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ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF SMALL WIND TURBINES
CONNECTED TO WEAK AND AUTONOMOUS GRIDS
LUIS CANO
LUIS M. ARRIBAS
CIEMAT (Spain)
EWEC 2006, Athens
INDEX
• Background
• SWT connected to the grid:
o State of the art
– SWT
– Inverters - Measurements
o Standards revision
• SWT connected to Autonomous systems.
o DC-coupled
– Case study: CICLOPS system.
o AC-coupled
– Case study: HYBRIX system.
EWEC 2006, Athens
BACKGROUNDS
General view: phase I
100 m Mast
SWT Measuring
EWEC 2006, Athens
BACKGROUNDS
General view: phase II
SWT Measuring
Meteorological
Masts
EWEC 2006, Athens
BACKGROUNDS
CIEMAT’s TEST FACILITY:
• Power Performance Tests. (IEC 61400-12)
• Noise Emission Measurement (IEC 61400-11)
• Safety and Function Tests (IEC WT 01)
• Measurements of grid connected SWT (IEC 61400-21)
• Duration Tests (IEC WT 01)
• Other Test
-Generators performance
-Blade Test
EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the art
CONNECTION TOPOLOGIES:
1
RECTIFIER CHOPPER INVERTER
2
GRID (Optional)
GRID
EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the art
Principal SWT connected to grids in Europe (I)
MANUFACTURER COUNTRY SWTRATED
POWER (kW) CONVERTERINVERTER orCONVERTER
WT600 0.6 1 Windy BoyPROVEN UK WT2500 2.5 1 Windy Boy
WT6000 6 1 Windy BoyWT15000 15 1 Windy BoyInclin 250 0.25 1 BORNAYInclin 600 0.6 1 BORNAY
BORNAY Spain Inclin 1500 neo 1.5 1 BORNAYInclin 3000 neo 3 1 BORNAYInclin 6000 neo 6 1 BORNAY
Whisper 100 0.9 1 Windy BoySOUTHWEST USA Whisper 200 1 1 Windy Boy
Whisper 500 3 1 Windy BoyGEV 5/5 o 6/5 5 2 Vergnet
VERGNET France GEV 7/10 10 2 VergnetGEV 10/20 20 2 VergnetGEV 15/60 60 2 Vergnet
ROPATEC Italy WRE.030 2.5 1 Aurora or SMDWRE.060 5 1 Aurora or SMD
WT Scirocco 5 1 MWIEOLTEC France WT Wind Runner 25 1 Ingecon Hybrid
WT Cinook 75 1 Ingecon HybridWINDECO Spain VENTO 5000 5 1 Ingecon Wind
Source: Manufacturer webpages
EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the artPrincipal SWT connected to grids in Europe (II)
MANUFACTURER COUNTRY SWTRATED
POWER (kW) CONVERTERINVERTER orCONVERTER
SOLENER Spain Velter II 2 1 LenzeVelter XV 15 1 LenzeEspada 0.8 1 Sun ProfiPassaat 1.4 1 Sun Profi
FORTIS The Netherlands Montana 5.8 1 Sun ProfiAlize 10 1 Sun Profi
Boreas 20-30 1 Sun ProfiAVENTA Switzerland AV-7 6.5 1 UnknownAIRCON Germany Aircon 10 9.8 1 Unknown
FUHRLANDER Germany FL 30 30 2 FuhrlanderFL 100 100 2 Fuhrlander
INVENTUS Germany Inventus 6 6 2 InventusWINDTOWER Germany WT 10P 10 1 Unknown
WT 50 50 1 UnknownACSA Spain ACSA-LMW-1003 1 1 Unknown
BERGEY USA BWC Excel-S 10 1 Gridtek 10Butterfly 1K 1.5 1 Unknown
ENERGOTECH Greece Butterfly 3K 3.5 1 UnknownButterfly 6K 7 1 Unknown
EWSI USA EW15 50 2 EWSIAERODYN and SMA Germany Aerosmart 5 5 2 SMA
Source: Manufacturer webpages
EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the art
Inverters
• 6 THYRISTOR BRIDGE INVERTER
R S T
DC
Output Current in 6 pulse-thyristor inverter
-40.00
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Cu
rren
t (A
)
EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the art
Inverters
• 6 IGBT PWM INVERTER
R
DC
S T
Output current in 6 IGBT PWM Inverter
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
1
12
23
34
45
56
67
78
89
10
0
11
1
12
2
13
3
14
4
15
5
16
6
17
7
18
8
19
9
21
0
22
1
23
2
24
3
25
4
26
5
27
6
28
7
29
8
30
9
32
0
33
1
34
2
35
3
36
4
Vo
lta
ge
(V
)
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Cu
rre
nt
(A)
Voltage (V) Current (A)
EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the artInverters. Case: 6 IGBT PWM INVERTER
Uthd, Ithd and Pthd in a 6 GBT PWM inverter
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
0
50
0
10
00
15
00
20
00
25
00
30
00
35
00
40
00
45
00
50
00
Power (W)
Ith
d,
Uth
d a
nd
Pth
d (
%)
Inverter Current and Voltage Waves
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
Vo
ltag
e (V
)
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Cu
rren
t (A
)
Voltage (V) Current (A)
EWEC 2006, Athens
•Measurements of grid connected SWT
Data of SWT measured. Case of a 5kW 6 IGBT PWM inverter Current Harmonics in a Sudden Connection
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Harmonic
Cu
rren
t H
arm
on
ics
(%)
Connection current (A) 0.4 kW Connection current (A) 3kW
EWEC 2006, Athens
•Standards revision. IEC 61000 standards on EMC:
3-2: 2001. “Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase).”
3-3: 1997. “Limitation of voltage fluctuation and flicker in low-voltage supply systems for equipment with rated current of 16 A.”
4-7: 2004. “Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation for Power Supply Systems”
4-11: 2004. “Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions, and Voltage Variations Immunity Test”4-15: 2004. “Flickermeter”
6-3 Ed 2 (RDIS): 2004. “Generic standards -Emission standard for residential commercial and light industrial environments”
6-4: 2002. “Generic standards -Emission standard for industrial environments”
EWEC 2006, Athens
•Standards revision. Other local Standards.American Standards:UL 1741 Static Inverters and Charge ControllersIEEE 519 Harmonic Control in Electric Power SystemsIEEE 929 Utility interface of PhotovoltaicANSI C62.41, C1, C2 Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits
British Connection StandardsGE 59, 83 Embedded Generating Plants, Small-scale generators (up to 16A)
GE 77 Single-phase photovoltaic generators up to 5kVA
German Standards VDE 0126 Automatic Disconnection Facility for PV Installations
OthersKEMA K150 Small Grid-connected Photovoltaic SystemsJIS C 8962 Power Conditioners for Small PV Power Generating Systems ÖNORM/ÖVE 2750 Austrian Guideline - PV Power Generation SystemsNEN1010 Grid-connected PV SystemsAS3000, AS4777 Australian - Connection of Energy SystemsCSA F381 Canadian - Power Conditioning Systems
EWEC 2006, Athens
•SWT connected to Autonomous systems.
Connection Topologies (I): DC-Coupled
Energy Use Energy UseEnergy UseEnergy Use
+-
Rectifier+
Regulator
WindTurbine
BatteryStorage
Back-upGenset
~Stand-alone Inverter
DC Side
AC Side
EWEC 2006, Athens
•SWT connected to Autonomous systems.
Connection Topologies (I): DC-Coupled
•Power electronics • Rectifier (for the SWT)
• DC/DC converter (optional)
• Stand-alone Inverter
• self-commutated
• voltage controlled
• Stabilizing Unit• long-term storage (battery)
• “One-way” converter (inverter)
• Traditional and common way of connection
• Well known (stand-alone systems)
• High quality, relative low price
•PQ dependant on:
• the inverter
• the load
• not on the SWT
Energy Use Energy UseEnergy UseEnergy Use
+-
Rectifier+
Regulator
WindTurbine
BatteryStorage
Back-upGenset
~Stand-alone Inverter
DC Side
AC Side
EWEC 2006, Athens
•DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: CICLOPS Project Description
7.5 kW SWT 5 kWp PV array20 kVA Genset595 C10 Battery Storage
EWEC 2006, Athens
•DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: CICLOPS Project – Data Logging Description
IFVNREG
VFVNREG
VBAT
IFVREG
ICarga(DC) PCarga(DC)
FREC.AERG.
IBAT
IAS(DC)
IA(AC) VA(AC) TBAT
GP
VV
EWEC 2006, Athens
•DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: CICLOPS Project – WT Power Curve
EWEC 2006, Athens
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
%
UhdfIhdfPhdf
•DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: CICLOPS Project – Inverter characterization
Harmonic Distortion for orders from 2 to 50 (3400 W resistive load)
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (miliseconds)
Vo
ltag
e (v
olt
s)
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Cu
rren
t (A
mp
eres
)
UI
Wave form (3400 W
resistive load)
EWEC 2006, Athens
•DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: CICLOPS Project – Inverter characterization
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
AC power (W)
% U
thd
an
d I
thd
)
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
% (
Pth
d)Uthd
Ithd
Pthd
Harmonic Distortion for 1 phase (U, I, P) for different resistive loads (cos Φ = 1).
EWEC 2006, Athens
•SWT connected to Autonomous systems.
Connection Topologies (II): AC-Coupled
Energy Use Energy UseEnergy UseEnergy Use
+-
~ Bi-directional
Converter Grid-connected
Inverter
WindTurbine
BatteryStorage
Back-upGenset
AC Side
~
EWEC 2006, Athens
•SWT connected to Autonomous systems.
Connection Topologies (II): AC-Coupled•Power electronics
• Rectifier
• DC/DC converter (optional)
• Inverter (optional)
• Bi-directional converter
• Stabilizing Unit• long-term storage (battery)
• Bi-directional converter
• Recently developed
• AREP Project
• SMA concept technology
•PQ dependant on: • AC coupled devices (including the SWT)
• the inverter
• the load
Energy Use Energy UseEnergy UseEnergy Use
+-
~ ~ Bi-directional
Converter Grid-connected
Inverter
WindTurbine
BatteryStorage
Back-upGenset
AC Side
~
EWEC 2006, Athens
•SWT connected to Autonomous systems.
10 kW Vergnet SWT; 30.8 kW PV array and 20 kVA diesel genset. 3 lead acid batteries (2x2200 Ah, 1x800 Ah, 60 volts)
Case Study: HYBRIX Project Description
Sunny Island Inverters
From “Iberinco desarrolla el sistema híbrido de generación eléctrica aislado Hybrix ”. Infoenergía.com
EWEC 2006, Athens
•SWT connected to Autonomous systems.
Case Study: HYBRIX Project PQ issues - Sunny Island characteristics
Harmonic Distortion
EMC interference
EWEC 2006, Athens
CONCLUSIONS
• Each country has its own Grid-connection standards
• Lack of optimal coupling between the converter and the turbine. (Most of manufacturers buy the inverter and don´t adapted it)
• Except few ones, it´s not easy to know if the inverters fulfilled the standards
• Inverters are carried out for PV market
• Technology is not mature
• Certification in each country is very costly
EWEC 2006, Athens
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!