Scholars' Mine Scholars' Mine
Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations
1965
Analysis of flat slabs with various edge supports Analysis of flat slabs with various edge supports
Wu-Mo Chern
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses
Part of the Civil Engineering Commons
Department: Department:
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Chern, Wu-Mo, "Analysis of flat slabs with various edge supports" (1965). Masters Theses. 5716. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/5716
This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected].
ANALYSIS OF FLAT SLABS WITH
VARIOUS EDGE SUPPORTS
BY
WU-MO CHERN
A
THESIS
submitted to the faculty of the
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT ROLLA
in partial fulfillment of the work required for the
Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Rolla, Missouri
1965
Approved by
Gli:;vt~~ til"~~# · ··
~~a-f. k (Advisor) rJ j
t{), fk.~~
ABSTRACT
This study presents the solution of flat slabs with various
edge conditions including T - Beam edge supports. The equations
formulated are based on the finite difference method and solved
using an electronic computer.
The results indicate that the solution of these slabs by the
finite difference approximation is a practical method. In addition,
this method is more flexible and yields moment values that are
considerably more accurate than those obtained using the ACI Code.
11
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to
Dr. Joseph Harold Senne, Jr., Chairman, Civil Engineering Depart
ment, for his assistance in suggestion of this study.
The author also would like to take this time to thank Prof.
Ralph Edward Lee, Director of the Computer Center, for his
permission to use the facilities of the Center.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ..... 11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
NOTATIONS .... ix
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2
3. DIFFERENTIAL EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS. 3
3-1. Beam Action .. 3
3-2. Plate Action . 4
4. FINITE DIFFERENCE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS ................ . 9
4-1. Finite Difference Interpretation 9
4-2. Finite Difference Expressions of Beam Action 12
4-3. Finite Difference Expressions of Plate Action. 12
5. DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATORS FOR PLATES WITH
VARIOUS EDGE CONDITIONS. 15
5-1. Properties of Operator . 15
5-2. Plate Supported by T-Beam 15
5-3. Plate Supported by Balcony Beam 18
5-4. Plate with Two Edges Supported by Balcony Beams and Two Edges Fixed ......... . 19
5-4. Elimination of Supplemental Points 20
v
5-6. Plate with Freely Supported Edge 21
a. Method 1. 21
b. Method 2. 24
5-7. Plate with Two Adjacent Free Edges 25
5-8. Operator at Free Corner ...... . 28
5-9. Plate with a Simply Supported Edge 30
5-10. Plate with One Edge Simply Supported and One Edge Free ... 31
5-11. Plate with Fixed Edge 34
5-12. Plate with One Edge Free and One Edge Fixed. 36
5-13. Plate with Two Edges Free and Two Edges Supported by Beams ...... . 37
5-14. Plate w i th Notched Free Edges 39
6. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 41
Problem 1. 42
Problem 2. 43
Problem 3. 44
7. CONCLUSIONS. ..... 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 46
VITA ..... . 47
APPENDICES 48
Computer Program. 48
APPENDIX 1. 49
APPENDIX 2 .. 51
APPENDIX 3. 53
Fig. 3-1
Fig. 3-2
Fig. 3-3
Fig. 4-1
Fig. 4-2
Fig. 4-3
Fig. 5-l
Fig. 5-2
Fig. 5-3
Fig •. 5-4
Fig. 5-5
Fig. 5-6
Fig. 5-7
Fig. 5-8
Fig. 5-9
LIST OF FIGURES
Flexural analysis of beam action
Element of plate with applied loads
Element of plate with applied moments
Equally spaced network for a finite difference
approximation
Illustration of finite difference approximation
Biharmonic operator for deflection
Reinforced concrete slab beam floor system
Operator for the composite action of the plate
supported by T- beam
Operator for the moment of the plate at free edge
Corner operator for the plate supported by balcony
beam
Plate with two edges fixed and two edges supported
by balcony beams
Plate grid showing supplemental points
Operator for the plate supported by beam
Operator at free edge of the plate
Operator at one increment length along one axis
vi
3
5
6
9
10
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
from the corner at the free-to-free edge of plate 26
Fig. 5-10 Operator at one increment length from free edge
of plate 27
Fig. 5-11
Fig. 5-12
Fig. 5-13
Fig. 5-14
Fig. 5-15
Fig. 5-16
Fig. 5-17
Fig. 5-18
Fig. 5-19
Fig. 5-20
Fig. 5-21
Fig. 5-22
Operator at one increment length along both
axes from free-free edge of the plate
Operator at free corner of the plate
Biharmonic operator at one increment length
from simply supported edge
Biharmonic operator at one increment length
from both simply supported edges
Operator at two increments from simply
supported edge of the free -to- simply supported
plate
Operator at one increment length from simply
vii
28
29
30
31
32
supported edge of free-to-simply supported plate 32
Operator at one increment length from free edge
of free-to-simply supported plate
Operator at one increment length from edges of
free -to - simply supported plate
Biharmonic operator at one increment length from
fixed edge
Biharmonic operator at one increment length of
fixed-to-fixed plate
Operator at one increment length from free edge
of free-to-fixed plate
Operator on free edge of free-to-fixed plate
33
34
35
35
36
36
Fig. 5-23
Fig. 5-24
Fig. 5-25
Fig. 5-26
Plate with two edges free and two edges supported
by beams
Operator at one increment length from beam
supported edge of plate
Plate with two edges fixed and other edges free
Operator for the notched plate with two edges
fixed and other edges free
viii
37
38
39
40
Symbol
D
E
h
I
L
n
q
q'
t
w
NOTATIONS
Definition
Flexural rigidity of plate
Modulus of elasticity
Increment length in the finite difference net
Moment of inertia of the beam
Length of the plate
Bending moments per unit length of the sections
perpendicular to X axis
Twisting moment per unit length of sections
perpendicular to X axis
Bending moments per unit length of sections
perpendicular to Y axis
2EI/Dh
Uniformly distributed load per unit area
Uniformly distributed load directly on beam
Shearing forces parallel to Z axis per unit length of
section of plate perpendicular to X axis
Shearing forces parallel to Z axis per unit length of
section of plate perpendicular to Y axis
Thickness of plate
Displacement indirection of Z axis
lX
X,Y,Z
<rx,<ry
v
Rectangular coordinates
Poisson1 s ratio
Radii of curvature of middle surface of a plate m XZ
and YZ plane respectively
Normal components of stress parallel to X, Y axis
respectively
Forces perpendicular to Y, X axes transmitted from
plate respectively
Shearing force in the beam
Shearing stress component in rectangular coordinate
X
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the exact analysis of a flat plate can be extremely
difficult, particularly in the case of reinforced concrete slabs with
special edge supports, many approximate methods including both
experimental and theoretical analyses have been used in dealing with
this problem. The finite difference method as applied to the plate
problem is a numerical technique involving a division of the slab
into a grid or network, and the setting up of operators for the formu-
lation of linear equations to obtain the grid point displacements.
In analysis, this yields a more rapid convergence than use of a
double trigonometric expansion.
Boundary conditions play a decisive role in the construction
of operators. The operator obtained from the evaluation of the finite
difference in accordance with the boundary conditions is applied to
the structure and from this process linear equations are set up from
point to point in the network. The accuracy of the results increase
as the plate is divide d into an incr easing number of segments.
This investigation presents the analysis of the plate supported
by T- beams with both symmetrical and nonsymmetrical flanges.
Also, the ope rators are constructed in such a manner that thos e grid
points that extend beyond the limits of the plate are eliminated.
Methods for analyzing flat slabs have been available in ACI
1
lA
code books for many years. However, these methods are limited
to certain width span ratio and boundary conditions. Even if these
conditions are met the very mture of the simplified ACI procedure
may introduce considerable error into the analysis. The ACI
method has been popular because it was simple for the
designer to use. Due to the rapidly expanding use of electronic
computers in structural analysis and design it is believed that
more exact methods such as finite difference will be employed
in the near future.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In recent years, two developments, relaxation methods
and electronic computers, have made possible the solution of
engineering problems of great complexity.
Southwell's relaxation methods (5), deal with systems of
finite freedom with equations in one independent variable, and
apply this idea to partial differential equations, involving two
independent variables, which satisfy the boundary conditions.
Forsythe and Wasow (8) discussed the finite difference
method of solution to boundary problems by using an equally
spaced network for setting up the difference approximations.
2
3. DIFFERENTIAL EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
3-1. Beam Action
As in the usual analysis, a small element is taken as a free
body from the beam under transverse loading conditions. In Fig.
3-1, moment, shear due to an uniformly distributed load may be
obtained by static equilibrium (7).
,....---~"'·
v v
" n, t-it~
(I.)
,..., '{+JM Vtt/V)
Fig. 3-1. Flexural analysis of beam action
In Fig. 3-1 (a) there is no external load on the small element, the
3
shearing forces on section mn and m 1n1 are equal, and from ~M = 0,
we get:
dM V=
dx
When a uniform load q is applied to the element, and since
~F y = 0,
then
also
dV q = - dx '
dM = Vdx - qdx·dx/2
4
V = dM/ dx, (neglecting high order differential)
Where
2 M = -EI4
dx
3 V = -EI d w3 and,
dx
d4w q = EI--
dx4
V is the shearing force on the beam
M is the bending moment acting on the beam
q is the uniform load acting on the beam
E is modulus of elasticity
I is the moment inertia of the beam
3-2. Plate Action
Eq. (3-1)
Eq. (3-2)
Eq. (3-3)
Because the fundamentals of slab behavior are well known,
only a brief derivation will be considered. (1)
5
.----~-----.,.---... X
Fig. 3-2. Element of plate with applied loads
When an external load is applied to the differential element
dx•dy, as in figure 3-2, forces summed in the z direction (LF z = 0),
we get the following equation;
aov = --L -q Eq. (3 -4)
ax oy
6
Fig. 3-3. Element of plate with applied moments
Positive resisting moments are shown in Fig. 3-3 (a). For
convenience in analysis, the right hand rule is used and the moment
vector for positive direction is shown. Summing vectors in the X, Y,
and Z direction yield the following equations respectively:
aMY aMxl = Qy, Eq. (3- 5) ay ax
aMx + aMlx = Qx, and Eq. (3 -6) ax ay
aQx + aQY = Eq. (3 -7) ax ay
-q.
The following equations are obtained by applying Hooke's Law
and the equations of equilibrium to the free body of the differential
element:
Twisting Moments
Bending Moments
Shears
Deformation
2 M = - M = D ( 1-IJ. ) a w
xy YX ax• ay 1 Eq. {3-8)
- 1 1 a2w a2w Mx- i-D(Px +IJ. Py)= -D(ax2 +IJ. ay2) Eq. (3-9)
- (1 + 1 - (a 2w + a 2w My-tD- 1-l-)--D - 2 1-l-) Eq. {3-10) p Y p X ay ax2
=_9._ D
Eq. (3-11)
Eq. {3-12)
Eq. (3-13)
7
8
Stresses r-z Qz r::.Z w
- &;.~ (u W + u ) a-x -- -"""""2 --z ~ 1-~ ax ay2
Eq. {3-14)
where
T xy
Ez
Eq. {3-15)
Eq. {3-16)
z is the distance of the point from the middle surface.
Mxy is the twisting moment per unit length of sections of a
plate perpendicular to X axis.
M , M are the bending moments per unit length of the X y
sections of the plate perpendicular to X and Y axes.
Qx, Oy are the shearing forces parallel to Z axis per unit
length of the section of a plate perpendicular to X and
Y axes.
w is the deflection in direction of Z axis
o-x• o- y are the normal components of stress parallel to X
andY axes.
T xy is the shearing stress component in rectangular coordinate5
D is the flexural rigidity of a plate.
~ is Poisson's ratio.
4. FINITE DIFFERENCE EXPRESSION OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
4-l. Finite Difference Interpretation
For the rudimentary equations only the equally spaced grid
9
of Fig. 4-1 will be discussed in explaining the following difference
quotients. Also, for convenience, only the deflection curve projected
in the xz plane needs to be taken into account ( 1) (3 ).
tt
tJ t ltr
111 1 "" r rr
1.1 " l.r
J,~
Fig. 4-1. Equally spaced network for a finite difference
approximation
10
X
Fig. 4-2. Illustration of finite difference approximation
Let the incremental length in the network in Fig. 4-1 be h. Then to
the first order approximation at center point, m is:
( aw) = Wr- Wm
ax mr h
( aw) = wm- wl '
and
a X ml h
( aw) = wr -wl
ax m 2h Eq. (4-1)
Observing that the curvature is the rate of change of slope , one
can first obtain the slope values at the nearest half-grid points, and
11
then operate on these values by Eq. (4-1 ), in terms of the half -grid
length, yielding:
( a2;) Wr- 2\Vm+ Wl ' = 11:1.
ax m
3 Wrr- 2wr + 2W!- Wll (a w) = , and
ax3 2h3 m
4 1 (a w) = (wrr +wn- 4wr- 4w1 + 6wm). ax4 m h4
Similarly,
(ow) Wt -wb
= ay 2h m
a2w wc2wm+wb ' ( ay2) m = h2
3 wtt _ 2wt + 2wb- wbb (a ~) = and
oy3 m 2h3
4 1 (a w) = -- (wtt + wbb - 4wt- 4wb + 6w ). ay4 m h4 m
In like manner it can be proved that
w tr - wbr + wbl - w tl ,
4h2
= w tr + w tl - wbr - wbl - 2w t + 2wb ,
. 2h3
Eq. (4-2)
Eq. (4 -3 )
Eq. (4-4).
Eq. (4-5)
Eq. (4-6)
Eq. (4-7)
Eq. (4- 8 )
Eq. (4- 9 )
Eq. (4-10)
12
3 (~) = 8x·ay2 m
Wtr + Wbr- Wtl- Wbl- 2Wr + 2wl
2h3 , and Eq. (4-11)
4-2. Finite Difference Expressions of Beam Action
By substituting Eqs. (4-2), (4-3), (4-4) into Eqs. {3-1), {3-2),
and (3 -3) respectively, the finite difference expressions of beam
action are obtained:
-EI v =~ (wrr- 2wr + 2wl- wu)' and 2h
EI q = ""h4 (wrr + wn- 4wr- 4wl + 6wm).
4-3. Finite Difference Expressions of Plate Action
Eq. (4-13)
Eq. (4-14)
Eq. (4-15)
After obtaining the plate deformations, the moments, twists,
and shears can be calculated. By substituting the finite difference
expressions in Eq. (4-1) through (4-12) into corresponding Eqs.
(3-8) to (3-16), the moments,shears, twists, and stresses are
obtained in terms of finite difference forms.
Moments
Shears
D Q =--
X 2h3
Q =- D y ~
Twists
M -xy
Stresses
(f = -X
Deformation
13
=_.9._ D
Eq. (4-16)
From the above equations, an operator can be formed by
placing the coefficients of the various "w" terms in their respective
grid patterns. For example, if the coefficients for "w" in Eq. (4-16)
are arranged in this manner the well-known biharmonic operator
(Fig. 4-3hesults.
14
Fig. 4-3. Biharmonic operator for deflection
15
5. DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATORS FOR PLATES WITH VARIOUS
EDGE CONDITIONS
5-l. Properties of Operator
There are two properties that should be mentioned in this article
First, the algebraic sum of the coefficients of the deflections
appearing in the operator should be zero as long as a symmetrical free
edge condition exists. The symmetrical free edge condition is defined
as the condition symmetrical to the center point, m, of the pattern in
Fig. 4-l.
Second, the axes of the operator may be rotated in the free
edge without changing the deflections.
These two properties are necessary but not sufficient conditions.
5-2. Plate Supported by T -Beam
This type of construction is common in reinforced concrete
slab beam floor systems as shown in Fig. 5-1.
Fig. 5-1. Reinforced concrete slab beam floor system
16
Thomson and Trait (2) found that the force transmitted from the
plate to the beam is:
aMxy 2 2 R = Q - = -D _a_[ a ; + (2 -1-1-) a w] , and X X
ay ax ax ay2
aMxy a 2 a 2w R = Q - = -D- [~ + (2-!-L) -] y y ax ay ay2 ax2
When the plate and beam resist the external force simultaneously
as a rigid body, i. e. when there is composite action and the deflection
of plate is the same as that of the beam, the applied load q' directly
on the beam is equal to the total intensity of load q on the beam and
the force transmitted from the slab.
where
q' = Rx + q
q = EI a4w ay4
Therefore the first boundary condition is:
EI a4w - q' = D _!_ ( a2w + (2-!-L) a2w] ay4 ax ax2 ay2
Eq. (5-l)
The second boundary condition is that the moment on the beam sup-
ported edge is zero.
2 a 2w aw+I-L = 0 ax2 ay 2
Eq. (5-2)
Finite difference expressions of the two boundary conditions
and the corresponding operators Fig. 5-2, 5-3 are shown as
follows:
17
wtt(n)+ ~b (n) + Wt (-4n)+wb (-4n)+wm (6n)+wrr (-1)
+wr (6-2[J.)+wl (2[J.-6) +wu (1 )+wtr ([J.-2)+wbr (tJ.-2)
2 ,·h3 + wtl (2- fJ. )+wbl (2- fJ. )==-q~-
D
where
Eq. (5-3)
Eq. (5-4)
E and I are the modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia,
of the beam beneath the plate respectively, and
n== 2EI
Dh
If there is no beam beneath the plate then the term n vanishes.
+I -/
2.-)1-
n.
Fig. 5-2. Operator for the composite action of the plate supported
by T-Beam
18
)/'
m
I I -2 -2)A I J I I I
)A
Fig. 5-3. Operator for the moment of the plate at free edge
5-3. Plate Supported by Balcony Beam
This type of construction is composed of the section with ha lf
T-beam or the T- beam with unsymmetrical flange, as shown in
Fig. 5-1.
The boundary c onditions on the e dge are
The corresponding operators are the same as that in Art. 5-2.
An additional boundary condition, Mxy = 0, should be considered
at the corner of the beam e dges ; the corner ope rator of which is
shown in Fig. 5-4.
Eq. (5-4)
19
-I I 0 +I I
m.
I 0
+I I
0 -/ I
Fig. 5-4. Corner operator for the plate supported by balcony
beam
5-4. Plate with Two Edges Supported by Balcony Beams and Two
Edges Fixed
The boundary conditions used in Art. 5-3 are still valid.
20
Fig. 5-5. Plate with two edges fixed and two edges supported by
balcony beams
5-5. Elimination of Supplemental Points
Supplemental points are the grid points that e xte nd one to two
increments beyond the boundary of the plate, as shown in Fig. 5-6.
Elimination of the supplemental points is a simplified procedure
in which the number of finite difference equations may be decreas e d
thus greatly simplifying the problem.
The number of equations necessary to construct the new
operator must be one more than the number of supplemental points.
Suppose the number of points extending outside the plate is N, then
the total number of equations composed of the bounda ry conditions
and the deflection equation of the plate must be N + 1. This extra
equation is the basic deflection equation of the operator.
21
In order to avoid any mistake which might occur during the
evaluation of the numerous equations, the property of the operator
in 5-1 is used, which means the algebraic sum of the coefficients of
the deflection in the operator is equal to zero. All operators described
in the articles that follow have the supplemental points removed.
r- .,.- -r- ,-- r- --. 1 I 1 I I I J.--~• I I ___ J 1 I
I ~-- -- -•, 1 I/ SLtr1,/emc"t~ I .,.;,t t--- __ ..J
I ~ ~ _ _ _ _ -: Eti/' 'f pl•f~
I I I I I I L_.J_ -'--.l-..J--1
Fig. 5-6. Plate grid showing supplemental points
5-6. Plate with Freely Supported Edge
a. Method 1.
The operator for the boundary conditions is shown in
Fig. 5-2 and 5-3. From the second boundary condition on points
t, b in Fig. 4-1, we get eq. (5-5) and (5-6). These two equations,
together with the equations in (5-2) and finally the deflection equation
(4-16) for the plate on point m, eliminate the points tr, br, r, and rr.
Eq. (5-5)
Eq. (5-6)
22
+2wl)]=q', Eq. (5-8)
Wtr• Wbr• and Wr can be eliminated from Eq. (5-5), (5-6),
{5-7). Wrr is then obtained by substituting these values into Eq.
(5-8).
using n = 2EI Dh
the final equation (5-9) and the operator, Fig. 5-7 resulting
from the substitution of the four above equations into Eq. (4-16) are
shown below:
wm (6n-6f.l 2 -8f.l+ 16) + wt (4f.l2-4n+4f.l-8) + wb(4f.l2-4n+4f.l-8)
+w1 (4 f.l-12) + wtt (- f.l2+n+ 1) +wbb (- f.l2+n+ 1)+ wbl (4- 2 f.l)
+ w tl ( 4- 2 f.l ) + wn ( 2 )
= ~ h 4 + q I. 2h 3 D D
Eq. (5-9)
23
n-pl-t I
Beam SoAt,porf,J eJae --.......... ~
4- -2p. 4;/- Lf.Y\ ttt,u. -g
rn +l 4)).-12 6rt-6);l- 8pt /6
4-2)1. /f}l· -4n -tlfp-8
rt- p"t I
Fig. 5-7. Operator for the plate supported by beam
For the freely supported edge, with the beam removed merely
substitute
n = 0 and
q' = 0
into Eq. (5-9)
The deflection equation and operator are obtained as follows:
wm(l6-6f.L 2 -8f.L) +wt (4f.L 2+4f.L-8) +wb (4f.L 2+4f.L-8) + w 1 (4f.L-12)
+ w tt ( 1- f.L 2 ) + wb b 0-f.L 2) + wbl ( 4- 2 f.L) + w tl ( 4- 2 f.L ) + wll ( 2)
24
= 3._. h4. Eq. (5-10) D
1-p. a. J
ft'e~ ~J;e ----'+ -2jJ- 4p.,.+4)A-B
1'1'\
+2 J/.}4 -/). 1
16- '~ -I.IA
4-2~ 4fl-t4~-f
I. 1-)A
Fig. 5-8. Operator at free edge of the plate
b. Method 2
This method makes direct use of the boundary conditions
on the free edge. There are three boundary conditions, i.e.
moment Mx = 0, shear Qx = 0 and twisting moment Mxy = 0. These
boundary conditions may be combined into two equations:
25
Eq. (5-11)
Eq. (5 -12)
The first equation shows that there is no twisting moment and
shearing force; the second indicates that there is no moment on the
free edge (6 ).
By rewriting boundary conditions (5-11), (5-12) in the finite
difference form and using Mx = 0 on points t and b, we get Eqs. (3 ),
(4 ), (5 ), (6 ). Substituting these four equations into the biharmonic
operator yields the final equation below:
2 0wm + (wrr +wll +wtt +wbb)- 8 (wr +wl +wt +wb) + 2 (wtr +wt1 +wbr
q 4 +wb1) = D h (7)
wm (16- 61-! 2 - 81J.) +wt (41-! 2 +41-l- 8) +wb (41-! 2 +41-l- 8) +wbl (41-! -12)
+ wtt ( 1- 1-l 2 ) + wbb ( 1 -I-! 2 ) + wn (2) + wtl (4 - 21-!) + wb1 (4 - 21-!) =So.. h 4 (8) D
Eq. (8) coincides with Eq. (5-10) in Method 1.
5-7. Plate with Two Adjacent Free Edges
If the free edges pass through point t, parallel to x andy axes,
the points tr, r, br, tt and rr have to be eliminated.
26
Use Mx = 0 at points t, b, My= 0 at t and boundary conditions
on point m, then substitute these equations into the biharmonic
operator. The following equation and operator are obtained.
Wm ( 15- Sf.! 2- 8f.!) + Wt (2f.! 2+4f.!- 6 )+wb(4f.! 2+4f.!- 8)+w 1 (4f.!- 12)
+wbb (1-f.! 2 )+w 11 (2)+wtl (4- 2f.! )+wbl (4- 2 f.!) = 7J . h4
4-2.# 2Jf-ttj.)1-6
Eq. (5-13)
m. +2
2 l.fp.-12 15-5P -8.P
/.1-- 2)A 4/+4p-B
1-).1-J.
I Fig. S-9. Operator at one increment length along one axis from the
corner at the free-to-free edge of plate
For the edge through point r parallel to the y-axis using
M = 0 at point r and substituting this boundary condition into the X
biharmonic operator yields:
wm ( 19)+wr (2~J.-6)+w 1 ( -8)+wt(- 8)+wb( -8)+w 11 +wbb +wtt
+wtr(2-1J.)+wtl(2)+wbr(2-IJ.)+wbl(2) = £,. h4.
27
Eq. (5 -14)
The operator obtained from the equation is shown in Fig. 5-10.
I
I
2-.P
Fig. 5-10. Operator at one increment length from free edge of
plate
If the center of the pattern is at one increment length from
both edges, the operator is obtained by evaluating Mx= 0 at point r,
and My = 0 at t and substituting these into the biharmonic operator
which yields:
wm{l8)+wr(2J-L-6) +wl(-8)+wt(2J-L-6) +wb(-8) +wll +wbb
+wtr(2-2J-L)+wt1(2-J-L)+wbr(2-J-L)+wbl(2)= S... h4 . D
28
Eq. {5-15)
The operator obtained from the equation is shown in Fig. 5-11.
+I
+I
Fig. 5-11. Operator at one increment length along both axes from
free-free edge of the plate
5-8. Operator at Free Corner
In this case the free edges pass through point m parallel to x
and y axes.
29
Assume
Wbr = wtl'
This assumption makes the supplemental points decrease to
wbr• Wr, wrr and wtr instead of the original seven points.
Eqs. (5-12), (5-11), (5-6) and biharmonic operator are used,
the other equation is obtained by applying Mx = 0 and rotating the
axes 45° clockwise.
The result of the evaluation of these five equations is shown
below and the re suiting operator in Fig. 5-12.
w m ( 4 1--L 3 - 12~--L + 8 ) + wl { 4~--L- 16 ) + wb (- 8 !J- 3 + 2 0 1--L ) + wn ( 3 )
+wb1 (4~-L 2 -8~-L+4)+w11 (3)+wbb(4~-L 3 -4!-L 2 -4!-L+ 1) = .9.....h4 D
m
+3 ifp-lb 1-- ~)-ll)J+8
lf)l-8p -tlf. 2.D;J-I)i
4p-4il-~~op-rl
I Fig. 5-12. Operator at free corner of the plate
Eq. (5-16)
30
5-9. Platew.itha Simply Supported Edge
The moment and deflection on the simply supported edge are
equal to zero and the radius of curvature is infinite. Therefore, the
second derivative with respect to the edge axis becomes zero, from
which Wr is equal to -w1.
In the biharmonic operator, (Fig. 4-3) if the simply supported
edge passes through r parallel to the y axis, or point t parallel to x
axis, the coefficient of the deflection in the middle point of the opera-
tor becomes 19 (Fig. 5-13); and 18 (Fig. 5-14) if the axes pass through
br parallel to x and y axes.
I
2 -8
111
l -8 I~
2 -8
I
Fig. 5-13. Biharmonic Operator at one increment length from
simply supported edge
I
I
2 -8
til.
-8 18
Fig. 5-14. Biharmonic operator at one increment length
from both simply supported edges
5-10. Plate with One Edge Simply Supported and One Edge Free
If the simply supported edge passes through point tt or t
31
in Fig. 5-8, 5-9, 5-10, 5-11 and is parallel to x axis, the deflection
on the simply supported edge is zero and the cor responding operator
is obtained in Fig. 5-15, 5-16, 5-17, 5-18 respectively.
32
/Free
4-l_~A ll.
f.l.j) +14-p- g
m
2 4-p -12 lb-6p.,.-Hp
4 -).}A 4Ji'+4JA-B
l-p"'
Fig. 5-15. Operator at two increments from simply supported edge
of the free-to- simply supported plate
,~Free eJ m.
.2. '+}'« -12. IS-s)l-ap
4-2p 4)l+4)A-8
1-)-'.,.
I Fig. 5-16. Operator at one increment length from simply supported
edge of free-to- simply supported plate
33
s i"'r 1 t d swppor e edJe ..._.
I fr
2 1-- -8 1-- .2j4A
n'\
+I 1-- -3 1- I 'I r--- 1.)"- 6
I 2 ....,__ -8 1- 2-,..M
+J
Fig. 5-17. Operator at one increment length from free edge of
free-to-simply supported plate
34
1 -8
2 2- }/-
+I
Fig. 5-18. Operator at one increment length from edges of free-to
simply supported plate
5-11. Plate with Fixed Edge
The boundary conditions at the fixed edge are that
w = 0 and slope = 0 i.e., wm = Wrr
The procedures in 5-9 are repeated and the corresponding
operators are obtained as shown in Fig. 5-19, 5-20.
35
I
1 -8
m
I - -8 .2/
2 -K
I
Fig. 5-19. Biharmonic operator at one increment length from fixed
edge
I
2. -8
rn
I -8 21
Fig. 5-20. Biharmonic operator at one increment length of fix-to-fixed
plate
36
5-12. Plate with One Edge Free and One Edge Fixed
If the fixed edge passes through t parallel to x axis in Fig.
5-10, 5-8, the deflection and slope on the fixed edge a re zero, from
which the operators in Fig. 5-21, 5-22 are obtained.
m /Fr•~ .ed3~
--~-....
2
I
Fig. 5-21. Operator at one increment length from free edge of
free-to-fixed plate
F d d . jJ(~ ~ ~~ '1. 1/Fr~Jl.. •
2. 4;t-U. ~ 17-T.JA3.-f).{ m
'1--l)l 1- 4-JA.l.. t-Jfp -t ..
1-AJ.'l.
l ,:
Fig. 5-22. Operator on free edge of free-to-fixed plate
37
5-13. Plate with Two Edges Free and Two Edges Supported by Beams
When AB and AD are supported by interior beams, and if CD,
CB are free edges of Fig. 5-23, the twisting moment on the interior
beam is zero and deflections of both the plate and beam are equal.
Due to symmetrical structure, two equal shearing forces are trans-
mitted from both sides of the plate to the interior beam. This leads
to the boundary condition:
4 2 2 Eia w- q' = 2·D~[a w + (2-1.1.) a wJ
ax4 ay ay2 ax2 Eq. (5-17)
'(
~~~u~--------------------,c
Fig. 5-23. Plate with two edges free and two edges supported by beams
At the intersection of free and beam supported edges, there is
no moment or shear on the beam.
M =0 X Eq. (5-18)
Eq. (5-19)
..
38
Eqs. (5-18) and (5-19) are expressed in finite difference form
1n Eqs. (4-2) and (4-3).
For the equal stiffness of plate and beam, the direct intensity
of load on the beam q' is equal to the product of the total intensity and
increment length, from which the shearing force transmitted from the
plate is equal to zero. For %f = 0, the expression may be obtained
one increment length inward from the edge beam.
wtt + (2[J.-6)wt + (2-[J.)wtr + (2-fJ.)wtl + (6-2[J.) b + (loL-Z)wbr
+ ([J.-2)wbl - wm = 0 Eq. (5- 20)
The operator is shown in Fig. 5-24 .
..,..,
-~+Z. -6+2).( -~-rz.
Wl
-I
-l+.)). -2p.-t-&
;ITJ..--2-t-)1- ~
Fig. 5-24. Operator at one increment length from beam supported
edge of plate
39
5-14. Plate with Notched Free Edges
The operator at point m in Fig. 5-25 may be obtained by
using the boundary conditions (V x)m = 0, (Mx>r = 0, and (Mx)b = 0
as well as deflection equation of the plate.
The equations of the points rr, br, and bb are in terms of
the points inside the plate. The final equation (5-21) and the
opera tor 5-26 are obtained by substituting the above boundary con-
ditions into the general deflection equation .
• rr
.bb
Fig. 5-25. Plate with two edges fixed and other edges free
Eq. (5- 21)
40
r
Fig. 5-26. Operator for the notched plate with two edges fixed and other
edges free
41
6. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
To illustrate the finite difference method of solution for plate
deflection, uniformly loaded plates with three different edge support
conditions were considered.
The procedure for solution of plate deflections is given by the
following steps:
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
Step 5.
Divide the plate into an equally spaced network depending on the
accuracy desired. If symmetrical conditions exist, only
a quadrant or half of the plate need be considered.
Calculate the stiffness of the plate, any attached beams
and the loading term ..S... • h 4 D
Set up deflection equations in accordance with the operator
for the various edge conditions.
Solve these linear simultaneous equations for the plate
deflections using, preferably; an electronic computer.
Once the deflection has been determined, shear and moment
may be obtained by using the expressions in Art. 4-3.
The complete solutions of these problems are given in the
Appendices.
42
Problem 1.
Given plate as shown in the figure, AB and CD are simply
supported edges, AC and BD are free edges.
Given data:
1. Plate Properties: E = 30 x 10 6 psi t = 4 in. 1.1 = 0. 3 L = 72"
2. Loading Condition: Uniformly Distributed Load q = 300 psi
Find the deflections of the plate.
·. ·~ 11 J ' ~ I ,, 114- liD ' J
,., I'" Ill 17 s
11 116 Ill- ~ l.f
D
Answers
w1 = . 2706 in. W8 = . 6506 in . w15 = . 5668 in.
w2 = . 4960 in. w9 = . 2429 in. W16 = . 6121 in .
w3 = . 6441 in. w10 = . 4455 in. w17 = . 2365 in .
w4 = . 6957 in. wll = . 5787 in. w 18 = . 4336 in .
ws = . 2528 in. w12 = . 6250 in. w19 =. 5631 in .
w6 = . 4636 in. w13 = . 2380 in. w 20 = . 6082 in .
w7 = . 6023 in. w14 = . 4364 in .
(M 20 ) = 190,656 in-1b (020 ) = o y y
6 (cr 20 ) = - 30 X 10 x 2 [(.5631-2x.6082+.5631)+.3x(.6121-2x.6082+.6121)]
y 81 X (1 .. 0. 09)
=711 518psi
43
Problem 2.
Given plate as shown in the figure, AB and AD are fixed edges,
CD and CB are free edges.
Given data:
1. 6
Plate Properties: E = 4 x 10 psi t = 8 in. f.l. = 0. 3 L = 5 ft.
2. Loading Condition: Uniformly Distributed Load q = 300 psi
Find the deflections of the plate.
D ~ V' ~
c
/7 .. .. , ~ " ... /
~ / IZ. .f ~ "' '
3
~ / ,,
13 'I ~ " ~ ,/ If 17 ,,. 11 ~ ~
5
.:v ll ~~~ ,, 15" II
., .,,,,, .,,, , ' :r ., .,, .,, ., ., '/; A B Answers
wl ::: 1. 2608 in. w8 = . 6607 in. w15 = . 0644 in. W2= 1. 0432 in. W9 = . 4558 in. W16 = . 2394 in. W3::: . 8089 in. w10 = . 2544 in . w17 = . 132 7 in. W4::: . 5590 in. Wll = . 0854 in . W18 = . 0437 in.
W5 ::: . 3113 in. Wl2 = .5076in . W19::: . 0733 in.
W6 = . 1032 in. wu = . 3491 in . w2o::: . 0240 in.
W7 = . 8562 in. W14 = . 194 0 in. wz1 ::: . 0076 in .
-MB = 110000 in. -lb.
-MB = 138000 in. -lb.* differ ence = 20 o/o
>:<ACI code method 3 case 4
44
Problem 3.
Given plate as shown in the figure. CB, CD are fixed edges,
AB, AD supported by balcony beam.
Given data:
Plate and Beam Properties: E = 4 x 1 o6 psi t = 8.0 in. 1.1 = 0. 3
L = 5 ft. Area of beam= 9. 5 in xl5 in
WI =
w2=
w3 =
w4 =
W5 = W6 =
W7 = W8 =
Loading Condition: Uniform Load q = 300 psi
Find the deflections of the plate.
D
A .
:n
. 0065 in.
. 0160 in.
. 0249 in.
. 0326 in.
. 0378 in.
. 0403 in.
. 0409 in.
. 0645 in.
///. /... ...... .../ .... .,.,, ......... .... L.
v /I
~ / v ,,
.1.1 ~0
, ./
/7 / ,,. g
/ / '" 13 If
/7 14 /O
,g 15 II
Answers
w9 = . 0858 in. w10= . 0991 in. wn = . 1 03 0 in . w 12 =. 1020 in. Wl3 =. 1379 in . w14= .1592 in . Wl5 =. 1642 in . Wl6 =. 1816 in .
l ~
3 / /
If ~ ~
5 ~ ~ v
6 '0
W17 = WI8 = w19 = W20 = W21 = W22 =
. 2077 in.
. 2143 in.
. 2366 in.
. 2442 in.
. 2521 in.
. 2366 in.
-MB = 141400 in. -lb. 6
(!TB) = _ 4 x 10 x 4 [(.0403-Zx0+.0403)+0.3x(0-2xO+O)] x 100x(l-0.09)
= - 14, 176 psi
44A
Problem 3. (continued)
Stress calculation for beam at point B.
(o-B) == Me = -c X I I
= -24, 180 psi
= -15x4 x 106 (.0403-2x0+.0403) 2x100
It should be noted that for all examples a uniform load of 300
psi was used. The deflections, moments and stresses for other values
of uniform load can be found by proportion. For example, if the loading
is changed to 3 psi then all values shown should be multiplied by 0. 01.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The stiffness ratio of a supporting beam and slab system
affects to a considerable extent the deflection of the slab.
Once the plate operators are derived it is a simple matter
to formulate the linear equations for deflection and solve them
using a computer. This makes it a practical method.
A comparison of the method with the ACI code indicates
that finite difference is considerably more accurate and versatile
than handbook methods.
45
46
BIBLIOGRAPHY
l. S. F. Borg and Joseph J. Gennaro, ADVANCED STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. , 19 59
2. S. Timoshenko, THEORY OF PLATES AND SHELLS, p. 90,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. , 1940
3. C. T. Wang, APPLIED ELASTICITY, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc. , 19 53
4. D. N. DE G. Allen, RELAXATION METHODS, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1954
5. R. V. Southwell, RELAXATION METHODS IN ENGINEERING
SCIENCE, Oxford University Press, 1940
6. PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIA IN APPLIED MECHANICS Vol.
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1950
7. S. Timoshenko and G. H. MacGullough, ELEMENT OF STRENGTH
OF MATERIALS, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1951
8. Forsythe and Wasow, FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHODS FOR
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York., 1960
9. F. B. Hildebrand, INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1956
10. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-63}
VITA
Wu-Mo Chern, son of Mr. and Mrs. Mou-Lin Chen was born
on November 6, 1940 at Yin-Ko, Taipei Shen, Taiwan, China.
He entered the Provincial Cheng-Kung High School after
graduation from Yin-Ko Elementary School, where he received his
secondary education from 1953 to 1959.
47
Subsequently he entered the Provincial Cheng-Kung University
on the recommendation of the High School Authorities. He received
the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering in 1963.
He served one year in the Chinese Air Force after graduation
from the University.
In September 1964, he entered the University of Missouri at
Rolla to continue his graduate study.
48
APPENDICES
Computer Program
The numerical solution of problems 1, 2 and 3 were program
med in Fortran II.
The Gauss-Jordan method was used in solving a system of
linear simultaneous equations A· X = B. The Pivot method was also
used to reduce the round-off errors. (9)
The input data are the coefficients of the deflections, and the
output data are the deflections of the numbered points.
The run time of 22 simultaneous linear equations does not
exceed 2 minutes.
The IBM 1620, a medium sized digital computer, was used
for the solution of these equations.
49
APPENDIX I. PLATE WITH TWO EDGES SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND
TWO EDGES FREE
1. The plate is divided into 8x8 network as shown in Frob. 1
2. D =
.9.... h4 = 0. 0112 D
= 17 5. 7 X 106
3. Set up deflection equations.
(1) Using biharmonic operator and Fig. 5-13 to point 9 up to
point 20~
w 1 - 8w 5 + 2w 6 + 1 9w 9 - 8w 1 0 + w 11 - 8w 13 + 2w 14 + w 1 7 = 0. 0 11 2
w 2 + 2w 5 - 8w 6 + 2w 7 - 8w 9 + 2 Ow 1 0 - 8w 11 + w 1 2 + 2w 13 - 8w 14
+ 2w 1 5 + w 18 = 0. 0 11 2
w 3 + 2w 6 - 8w 7 + 2w 8 + w 9 - 8w 1 0 + 2 1 w 11 - 8w 12 + 2w 14 - 8w 15
+ 2w l6 + w 19 = 0. 0112
w 4 + 4w 7 - 8w 8 + 2w 1 0 - 1 6w 11 + 2 Ow 12 + 4 w 15 - 8w 16 + w 2 0 = 0. 0 11 2
w 5 - 8w 9 + 2w 1 0 + 2 Ow 13 - 8w 14 + w 1 5 - 8w 1 7 + 2w 18 = 0. 0 11 2
w 6 + 2w 9 - 8w 1 0 + 2w 11 - 8w 13 + 21 w 14 - 8w 15 + w l6 + 2w 1 7
- 8w 18 + 2w 1 9 = 0. 0 11 2
- 8w 1 9 + 2w 2 0 = 0. 0 112
ws+4w ll - 8w 12 + 2w 14 - 16w 15 + 21 w 16 + 4w 19 - 8w20 = 0. 0112
2w9- 16w 13 +4w 14 + 19w 17 - 8w 13 +w 19 = 0. 0112
2wl0+4wu -16w14+4w 15 - 8w17+2ow 18 - 8w19+w20 = 0.0112
2w 1 1 + 4w 14 - 16w 15 + 4w 16 + w 1 7 - 8w 18 + 2 1 w 1 9 - 8w2 0 = 0. 0 112
2w 12 +sw 15 -16w16 +2w 18 -16w 19 +2ow 20 = 0.0112
50
(2) Using Fig. 5-18 to point 5, Fig. 5-17 to point 6, Fig. 5-10 to
points 7, 8, and Fig. 5-16 to point 1, Fig. 5-15 to point 2, Fig. 5-8
to points 3, 4.
-5. 4w1 + 1. 7w2 + 18w5 - 8w6 +w7- 8w9+ 2wlO+w 13 = 0. 0112
1. 7w1-5• 4w2+1. 1w3-8ws+19w6-8w7+w8+2w9-8w 10+2w11+w 14 = 0. 0112
1. 7w 2-s. 4w3+ 1. 7w4+w 5 -8w6+2ow7 -Bw8+2w 10 -Bw 11 +2w 12+w 15 = o. 0112
3. 4w3 -5. 4w4+ 2w6-16w7+ 19wg_+4w 11 -Bw 12+w 16 = 0. 0112
12.1Sw 1-6.44w2+0.91w3 -10.8ws+3.4w6+2w9 = 0.0112
-6. 44w 1+13. 06w2 -6. 44w3+o. 91w4+3. 4w5-1o. 8w6+3. 4w7+2w 10 = 0. 0112
0. 91w 1 - 6. 44w 2 + 13. 97w3- 6. 44w4 + 3. 4w6 - 10. 8w7 + 3. 4w8
+ 2w 11 = 0. 0112
1. 82w2 - 12. 88w3 + 13. 06w4 + 6. 80w7 - 10. 8w8 + 2w 12 = 0. 0112
The total number of linear equations that must be solved is twenty.
51
APPENDIX 2. PLATE WITH TWO EDGES FIXED AND TWO EDGES
1.
2.
FREE
Divide the plate into 6 x 6 network as shown in Prob. 2
D = 1 7,5 . 4 X 1 0 6
.9.... h4 = 0. 0171 D
3. Set up deflection equations
(1) Using biharmonic operator Fig. 4-3, 5-19, 5-20 at points
12 up to 2 I.
2w 3 + 2w 7 - 16w 8 + 4w 9 + 2 Ow 12 - 16w 13 + 2w 14 + 2w 16 = 0. 0 1 7 1
w4 + 3wg- 8w9 + 2w10- 8w 12 + 22w 13 - 8w 14 +w15- 8w 16 + 3w 17 = 0.0171
w 5 + 2w 9 - 8w 1 0 + 2w11 + w 12 - 8w 13 + 2 Ow 14 - 8w 15 + 2w 16 - 8w 1 7
+ 2w 18 + w 19 = 0. 0171
2w9 + 2w 12 - 16w 13 + 4w 14 + 20w 16- 16w17 + 2w 18 + 2w 19 = 0. 0171
w1o+ 3w 13 - 8w14 + 2w15- Bw 16 + 22w 17 - 8w18- 8w 19 + 3w20 = 0. 0171
w11 +2w 14 - 8w1 5 +w 16- 8w17+21w18 +2w 19 - 8w20 +w21 = o. 0171
w 15 + 3w 17 - Bw 18 + 23w20 - Bw21 - Bw 19 = o. 0171
2w 18 + 2w 19 - 16w20 + 22w21 = o. 0171
(2) Using Fig. 5-10, 5-11, 5-21 to point 7 up to point 11.
2. 7w2- 5. 4w3 + 1. 7w4 - 8w7 + 21w8 - 8w9 +w1o- 8w 12 + 3w 13 = 0.0171
1. 7w5 - 5. 4w6 +w9 - Bw 10 + 20w 11 + 2w 14 - Bw 15 +w 18 = 0. 0171
I. 4w1- 10. 8w2 + 3. 4w3 + 18w7 - 16w8 + 2w9 + 2w 12 = 0. 0171
1. 7w 3 - 5. 4w 4 + 1. 7w 5 + w 7 - 8w 8 + 1 9w 9 - 8w 1 0 + w 11 + 2w 12
- 8w 13 + 2w 14 +w 16 = 0. 0171
1. 7w 4 - 5. 4w5 + 1. 7w6 + ws - 8w9 + 19w 1 o- 8w 11 + 2w 13 - 8w !4
+ 2w 15 + w 1 7 = 0. 01 7 1
(3) Using Fig. 5-8, 5-9,5-12, 5-22to points on the free edge.
0. 9lw 1 - 6. 44w 2 + 13. 06w3 - 6. 44w4 + 0. 91w5 + 3. 4w7 - 10. 8w8
+ 3. 4w9 + 2w12 = 0. 0171
0. 91w2 - 6. 44w3 + 13. 06w4 - 6. 44w5 + 0. 91w6 + 3. 4w8 - 10. 8w9
+ 3. 4w 1 0 + 2w 13 = 0. 01 71
0. 91w3- 6. 44w4 + 13. 06w5- 6. 44w6 + 3. 4w9 - 10. 8w1o+ 3. 4w 11
+ 2w 14 = 0. 01 71
4. 508w 1 - 9. 016w2 + 2. 548w3 + 1. 96w7 = 0. 0171
- 4. 6 2w 1 + 15. 5 5w 2 - 6. 44w 3 + 0. 91 w 4 - 1 0. 8w 7 + 5. 4w 8 = 0. 0 1 71
13. 9 7w 6 - 6. 44w 5 + 0. 91 w 4 - 1 0. 8w 11 + 3. 4w 1 0 + 2w 15 = 0. 01 71
52
The total number of linear equations that must be solved is twenty
one.
53
APPENDIX 3. PLATE WITH TWO EDGES FIXED AND TWO EDGES
SUPPORTED BY BALCONY BEAMS
1. Divide the plate into 6 x 6 network as shown in Frob. 3.
2. D=l75.4xi06
.9....h4 = 0. OI7I D
3. Set up deflection equations
(I) Using biharmonic operator to point I up to point I9 except at
points 6, 11, I5, I8.
2 2w I + 2w 3 + 2w 7 - I6w 2 = 0. 0 I 7 I
-8wi + 23w2 - 8w3 +w4 - 8w7 + 3w8 = 0. OI71
2 I w 3 + w I + w 5 + w I 2 + 2w 7 + 2w 9 - 8w 2 - 8w 4 - 8w 8 = 0. 0 I 7 I
w 2 + 2I w 4 + w 6 + w I 3 + 2w I 0 - 8w 3 - 8w 5 - 8w 9 + 2w 8 = 0. 0 1 7 1
22w5 +w3 +w 14 + 2w 9 + 2wii- 8w4 - 8w6 - 8wi 0 = 0. OI71
2 Ow 7 + 2w 9 + 2w 1 + 2w 12 + 4w 3 - I6w 2 - I6w 8 = 0. 0 I 7 I
20w9 +w7 +w 11 + wi6 + 2w3 + 2w5 + 2w 12 + 2wi 4 - 8w4 - 8w8
-8w10 - 8w13 = o. 017I
2 1 w 1 0 + w 8 + w I 7 + 2w 4 + 2w 6 + 2w 13 + 2w 15 - 8w 5 - 8w 9 - 8w 11
- 8w 14 = 0. 0 I 7 I
w 4 + 3w8 - 8w9 + 2wiO- 8wi 2 + 22w 13 - 8wi 4 +wi 5 - 8w 16 + 3w17 = 0.0171
w 5 + 2w 9 - 8w 1 0 + 2w 11 + w I 2 - 8w 13 + 2 I w 14 - 8w IS + 2w I6 - 8w I 7
+ 2w18 +w1 9 = 0. 0171
54
2w9 +2w12-16w 13 +4w 14 +2aw 16 -16w 17 +2w 18 +2w 19 = 0. 0171
w 1 0 + 3w 13 - 8w 14 + 2w 15 - Sw 16 + 2 3w 1 7 - 8w 18 - 8w 1 9
+ 3w20 = o. 0171
2w 14 + 2w 16 - 16w 1 7 + 4w 18 + 2 2w 1 9 - 16w 2 0 + 2w 21 = 0. 01 7 1
(2) Using Eqs. (5-20) and {5-4), the deflection equations on the
beam may be obtained.
w 3 - 5.4w4 -w5 + 5.4w6 + 1. 7w9 - 1. 7w 11 == 0
w 8 - 5. 4w9 - w 10 + 5. 4w 11 + 1. 7w 13 - 1. 7w 15 + 1. 7w4 - 1. 7w6 = 0
1. 7w9- 1. 7w11 +w12- 5. 4w13- w14 + 5. 4w15 + 1. 7w16- 1. 7w. s= 0
2. 7w 13 - 1. 7w 15 - 5. 4w 16 + 0. 7w17 - 1. 7w20 + 5. 4w 18 = o
w 14 +I.7w16 -5.4w17 -w19 +5.4w20 -1.7w21 = 0
w 15 -4.4w20 +3.4w 17 -5.4w18 +5.4w21 = 0
-wl9+w22 = o
The total number of linear equations that must be solved is twenty
two.
TABLE l. Program for Example No. 1
C C***69812CEX019 WU-MO CHERN C EXAMPLE NO. l
DIMENSION A<40,40l oo 4 I=1,20
-------4~- READ 1v,(A(!,J),J=1,2ll 00 5 1=1,20
5 A(I,21l=O.Oll2 CALL GAUJOR (A,20,21,40,40l PRINT 2J,(A(l,21l,I=l,20l
10 FORMAT (12F6.2l· ------20 FORMAT <F18.8l
CALL EXIT
09/18/65 FORTRAN 2 0000 000 000 000 -
•
...
!
\ ,
- ~ I
END : ·-'··--~ ~~ ... -: .:~-::.:::~- -~-~- - " ·- ·- ·-- . ·c:.,....-;e::e:z..: ·· . ---- -~~-71.:.-· ·· ·· ·-· - · --- - - - -··· - --- . . · -a&he-:a:n:;-~~"Z:.~. -~=--~- --=.;;;~:~:;:;;~.-:.~=--1
TABLE 2. Input Data for Problem No. 1 I ]
1 1.00 o.oo o.oo o.oo -a.oo 2.00 o.oo o.oo 19.oo -a.oo 1.oo o.oo
-8.00 z.oo o.oo o.oo 1.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo ------o:-a·a--·--1 • o o o.oo o.oo z.oo -8.00 z.oo o.oo -a.oo zo.oo -a.oo 1. 0 0 z.oo -a.oo z.oo o .• oo o.oo 1.oo o.oo a.oo o.oo 1.00 o.oo o.oo z.oo 1.oo -a.oo 21.oo -a.oo . -----o-;;cro z.oo ~a.oo 2.uo o.oo o.o o.oo o.oo o.oo 1.00 o.oo o.oo o.oo 2.00-16.00 zo.oo o.oo o.oo 4.oo -a.oo o.oo o.oo
. -- ~------,y~- 0 0 o.oo o.oo o.oo 1.00 o.oo o.oo o.oo -a.oo 2.00 o.oo o.oo 20.00 -8.00 1.00 o.oo -8.oo z.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo o •. oo o.oo o.oo o.oo 1.oo o.oo o.oo z.oo -a.oo 2.00 o.oo
---=-g-~-00 2 I •. oo -8.00 1.00 2.oo -8.oo 2.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo 1.oo o.oo o.oo 2.oo -a.oo 2·00 1.00 -8.00 22.00 -a.oo o.oo 2.oo -a.oo z.oo
------c-;cro~- o • o o o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo r.oo o.oo o.oo 4.oo -a.oo 'C .. o.oo 2.oo-16.oo 21.00 o.oo o.oo 4.oo -a.oo
o. oo o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo z.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo _______ .. IJl l11
1.11 a-
TABLE 3. Output Data for Problem No. 1
w 1 = . 27054875 W6 = .46364262 Wll:. 57868118 w2 = . 49599725 W7 = .60231269 WI2 = . 62502615 w 3 = . 64413417 w8 = .65056633 w 13 = . 23798016 w 4 = . 69565639 w9 = . 24292341 w 14 = . 43635714 w 5 = . 25279056 w 10 = . 44548666 w15 = . 56676187
Therefore:
(M20)y = - ~ [{\vt-2wm+wb) + f.l. (wr-2wm +wl)] h
Wl6 : . 61212899 W17 = . 23648256 WI8 = . 43358814 WI9 = . 56314242 w2o = . 60821096
6 =- 175. 7x10 [ (w19-2w2o+w19) +o. 3(w16-2w2o+w16)]
81
;: 190, 656 in-lb
(020) Y = - _Q (wtt -4wt +4wb +wtr +wtl-Wbr -wbl -wbb) 2h3
D = - --3 (w18-4w19+4wl9+Wl5+Wl5-WI5-Wl5-Wl8)
2h
= 0
\JI -J
I . TABLE 1. Program for Example No. 2
C C**~69810CEX019 WU-MO CHERN 09/18/65 FORTRAN L ooco 000 000 000 -·--- ---------- ------------- .
C EXAMPLE N0.2 DIMENSION Wl30,3Gl
-- -·-· --- -------- -DO 20 !=1,21
20 REAu 3v, (W(l,J),J=1,22l DO 40 1=1,21
-------- 4.:5 --w·(r;TIT,;~-:-o 111 CALL GA0JOR (~,21,22,3C,3Jl
PRII'\T 50,(W(l,22l,I=l,2ll 30 FOR1"1AT -(10F7.3l 50 FOi~iViAT (F18.8l
CALL t:XIT EN 0-- -------- --------- ---------------··--- --- - -- - .. ------ ---- ..
TABLE 2. Input Data for Problem No. 2
o.ooo o.ooo 2.ooo o.~oo o.ooo za.ooj -16.ao·cf --L .c cc c.ooo
(.1.2:00 o.ooc
o.CJC z.c oo
2.C:JC-l6.CCO "' ,... _-. " Ve\..,.v\..J o. oco
4.000 o.ooc
c.ooo c.ooo
o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 1.ooo o.ooo o.oco o.oco 3.oco -s.ooo z.ooo O. OCYO .:...e ~-O-J"v_2_[.0b-G--:.:.-d;.::;·vo .1.. COO -o. GO 0 :>. Gv 8 0. OC·O- 0 ~-CJC--C. 0.:.: o.ooo o.ooo 2.COO o.uoo o.ooo
-6.000 o.ooo
o.oc.o o.ooo ""' .. . , ~ \Jo\J\)v 1 • C OC· o.ooo o.cco o.coo z.ovo
1.000 - 8 • 0 0 b "2 (; . c C, ~ - -8 ; ·) ) u ·z . a c-~ - ·-=-6-;· ·a-~ c 2 .-8 00 l.OCC
o.o0o o.aoo o.cco c.ooo 1.~oo o.c:o c.oco "' !'"\_ " ....... v • \ .. .:V v '
o. o J<)·----- - -r--~-c ·() --c---~-a-~ · c. ::, ~:- -2--r - -; c-2--,~-- --c-~-~-c-c·---z;-c2-:--- c ·; ·::-~J-c; - -- - ~-.,-~~-o
-3·000 " -..,1"\1""\ v. I..J 1..) v
.:.CJO ·- " ,.....,-""'"'
.L • · ..... ~ ..... -)
C.OCC O.QG~ 0.000 O.CO~ 0.~00 0.000 O.GCC C·COO 2.GCO c.coo
U1 00
6S
-T
• I
. I
N,
N
! I
i I
0 C
~-
'I 0
0
0· ~
--'
G
O:
0 0
01
0 N
0
: 0
CO
U
0 N
0
; 0
1-'
1
-'
0 0
Oi
0 ••• ,
•••
.••
•:•
•• :
••• ; •••••
•1•
•••••
.•
0 0
0' 0
0
0 +
' 0
o: 0
0
0 C
1 C
• 0
. 0
0 0
0 0
Ol 0
0
0 0
0 o
: 0
o o
o o
o o
o o
o. o
o
o o
o o
: o
o o
o o
Oi o
o o
'o
o o
! o
o o
o; o
o
o ~-'
o
o; o
6
o' 6
o
o: o
o
o' o
o
o; o
o
o o
o o
1: o
: t-
-' •
I I
I
o "-
': o
N: o
o1 o
m. "
· u
. o
o o
c~J o
o
· o
o o
•.
• 1 •••
•;
• ••
•!•
•
.•
·~·
••
•!•
0
01
0
0 O
J o
:o
0 -.J
0
10
o
:o
010
C
> 0
01
0
C
0 C
l o
- 1 U
CJ
j ('
C>
Cl
o! 0
c
•, <..
>
c 'I'
-~' C>
: 0
C·
0 C
' C
1 1C
1 C
>,C
; C>
IU
OiC
> C
c_
, C
•ln
OI'C
>
C-'
.C>
c.c
_;
. I
I I
I I
I I
I I
'I 0
cr>j_
~-'
OjL
>J
0 0
u>:
\Jl
0 0
O.C
>
C>
IO
010
u>
IO
·~·
•
i•
•••
.•••••
•'•
.
, •••
o'
----.J
01
.j:'
o
lo
oi+
-o
c>
o
io
olo
c
1c>
o1o
olo
o
jo
o o
q o
o1 o
o:o
o
o o
jo
C>
jO
0 '0
jo
I \~
• ----.J c
~
C• I \J1 -· .j:' c c)
1-'
'----.J c 0 0 • 0 (_
•
0 1---' 0 ()
0 Ql
0 0 0 1---'
'0
• 0 C;
0
01
0
o:o
C
> U
O
jO
010
0;0
0
10
OjO
o
,o
! .
I I
I 1
I I
I '
I
"-lu
' C
>JO
N
O
01 1·
....
...
00
o
jo
NO
"-'!
0 m
lo
• •
•.
• •
• •
• •
• a
le
• •
·~•
a •
O.j:
' o
lo
oo
o·-
---.J
oo
o
'o
oo
o
:o
oo
olo
o
j o
<.>
o
o[ o
o
l o
c)l o
o o
o·o
ol
c 0
C>
o:
0 0
0 O
i 0
0 C
> 0
C>
0 0
C>
•O
G
0 I
,
I '
I I
I I
' c
>
.....,
o
! o
co ~
---~ o
! o
o o
~--'1 o
o
o m
. o
";
o ••
-~·
.
,.
·~·
••
•J•
••• :
•••
o;o
o
-.J
o;o
o
o
o1o
oo
o
:o
oo
O
J----.J
C)•IO
()
0
1---'1
0
• •
C'/C
' O
ICJ
()
0
Olt--
~
• •
0 0
uo
0 0 I
olm
•
I•
OjO
010
00
'1
-'
ol'-l
l •
I •
o1 o
o
1o
ojo
I
I 0
CX'
. .
00
00
0
0
o:o
o
o o
: o
o o
o1o
o o
u:o
o
o o
;o
oo
o;o
u
u
olo
c>
o
o:o
o
o
I I
: I
I I
I '
OjO
0
\J1
d 0
0 0
O!O
N
O
~:o
rulo
e a
e e
a e
e •
e a
a a
a I
a a
a
o[o
o
-P-
olo
o
o o
io
o o
o1o
co
o
•o
oo
o
o
oo
o
o
oo
o
-o
oo
o
lo
o o
oio
o
o o
/o
?o
o
lo
01
0
II-'
II
1-'
II
N
o, c
o 0
0 0
1 Q
0 0
~.;.-II 0
0
' 0
0:::
0 "
0 •
t•
••
•·•
••
••
••
ele
••
o:o
o
o o
io
o o
oio
o
o
olo
o
o 0
1 0
o o
01
0
o o
01 o
o
o o
lo
co
o
1?
o o
oio
o
o o
jo
oo
o
jo
o o
II-'
I N
I
i "
':
o 0
' I-
' o
01 !1
-' "
o co
io
-P-
o ....
.. ~ 1.o
a>
o
·:·
...
....
·
~·
..
·~·
..
o
jo
o o
olo
o
o o
·o
oo
0
10
o o
010
o
o o
jo
o o
o[o
o
o
ojo
o
o o
:o
o o
o1o
o o
O•O
o
o
o.o
o
o I
' I
I ;
I 1
: N
I
I O
N
o....
., o
,m
N10
colo
o
o
N~o
colo
•
! •••
•i•
•
j•
·~·
••
·:·
••
oio
o
·,-o
o.o
0
10
o!o
o
o o
ro
olo
0
:0
0 0
o:o
O
jO
0;0
0
0 0
0 0
0 o
: 1o
olo
o
·_o
o.o
o_o
o
o
o o
o o
! l
j ,
I ;
I ,__~
, "J
' ....
., I
O!O
o
leo
O:l-
' o·
- 1o
l>J
-O
O'lo
CD
o
u.l .....
. ;;
~~~-~
; ~
;!;
~ ~
; ~
~ ~
;,;
o o
o,o
o
o o
fo
o o
oio
o
o o
:o
o.o
o
jo
o.o
o
1o
o o
olo
o o
ojo
,
I I I I
00
•
• C
; 0
00
0
0
N •
1-i >
td ~ N
. 0
toot
0 =
0 ~
I S::
1
-'
....
0' • 0 0 0 -P- • 0 0 C•
0 • ()
0 ()
N
tj
p.! .... p.! ......
0 11 1:1
11
0 o"'
......
(!I 3 z 0 N
C)
......
._
(') 0
• (_)
(_)
0 I ~---~
0' • 0 (
')
0 N • 0 0 0 N • 0 0 -0 0 • 0 0 0
a .....
:;:1 ~
(!I 0..
TABLE 2. Input Data for Problem No. 2 (continued)
-8.000 o.ooo 2.ooo -s.ooo z.oco o.ooo 1·000 o.ooo 0·000 o.ooo 0. t.}OO 0.910 -6.440 13.060 -6.440 0.910 o.ooo 3.400-10.800 3.400 o.ooo
I ----o-:{)··oo 2.000 o.ooo 0.()()0 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo l o.ooo I o.ooo 0.91U -6.440 l:1.C60 _:-_6_.4~_0 0.910 o.ooo 3.400-10.800 3.400 ~--- ~:~~-~ ··-c-;·oco z-~-ooo --o.coo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o-; ooo o.ooo 6-. a·ac1
c.ooo o.ooo 3.400-1o.soo l o.ooo o.oco 0.910 -6.440 13.060 -6.440 I-- n ·-3-;-4o-cr--o • o-c-o-o • 0 0 0 2.ooc o.doo o.coo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.oo_o ____
o.ooo 4o508 -9.016 2.548 voOCC OoOOQ OoOOO 1o960 OoOOO OoOOO OoOOO o. ooo c·~ o·c.G ___ cr;co-o-cr; oo-c--o·;ocrcY-o-. uGo ·a. ooo o. cro·a-·~ooo-o;;ooo ________ _ O.JOO
-4.620 1S.S5J -6.440 r-·-·-··a··;o·acr- o-;-o-60 o.ooo
Oo910 G.COCJ
o.occ e;.ooo
o.ooo-1c.sco a·. \; o o o • o o o
5.400 o.ooo o.ooo o. oco o. ooo o;-oo_o _______ _ o.ooo o.ooo
-=ro.eoo o.ooo
OoOOJ OoOOO Oo910 -6.440 13o970 OoOCO 0.000 OoOOO 3o400 o-~o-oa··--o:-oao·-- o. o oo --z;:so o----o ~-co··o -o. ooo--o-~co-a··--o.ooo ____ o. o a·cf ···-···
t---· -·- -----··- ---- ·------- -----
1 .......... ··-·-- ·-··---·--1
I -------------~---~--------- ----------- -
-- ~------------ ------- ____ .__ ______________________ --------------·
"' 0
TABLE 3. Output Data for Problem No. 2
w 1 = l. 26078160 w6 =. 10317859 W}} = , 08538586 w2 = l. 043 22990 w7 = .85623912 w 12 = • 50 7 6 24 7 6
w3 = • 80888288 w8 = • 660655 52 W}3 = , 34907511
w4 = • 55904167 w 9 = .45581353 w 14 =. 19401277
w5 = • 31126953 WIO = . 25440455 w 1 5 = • 0 64 3 6 7 0 2
Therefore:
M B = - D 2 ( ( w r - 2 w m + w 1) + 0. 3 ( w t - 2w m + wb)] h
6 = -I75.4xiO [(o-o+o)+0.3(.I032-o+.I032)] 100
=- 110,000 in.-lb.
ACI Code Method:
MB = - ~ (0. 032) (300 X 144) (5) 2 X 12
= - 138,000 in. -lb.
Difference = 20 Yo
W}6 :: • 23938574 W}7 : , 13265307 W18 = .• 04372289 w19 = • 07333096 w2o = . 02399587 W21 = . 00758755
0' ,_.
TABLE 1. Program for Example No. 3
C C***69811CEX019 WU-MO CHERN 09/18/65 FORTRAN 2 0000 000 oco 000 -
C EXAMPLE N0.3 DIMENSION W(3Q,301 ----- -----uo --Io--r = 1, 2 2
10 READ t:v,(W!Id>,J=l,23) DO 30 1=1,15
30--~Ttl-,--T:IT = 0. o 17 1 CALL GAUJOR !W,22,23,30,30l
, P R I N T 4 v , ( ~'i ( I , 2 3 l , I = 1 , 2 2 l !- - --------------· .... - - - ·--------- - -----------.,, 20 FORfv1AT !14F5.1l . 4J FORi•1AT !F18.8l . CALL EXIT - ----------END--
TABLE 2. Input Data for Problem No. 3
-----·· -- -----·-
-----
---------·------ ---------- --
22.0-16.0 2.0 o.o o.o o.o ·a ~ -o----v-·;v---o~-00-;v-o~o z.o o.n -- o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o
o.o -8.0 23.0 -8.0 1.0 o.o o.o o.o o.o v.O o.o o.o o.o r~o---=-;-3 ~-o--z1. o-=-a;o 1.0 o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o " " o.o VoV
o.o 1.0 -8.0 21.0 -s.o 1.0 -o ~ o --c5 :o·-- - ~--;o--o :o- o ~-o--cs·~-o
o.o o.o 1. 0 -a.o 22.0 -a.o 0. ·J o.o
-----0.0 OnJ
-s.o 3.0 o.o o.o 2.0 -s.o o.o o.o o.o 2.0
---------- ·--o.o o.c o .-o o.c ~ " vev VeV o.o o.o o.o o.o
2 • o ..:·-:u;-.-o ---4. o--~cY 0.0 o.o~o.c-16.o o.o o.o o.o c.o o.o 3.0 -8.0 2.0
.~ " V•V
o.o " " v.v o.o
o.o o.c -8.0 .:::.::.c
- --- - - -----------
-------
o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o
2.0 o.o o.o 1.0 c.o o.o
-s.o 2.o o.o o.c 1.0 o.o ---------~--------- -----
z.o -s.o 2.0 o~o o.o 1.0
2.0 o.o 0 • 0 C. • 0 0 • 0 ---6-~ -0- --- -------
-s.o 1.o o.o -s.o 3.o o.o ------ -------
0' N
tABLE 2. Input Data for Problem No. 3 {continued)
o. o· o.o c.c o.o " " VoV o.c o.o o.o o.o o.o 2.0 -a.o ~.o o.o 1.a -s.o 20.0 -8.0 l.O .:::.o -a.o 2.0 o.c 1.0 " ~ u.u o.o o.c c.o c.c o.o
--c;-;o-··a-;o--u.o---2. a·-=-a-;0 2. o o. a··--T;D---=-8; -c; 21.0 -8.0 o.o 2.o -a.o 2•0 OeC leO 0.0 0.0 G.O CoO OoO o.o o.o 1.0 o.o o.o o.a -6.0 o.o-12.0
:~- ~~6-.cr .::c. o~ ·c. o -o·:·a-··-·o-;o·--cf. o -~o----o;·o-- ~------o.o o.o 20.0 o.o 2.0
o.o 0.0 0.0 1o0 OoO 0.0 CeO 3.0 -8.0 2.0 o.o -8.0 22.0 -8.0 1o0 -8.0 3e0 OoO 0.0 0.0 0.0 OoJ
-- ·-- ··a ;a·--o·.--o---v-;u--cr. o 1. o o.o u. o """""o"'.--=o----,2-.--.o,.,.---....,o..,...-...,o,____,2,....__,_o--.-1-• ...,o -s. o .-:-. 1. o -s.o z.o -s.o 2.0 1.0 o.o o.o " " UoV
o.o o.c o.o o.o o.o c.o o.o o.o z.o o.o o.o o. :j ---To ~a= I r;~-u--·z-;·o-·2. ;-o·---v-~ --0~0-~o ---- - ----------- ------------o.o o.o 0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 o.o o.o o.o 1.0 o.o o.o 3.0 -B.o
--------------
2.0 -8.0 23.G -8.0 -8.0 3.0 0.0 o.o ·- - ----- 0 • t/ -- ·o·~-6---·-c • 0 - ··a . 0-G • o - G :-o ·-,a~. --;co:-----;c·-.-u""''----,-0-.-o'~__,o,.--. --::0:----;::o:-.-o;:---o::o--.-oo::-----;o::--. -;::o--z-;o--------------------------
o.o 2.0-16.0 4.a 22.0-16.0 2.0 a.o o.o O.G 1.0 -5.4 -1.0 5.4 0.0 o. o o. a·-- o~ 0-----o ;·a·--·c;o-c-.o --o~o--
o.o o.o o.o 1.7 o.a -1.7 o.o -1.7 o.o o.o o.a o.a o.o o.o
0 ~ rj . - -a· :-u-c:o 0 ~ 0 0 .-0-0 ;o-o.·o 5.4 1.7 o.o -1.7 o.o o.o o.c o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o
-~ 1 -. 1 - s .-z;-- --~~--7---~4--o • -o--=T;'r-- o • o.o o.o 0.0 o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o 1·7 -5.4 o.o -1.0 5.4 -1.7 ·o ~·a ···-·a~ o··-·o-. 0-- o. o o. o -o~ o ·-a~-o-
o.o o.o
o.o o.o
3.4 -5.4 o.o -4.4 5.4 o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o 0.0 o.o o.o
o.o 1.7 o.o -1.7 o.o 1.0 -5.4 -1.0 5.4 c.c o.o o.o o.o
1.7
c.o
r, " v•u -l.7
o.o o.o -·--------
o.o o.o o.o o.o'----u.G o.o o.o 1.0
o.o
o.o o.o
o.o o.o
o.o
o.o o.o o.o
o.o 1.7 o.o
1 • o - s • 4 =-~-a··------------
o.o 2.7 o.o
o.o o.o l.o
o.o o.o o.o
0' \./.)
TABLE 3. Output Data for P :r ob1em No. 3
wl = • 00646396 w2 =. 01604331 w3 = • 02487651 W4 :: • 03254927 w5 = • 03778035 W6 :: • 04032766
Therefore:
W7 :: • 04091630 W8 = . 06453634 w9 = • 08584046 WIQ :: • 09908608 wu = • 10295783 W}2:: • 101 9 6652
W13 :: • 13792817 w14:: • 15916321 w 15 = • 16419 9 21 w 16 = • 18 164 1 7 5 W}7:: • 20768189
- D ( MB - - hL (w6 - 2wB + w6) + fJ. + (0 - 0 + 0)]
=- 141,400in.-1b.
w 1 8 = • 2 14 3 2 84 3 w19 = .23655111 w2o = • 24420768 W21 :: • 25214256 W22 :: • 23655114
"' *""