Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents on NH 45 (Kanchipuram District)

Analysis of Road Traffic Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents on NH 45 Accidents on NH 45

(Kanchipuram District)(Kanchipuram District)

Ravishankar RajaramanRavishankar Rajaraman

Dr. Ahamedali M. HassanDr. Ahamedali M. Hassan

Jeya PadmanabanJeya Padmanaban

JP Research India Pvt. Ltd.JP Research India Pvt. Ltd.A wholly owned subsidiary of JP Research, Inc.A wholly owned subsidiary of JP Research, Inc.

JP Research India Pvt. Ltd.

• Real-time crash investigationReal-time crash investigation• 75 km stretch of NH 45 (Otteri to Acharapakam)75 km stretch of NH 45 (Otteri to Acharapakam)• 45 days - 145 days - 1stst September to 15 September to 15thth October 2008 October 2008• Intimation support from Kanchipuram District PoliceIntimation support from Kanchipuram District Police

• Objectives:Objectives:– Develop a framework and methodologyDevelop a framework and methodology– Study accidents on NH 45Study accidents on NH 45

Proprietary information, such as names/addresses of accident victims and vehicle Proprietary information, such as names/addresses of accident victims and vehicle registration numbers, was NOT included in the research.registration numbers, was NOT included in the research.

IntroductionIntroduction


OverviewOverview

• MethodologyMethodology

• ResultsResults

• ConclusionsConclusions

• Future WorkFuture Work

• SignificanceSignificance


MethodologyMethodology

• Accident IntimationAccident Intimation

• Crash Scene ExaminationCrash Scene Examination

• Vehicle ExaminationVehicle Examination– Exterior ExaminationExterior Examination

– Interior ExaminationInterior Examination

• Injury Coding and CorrelationInjury Coding and Correlation


• Base camp: ChengalpattuBase camp: Chengalpattu

• Single dedicated contact numberSingle dedicated contact number

• Researchers on call – 24/7Researchers on call – 24/7

• In the event of an accidentIn the event of an accident– Receive call from policeReceive call from police

– Identify locationIdentify location

– Rush to scene within 30 minutesRush to scene within 30 minutes

• Post examinationPost examination– Collect police records/documentsCollect police records/documents

Accident IntimationAccident Intimation


Scene ExaminationScene Examination

• Crash scene picturesCrash scene pictures

• GPS logGPS log

• Scene measurementsScene measurements– Final vehicle positionFinal vehicle position

– Point of impactPoint of impact

– Vehicle trajectoryVehicle trajectory

– Skid marks, debris, etc.Skid marks, debris, etc.

• Scene diagrammingScene diagramming


Vehicle ExaminationVehicle Examination

• Exterior ExaminationExterior Examination– Recording direct and indirect damagesRecording direct and indirect damages

– Crash SeverityCrash Severity

– Regulatory/Legal complianceRegulatory/Legal compliance

• Interior ExaminationInterior Examination– Measurement of interior intrusionsMeasurement of interior intrusions

– Occupant contact points with vehicle interiorsOccupant contact points with vehicle interiors

– Safety systems useSafety systems use


Collision Deformation ClassificationCollision Deformation Classification

• To classify the location and extent of vehicle damage.To classify the location and extent of vehicle damage.

• Provides visualization of a crash’s configuration and severity.Provides visualization of a crash’s configuration and severity.

• J224, MAR 1980, Collision Deformation Classification, SAEJ224, MAR 1980, Collision Deformation Classification, SAE

• J1301, AUG 2003, Truck Deformation Classification, SAEJ1301, AUG 2003, Truck Deformation Classification, SAE


Collision Deformation ClassificationCollision Deformation Classification

CDC: 01FZEW3

01 : PDOF

F : Area of deformation (Frontal)

Z : Specific lateral area (Right and Centre of Frontal Area)

E : Specific vertical area (Below windshield)

W : Type of Damage Distribution (Wide)

3 : Maximum Extent of Crush from Front Bumper towards Windshield


Crash SeverityCrash Severity

• Impact SpeedImpact Speed

• Crush ProfilingCrush Profiling– Max CrushMax Crush

• Delta V/Barrier Equivalent SpeedDelta V/Barrier Equivalent Speed

• Stiffness Coefficients?Stiffness Coefficients?– Manufacturer crash test dataManufacturer crash test data

– ARAI crash test dataARAI crash test data

• Electronic aids?Electronic aids?

Crush Jig developed by JPR India


Vehicle Interior ExaminationVehicle Interior Examination

• Occupant contactsOccupant contacts

• Passenger Compartment Passenger Compartment IntrusionIntrusion– Comparison of measurements Comparison of measurements

with exemplar vehiclewith exemplar vehicle


Vehicle Interior ExaminationVehicle Interior Examination

• Safety System UseSafety System Use– Seatbelt useSeatbelt use

– Pre-tensioner firingPre-tensioner firing

– Airbag deploymentAirbag deploymentSeatbelt stretch marks

Airbag deployment Seatbelt loose Seatbelt tight


Injury Coding and CorrelationInjury Coding and Correlation

• Obtain Medical Records of injured personsObtain Medical Records of injured persons

• Abbreviated Injury Score (AISAbbreviated Injury Score (AIS))– Developed by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Developed by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive

Medicine (AAAM)Medicine (AAAM)

– 7 digit code7 digit code

11 Body RegionBody Region

2 2 Type of Anatomical StructureType of Anatomical Structure

3/4 3/4 Specific Anatomical StructureSpecific Anatomical Structure

5/6 5/6 LevelLevel

77 Severity ScoreSeverity Score


• Correlation (Biomechanics) – an exampleCorrelation (Biomechanics) – an exampleMr. Co-passenger suffers head laceration in accident. Says he was belted.Mr. Co-passenger suffers head laceration in accident. Says he was belted.

Injury report:Injury report: Head Laceration Head Laceration

Vehicle Inspection Report:Vehicle Inspection Report:

• Occupant contact on windshieldOccupant contact on windshield

• No marks on seat-belt No marks on seat-belt

• Dust line on seat-beltDust line on seat-belt

Conclusion:Conclusion:

Head laceration caused due to windshield contact. No belt use.Head laceration caused due to windshield contact. No belt use.

Injury Coding and CorrelationInjury Coding and Correlation

Occupant contact point

Injury AIS codeHead Laceration 110600.1


Results: General OverviewResults: General Overview

Type of Injury

Time of Day

Type of Road User


Results: A little more in-depth!Results: A little more in-depth!

• Multiple-vehicle accidentsMultiple-vehicle accidents– No head-on collisionsNo head-on collisions

– Front-Rear collisions onlyFront-Rear collisions only

– Highest accident typeHighest accident type

• Single-vehicle accidentsSingle-vehicle accidents– Pedestrian ImpactPedestrian Impact

– Object ImpactObject Impact

– RolloverRollover


Front-Rear CollisionsFront-Rear Collisions

• Leading vehicleLeading vehicle– Low injury severityLow injury severity

– Usually trucksUsually trucks

• Following vehicleFollowing vehicle– High injury severity, High injury severity,

especially for smaller vehiclesespecially for smaller vehicles

– Wider variety of vehiclesWider variety of vehicles


Front-Rear CollisionsFront-Rear Collisions

Pre-accident vehicle conditionPre-accident vehicle condition

• SlowdownSlowdown– Driver decision making.Driver decision making.

• StoppedStopped– Driver/occupants human Driver/occupants human

requirementsrequirements

• BreakdownBreakdown– Tyre puncturesTyre punctures

• OvertakingOvertaking– You may know better!You may know better!


Front-Rear Collisions - CausesFront-Rear Collisions - Causes

One picture says it all…


Object ImpactsObject Impacts

• Man madeMan made

• Road side objectsRoad side objects

• Life threatening when vehicle is Life threatening when vehicle is stopped abruptlystopped abruptly

• Need for “forgiving” designNeed for “forgiving” design


Pedestrian Impact and RolloversPedestrian Impact and Rollovers

Pedestrian ImpactsPedestrian Impacts• 4 of the 5 cases involved high 4 of the 5 cases involved high

speeds in excess of 50 kmph.speeds in excess of 50 kmph.

• Absence of pedestrian warning Absence of pedestrian warning signals or pedestrian crossings.signals or pedestrian crossings.

• Commercial vehicles on duty Commercial vehicles on duty (taxis/ on hire)(taxis/ on hire)

• 3 accidents in broad daylight3 accidents in broad daylight

RolloversRollovers• Only 2 cases, no injuriesOnly 2 cases, no injuries

• Night time, wet roadsNight time, wet roads

• Poor tyre tread-depthsPoor tyre tread-depths


ConclusionsConclusions

• Methodology worksMethodology works

• In-depth accident data collection with police support is very In-depth accident data collection with police support is very much possiblemuch possible

• Data capture with readily available toolsData capture with readily available tools

• Not financially prohibitiveNot financially prohibitive

• Framework can be extended to all IndiaFramework can be extended to all India

• Front-Rear Collisions (59%) biggest contributor to NH 45 Front-Rear Collisions (59%) biggest contributor to NH 45 accidentsaccidents

• Reason: Pre-accident condition of leading vehicleReason: Pre-accident condition of leading vehicle– Slowing down, stopping, breaking down or overtakingSlowing down, stopping, breaking down or overtaking


Future work!Future work!

• More in-depth data studies are required to understand the More in-depth data studies are required to understand the

causes of heavy truck accidents on highways.causes of heavy truck accidents on highways. – Analysis of Heavy Truck Accidents on NH45 and the Urgent Need for Analysis of Heavy Truck Accidents on NH45 and the Urgent Need for

In-depth Truck Accident Data Collection on National Highways.In-depth Truck Accident Data Collection on National Highways.

Jeya Padmanaban, Ravishankar Rajaraman, Greg Stadter Jeya Padmanaban, Ravishankar Rajaraman, Greg Stadter

JP Research India Pvt. Ltd.JP Research India Pvt. Ltd.

• Networking with accident hospitals is essential to obtain injury Networking with accident hospitals is essential to obtain injury data for coding injuries and for detailed injury analysis.data for coding injuries and for detailed injury analysis.– Coimbatore Project (Aug – Oct 2009)Coimbatore Project (Aug – Oct 2009)


Significance of In-depth DataSignificance of In-depth Data

• Understanding location specific problems/weaknessesUnderstanding location specific problems/weaknesses

• Implementing safety systems/strategies (vehicle/highway/road Implementing safety systems/strategies (vehicle/highway/road user) based on real-world researchuser) based on real-world research

• Increasing public awareness about traffic safety issues through Increasing public awareness about traffic safety issues through convincing evidence and examplesconvincing evidence and examples

• Anticipating injury trends by EMS and doctors to prepare and Anticipating injury trends by EMS and doctors to prepare and treat patients accordinglytreat patients accordingly

• Concrete evidence based decision makingConcrete evidence based decision making

• Auditing and realizing Better Returns on InvestmentAuditing and realizing Better Returns on Investment

Thank you!Thank you!

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Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents on NH 45 (Kanchipuram District)

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