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Analytic Principles 1 Andrea D. Sims The Ohio State University Introduction to Morphology 2017 Linguistic Institute 1
Analytic Principles 1 Andrea D. Sims The Ohio State University
Introduction to Morphology 2017 Linguistic Institute
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Questions for today
1. How do we know when we are looking at morphological structure (e.g. an affix, or a root)? In other words, how can we diagnose that some word contains morphological structure?
2. How do we decide when two words have the same affix (or other type of morphological structure)?
3. How do we know what meaning(s) or grammatical property/ies are expressed by a particular affix (or other type of morphological structure)?
4. What (kinds of) requirements do affixes have for the form/meaning of their bases? (= selectional restrictions)
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Question 1
How do we know when we are looking at morphological structure (e.g. an affix, or a root)? In other words, how can we diagnose that some word contains morphological structure?
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Diagnosing morphological structure
¡ Principle of Analysis, round 1: Words exhibit (shared) morphological structure if they share an element of form and an element of meaning, and if form and meaning covary.
¡ English -en ¡ blacken, redden, cheapen ¡ Compare to black, red, cheap
¡ In what sense do form and meaning covary in these words?
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Diagnosing morphological structure
¡ What about these Turkish examples? Do the words on the right meet the criteria for having shared morphological structure? Why or why not?
ev ‘house’ evim ‘my house’
dil ‘language’ dilim ‘my language’
köy ‘village’ köyüm ‘my village’
gün ‘day’ günüm ‘my day’
yol ‘way’ yolum ‘my way’
tuz ‘salt’ tuzum ‘my salt’
ad ‘name’ ad�m ‘my name’
k�z ‘girl’ k�z�m ‘my daughter’
baba ‘father’ babam ‘my father’
¡ [�] = high central/back unrounded vowel
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Diagnosing morphological structure
¡ Principle of Analysis, round 2: Words exhibit (shared) morphological structure if, once you abstract away from independent phonological effects, they have a shared element of form and a shared element of meaning and form and meaning covary.
¡ English in- ¡ accessible - inaccessible [In] ¡ plausible - implausible [Im]
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Diagnosing morphological structure
¡ Allomorphy – Two roots or affixes are allomorphs of the same morpheme if they express the same meaning and occur in complementary distribution. ¡ Usually describable in terms of phonological,
morphological, or lexical conditioning factors.
¡ In what sense are the forms of English in- in complementary distribution?
¡ What about the Turkish possessive allomorphs?
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Diagnosing morphological structure
¡ What about the following examples? Are these examples of morphological structure??
¡ English good ~ better ~ best
¡ English go ~ went
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Croatian čovjek ‘person’
SINGULAR PLURAL
NOMINATIVE čovjek ljudi ACCUSATIVE čovjeka ljude GENITIVE čovjeka ljudi DATIVE-LOCATIVE čovjeku ljudima INSTRUMENTAL čovjekom ljudima VOCATIVE čovječe ljudi
Diagnosing morphological structure
¡ Principle of Analysis, round 3: Words exhibit (shared) morphological structure, even if they do not share an element of form, if they have a shared element of meaning and if the forms corresponding to that meaning are in systematic complementary distribution, and thus form and meaning covary.
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Diagnosing morphological structure
¡ Do we find morphological structure here?
SINGULAR PLURAL sheep sheep deer deer fish fish
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Diagnosing morphological structure
¡ Principle of Analysis, round 4: Words exhibit (shared) morphological structure, even if form and meaning do not covary, if they share an element of meaning and if other words in the same class have form-meaning covariation, with the same meaning.
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¡ Does this Albanian example fit (one of) the definition(s) of morphological structure that we have developed?
Non-concatenative morphology
singular plural gloss [fik] [fikj] ‘fig’
[mik] [mikj] ‘friend’
[armik] [armikj] ‘enemy’
[zog] [zogj] ‘bird’ Albanian pluralization
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Non-concatenative morphology
transitive intransitive rʌŋzʌlʌᶁ ‘weigh’ tʌŋzʌlʌᶁ ‘weigh’ χavuᶁ ‘warm up’ q’avuᶁ ‘warm up’ γesqoᶁ ‘burn s.t.’ kesqoᶁ ‘burn oneself’ sʌuᶁ ‘remove’ ț’ʌuᶁ ‘come off’
vʌkzᶁ ‘lose’ pʌkzᶁ ‘get lost’ zoᶁ ‘bend’ țoᶁ ‘bend’
Nivkh transitivity (Siberian Russia; genetic isolate)
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Non-concatenative morphology
non-actual stem
actual stem gloss
qqʹí- qíqʹ- ‘restrain’ Xčʹí’- Xíčʹ- ‘scratch’ pkwʹə́- pə́kwʹ- ‘smoke’ tʹcə́- tʹə́c- ‘shatter’
kwʹsə́- kə́wʹs- ‘count’ Clallam irrealis (Washington State in U.S., moribund Salishan language)
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Non-concatenative morphology
singular plural house [s] houses [z] mouth [θ] mouths [ð] path [θ] paths [ð] self [f] selves [v] wife [f] wives [v]
English stem voicing in plural
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Diagnosing morphological structure
¡ Principle of Analysis, final note: A shared element of form need not be segmentable or continuous, and it may be definable only at an abstract level.
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Question 1
¡ How do we know when we are looking at morphological structure (e.g. an affix, or a root)? In other words, how can we diagnose that some word contains morphological structure?
¡ The point: It is all about the complementary distribution + shared meaning (defined broadly to include grammatical properties) ¡ Definitely not about bundles of form + meaning
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Question 2
How do we decide when two words have the same affix (or other type of morphological structure)?
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19 Analytic Exercise 1, question 1
¡ Does the suffix -able which occurs in the words in A represent the same morpheme as the suffix -able in the words in B?
A: comfortable, honorable, knowledgeable, marriageable, objectionable, préferable, cómparable, defensible, perceptible, divisible, reparable
B: acceptable, agreeable, commendable, desirable, reliable, preférable, compárable, defendable, perceivable, dividable, repairable
20 Thought Exercise
¡ Are English –ness and –ity allomorphs of the same morpheme? Why or why not?
21 Question 2
¡ How do we decide when two words have the same affix (or other type of morphological structure)?
¡ The point: This is not always obvious. It requires careful analysis of the properties of the affixes that are proposed to be the same. These may take the form of properties of the whole word, or conditions on the stem. ¡ And as we saw with question 1, distributional properties
are more important than shared form.
Question 3
How do we know what meaning(s) or grammatical property/ies are expressed by a particular affix (or other type of morphological structure)?
¡ For derivation, this is a bit of a mess…
¡ For inflection, however, we can be more precise…
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First, some terminology…
¡ Inflectional value = an inflectional grammatical property
¡ Inflectional feature = the set of inflectional values that share a semantic property and are mutually exclusive
¡ Examples ¡ FUTURE is a value belonging to the feature TENSE ¡ 1ST is a value belonging to the feature PERSON ¡ 2ND is a value belonging to the feature PERSON ¡ SINGULAR (SG) is a value belonging to the feature NUMBER ¡ OBJECT (OBJ) is a value belonging to the feature
AGREEMENT
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24 Congo Swahili transitive verb –PIK- ‘hit’ (present tense affirmative forms)
Object
1sg 2sg 3sg
Subject
1sg -- ni-na-ku-pik-a ni-na-mu-pika 2sg wu-na-ni-pik-a -- wu-na-mu-pik-a 3sg a-na-ni-pik-a a-na-ku-pik-a a-na-mu-pik-a 1pl tu-na-ni-pik-a tu-na-ku-pik-a tu-na-mu-pik-a 2pl mu-na-ni-pik-a mu-na-ku-pik-a mu-na-mu-pik-a 3pl wa-na-ni-pik-a wa-na-ku-pik-a wa-na-mu-pik-a
1pl 2pl 3pl
ni-na-tu-pik-a ni-na-nu-pik-a ni-na-wa-pik-a wu-na-tu-pik-a wu-na-nu-pik-a wu-na-wa-pik-a a-na-tu-pik-a a-na-nu-pik-a a-na-wa-pik-a
-- tu-na-nu-pik-a tu-na-wa-pik-a mu-na-tu-pik-a -- mu-na-wa-pik-a wa-na-tu-pik-a wa-na-nu-pik-a wa-na-wa-pik-a
Subject
1sg
2sg
3sg
1pl
2pl
3pl
Identifying inflectional values
¡ We can extract the following morphological forms from the data. What inflectional value(s) should we assign to ni-, tu- and wa- within the morphology? (Fill in the blanks.)
-pik- ‘hit’ ni- __________________________ wu- 2sg subject a- 3sg subject tu- __________________________ mu- 2pl subject wa- __________________________ ku- 2sg object mu- 3sg object nu- 2pl object na- present tense affirmative -a indicative
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Identifying inflectional values
¡ Answer below. Why these values?
ni- 1SG tu- 1PL wa- 3PL
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Question 3
¡ How do we know what meaning(s) or grammatical property/ies are expressed by a particular affix (or other type of morphological structure)?
¡ The point: Inflectional values (at the level of the morphology) can be diagnosed by identifying the set of form contrasts ¡ This assumes that we know that two morphemes are the
same – see question 2! ¡ The values at the level of morphology (form contrast) are
often underspecified relative to the values conveyed at the level of syntax
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28 Question 4
What (kinds of) requirements do affixes have for the form/meaning of their bases? (= selectional restrictions)
29 Analytic exercise 1, question 2
¡ What kind(s) of bases does the English deadjectival suffix -en attach to? In other words, what are its selectional restrictions?
blacken freshen quicken steepen brighten gladden redden stiffen broaden greaten righten straighten cheapen harden ripen sweeten coarsen hoarsen roughen tauten dampen largen sadden thicken darken lighten sharpen tighten deaden liken shorten toughen deafen liven smarten weaken deepen loosen sicken widen fatten madden slacken worsen flatten neaten smoothen whiten
30 Analytic exercise, question 2
¡ All verbs with -en have the following properties: ¡ Adjectival bases ¡ Monosyllabic + monomorphemic base ¡ Monomorphemic base ¡ The base has both an onset and a coda ¡ Consonant clusters are possible in onsets and codas
¡ The final consonant of the base is an oral obstruent
¡ Additionally, there is a tendency for -en words to have one or more of the following properties: ¡ The final consonant of the base is voiceless (N=38 of 48) ¡ The final consonant of the base is /t/ or /d/ (N=22) ¡ The base has exactly a CVC syllable structure (N=24)
31 Question 4
¡ What (kinds of) requirements do affixes have for the form/meaning of their bases? (= selectional restrictions)
¡ The point: Selectional restrictions are diverse. ¡ Affixes often require their bases to have a particular
phonological shape, morphological shape, meaning, lexical category, etc.
¡ But selectional restrictions are not necessarily privative (i.e. all or nothing). More on this later…
