Analysing Interpreting Quali Data

8/3/2019 Analysing Interpreting Quali Data

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ANALYSING AND

INTERPDFJFRETING

QUALITATIVE DATA


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Analysing qualitative data requires understandinghow to make sense of text and images so that youcan form answers to your research questions.

6 steps involved in analysing and interpreting

qualitative data,1) preparing and organising the data

2) exploring and coding the database

3) describing findings and forming themes

4) representing and reporting findings5) interpreting the meaning of the findings

6) validating the accuracy of the finding


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Objectives Name the steps involved in conducting an analysis of

qualitative data

Describe how to organise and transcribe qualitative

data

Read through and form initial impressions of text data Conduct coding of a transcript or text file

Develop a detailed qualitative description

Generate a qualitative theme

Create a visual image that represents your data Write a paragraph describing a theme

Make qualitative interpretation from your data

Check the accuracy of your findings and interpretation


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HOWDO YOU ANALYSE

QUALITATIVE DATA? It is inductive in form, going from particular

the detailed data (transcriptions or typed

notes from interviews) to the general codes

and themes.

It involves a simultaneous process of

analysing while you are also collecting data

The phases are also iterative, in which youcycle back and forth between data collection

and analysis.


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Qualitative researchers analyse their data byreading it several times and conducting ananalysis each time

There is no single, accepted approach to

analysing qualitative data, although severalguidelines exist for this process. It is aneclectic process

Qualitative research is interpretive reseach

in which you make a personal assessment asto a description that fits the situation orthemes that capture the major categories ofinformation


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HOWDO YOU PREPARE AND ORGANISE

THE DATA FOR ANALYSIS

Organise Data

- organise data into file folders, index cards or

computer files- one half hour interview -> 20 pages of

single space transcription

-> develop a matrix or a table

-> organise the materials by type

-> keeping duplicate copies of all form of data


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Transcribe Data

General rule of thumb 4 hours to transcribe 1 hourof tape -> labour intensive (Time)

Transcription = the process of converting audiotaperecording of fieldnotes into text data

Guidelines to facilitate transcription,

- 2 inches margin on each side- leave extra space on the page

- highlight or mark in some way the questions askedby the interviewer

- use complete, detailed header-transcribe all words, and type the word [pause] toindicate when interviewee take a lengthy break intheir comments


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ANALYSE BYHAND OR COMPUTER

Hand analysis of qualitative data = researcher read

the data, mark it by hand, and divide it into parts.

Traditionally, analysing text using color coding to

mark parts of the text or cutting and pasting textsentences onto cards.

A hand analysis may be preferred when you

- are analysing a small database (


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Computer analysis of qualitative data

Researcher use a qualitative computerprogram to facilitate the process of storing,analysing, and sorting the data

Use a computer program when you,\- are analysing a large database

- are adequately trained in using the program

- have resources to purchase a program- need a close inspection of every word andsentence


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Use qualitative Computer Programs

Procedures for using software programs

Basic features of software programs

- 8 major dimensions,

1) ease of integration in using the program2) type of Data Program will accept

3) reading and reviewing text

4) memo writing

5) categorisation

6) analysis inventory and assessment

7) quantitative data

8) Merging project


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Specific Programs Available

Altas.ti

Ethnograph Version 5.0

HyperRESEARCH WinMAX

QSR N6, QSR NVivo, N6


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HOWDO YOU EXPLORE AND

CODE TH

E DATA IN ANALYSIS? Exploring the data and developing codes as first

analysis steps

A preliminary exploratory analysis in qualitative

research consists of exploring the data to obtain ageneral sense of the data, memoing ideas, thinkingabout the organisation of the data, and consideringwhether you need more data

Writing memo is the initial process of exploring the

data Memos are short phrases, ideas, concepts, or

hunches that occur


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Codethe Data

Coding is the process of segmenting and

labeling text to form description and broad

themes in the data

No set guidelines of coding data

The coding process is to make sense out of

text data, divide it into text or image

segments, label the segments with codes,examine codes for overlap and redundancy,

and collapse these codes into broad themes


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Tesch (1990) and Creswell (1994)

recommend, Get a sense of the whole

Pick one document (interview, fieldnote), choose the

most interesting

Begin the process of coding the document

text segment sentences or paragraph that all

relate to a single code

codes labels used to describe a segment of text or

an image, codes can address many different topics,

setting and context, participants ways of thinking,

processes, activities, strategies, relationship


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After coding an entire text, make a list of allcode words.

Take this list and go back to the data

Reduce the list of codes to get five to seven

themes or descriptions of the settings orparticipants. Themes (categories) are similarcodes aggregated together to form a majoridea in the database.

A description is a detailed rendering ofpeople, places, or events in a setting inqualitative research


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HOWDO YOU USE CODES TO BUILD

DESCRIPTION AND THEMES?

Describing and developing themes from the

data consists of answering the major

research questions and forming an in-depth

understanding of the central phenomenon.

Provide detailed information -> can transport

the reader to a research site or help the

reader to visualise a person. It takes experience and practice


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Themes

The use of themes is another way to analysequalitative data.

Similar codes aggregated together to form major

idea in the database -> form a major core element in

qualitative data analysis Consist no more than two to four words

Several types of themes,

- ordinary themes = expected themes

- unexpected themes = suprises

- hard-to-classify themes = do not easily fit

- major and minor themes


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Analysing data for multiple perspective.(Multiple perspective = provide severalviewpoint from different individuals andsources of data as evidence for a theme)

Contrary evidence = information that doesnot support or confirm the themes andprovides contradictory information about atheme

Will reach a point where themes are fullydeveloped and new evidence will not provideadditional themes = saturation


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Layering and Interrelating Themes

Layering Themes

- build on the idea of major and minor

themes, but organise the themes into layers

from basic elementary themes to more

sophisticated one.

Layering the analysis (first- and second-order

abstraction) = representing the data usinginter connected levels of themes


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Interrelating Themes

- the researcher connect the themes to

display a chronology or sequence of events


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HOWDO YOU REPRESENT AND

REPORT FINDINGS? Representing Findings

- displaying findings in tables and figures andconstructing a narrative to explain what you have

found in response to the research question Qualitative researchers often display their findings

visually. Different ways to display data,

- create comparison table

- develop a hierarchical tree diagram

- present figure

- draw a map

- develop a demographic table


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Reporting Findings

- the primary form for representing and reporting findings inqualitative research is a narrative discussion (a written passagein a qualitative study in which authors summarise in detail thefinding from their data analysis)

- varies from one study to another

- hints

* include dialogue that support for themes

* use metaphors and analogies

* report quotes from interview data or fromobservation of individuals

* report multiple perspectives and contrary evidence

* write in vivid detail

* specify tensions and contradictions in individualexperience


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HOWDO YOU INTERPRET

FINDINGS? Interpretation involves making sense of the data, or the lesson

learned (Guba, 1985). Interpretation = the researcher stepsback and forms some larger meaning about the phenomenonbased on personal views and/or comparisons with past studies

Qualitative research is interpretative research- review of the major findings and how the research questions

were answered

- personal reflections of the researcher about the meaning of thedata

- personal views compared or contrasted with the literature

- limitation of the study

- suggestion for future study


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Summarize Findings

- general recap of the major findings

- state each individual research questionagain and provide findings for each question

- overview of the findings to complement the

more detailed results in the description and

theme passage


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OfferPersonal Reflection

- personal views can never be kept separate

from interpretations, personal reflections

about the meaning of the data

- the personal interpretation on hunches,

insights and intuition.

- have been in the field and visited personally-> good position to reflect and remark on the

larger meaning of the data


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Make comparison to the Literature

- may also contain references to the literature

and past studies

- interpret the data in view of the past

research, showing how the findings may

support and/or contradict prior studies


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Offer limitation and Suggestions for Future

Research

- suggest possible limitation or weaknesses

of the study and make recommendations for

future research

- may include problem in data collection,

unanswered questions by participants, orbetter selection of purposeful sampling of

individual or site


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- implication may include the use of the

finding in practice, or the need for further

research. Can also state implication for

decisions making, such as planning fornew practices


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HOWDO YOU VALIDATE THE

ACCURACYOF YOUR FINDINGS? Findings and interpretation = correct

Validating findings = determine the accuracyor credibility of the findings through strategies

such as member checking or triangulations 3 primary forms for validation

I Triangulation

- the process if corroborating evidence fromdifferent individuals, type of data or method ofdata collection


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II Member checking

- a process in which the researcher asks one

or more participants in the study to check the

accuracy of the account. Taking the findings

back to participants and ask them about the

accuracy of the report


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III External Audit

- a person outside the project conduct a thoroughreview of the study and report back, in writing thestrengths and weaknesses of the project

- may occur both during and at the conclusion of a

study- Are the findings grounded in the data?

- Are inferences logical?

- Are the themes appropriate?

- Can inquiry decisions and methodological

shifts be justified?- What is the degree of research bias?

- What strategies are used for increasingcredibility?


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REEXAMINING QUALITATIVE DATA

ANALYSIS IN THE GUNMAN CASE STUDY


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Analysing Interpreting Quali Data

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