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DRAFTAnalysis of Wastewater Management Sector in
Palestine
Nidal Mahmoud+ and Adel Yasin++
+Institute of Environmental and Water Studies, Birzeit University
++ Director of Sanitary Department/ Palestinian Water Authority PWA
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Presentation Outline
Background about past
situation
present situation
Challenge1:WaterSupply
Challenge 2: Fund
Challenge3: Israeli
Conditions Challenge4: WWTP
Criteria
Challenge5: Upgrade old
WW Network
Challenge 6: EffluentDisposal
Challenge 7: Policy &
Laws
Challenge 8: CapacityBuilding
Looking for the Future
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The Past situation for
wastewater system During the occupation period, wastewater Sector
used to be a very neglected issue
There are collection networks in the main cities
and refugee camp (served 28-32% ofpopulation) remaining population uses cesspits
Many of these networks are old and poorlydesigned established before 1967 through
Jordanian Administration and stayed withoutdevelopment
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The Past situation for
wastewater system-continued 40-50 MCM/Y of ww is generated, around
15 MCM/Y is collected by network thendischarged into open areas (wadis)
Around 400 locations for vacuum tankersfor discharging ww
There are very few un-functional
wastewater treatment plant (94% of ww isdischarged to wadies)
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The Past situation for
wastewater system-continued The un-treated Wastewater flows into the
wadis
Some farmers use the mixture of both
untreated wastewater and spring water in
irrigation specially in Nablus and AlFara
area
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No. Main cities % of ww
services
Treatment services
1 Jenin 55 Not function
2 Tulkarem 75 Primarily stage
3 Qalqilya 70 No4 Nablus 80 No
5 Salfit 80 On going
6 Ramallah 75 Low efficiency
7 El Bireh 88 High efficiency8 Jerusalem 95 Under Israeli control
9 Bethelem 85 No
10 Hebron 80 On going
11 Jericho Zero No
Wastewater status in WB
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Percentage of Households that
Use Cesspits
Percentage of Households that Use Cesspits by
Type of Locality and Region, 1997
(http://www.pcbs.org)
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Status of WW management in
Palestine !?
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Israeli Colonies effects on the
Environment Israel is controlling the Palestinians for 40 years
but they did nothing to protect the environment
Israel moved most of internationally forbidden
industries to the West Bank and disposes alltoxic effluents into Palestinian land without
tratment
95% of the industry in the sraeli settlements is
considered toxic & dangerous industries
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Israeli Colonies effects on the
Environment Total effluent seawage discharged to the
Wadis by Israeli Settlements is around 50
MCM
Palestinian Agricultural lands around the
settlements were destroyed by untrated effluent
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Israeli Colonies effects on the
Environmentthe last 10 years, The Palestinians allocated
250Millin USD for WWT projects but theIsraelis stopped us by one way or
anotherHOW!!!:
Security Areas
Connection of Illegal settlements High Standards & Specifications
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Existing and near future WWTP
Projects
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WW ProjectsStatusTreatment nameNo.1
Overload and not functionExisting Jenin TP1
Needs fundProposed Jenin regional TP2
Needs fundProposed Tubas TP3
Tendering processProposed Nablus west TP4
Needs fundProposed Nablus east TP5
Pre-treatmentExisting Tulkarem ponds6
Design phaseProposed Tulkarem TP7
Waiting for notice to proceedProposed Salfeet TP8
Function at 2003Existing of El-Bireh TP9
OverloadExisting of Ramallah TP10
Preparing the feasibility studyProposed of Ramallah TP11
Needs fundProposed Jericho TP12
Preparing feasibility studyProposed Wadi Al-Nar TP13
Tendering processProposed Hebron regional TP14
Needs fundProposed Ad Dahrriya TP15
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Regional Sewerage Project
Jenin Project: Regional Sewerage Jenin
Total Investment:40 Million USD
Donor: Germany KFW
Start Implementation: not yet
Period of Implemntation:
Status: TOR prepared needs approval from JWC
Obstacles: Feasibility study could not betendered before approval
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Regional WW Disposal Tulkarm
Project: Regional Sewerage Tulkarm
Total Investment:45 Million USD
Donor: Germany-KFW Start Implemntation:2008
Period of Implemntation: 3 years
Status: Feasibility Study ready Obstacles:
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Sewerage Nablus West
Project: Sewerage Nablus-west
(investment/Infrastructure restortion Measures
Total Investment:
Donor:Germany -KFW
Start Implemntation:1998
Period of Implemntation: 37.8 Million USD
Status: Final Design ready Obstacles:
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Ramallah Sewerage Treatment
Project Project: Ramallah Sewerage Treatment
Total Investment:
Donor: Germany KFW
Start Implemntation:Not yet
Period of Implemntation: Status: Feasibility study Ready
Obstacles: TP Location
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Al-Bireh Wastewater Treatment
Plant Project: Sewerage Al-Bireh
Objectives
Total Investment: 12 Million USD
Donor: Germany - KFW
Start Implemntation:1998
Period of Implemntation: 2.5 Years
Status: Functional TP
Obstacles:
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Salfeet Sewerage
Project: Sewerage Salfeet
(investment/Infrastructure restortion Measures
Total Investment:11 Million USD
Donor: Germany KFW
Start Implemntation: 1995
Period of Implemntation:
Status: postponded Obstacles:JWU approval
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Hebron WWTP
Project:
Total Investment: 45 Million USD
Donor: USAID Start Implemntation: Not Yet
Period of Implemntation:
Status: Postponded Obstacles: Regulation of USAID
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Jericho WW collection System
Project:
Total Investment: () Million USD
Donor: JICA
Start Implemntation: Not Yet
Period of Implemntation: 3 years
Status: Feasibility Study is Ready
Obstacles: Location of WWTP, JWCApprovement
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Abu-Dis WW collection System
Project: Abu-Dis, Al-Izarita & Az-Zaim WW
Total Investment: (25) Million USD
Donor: Submitted to AFD Start Implemntation: Not Yet
Period of Implemntation:
Status: Obstacles: Not Funded yet
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Despite all what have been done, still
huge efforts are needed to properly
manage the wastewater in Palestine
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Challenges1: Water Supply
Priorities Providing drinking water systems takes the
priority where still more than 220thousands in around 220 communities
without networks Chaleenge2:
Raising huge amount of fund to improve
WW sector services more than billion USDollar are needed
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Challenge2: Limitation of fund
and donor regulations and
requirements
Challenge3: unsustainability & stability of
External DonationDonor funds only to have sustainable &
sanitation infrastructures, PWA policy and
strategies should carefully considers theaffordability of beneficiaries to pay for this
service
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Challenges
Israeli conditions through JWC that affect,postponds, stop projects for unreasonableaspects
Connection of illegal Israeli Settlementeffluent to Palestinian Sewerage Systems
Specifications and standars of effluents
and treated ww imposed by Israelis Security aspects
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Challenges
Challenges4: selection of Appropriate treatment
systems and technologies
that leads to WW management driving forces and
treatment technologies that achieve specificcriterias by utilizing all type of technologies that
help to minimize the running cost, example:
produce gas CH4, incineration of sludge and
available solid waste
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Driving Forces for WW
Management Public health risks: waterborne diseases
Environmental protection: water resources andsoil
National and regional policies: standards andguidelines
Adequate sanitation services: life qualitystandards
Economical benefits: reuse and recreation
Political issues: regional stability
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Criteria for WWT selection
Satisfactory treatment efficiency towards: COD/BOD, suspendedsolids, N, P, etc.
Robust technology: high stability towards power cut, peak loads,toxicants, etc.
Flexible with respect to future amendments (extensions,improvement)
Simple in operation maintenance and control
Limited number of treatment steps
Absence of disposal problems (e.g. sludge)
No malodour nuisance
Availability of local experience
Designed for (by) product recovery
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Challenges
Challenge 5: Upgrading of the West Bank
old urban sewage works
Odor nuisance:
-Overloaded pond systems
-Misconception in design
Land availability:- No space for extension
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Challenge 6: Final effluent
disposal
Reuse in agriculture: where, this was one of the maintarget of Master Plan started in 1996
Treated ww recycling and reuse is considered a very
important option for generating additional waterresources to replace fresh water used foragricultural and industrial purposes
Artificail Recharge through Disposal final effluent inWadis: environmental impact; compliance with
political agreements
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Challenge 7: Enforcement of
policy and lawsPWA policy:
Based on Polluter Pays Principle and
envisages a full cost recovery based on
affordability basis, water-tariff models should bedeveloped to assure cost recovery
Palestinian Water Law:
- Set of regulations and rules entailing pollutionfees for environmental pollution handlings
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Challenge 8: Capacity building
Building and maintaining a core staff formanaging and regulating the wastewaterprojects: review of documents andformulation of future plans
Prepare for all training and capacity buildingprogram that required to support sustainable
operation of the WWTP, and to achieve valuefrom reuse of the treated wastewater.
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Look into the Future
Sustainable planning of WWTPWW treatment facilities
Realistic planning and management?
Affordable CAPEX and OPEX?Political issues
Sovereignty?
Political power? Commitment?
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Look into the Future
Sustainable Operation SmallWWTPFinancial Resources
Effective financial management Socio-cultural aspects
Public awareness and cleaner production tools
Institutional issues
Establishment of wastewater associations?
Private sector involvement in sanitation services
Pollution control & reuse guidelines?
Water quality & public health protection?
