Date post: | 18-Jan-2015 |
Category: |
Technology |
Upload: | cahouser |
View: | 562 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Analytical Tools for Evaluating Algal Biodiesel Production
Beal C.M., Webber M.E., Ruoff R.S., Hebner R.E., Romanovicz D., and Connelly R.
ES2010-90277May 21st, 2010
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
2
Algal biodiesel production can be represented in three steps
Beal C.M. et al., “A Framework to Report the Production of Biodiesel from Algae,” BioEnergy Research, In Review.
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
3
Algal biodiesel production can be represented in three steps
Three commonly studied pathways are:1) Transesterification of Algal Lipids2) Thermochemical Conversion of Algal Biomass3) Excretion of Oils by Genetically Modified Organisms
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
4
Transesterification of Algal Lipids
Beal et al., “A Framework to Report the Production of Biodiesel from Algae,” BioEnergyResearch, In Review.
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
5
The Center for Electromechanics at UT-Austin has a multi-disciplinary team
S. BriggsE. ChenR. ConnellyJ. ChoiM. FountainR. Hebner
J. JonesL. KatzK. Kinney M. MontoyaB. MorrisonR. Pearsall
M. PoenieM. RandazzoD. SchmidF. SeibertJ. Van ReetM. Werst
I would like to acknowledge:
I would like to thank OpenAlgae for funding:
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
6
Algae are grown in flasks, reactors, tanks, and ponds
UT-CEM, 2009-2010
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
7
Then, the algae are concentrated by ~100XMultiple harvesting methods are
being evaluated:1) Centrifugation2) pH induced floc/defloc3) Dissolved Air Flotation4) Electro-flocculation5) Filtration6) Resin collection7) Electro-wicking
UT-CEM, 2009-2010
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
8
• Electromechanical pulsing is a cost effective technology developed at UT-CEM
After harvesting, the cells are compromised with electromechanical pulsing
UT-CEM, 2010UT-CEM, 2010
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
9
Before After
• Electromechanical pulsing is a cost effective technology developed at UT-CEM
After harvesting, the cells are compromised with electromechanical pulsing
Beal C.M., and Romanovicz D., 2008UT-CEM, 2010
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
10
An enhanced coalescence membrane is used to extract the algal lipids
UT-CEM 2009, 2010
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
11
The lipids are then upgraded to fuel
Algal lipids are converted to fatty acid methyl esters, the primary component in biodiesel, by transesterification.
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
12
Evaluating the intermediate products requires many analytical tools
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
13
Evaluating the intermediate products requires many analytical tools
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
14
Generally, microscopy provides structural information.
1) Light Microscopy
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
15
Generally, microscopy provides structural information.
1) Light Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy using Nile Red dyeBeal C.M., 2008
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
16
Generally, microscopy provides structural information.
1) Light Microscopy2) Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Useful for evaluating electromechanical lysing
Beal C.M. and Romanovicz D., 2008, 2010
Before
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
17
Generally, microscopy provides structural information.
1) Light Microscopy2) Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Useful for evaluating electromechanical lysing
Beal C.M. and Romanovicz D., 2008, 2010
After
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
18
Generally, microscopy provides structural information.
1) Light Microscopy2) Scanning Electron Microscopy3) Transmission Electron Microscopy
Beal C.M. and Romanovicz D., 2008
Electrically PulsedControl
chloroplasts
LB
C
G
LB
CW
CW
Control: Compact, well-ordered structures.
Pulsed: Disordered, initiating apoptosis
Chloroplasts (C), Golgi (G), Cell walls (CW) , Lipid Bodies (LB)
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
19
Usually, spectroscopy provides composition analysis
1) UV-Vis Spectrophotometry- Measure of chlorophyll absorption (a.u.)- Absorption corresponds to algal density (g/L)- Algal productivity calculated from changes in algal density
Bidwell 1979
Grown Mass Productivity
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
20
Usually, spectroscopy provides composition analysis
1) UV-Vis Spectrophotometry2) Raman Spectroscopy
Huang et al., “Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Algae: Composition Analysis and Fluorescence Background Behavior,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2010.
Algal Spectra(Nitrogen Starved Chlorella and Neochloris)
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
21
Usually, spectroscopy provides composition analysis
1) UV-Vis Spectrophotometry2) Raman Spectroscopy
Huang et al., “Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Algae: Composition Analysis and Fluorescence Background Behavior,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2010.
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
22
Usually, spectroscopy provides composition analysis
1) UV-Vis Spectrophotometry2) Raman Spectroscopy3) Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
IR has been used to:1) Analyze nutrient status in algae 2) Identify algal species
- Some groups are using it for lipid analysis, but it requires dry samples.
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
23
Usually, spectroscopy provides composition analysis
1) UV-Vis Spectrophotometry2) Raman Spectroscopy3) Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)4) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
Beal et al., “Lipid Analysis of Neochloris oleoabundansby Liquid State NMR,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2010.
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
24
Chromatography also provides composition analysis, but requires extraction
1) High Performance (Pressure) Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Signal (a.u.)
Time(min)
Signal (a.u.)
Time(min)
Healthy Starved
Beal C.M., 2009Acquired by Poenie M.
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
25
Chromatography also provides composition analysis, but requires extraction
1) High Performance (Pressure) Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)2) Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Connelly R., 2009
Polarity
Lipid StandardsProcessing Samples
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
26
Chromatography also provides composition analysis, but requires extraction
1) High Performance (Pressure) Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)2) Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)3) Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
- Provides molecular information for volatile samples.
- Generally limited to biodiesel, or FAME derived from algae
MS fragmentation patter for FAME
CB062309b #673-677 RT: 6.85-6.87 AV:5 NL: 4.02E6T: {0,0} + c EI det=450.00 Full ms [ 50.00-400.00]
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400m/z
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Rel
ativ
e A
bund
ance
55.167.0
74.0
83.187.0
97.1
98.1
110.1
123.1
264.2125.1
137.1265.2222.2
180.2138.1141.0
152.1
166.1221.1207.0
223.2 296.3193.1 266.3246.2 281.0 297.3 341.0 355.0327.0 383.0 397.0
MS fragmentation patter for FAME
RelativeAbundance(a.u.)
m/z
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
27
Summary: Tricks (or tools) of the trade
Colin M BealASME 2010
ES2010-90277May 21, 2010
28
Questions?
Colin M Beal, MSGraduate Student
Thermal/Fluids Systems DivisionMechanical Engineering
The University of Texas at [email protected]
Webber Energy GroupRuoff Nanoscience and Technology Group
andThe Center for Electromechanics