 2006

Average Number of

Rooms8.0 7.5 8.5 8.2

Average Surface (m2) 102.4 92.8 109.9 109.7

Year of Construction

Chara

cte

rist

ics

of

Dw

ellin

gs

Base: Total households 2010 (17,199,630)

TOTAL

SPAIN< 10,000

10,000 -

49,999

50,000 -

199,999200,000

< 1979 44 31 35 42 64

1979 - 2005 49 60 57 50 34

> 2006 7 57 8 8 2

Base: Total households 2010 (17,199,630)

Size of Habitat

Year

of

Const

ructi

on


________________________________________________________________________ Page 40 of 75

Distribution of Households per Size

19.7% of households account for more than two adults. 24% of households have children less than twelve years of age. This is a relevant aspect on account of the energy consumption needs associated with this stage of life.

Distribution of Households per Life Cycle

As regards income levels, more than 60% of households belong to a social class equal or higher than the average, with incomes over €30,000.

1 member

22%

2

members27%

3

members22%

4

members20%

> 5

members9%

7,5%

6,6%

13,6%

10,4%7,1%

19,7%

13,9%

14,6%6,6%

1 member < 45 years of age

Couple without children (Purchases resp between 18 & 44 years of age)

Adults with children under 5 years of age

Adults with children between 6 & 12 years of age

Adults with children between 13 & 17 years of age

> 2 adults

Couple without children (purchases resp > 44)

1 member > 44 years of age

Rest of households

76%

24%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

With children < 12 years of age

Without children < 12 years of age


________________________________________________________________________ Page 41 of 75

Households per Income and Social Class

Nearly two thirds of the households are located in highly densely populated towns, with over 200,000, whereas only 23% are in low-density areas, with a population under 10,000.

Households per Habitat Size

5,5%

15,2%

21,3%

19,4%

14,5%

10,8%

10,7%

2,2%

Level of Income

< 6.000 €

6.000 €- 11.999 €

12.000 € - 17.999 €

18.000 € - 23.999 €

24.000 € - 29.999 €

30.000 € - 35.999 €

36.000 € - 59.999 €

> 60.000 €

40%

37%

23%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

High -Upper Mid Mid- Low Mid

< 10.000 23%

10.000 -49.999

26%

50.000 -199.999

22%

> 200.000 30%


________________________________________________________________________ Page 42 of 75

4.3. Joint Characterization of Dwellings and Households

Single-family houses are associated with larger-size households and the presence of small children.

Households by Type of Dwelling, Household Size and Presence of Children

Likewise, there are more single-family houses in small habitats, with a population up to 10,000.

Households by Type of Dwelling, Social Class and Habitat Size

Households with a larger number of members and those with children have a larger number average of rooms on average, and a larger surface, too.

30

84

73

66

63

53

64

73

70

16

27

34

37

47

36

27

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

TOTAL SPAIN

1 member

2 members

3 members

4 members

> 5 members

With children < 12 years of age

Without children < 12 years of age


30

27

24

37

66

35

16

8

70

73

76

63

34

65

84

92

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

TOTAL SPAIN

High -Upper Mid

Mid

Mid- Low

< 10.000

10.000 - 49.999

50.000 - 199.999

> 200.000


Social Class

Size of Habitat


________________________________________________________________________ Page 43 of 75

Average of Rooms and Average Surface per

Household Size and Presence of Children

Considering the age of houses, it’s observed a higher percentage of new houses associated with larger households and with children.

Houses by Age, Size of the Household and Presence of Children

4.4. - Equipment For SPAHOUSEC study, equipment is understood as the availability of the following energy equipment or services: Heating, sanitary hot water, air conditioning, and cooking, lighting and electrical appliances, either white or brown lines. The availability of different equipment depends on multiple parameters, such as the type of energy service, type of dwelling, climate zone and household purchasing power. Considering the type of energy services and equipment, most of Spanish households have some kind of heating system, sanitary hot water, cooker and household appliances, with lesser presence of air conditioning systems.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

TOTALSPAIN

1 member 2 members 3 members 4 members > 5members

Withchildren <

12 years ofage

Withoutchildren <

12 years ofage

8

7,1

8,08,2 8,4 9,1

8,4 7,9

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

TOTALSPAIN


Withchildren <

12 years ofage

Withoutchildren <

12 years ofage

102,485,6

100,9106,6 110,2

120,6

108,3 100,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TOTALSPAIN


Withchildren <

12 years ofage

Withoutchildren <

12 years ofage

4454 51

4130 36

25

50

4939 42

5264 58

64

45

7 7 8 7 6 5 11 5

< 1979 1979 - 2005 > 2006


________________________________________________________________________ Page 44 of 75

Equipment ownerships vary according to different Spanish climate zones, as well as between different types of dwellings, although the greatest difference is the climate factor.

Equipment Ownership of the Households by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling

Considering the type of house, the equipment ownership shows values nearing the national average, except for freezers, dishwashers and dryers, with a more remarkable presence in single-family houses. According to the above equipment rates, and considering multi-equipment appliances, the number of households fitted with energy services as well as the number of electrical appliances in use can be drawn from the following table:

North Atlantic Continental MediterranenaSingle-

FamilyBlock

HEATING 92.8% 95.1% 86.2% 87.7% 91,0% 90,0%

SANITARY HOT WATER 99.9% 99.7% 99.9% 99.6% 100,0% 99.8%

COOKER 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%

AIR COOLING 1.1% 39.3% 66.7% 48.4% 50.1% 48.9%

LIGHTING 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

Refrigerators 99.9% 99.8% 99.4% 99.6% 99.6% 99.6%

Freezers 30.1% 22.5% 22,0% 40.4% 16,0% 23.2%

Washing Machines 91.9% 94.1% 92.5% 94.4% 92.3% 92.9%

Washers-Dryers 8.1% 5.9% 7.5% 5.6% 7.7% 7.1%

Dishwashers 41.9% 55.9% 54.1% 61.6% 49.5% 53.1%

TV 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 99.9%

Dryers 19.1% 21.4% 34.9% 37.8% 24.2% 28.3%

Oven 82.5% 75.4% 77.1% 76.7% 78.3% 77.1%

Microwave 87.9% 90.8% 89.9% 90,0% 91,0% 90,0%

Computers 82,0% 89.5% 97.8% 93.8% 90.8% 93,0%

Destock PCs 45.7% 50.1% 55.3% 52.6% 51.5% 52.3%

Laptop 36.3% 39.4% 42.5% 41.2% 39.3% 40.7%

Other Equipment 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%

ZONA CLIMÁTICA TYPE OF DWELLINGTOTAL

SPAIN


________________________________________________________________________ Page 45 of 75

Equipped Houses and Equipment by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling

The equipment ownership, the number of equipped houses and electrical appliances, have an effect on the crossings between climate zones and type of houses, with most clear differences in the availability of air conditioning, and great variations between single-family households in the North Atlantic, and single-family households in the Mediterranean areas. Differences in the availability of freezers can also be seen between single-family houses in the North Atlantic and block houses in the Continental zone; and also regarding dishwashers and dryers in the Mediterranean zone; so it happens with ovens between single-family houses in the North Atlantic and block houses in the Continental zone.

North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Single-Family Block

HEATING 2,090,082 5,496,602 7,894,703 4,525,223 10,956,164 15,481,387

SANITARY HOT WATER 2,252,233 5,768,214 9,158,544 5,139,249 12,039,741 17,178,990

COOKER 2,253,421 5,782,834 9,163,375 5,159,889 12,039,741 17,199,630

AIR COOLING 25,141 2,305,053 6,199,103 2,497,386 6,031,910 8,529,297

LIGHTING 2,253,421 5,782,834 9,163,375 5,159,889 12,039,741 17,199,630

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 22,874,585 60,446,586 98,492,462 57,630,263 124,183,370 # 181,813,633

Refrigerators 2,268,895 5,834,661 9,221,469 5,273,776 12,051,248 17,325,025

Freezers 688,557 1,311,013 2,024,125 2,088,508 1,935,187 4,023,695

Washing Machines 2,078,657 5,464,545 8,514,668 4,870,806 11,187,064 16,057,870

Washers-Dryers 183,611 343,555 687,837 285,587 929,417 1,215,003

Dishwashers 946,890 3,246,711 4,969,022 3,166,838 5,995,784 9,162,623

TV 5,029,818 12,840,405 20,092,474 12,597,876 25,364,821 37,962,697

Dryers 430,964 1,238,291 3,193,881 1,929,296 2,933,840 4,863,136

Oven 1,868,103 4,369,607 7,143,081 4,077,506 9,303,285 13,380,791

Microwave 2,029,452 5,489,910 8,500,745 4,950,480 11,069,627 16,020,107

Computers 2,059,801 6,092,332 10,858,404 5,510,372 13,500,166 19,010,538

Destop PCs 1,174,396 3,331,567 5,823,157 3,051,883 7,277,236 10,329,120

Laptop 885,406 2,760,766 5,035,247 2,458,489 6,222,930 8,681,418

Other Equipment 5,289,836 14,215,556 23,286,756 12,879,218 29,912,930 42,792,148

CLIMATIC ZONE TYPE OF DWELLINGTOTAL SPAIN


________________________________________________________________________ Page 46 of 75

Equipment Ownership of the Households: Climate zone and Type of Dwelling Crossing

Equipped Houses and Equipment: Climate zone and Type of Dwelling Crossing

Block Single-Family Block Single-Family Block Single-Family

HEATING 93.3% 91.5% 97.4% 89.4% 86.3% 85.9%

SANITARY HOT WATER 100,0% 99.6% 99.9% 99.3% 100,0% 99.7%

COOKER 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%

AIR COOLING 1.3% 0.3% 40.3% 36.9% 66.2% 67.8%

LIGHTING 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

Refrigerators 100,0% 99.5% 99.7% 100,0% 99.4% 99.4%

Freezers 21.1% 56,0% 14.2% 43.2% 15.8% 35.6%

Washing Machines 90.1% 97,0% 93.4% 95.6% 92.2% 93.1%

Washers-Dryers 9.9% 3,0% 6.6% 4.4% 7.8% 6.9%

Dishwashers 41.7% 42.3% 53.6% 61.4% 48.8% 65.7%

TV 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%

Dryers 16,0% 28.2% 16.9% 32.7% 31.3% 42.8%

Oven 79.7% 90.4% 74.9% 76.6% 77.2% 76.8%

Microwave 87.5% 88.9% 90.6% 91.3% 89.4% 91.1%

Computers 82.7% 80,0% 91.2% 85.2% 98.5% 96.2%

Destop PCs 45.9% 45.1% 50.4% 49.2% 55.8% 54.1%

Laptop 36.8% 34.9% 40.8% 36,0% 42.7% 42.1%

Other Equipment 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%

NORTH ATLANTIC CONTINENTAL MEDITERRANEAN

BlockSingle-

FamilyBlock

Single-

FamilyBlock Single-Family

CALEFACCIÓN 1,559,649 530,434 4,023,418 1,473,184 5,431,703 2,463,000

AGUA CALIENTE SANITARIA 1,674,023 578,210 4,130,415 1,637,799 6,298,021 2,860,522

COCINA 1,673,181 580,240 4,133,792 1,649,042 6,295,427 2,867,948

AIRE ACONDICIONADO 23,278 1,863 1,688,359 616,693 4,226,937 1,972,166

ILUMINACIÓN 1,673,181 580,240 4,133,792 1,649,042 6,295,427 2,867,948

ELECTRODOMÉSTICOS (2) 16,647,871 6,226,714 41,942,076 18,518,253 65,577,825 32,880,363

Frigoríficos 1,673,181 595,714 4,121,746 1,712,915 6,256,321 2,965,148

Congeladores 353,528 335,029 588,252 722,761 993,407 1,030,718

Lavadoras 1,506,869 571,788 3,861,979 1,602,566 5,804,136 2,701,063

Lavadoras-Secadoras 166,312 17,299 271,813 71,742 491,291 188,010

Lavavajillas 698,509 248,381 2,222,014 1,024,697 3,075,262 1,893,760

TV 3,742,263 1,287,555 8,473,246 4,367,159 13,149,312 6,943,162

Secadoras 267,511 163,453 698,770 539,520 1,967,559 1,211,571

Horno 1,334,680 533,423 3,102,252 1,281,098 4,864,837 2,276,727

Microondas 1,490,285 539,167 3,832,985 1,656,925 5,746,356 2,754,388

Ordenadores 1,576,281 483,521 4,412,446 1,679,887 7,511,440 3,346,965

Ordenadores Fijos 862,498 311,898 2,394,716 936,851 4,020,022 1,803,135

Ordenadores Portátiles 713,783 171,623 2,017,730 743,036 3,491,417 1,543,830

Otro Equipamiento (3) 3,838,452 1,451,384 10,356,573 3,858,983 15,717,905 7,568,851

NORTH ATLANTIC CONTINENTAL MEDITERRANEAN


________________________________________________________________________ Page 47 of 75

Field studies performed within the framework of this project allow making a more in-depth analysis on the considered equipment, both qualitative as quantitative. A summarized presentation follows showing some of the more relevant conclusions reached for each type of service and energy infrastructure. Heating Single-family houses in the Continental and Mediterranean zones have the most equipped with heating service. Most households are multi-equipped, with 1.3 types of average heaters per household (radiators/heaters, boiler, etc.). In general, individual systems are dominant with 82% of heated households, while central heating is present in only 8% of households, an average increasing up to 18% in the Continental zone. 70% of these households have a thermostat or some other heating system temperature regulating device. The most common heating equipment is the conventional boiler, present in nearly half of Spanish households, and reaching its highest representativeness in the Continental zone and in block houses. The preference in the Mediterranean zone is the electrical heating equipment such as reversible heat pumps, heaters and radiators. On the other hand, the penetration of more efficient equipment such as condensing boilers is still scarce, limited to 1% of households with heating.

Heating Systems by Climate Zone

This kind of equipment in Spain is 8.4 years old on average, with the newest ones located in the Mediterranean zone and the older ones in the Continental zone. By technologies, conventional boilers are about 10 years old in average, whereas condensing boilers and reversible heat pumps are 5.6 and 6.6 years old, respectively.

16%

10%

15%

17%

15%

18%

22%

13%

54%

17%

22%

14%

50%

28%

45%

34%

32%

30%

73%

63%

86%

33%

57%

38%

44%

55%

Conventional Boiler

Heater/Electrical Mobile Radiator

Radiator/convector/ElectricalAcumulator

Reversible Heat Pump

Condensing Boiler

Heater/Non-electrical Mobile Radiator

Solar Panels

Non-reversible Heat Pumps

Others

North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean

50%

23%

23%

21%

1%

5%

1%

1%

8%

Spain


________________________________________________________________________ Page 48 of 75

The most widely used energy sources in heating are electric power (46%), and natural gas (32%). Electric power prevails in the Mediterranean zone whereas it is natural gas in the Continental zone. Sanitary Hot Water (SHW) The sanitary hot water service is available in virtually most of the households, with a predominance of individual systems as opposed to collective ones. In general, multi-equipment is not habitual. The most widespread used equipment is the individual boiler, especially in the North Atlantic, and the equipment is 7 years old on average.

SHW by Climate Zone

The most widely used energy sources are natural gas (40%), butane (26%) and electric power (22%). The order of importance varies according to the kind of climate zone and kind of dwelling. Cooling/Air Conditioning 49% of Spanish households have some kind of air conditioning system, basically of an individual type, regardless of the type of dwelling. Differences are defined by climate; being the Mediterranean zone the most equipped one with 67% of the households, whereas the Atlantic zone hardly reaches 1% of all the households.

14%

9%

13%

11%

1%

16%

73%

21%

73%

11%

12%

49%

14%

70%

15%

78%

87%

35%

Individual Boiler

Electric Thermo

Collective Boiler

Heater

Solar Panels

(individuals or collectives)

Condensing Boiler


61%

29%

6%

1%

1%

1%

Spain


________________________________________________________________________ Page 49 of 75

Cooling Systems by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling

The prevailing equipment is the reversible heat pump, with a penetration at national level of 78%. This figure rises to 83% in the Mediterranean zone and to 84% in single-family houses. Multi-equipment in a service of this kind is a fact, with nearly 3 items per household (heat pump, portable equipment, etc.), which is accounted for, in general terms, with a greater presence of portable equipment. Cooling systems in Spain are on average 6.2 years old. Electric power is the energy source for this kind of service in all the households analysed, 62% of which have some kind of temperature regulation device. Cooker Virtually the whole of the Spanish households are furnished with equipment of this kind, most of which corresponds to gas cookers (31%) and glass ceramics (30%). In the Mediterranean zone the prevailing element is gas cookers whereas the North Atlantic zone opts rather for glass ceramics cookers. As for the type of dwelling, single-family houses prefer glass ceramics cookers, but in block housing it is as cookers the ones that lead the ranking.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

TOTAL SPAIN North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Single-Family Block

78

28

66

83 8475

6

67

9

5 4

7

165

25

12 1217

Air Cooling Mobile Reversible Heat Pump


________________________________________________________________________ Page 50 of 75

Types of Cookers by Climate Zone

Cookers are 9 years old on average, and no significant difference can be noticed by either climate zones or types of dwelling. Gas cookers are the oldest ones, over 11 years old, whereas the electric ones are much newer, especially the induction ones, only 3 years old. The main energy source used in Spanish cookers is electric power, followed by natural gas or LPG. Natural gas is more present in the Mediterranean zone and in housing block, whereas LPG is rather found in the North Atlantic and in single-family houses. Lighting The average number of bulbs per household is approximately 23, the equivalent to 3 per room. This number is increased in Mediterranean dwellings, as well as in single-family houses. Bulbs with higher penetration (86%) in households are low energy bulbs, even though in absolute terms it is conventional bulbs the most used ones, with an average of 8.3 bulbs per household versus the 7 low energy ones per household. LED bulbs hardly reach 1% penetration in Spanish households and the number of bulbs of this kind per household is negligible.

11%

16%

10%

16%

18%

14%

23%

40%

36%

37%

38%

41%

66%

44%

54%

48%

44%

45%

Gas

"Normal" Glass-ceramic

Electricity

Mixt: gas-electrity

Induction

Mixta: Glass ceramic-induction


31%

30%

23%

7%

5%

4%

Spain


________________________________________________________________________ Page 51 of 75

Average Number of Bulbs per Household by Climate zone and Type of Dwelling

Electrical Appliances All of the Spanish households have some kind of electrical appliance, either of the white or brown line, even if the white line ones are dominant. Although the equipment level is related to the household purchase power, among other parameters, there are equipment differences according to climate areas and types of dwelling. The most representative white line appliances are the fridge, the washing-machine, the washer-dryer, the dryer, the oven, the dishwasher and the freezer. The latter is the white line appliance with the highest penetration in households, followed by the washing machine, the oven and the dishwasher. On the other hand, equipment like the dryer, the freezer and the washer-dryer is more limited. As a whole, households have an average of 3.8 white line appliances, a figure that rises to 4.2 in single-family houses. In like manner, single-family houses in the Mediterranean zone account for the largest equipment, whereas housing block in the North Atlantic account for the least. Multi-equipment in white line electric appliances is little relevant. The penetration of efficient appliances, according to the energy-label scheme, varies depending on the equipment, even if in fridges, washing machines, dishwashers and washers-dryers it is over 50%. In general, the best known energy class is Class A, with a national average penetration of 40% in all the equipment. Nevertheless, as a whole and regarding the most efficient classes (A, A+ y A++), the most efficient equipment items in households are fridges, washing machines and dishwashers. On the other hand, fridges and dishwashers are the equipment items that currently have a higher penetration efficiency rate (Class A++).

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Spain North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Block Single-Family

8,38,5 8,7

8,07,8

9,5

6,1 5,7 6,4 6,1 6,2 5,9

7,0

6,36,5

7,6

6,3

8,8

1,4 1,2 1,21,5

1,2

1,8

8,3

5,7

6,46,1 6,2

5,9

Standar Halogens LBC Fluorescents LED Total Bumbs


________________________________________________________________________ Page 52 of 75

Penetration (%) of White Line Appliances

according to the Energy -Label

The average age of the white line electrical appliances varies depending on the equipment, even if it ranges from 6 to 8 years, the minimum one for washing machines and washers-dryers, 6 years old, and the maximum one for ovens, 8 years old. Brown line appliances account for the following appliances: TV, microwaves, DVD, desktop computer, notebook, modem/ADSL, stereo, videogames console, VHS-Blue Ray & alarm. TV is the appliance with the highest penetration, as it is virtually present in all households. It is followed in importance by the microwaves and DVDs, both with a remarkable penetration, around 90% and 80%. Computers, on the other hand, are goods that have expanded their use in the last years, leading to an average global penetration of around 70%, considering the desktop and portable equipment together, even though the desktop one is more prevalent, specifically, in over than half of the Spanish households. Additionally, other accessories considered within the brown line category are stereos, videos, videogames and alarms, with a penetration rate ranging between 40% and 3%. No significant differences have been found as regards the presence of this equipment by climate zones or kind of dwelling, with the exception of alarms, which have higher penetration in the houses located in the Mediterranean and Continental zones and in single-family houses (7%).

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Refrigerators Washing Machines Dishwashers Washers-Dryers Dryers Dryers Freezers

2% 2% 1% 3%

11%5%

7%6% 6%5%

6%

16%

10%12%

42% 41% 45% 42%

38%

49% 38%

28% 31% 28% 29%

22% 24%30%

20% 18% 21% 20%

10% 11% 10%

Class A++ Class A+ Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F Class G


________________________________________________________________________ Page 53 of 75

Multi-equipment is a common feature of the brown line appliances. TV sets lead the list, with more than two per household. Then follow videogames, stereos and DVD, with more than one unit in each household. On average, global multi-equipment of all the brown line considered as a whole, consists of 1.3 items.

Average Multi-Equipment of the Households in Brown Line Electrical Appliances by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling

Spanish households have an average of 6.7 brown line appliances. This average even reaches 7.05 in single-family houses and to 6.85 in the Mediterranean area dwellings. The average age of brown line appliances varies according to the equipment, their presence on the market and the families in the household; in this sense, the maximum one goes for the stereos, nearly 9 years, and the minimum goes for modem/ADSL equipment, which is hardly 3 years old on average. Standby mode: The Standby option is usually present in the brown goods line, even some of the white line appliances as washing machines also have devices of this kind: that is why it is to be found in most of the households. 79% of the households equipped with TV have this kind of device: this gives an account of how decisive TV sets are in relation to the total consumption associated with standby mode, bearing in mind that multi-equipment is linked to these devices. Specifically, every household has an average of 1.6 TV sets with standby mode.

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

Spain North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Block Single-Family

TV Micro Dvd Destock PC Laptop Sound System Modem Console Video Alarm


________________________________________________________________________ Page 54 of 75

Penetration (%) of Standby in the Households Equipped with Brown Line Electrical Appliances

In general terms, there are hardly any significant differences between climate zones or type of dwelling, with the exception of the modem/ADSL, with a slightly higher incidence on houses.

4.5. - Energy Consumption of the Residential Sector by Services and Uses

In accordance with the methodology described in chapter 3, the energy consumption of the Spanish households has been broken down by services and/or uses, and segmented by climate zone and kind of dwelling. Next are shown the most relevant results derived from the methodology developed by the IDAE from the various operations stated in the drafting of SPAHOUSEC study.

4.5.1. - Energy Consumption of the Residential Sector in Spain: The average consumption of a Spanish household is 10,521 kWh a year (0.038 TJ), with a predominance of fuels in terms of final energy, 1.8 times higher than electric power consumption. 62% of the electric consumption is related to household appliances, and to a lesser extent, to cooking, heating and hot water services.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

TV

DVD

Destock PC

Laptop

Modem/ADSL

Sound System

Console

VHS/Blue Ray


________________________________________________________________________ Page 55 of 75

Disaggregation by Thermal and Electric Consumption

Bearing in mind the set of services and equipment available in Spanish households, the heating service is the one that demands the most energy, with almost half of the entire consumption in the sector. It is followed in relevance by electric appliances, sanitary hot water, the cooker, lighting and air conditioning. Regarding household electrical appliances, fridges, washing machines, TV sets and Standby systems stand out for their relevant incidence, as standby systems account for 2.3% of consumption, almost threefold the consumption associated with cooling services, and similar to TV set consumptions.

Consumption Structure by Energy Uses

FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ

HEATING 15,907 272,667 288,574

SANITARY HOT WATER 16,129 100,114 116,243

COOKER 20,063 25,588 45,651

AIR COOLING 5,042 107,000 5,148

LIGHTING 25,366 25,366

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 133,470 133,470

Refrigerators 40,834 40,834

Freezers 8,083 8,083

Washing Machines 15,812 15,812

Dishwashers 8,083 8,083

Dryers 4,469 4,469

Oven 11,022 11,022

TV 16,263 16,263

Computers 9,906 9,906

Stand-by 14,292 14,292

Other Equipment 4,707 4,707

TOTAL CONSUMPTION 215,978 398,475 614,453

FUELSELECTRIC

FINAL CONSUMPTION

TOTAL

Heating47,0%

SHW18,9%

Cooking7,4%

Air cooling0,8% Lighting

4,1%

Electrical Appliances

21,7%

Refrigerators30,6%

Freezers6,1%

Washing Machines

11,8%

Dishwashers6,1%

Dryers3,3%

Oven8,3%

TV12,2%

Computers7,4%

Stand-by10,7%

Other Equipment

3,5%


________________________________________________________________________ Page 56 of 75

As stated above, the residential sector consumption is by two thirds made up of fuels, mainly petroleum products, natural gas and renewable energies.

Disaggregation by Energy Sources

The presence of coal in the supply structure is essentially symbolical, and renewable energies are getting more and more relevance with a contribution to thermal demand nearing the one for petroleum products.

Consumption Structure by Energy Sources

FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ MWh

HEATING 506 16,247 85,116 -- 101,363 70,977 432 254 805 97,695 202 434 99,135 4,417,934

SANITARY HOT WATER 39 19,220 7,644 -- 26,864 65,568 5,402 143 247 1,469 168 213 2,097 4,479,594

COOKER 74 7,730 7,730 16,704 90 989 1 -- 1,079 5,572,109

AIR COOLING 107 1,400,183

LIGHTING 7,044,741

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 37,068,412

Refrigerators 11,340,606

Freezers 2,244,898

Washing Machines 4,391,450

Dishwashers 2,244,747

Dryers 1,241,167

Oven 3,060,994

TV 4,516,825

Computers 2,751,108

Stand-by 3,969,322

Other Equipment 1,307,296

RENEWABLE ENERGIES

ELECTRICITYNGLPG Gasoil Others TOTAL

GAS

Thermal

SolarGeothermy Firewood and

BranchesPellets

Other Solid

BiomassTOTALCharcoal

Biomass

ENERGY SOURCES

COAL OIL PRODUCTS

Hard Coal

Coal0,1%

Oil Products22,1%

Natural Gas24,9%

Renewable Energies17,7%

Electricity35,1%

Biomass94,17%

Solar Thermal5,37%

Geothermy 0,46%


________________________________________________________________________ Page 57 of 75

4.5.2. - Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector by Climate Zones According to the climate zones established for the SPAHOUSEC study, energy consumption in the residential sector is concentrated in the Mediterranean and Continental zones.

Consumption by Climate Zones

The Mediterranean zone stands out for its larger electric consumptions, as a result of larger electric appliance equipment and the high humidity rate in the climate, which accounts for larger electric consumptions in the thermodynamic cycles associated with cooling and heating equipment through electric appliances.


FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ TJ

HEATING 30,233 145,374 112,967 288,574

SANITARY HOT WATER 16,535 45,662 54,045 116,243

COOKER 9,053 16,976 19,622 45,651

AIR COOLING 68 1,951 3,130 5,148

LIGHTING 2,868 6,848 15,650 25,366

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 16,648 46,299 70,523 133,470

Refrigerators 4,475 14,290 22,069 40,834

Freezers 1,622 2,003 4,459 8,083

Washing Machines 2,487 4,997 8,328 15,812

Dishwashers 1,019 2,950 4,113 8,083

Dryers 418 1,058 2,993 4,469

Oven 1,759 4,056 5,207 11,022

TV 1,206 6,642 8,416 16,263

Computers 912 3,504 5,491 9,906

Stand-by 1,906 4,815 7,572 14,292

Other Equipment 844 1,987 1,876 4,707

TOTAL CONSUMPTION 75,405 263,11 275,937 614,453

TOTAL

SPAIN

FINAL CONSUMPTION BY CLIMATE ZONES


________________________________________________________________________ Page 58 of 75

Disaggregation by Thermal & Electric Consumption and Climate Zone

North Atlantic Zone The average consumption of households to be found in the North Atlantic zone amounts to 10,331 kWh/year (0.037 TJ), with a structure per services/uses similar to the national one. There are, though, small differences in heating and air conditioning, as a result of milder temperatures and sanitary hot water, which are slightly higher.


FUELS ELECTRIC FUELS ELECTRIC FUELS ELECTRIC

FINAL USES TJ MWh TJ MWh TJ MWh

HEATING 27,745 690,976 139,261 1,697,708 105,66 2,029,250

SANITARY HOT WATER 14,298 621,515 42,442 894,273 43,374 2,963,806

COOKER 5,206 1,068,284 8,546 2,341,106 11,835 2,162,719

AIR COOLING 18 13,867 25 534,894 64 851,423

LIGHTING 796,464 1,901,974 4,346,304

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 4,623,632 12,858,625 19,586,156

Refrigerators 1,242,964 3,968,598 6,129,044

Freezers 450,394 556,156 1,238,348

Washing Machines 690,774 1,387,690 2,312,986

Dishwashers 283,068 819,304 1,142,375

Dryers 116,166 293,862 831,14

Oven 488,519 1,126,388 1,446,087

TV 334,961 1,844,584 2,337,280

Computers 253,193 973,028 1,524,887

Stand-by 529,254 1,337,189 2,102,879

Other Equipment 234,34 551,826 521,13

TOTAL CONSUMPTION 47,267 7,814,736 190,274 20,228,579 160,934 31,939,658



Heating40,1%

SHW21,9%

Cooking12,0%

Air cooling0,1%

Lighting3,8%

Electrical Appliances22,1%

Refrigerators26,9%

Freezers9,7%

Washing Machines14,9%Dishwashers

6,1%

Dryers2,5%

Oven10,6%

TV7,2%

Computers5,5%

Stand-by11,4%

Other Equipment5,1%


________________________________________________________________________ Page 59 of 75

The energy supply structure also show similarities with the national average, even though with a lesser contribution of renewable energies, which are essentially based on biomass.


Continental Zone The average consumption of households in the Continental Zone is 13,141 kWh per year, 0.047 TJ, 27% higher than the national average, as a result of climatology associated with the zone and characterised by a great thermal contrast between summers and winters. Heating consumptions, essentially based on thermal systems, account for 55% of the consumption in the sector.



HEATING 402 3,372 7,692 -- 11,064 6,939 67 43 -- 9,192 34 3 9,229 690,976

SANITARY HOT WATER 32 2,874 1,841 -- 4,715 9,225 153 33 -- 100 37 3 140 621,515

COOKER 39 981 981 3,665 43 479 0.32 -- 522 1,068,284

AIR COOLING 18 13,867

LIGHTING 796,464



Freezers 450,394

Washing Machines 690,774

Dishwashers 283,068

Dryers 116,166

Oven 488,519

TV 334,961

Computers 253,193

Stand-by 529,254

Other Equipment 234,340

TOTAL CONSUMPTION-NORTH

ATLANTIC473 7,227 9,534 -- 16,760 19,829 220 94 43 9,771 72 6 9,892 7,814,736

Hard Coal LPG Gasoil Others TOTAL NG Other Solid

BiomassTOTAL

ENERGY SOURCES

COAL OIL PRODUCTS GAS RENEWABLE ENERGIES

ELECTRICITYThermal

SolarGeothermy

Biomass

CharcoalFirewood and

BranchesPellets

Heating55,3%

SHW17,4%

Cooking6,5%

Air cooling0,7%

Lighting2,6%


Refrigerators30,6%

Freezers6,1%

Washing Machines11,8%

Dishwashers6,1%

Dryers3,3%

Oven8,3%

TV12,2%

Computers7,4%

Stand-by10,7%

Other Equipment3,5%


________________________________________________________________________ Page 60 of 75

By energy sources, energy demand is mostly met with petrol derivatives and natural gas. Renewable energies show a contribution similar to the national one, with a prevalence of biomass.


Mediterranean Zone The average consumption of the households located in the Mediterranean zone is 8,959 kWh per year, or 0.032 TJ, 15% lower than the national average. Climatology and its high humidity rate, mild temperatures in winter and very high ones in summer, has a bearing on the structure of energy consumption. The largest consumptions, compared to the national average, go for cooling (1.1%) balance the energy needs for heating (41%), both on the preferential basis of portable electric equipment.



HEATING 103 5,138 57,732 -- 62,870 36,123 195 145 805 38,613 80 327 39,825 1,697,708

SANITARY HOT WATER 8 3,707 4,176 -- 7,883 31,541 1,173 59 247 1 93 110 1,778 894,273

COOKER 35 1,980 1,980 6,105 35 390 0.2 -- 425 2,341,106


LIGHTING 1,901,974



Freezers 556,156


Dishwashers 819,304

Dryers 293,862

Oven 1,126,388

TV 1,844,584

Computers 973,028

Stand-by 1,337,189


TOTAL CONSUMPTION-CONTINENTAL 146 10,825 61,908 -- 72,733 73,769 1,369 229 1,087 40,331 174 437 42,028 20,228,579

ENERGY SOURCES


ELECTRICITYThermal

SolarGeothermy

Biomass


Branches

NGLPG Gasoil Others TOTALHard CoalPellets

Other Solid

BiomassTOTAL

Heating40,9%

SHW19,6%

Cooking7,1%

Air cooling1,1%

Lighting5,7%


Refrigerators31,3%

Freezers6,3%


Dishwashers5,8%

Dryers4,2%

Oven7,4%

TV11,9%

Computers7,8%

Stand-by10,7%

Other Equipment2,7%


________________________________________________________________________ Page 61 of 75

Demand energy supply accounts for a predominant use of electric power versus natural gas and petroleum products. Renewable energies have here a greater contribution than in the rest of the climate zones, and solar thermal energy plays a more relevant role.


4.5.3. - Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector by Type of Dwelling Before delving into this section, it is necessary to state that it was not possible to quantify some renewable energy consumptions by type of dwelling. Non-quantified consumption amounts to 1,018 TJ, 2% of the whole consumption of fuels in the sector, and is associated with the consumption of pellets and other solid biomass. This is because there is not enough information available regarding the disaggregation of consumptions per type of dwelling in the Statistics for Biomass, Biogas and Waste for Thermal Uses, carried out by IDAE for the year 2009. For all the above, the summation of the total consumptions per type of dwelling shows an imbalance concerning the whole consumption of the sector, out of the above stated 1,018 TJ. Therefore only 613,435 TJ are justified versus the real 614,453 TJ. As for types of dwelling, energy consumption focuses on housing blocks versus single-family houses, as it corresponds to the large size of the housing block stock. As a whole, housing blocks account for 53% of the sector’s consumption versus 46% of single-family houses.


HEATING -- 7,738 19,692 -- 27,430 27,915 169 66 -- 49,889 87 104 50,080 2,029,250

SANITARY HOT WATER -- 12,639 1,626 -- 14,265 24,801 4,076 51 -- 41 38 100 180 2,963,806

COOKER -- 4,769 4,769 6,934 11 121 -- -- 132 2,162,719


LIGHTING 4,346,304



Freezers 1,238,348



Dryers 831,140

Oven 1,446,087

TV 2,337,280

Computers 1,524,887

Stand-by 2,102,879


TOTAL CONSUMPTION-

MEDITERRANEAN-- 25,146 21,318 -- 46,464 59,651 4,245 182 11 50,051 125 205 50,392 31,939,658

ENERGY SOURCES


ELECTRICITYThermal

SolarGeothermy

Biomass


Branches

NGLPG Gasoil Others TOTALHard

Coal PelletsOther Solid

BiomassTOTAL


________________________________________________________________________ Page 62 of 75

Consumption by Types of Dwelling

Energy demand by kind of source, fuels or electric power, displays significant differences as regards the consumption structure, with greater balance between the fuel & electric power consumptions in housing blocks, and greater prevalence of fuel consumption in single-family houses. This is explained in terms of the greater demands associated with heating, derived from the larger surface of these dwellings, their larger occupancy rate and the preference for systems based on fuel energy sources.


FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ

HEATING 105,874 182,065 287,939

SANITARY HOT WATER 85,328 30,533 115,861

COOKER 26,948 18,702 45,65

AIR COOLING 3,291 1,857 5,148

LIGHTING 17,300 8,066 25,366

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 89,982 43,488 133,47

Refrigerators 28,261 12,573 40,834

Freezers 3,401 4,682 8,083

Washing Machines 11,023 4,789 15,812

Dishwashers 5,218 2,864 8,083

Dryers 2,721 1,748 4,469

Oven 7,593 3,428 11,022

TV 10,859 5,405 16,263

Computers 6,810 3,096 9,906

Stand-by 10,329 3,963 14,292

Other Equipment 3,767 940 4,707

TOTAL CONSUMPTION 328,723 284,712 613,435

FINAL CONSUMPTION BY

TYPE OF DWELLINGTOTAL

SPAIN


________________________________________________________________________ Page 63 of 75

Disaggregation by Electric and Thermal Consumption

Considering the average household consumption in energy units per household and by type of service/use, it is remarkable that the consumption in single-family houses clearly outweigh the ones of the housing blocks, especially the one associated with heating. The total single-family house consumption doubles the housing block one, where the heating consumption is four times higher.

Unit Energy Consumption by Type of Dwelling

FUELS ELECTRIC FUELS ELECTRIC

FINAL USES TJ MWh TJ MWh

HEATING 94,425 3,179,813 177,607 1,238,120

SANITARY HOT WATER 75,045 2,855,894 24,687 1,623,700

COOKER 13,031 3,865,052 12,556 1,707,057

AIR COOLING 0 914,03 107 486,153

LIGHTING 4,804,683 2,240,058

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 24,990,582 12,077,830

Refrigerators 7,848,859 3,491,746

Freezers 944,68 1,300,218

Washing Machines 3,061,357 1,330,092

Dishwashers 1,449,288 795,459

Dryers 755,705 485,462

Oven 2,108,871 952,122

TV 3,015,748 1,501,077

Computers 1,891,327 859,781

Stand-by 2,868,605 1,100,717

Other Equipment 1,046,141 261,155

TOTAL CONSUMPTION 182,501 40,610,055 214,957 19,372,918



0

8

16

24

32

40

48

56


8,8

35,3

7,5

8,4

7,1

5,9

2,2

3,6

1,4

1,6

0,3

0,4

Unit

Consu

mpti

on (G

J/d

w)

Heating Electrical Appliances

SWH Cooking

Lighting Air Conditioning


________________________________________________________________________ Page 64 of 75

Housing Blocks

The average consumption in a housing block is 7,859 kWh per year (0.028 TJ), 25% lower than the consumption of the national average household. Regarding the structure of consumption by uses, heating predominates although its representativeness is less relevant than the national average one. In order of importance, it is followed by electrical appliances and sanitary hot water.


Demand in housing blocks is preferably met with electricity and natural gas, with a negligible contribution of renewable energies.

Disaggregation by Energy Sources:

Heating32,2%

SHW26,0%

Cooking8,2%

Air cooling1,0%

Lighting5,3%


Refrigerators31,4%

Freezers3,8%


Dishwashers5,8%

Dryers3,0%

Oven8,4%

TV12,1%

Computers7,6%

Stand-by11,5%

Other Equipment4,2%

FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ GWh

HEATING 239 6,988 34,547 -- 41,535 52,617 33 -- -- -- n,a n,a -- 3,179,813

SANITARY HOT WATER 29 10,077 2,933 -- 13,010 61,721 285 -- -- -- n,a n,a -- 2,855,894

COOKER 27 3,851 3,851 9,152 -- -- n,a n,a -- 3,865,052

AIR COOLING -- 914,030

LIGHTING 4,804,683



Freezers 944,680



Dryers 755,705

Oven 2,108,871

TV 3,015,748

Computers 1,891,327

Stand-by 2,868,605

Other Equipment 1,046,141

TOTAL CONSUMPTION_

HOUSING BLOCKS295 20,916 37,481 -- 58,396 123,491 319 -- -- -- — -- -- 40,610,055

Hard Coal LPG Gasoil Others TOTAL NGThermal

SolarGeothermy

Biomass


BranchesPellets

Other Solid

BiomassTOTAL

ENERGY SOURCES


ELECTRICITY


________________________________________________________________________ Page 65 of 75

Single-Family Houses

The average consumption of a single-family house is 17,012 kWh (0.061 TJ), almost double than the national average household consumption. Heating predominates with a significantly higher representation over the national average, 64% vs. 47%, regarding the structure of consumption per service/ uses. In order of importance, it is followed by electric appliance and sanitary hot water consumptions.


There is a clear contrast in comparison with the national average household in terms of energy sources. Renewable energies stand out for being the largest source of demand coverage, over the contribution of petroleum products, electricity and natural gas.

Consumption Structure by Energy Sources

Heating63,9%

SHW10,7% Cooking

6,6%

Air cooling0,7%

Lighting2,8%


Refrigerators28,9%

Freezers10,8%


Dishwashers6,6%

Dryers4,0%

Oven7,9%

TV12,4%

Computers7,1%

Stand-by9,1%

Other Equipment2,2%

FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ GWh

HEATING 267 9,260 50,569 -- 59,828 18,360 398 254 805 97,695 n,a n,a 98,500 1,238,120

SANITARY HOT WATER 10 9,143 4,710 -- 13,854 3,847 5,117 143 247 1,469 n,a n,a 1,716 1,623,700

COOKER 47 3,878 3,878 7,552 90 989 n,a n,a 1,079 1,707,057


LIGHTING 2,240,058



Freezers 1,300,218


Dishwashers 795,459

Dryers 485,462

Oven 952,122

TV 1,501,077

Computers 859,781

Stand-by 1,100,717


TOTAL CONSUMPTION_

SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSES324 22,281 55,279 -- 77,560 29,759 5,515 397 1,141 100,153 — -- 101,294 19,372,918

Hard Coal LPG Gasoil Others

ENERGY SOURCES

Other Solid

BiomassTOTAL

ELECTRICITY


TOTAL NGThermal

SolarGeothermy

Biomass


BranchesPellets


________________________________________________________________________ Page 66 of 75

4.5.4. - Energy Consumption by Climate Zones and Type of Dwelling:

The development of the present study provides absolute and comparative information at cross level between the various features of the study, i.e., climate zone and type of dwelling. Next are shown different tables and graphics to facilitate a comparison, as previously done at national level, between energy consumptions for services/ uses through the crossing of the various features studied.

Crossing: North Atlantic Zone and Type of Dwelling

The single-family houses in this area account for a large differential of unit consumption with respect to housing blocks. The housing block location in places near the coast, as opposed to the single-family houses, situated farther inland with more severe weather and an older building structure, largely explains that single-family houses should exceed by about 5 times the unit heating consumption in housing blocks.

Unit Energy Consumption in the North Atlantic Zone by Type of Dwelling

With regard to the structure of energy supply and as it is the case at national level, housing blocks minimise the demand for petroleum products, meeting their consumption with electricity and natural gas. Meanwhile, two third of the consumption by single-family houses is divided into almost equal segments between renewable energy and petroleum products.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55


6,7

32,7

6,8

9,0

8,1

5,0

3,4

5,9

1,3

1,2

0,02

0,06

Unit

Consu

mpti

on (G

J/d

w)


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Supply Structure of the North Atlantic zone by Types of Dwelling

Crossing: Continental Zone and Type of Dwelling

According to the current energy state of affairs at both national and regional levels, single-family houses situated in this area are still displaying significantly higher consumption than housing blocks. The lack of weather warmers, like the sea nearby, in this climate zone, results in a lower differential between housing blocks and single-family house in terms of unit consumption: single-family houses just exceed the unit heating consumption of housing block by more than threefold.

Unit Energy Consumption of the Continental Zone by Type of Dwelling

Geotermia

Biomasa

Coal0,5%

Oil Products14,8%

Natural Gas38,5%

Renewable Energies

0,1%

Electricity46,1%

Housing Block

Geotermia

Biomasa

Coal0,8%

Oil Products32,7%

Natural Gas9,2%

Renewable Energies

32,2%

Electricity25,0%


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75


15,5

49,2

7,6

8,9

8,3

6,7

2,5

4,1

1,0

1,5

0,33

0,37

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Consumo según Tipo de Vivienda en la Zona Continental


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As it happens with the energy demand coverage both in Spain and in other Spanish climate zones, the consumption of renewable energies are to be found in single-family houses in this area, significantly exceeding the petroleum products consumption as a result of an increased agricultural and forestry biomass potential. The dominant energy source is natural gas, followed by electric power in housing blocks.

Supply Structure of the Continental Zone by Types of Dwelling

Crossing: Mediterranean Zone and Type of Dwelling

As it happened in the North Atlantic zone, single-family houses in the Mediterranean zone have unit heating consumptions almost 6 times higher than in housing blocks in the same zone. Once again, location near the coast along with better weather than the North Atlantic zone, largely explains the differences in energy demand by type of dwelling.

Unit Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean Zone by Type of Dwelling

Coal0,06%

Oil Products25,1%

Natural Gas40,7%


Electricity34,1%

Housing Block

Coal0,06%

Oil Products31,0%

Natural Gas12,4%


Electricity19,9%


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


4,9

28,6

7,5

8,2

5,9

5,8

1,8

2,9

1,7

1,7

0,30

0,43

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With regard to the coverage of residential energy demand in this climate zone, electricity is the dominant energy source in the housing blocks due to the fact that a part of the energy demands for air conditioning are carried out with electrical equipment. Renewables, meanwhile, are energy sources that meet most of the demand of the single-family houses.

Supply Structure of the Mediterranean Zone by Type of Dwelling

4.6.-Summary of Total Consumptions and Averages of the Households Sector

The average Spanish household consumes about 35.7 TJ per year (0.852 toe/dw); the Mediterranean climate zone presents lower values and lower consumption, 0.718 toe/dw; and the continental area, which records higher consumption averages, 1.084 toe/dw.

By type of dwelling, the variation margins are between 0.652 toe/dw in housing block, and 1.318 toe/dw in single-family houses. The lowest average consumption per household is recorded in Mediterranean housing blocks, 0.527 toe/dw, and the highest consumption corresponds to continental single-family houses, 1.69 toe/dw.

Total and average consumption in the residential sector

Note: Terajoules (TJ) is equivalent to 23.8846 tons of oil equivalent (toe)

Oil Products11,0%

Natural Gas34,0%


Electricity54,9%

Housing Block

Oil Products22,8%

Natural Gas9,1%


Electricity28,4%


North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean TOTAL

TJ 44,017 145,807 138,899 328,723

GJ/dw 26.3 35.3 22.1 27.3

TJ 31,311 116,693 136,708 284,712

GJ/dw 54.0 70.8 47.7 55.2

TJ 75,328 262,500 275,607 613,435

GJ/dw 33.4 45.4 30.1 35.7


TOTAL CONSUMPTION

FINAL CONSUMPTION OF THE HOUSEHOLD SECTOR BY

CLIMATE ZONES AND TYPE OF DWELLING

Block of Flats


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4.7. - Validation and comparison of results

This introductory chapter on the results of SPAHOUSEC study would be incomplete without a comparison between the resulting data from the study and the information resulting from the Spanish energy balances done with top-down procedures.

Unfortunately the final assessment of the effectiveness of the energy information derived from SPAHOUSEC study will have to wait until mid-autumn, when the disaggregated sectorial energy data about the previous year’s consumption will be available. Nevertheless, a contrastive exercise has been done with the consumption resulting from SPAHOUSEC project, the residential consumption in 2009 and an estimate made by IDAE for 2010.

Energy Consumption Contrast: SPAHOUSEC, Energy Balances for 2009 and Residential Consumption Estimate for 2010

Despite the above limitations, there is an undervaluation of 8% of the total residential consumption, regarding the information obtained by energy traders, and therefore with top-down approach. By energy sources the following conclusions have been reached:

1. The energy consumption associated with renewable energy sources in SPAHOUSEC study are within quite reasonable tolerance ranges. This stems from the incorporation of IDAE's information to the study as input data. The small differences observed derived both from the dates on which data were incorporated to the study, January-February 2011, and the new data update at the time of writing this report.

2. The consumption of electric power given by the SPAHOUSEC study is 4% lower than the one obtained through the estimate by using traders´ information. This can be largely explained by the type of tariff structure in Spain, where there may be small business consumers using residential-type rates.

3. The same explanation can be given for the existing deviations in natural gas consumption given by SPAHOUSEC, undervalued by 7%.

ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe

Energy Balance 2009

(MITyC/IDAE )17 1,906 2,474 180 4,560 3,415 125 10 2,073 5,254 15,454

SPAHOUSEC Results 2010 15 1,032 2,216 0 3,247 3,660 139 12 2,444 5,159 14,676

Consumption Estimate 2010

(IDAE)12 1,544 2,111 n,a, 3,655 3,955 151 12 2.468 5,350 15,602

Deviation:

SPAHOUSEC/Consumption Estimate 201023.2% -33.2% 4.9% n.a. -11.2% -7.4% -7.5% 0.3% -1.0% -3.6% -5.9%


ELECTRICITYHard

CoalLGP Gasoil Others Total

TOTAL

CONSUMPTION_R

ESIDENTIAL

SECTOR

BiomassNatural

Gas

Solar

TheramlGeothermy


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4. The gasoil consumption in heating obtained from SPAHOUSEC are quite close to those obtained through the traders’ information, with a reasonable deviation of 5%.

5. With regard to the consumption derived from LPG, the deviation between the SPAHOUSEC data and those obtained through marketers, present a significant deviation of 33%. In this energy product it must be considered that 71% of supplies launched to market in 2009 corresponds to bottled LPG, of which it is very difficult to determine, from the information provided by marketers, the amount supplied to merely residential customers and the amount to commercial customers, using both the same type of gas cylinder or container. The representativeness of this energy source, in any case lower than 10% of consumption in the residential sector, does not seem to suggest a further statistical operation, which might be welcome in any case.

6. Finally, coal consumption associated with the sector is basically symbolic and shows a tendency to disappear from 2012 under the application of the Regulation of Thermal Installations in Buildings, RITE, currently in force. Therefore the deviation of 23% in a consumption group which fail to account for 1% of residential consumption is perfectly acceptable.

To sum it up, the consumption of the residential sector by energy sources supplied by SPAHOUSEC through bottom-up methodologies is considered a good approach but still with room for improvement for the information obtained from marketers by a top-down methodology.

Moreover, there has been another contrastive exercise between the information given by SPAHOUSEC and the approaches made by IDAE for the residential consuming segmentation according to the uses based on earlier top-down studies, based on the total consumption of the sector, which applied small computer models of sectoral allocation according to the information provided by utility companies.

Contrast of Energy Structure by Services/Uses: SPAHOUSEC and IDAE’s Data 2008

CONSUMPTION

2008

(IDAE)

CONSUMPTION

2010

(SPAHOUSEC)

STRUCTURE

2008

(IDAE)

STRUCTURE

2010

(SPAHOUSEC)

Heating 7,756 6,892 47.1% 47.0%

SWH 4,313 2,776 26.2% 18.9%

Cooking 1,044 1,090 6.3% 7.4%

Air Cooling 152 123 0.9% 0.8%

Lighting 693 606 4.2% 4.1%

Electrical Appliances 2,520 3,188 15.3% 21.7%

TOTAL 16,478 14,676 100% 100%


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The main conclusion reached in this contrastive approach is that the consumption structure is quite compatible with the segmentations made by IDAE using top-down information, except for the consumption weights associated with sanitary hot water and appliances. The explanation appears to be in the segmentation derived from top-down approaches which overstates the electricity consumption aimed at the hot water service, deducting part of the total electric power consumption of the dwelling from the household electrical appliances.


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5. - DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS

The dissemination of the methodology and results of SPAHOUSEC study to the whole of Spanish society through the Institute's communication systems is seen as one of the upcoming objectives of IDAE within the scope of this project. The aim is that Spanish households can know, depending on their climate zone and type of dwelling, the average consumption they can expect to meet their needs. To do so, IDAE will make use of the means it has been using on a regular basis:

1. The Practical Energy Guide, with a print run over 7 million copies distributed to Spanish households on a regular basis (6th Edition June 2011).

2. The Citizens Information Service on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (SICER) available on the Institute's website, which receives about 180 queries per day.

3. IDAE's website, which hosts an executive summary of the SPAHOUSEC study, available to any person or organization who may wish to check information.

4. Presentations on energy efficiency to citizens and companies alike.

Additionally, the applied methodology and the results achieved with it will be transmitted to the various technicians in the residential sector, both to those from MITyC and from other departments in IDAE, and to the whole regional energy agencies through network Emergen.

A particular reference should go for the in-depth knowledge of SPAHOUSEC methodology, to be passed on to the National Statistics Institute (INE), in order to growing fully acquainted with both the applied methodology and the scope and reliability of the achieved results

IDAE will also disseminate the project through its international relationships, both through projects like ODYSSEE-MURE, which will directly benefit from the results of SPAHOUSEC, and in the scope of its participation in international forums such as the EnR and the IEA Working Groups. Last but not least, the results of the SPAHOUSEC project will be incorporated into the annual energy balances and regular shipments to be made to the European Commission, Eurostat and the International Energy Agency.


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6- GAINED EXPERIENCE AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

IDAE envisaged quite ambitious goals from the very beginning of SPAHOUSEC study but, as experience has shown, these were not unattainable. Stemming just from an energy vector associated with the residential sector, it was intended to explain the latter through the segmentation of such consumption by sources and sectors, expanding the research to climate zones and types of dwellings at the same time. It can be diagnosed, objectively, that the objectives proposed by the study have mostly been covered; only consumption per uses and type of dwelling for certain renewable energy sources, pellets and other solid biomass are still to be identified.

As discussed in Chapter 3, devoted to the methodology used in the project, the integration of different operations -some of which innovative within the study’s frame while others already existed- has allowed explaining the consumption in the sector according to the various uses and services used by it. Additionally, the highest disaggregation of this consumption, per climate zones and type of dwelling, has allowed the suitable and positive assessment of the good points of the applied methodology. A proof of it is section 4.6 in this report, which shows the comparison between the consumption vector resulting from the application of the bottom-up methodology in SPAHOUSEC study and the energy vector, which is available through the top-down methodology for the same year 2009.

Despite the advantages mentioned above, the SPAHOUSEC methodology has some limitations, which spans over different fields and which will be stated next:

1. The applied methodology, which is simple in terms of planning, but complex in its requirements for implementation entails different and expensive operations synchronised in time. Both the different surveys carried out -by telephone and face-to-face- and the measurement operation are extensive tasks in resources, both human and technical, with the consequent associated economic cost. This affects the development of annual and regular studies similar to the ones developed within the SPAHOUSEC project.

2. The subcontractors engaged in telephone and face-to-face surveys have limited experience in energy consumption, which leads the contractor to devote more resources to them.

3. On the other hand, the statistical experience of the subcontractors involved in the measurement of energy consumption is also limited, which, as in the previous case, also involves a greater effort on the side of the main contractor.

4. A significant part of the work of the contractor's office relates to the coordination of the contents of the survey and measurement operations.

5. The integration of the results of the various operations carried out requires that the contractor should call upon the availability of human resources with large experience and knowledge of the energy sector in general, and of consumer sector in particular.


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As a result of the experience gained in SPAHOUSE study, here are some recommendations with a view to their possible replication in the future:

1. Include operations of this kind into the national statistical plans of each Member State.

2. Perform such studies with a frequency between four and six years so as to curb economic and resources of whatever kind alike.

3. Use energy modelling tools within the study implementation periods, taking into account the explanatory variables of the very sectorial consumption. After the completion of the studies in a given year should follow the correction, if necessary, of the intermediate consumption calculated with energy modelling.

4. Limit the contents and scopes of the survey-based operations. Experience has shown that the country-level results on the featuring of dwellings, households and equipment are far more reliable with telephone surveys, while panel-based surveys provide better information about energy consumption drawn from billing.

5. The coverage of the operation of electric power measurement consumption should be expanded in the study in future editions to a larger universe in order to broaden its representativeness. It should also be supplemented with heat consumption measurements.

6. Segmentations according to climate zone and type of dwelling are not strictly necessary for the development of statistics per services/residential sector uses, but they must be considered in the sample designs which have an effect on the survey and measurement operations.

7. Supplementary statistical operations, such as the statistics on renewable energies should be enriched by variables that may explain better residential consumption according to the types of dwelling.

8. Given the climatic and cultural diversity of the European Union, the development of a common and comprehensive methodology, published in a handbook containing all the relevant particulars of each Member State at EU level is mandatory. This methodology should be periodically reviewed in order to adapt it to the incorporation of new equipment and service technologies.

9. Conduct training courses for statistical agencies on the methods and parameters to consider, methodologies etc.

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