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Chapter 1:
INDUSTRY PROFILE
1.1.1 HISTORY OF CEMENT INDUSTRY
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The history of Cement can be traced to the days of Babylonia and Assyria. The Egyptians used
clay motor in the Pyramids and Romans Produced type of Cement of by mixing Volcanic Ash with
Quicklime which, to this day, is often entirely free from fissures whenever mankind has undertaken to
build with any degree of permanence and using rock stone or brick, it has been found that some
form of Cement is an indispensable construction material.
Before the development of Portland Cement the Principal Cements were Natural Cement and
Puzzolan. Natural Cement is made from Cement rock, naturally occurring limestone that needs only to be
burned and pulverized. Puzzolan Cement is a mixture of slaked lime and granulated blast furnace slag.
The history of Portland Cement traces back to 18th Century when a patent for making of Portland
Cement was obtained by Joseph, a brick layer of Leeds, England in 1824. This Cement was called as
Portland cement because when it hardened it produced a yellowish Gray mass resembling in appearancethe stone from the famous quarry of Portland, England. the new Cement did not receive ready acceptance
because of the established reputation of the natural Cements. it was not the until the 1850 that Portland and
by 1860 the industry had developed in the European continent, particularly in Belguam, Germany and
France. The industry was well established in Europe before the first patent to produce Portland cement
was granted in 1872 in the US in the year 1904 Portland Cement entered into India since then it has been
one of the major industry Indian economy constituting a major share.
1.1.2 PERFORMANCE OF CEMENT INDUSTRY
India holds the pride of being the second largest producer of cement next to China and the country is
acting as a home for a number of top cement companies. Cement industry in India is growing at a faster
pace nowadays with the increasing number of construction projects taking place in different parts of the
country.
Cement Company, in any country, plays a major role in the growth of the nation. Cement industry in
India was under full control and supervision of the government. However, it got relief at a large extent
after the economic reform. But government interference, especially in the pricing, is still evident in India.
In spite of being the second largest cement producer in the world, India falls in the list of lowest per capita
consumption of cement with 125 kg. The reason behind this is the poor rural people who mostly live in
mud huts and cannot afford to have the commodity.
Despite the fact, the demand and supply of cement in India has grown up. In a fast developing economy
like India, there is always large possibility of expansion of cement industry. Above all, the country is
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expecting further growth in this industry in the coming years due to the growth of the top companies in
this sector. The list of top players in the cement industry in India is given below:
1.1.3 List of Top players in the cement industry in India:
• ACC Limited
• Gujarat Ambuja Cements Limited
• Ultratech
• Grasim
• India Cements
• JK Cement Limited
• Jaypee Group
• Century Cement
Some of the details regarding these top players in the cement industry in India is given below:
ACC Limited:
ACC Limited is the one of the prominent manufacturers of cement and concrete in India and they have
several zonal officer, 19 sales officer, 19 ready mix concrete plants and 14 modern cement factories in
different parts of India. They have more than 65 years of experience in cement and concrete production.
Gujarat Ambuja Cements Limited:
This company came into existence in the year 1986 it has seen very good growth during the past decade.
They are presently producing nearly 160 lakhs tons of cement and they are owning some of the state-of-
the-art manufacturing facilities with advanced technological instruments.
Ultratech:
UltraTech is a popular name in the cement industry in India and they have production facilities spread
over eleven integrated plants and most of their plants have received ISP 14001 and 9001 certifications and
OHSAS 18001 certifications as well. Some of their products include:
• Portland Pozzolana cement
• Portland Blast furnace slag cement
• Ordinary Portland cement
Grasim:
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Grasim Industries in the cement sector in India is a flagship of Aditya Birla Group, who are leaders in
different sectors in India. As most of us know Grasim is a popular name in the textile industry in India as
well. This company is operating 10 ready mix concrete units, 4 bulk terminals and 11 composite plants.
India Cements:
India cement is not only a leader in the cement industry in India, but they have also made their mark in the
real estate and infrastructure sector in India. They are one among the preferred cement companies mainly
because of their quality product offered at affordable cost.
JK Cement Limited:
JK Cement Limited began their operations in the year 1975 and they are leaders in the cement production
in the Northern part of the country. Initially, the company began its operations with a production capacity
of 0.3 million tons of cement and now they have a production capacity of 2.8 million tons of cement. As
far as the manufacture of white cement is concerned, they are the second largest company in India.
Jaypee Group:
Jaypee Group has their largest cement production unit in the state of Uttar Pradesh and some of their
popular products include Portland Pozzolana Cement and ordinary Portland cement. In the near future, the
company is planning to expand its cement capabilities through green field additions and acquisition.
Century Cement:
This company is a flagship of the popular BK Birla Group, who has made their presence felt in different
industries like chemicals, rayons, textiles, etc…in India. One of their popular brand Birla Gold has acquire
a very good name in the construction industry in India.
Therefore, the cement industry in India is growing considerably with the help of the heavy contributions
made by these top players and this industry is expected to grow further, which in turn can improve
employment opportunities in the country as well.
1.1.4 Production and Growth of cement industry in India
Domestic demand is one of the chief reasons for the rapid growth of cement manufacturing in India. One
can say that the domestic demand for the commodity has in fact clearly overtaken the rate of economic
growth in the country. It is estimated that the consumption of cement in the country is bound to rise more
than 22% within the next two years. In terms of cement consumption, Maharashtra State leads the list with
12.18%, followed by Uttar Pradesh, whereas in terms of production, the State of Andhra Pradesh leads the
table reporting 14.72% of production. The second place in the manufacturing is bagged by Rajasthan.
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During October 2009, the country produced a total volume of 12.37 MT compared to a manufacturing of
11.61 MT recorded in the same month during the previous year. The cement manufacturing units are also
motivated to take up their production rate owing to the rapidly increasing demand in the market. Most
encouragingly, the cement companies witnessed a net profit growth rate of 85%. This huge success has
further encouraged the firms in India to account for about 8% of India’s economic development.
Some of the regions where major clusters of cement industries located in India are Satna (Madhya
Pradesh), Yerranguntla (Andhra Pradesh), Chandrapur (Maharashtra), Bilaspur (Chattisgarh), Gulbarga
(Karnataka), Nalgonda (Andhra Pradesh), and Chandoria (Rajasthan).
Technology Up-gradation
At present, the cement industry in the country is undergoing a technological change on account of up
-gradation and assimilation witnessed in the sector. Presently, not less than 93% of the total capacity is
wholly based on manufacturing under the modern dry process, which is deemed more environment-
friendly, while the remaining rest 7% employs old wet and semi-dry process technology.
There is also an enormous scope of waste heat recovery in the cement manufacturing plants that will give
way to reduction in the levels of emission and consequently contribute to environment-friendly practices.
The recent up gradation of technology across the cement industry segment has helped the industry to
enormously conserve fuel and energy and make a huge saving on materials. The cement industry in India
has developed its technical capabilities to produce a range of cement types including Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFS), Oil Well
Cement, Rapid Hardening Portland Cement, Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement and White Cement.
Major Players in Indian Cement Industry
A number of successful companies are leading the cement production in the country. However, about 20
big firms alone account for over 70% of the total cement production in the nation. The total installed
capacity of cement in the country is found distributed over 129 plants, which are owned by 54 major
companies functioning from the breadths and lengths of the nation. The major players in the cement
industry in India include ACC, Gujarat Ambuja, Ultratech, Grasim, India Cements, jaypee Group, JK
Group, Century, Madras Cements and Birla Corp.
1.1.5 Future Ahead of Indian Cement Industry
The annual demand for cement in India is consistently growing at 8-10%. NCAER has estimated after an
extensive study that the demand for cement in the country is expected to increase to 244.82 million tonnes
by 2012. At the same time, the demand will be at 311.37 million tonnes if the projections of the road and
housing segments are met in reality. However, the realization of this capacity might get delayed on
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account of delay in equipment delivery and construction of plants caused by heavy pending orders in the
books of suppliers. The crude oil prices have pronounced a heavy impact on the profits made by cement
manufacturers. Once the economic growth passes on this burden to the consumers, this situation will be
eased at the manufacturer end. The government has taken measures to increase the availability of
indigenous coal for cement manufacturers to bring down production costs.
Developments in the domestic environment and a large number of infrastructure projects have created an
unforeseen demand for cement consumption in India, which is bound to increase manifold over the
coming years. While concrete steps are being taken to bring down, costs, the cement industry is heading
towards a very bright future in India.
1.1.6 List of countries by cement production
This is a list of top countries by cement production in 2010 based on USGS Mineral Program Cement
Report. (Jan 2011)
While the top 3, China, India and USA, didn't change in the last 5 years, declining US production by
36.5% is noteworthy. The most progressing countries in terms of ranking are Turkey (10 th to 4th), Brazil
(13th to 5th) and Vietnam (17th to 9th). All top European cement producing countries except Turkey lost
their rankings (Spain, Russia, Italy, Germany and France), as a result of the global financial crisis.
1.1.7 Recent Mergers and Acquisitions in Cement Industry in India
1. UltraTech Cement is going to absorb its sister concern Samruddhi Cement to become biggest
cement company in India.
2. World's leading foreign funds like HSBC, ABN Amro, Fidelity, Emerging Market Fund and Asset
Management Fund have together bought 7.5% of India Cements (ICL) at a cost of US$ 124.91
million.
3. Cimpor, a Cement company of Portugal, has bought 53.63% stake that Grasim Industries had in
4. French cement company Vicat SA bought 6.67% share of Sagar Cement at a cost of US$ 14.35
million.
5. Holcim now holds 56% stake of Ambuja Cement. Previously it held 22% of stake. The company
utilized various open market transactions to increase its stakes. It invested US$ 1.8 billion for that.
1.1.8 Recent Investments in the Indian Cement Industry
1. In a recent announcement, the second largest cement company in South India, Dalmia Cement
declared that it's going to invest more than US$ 652.6 million in the next 2-3 years to add 10 MT
capacity.
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2. Anil Ambani-led Reliance Infrastructure is going to build up cement plants with a total capacity of
yearly 20 MT in the next 5 years. For this, the company will invest US$ 2.1 billion.
3. India Cements is going to set up 2 thermal power plants in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu at a
cost of US$ 104 billion.
4. Anil Ambani-led Reliance Cementation is also going to set up a 5 MT integrated cement plant in
Maharashtra. It will invest US$ 463.2 million for that.
1.1.9 Current Scenario of cement industry.
The Indian cement industry is the second largest producer of quality cement. Indian Cement Industry is
engaged in the production of several varieties of cement such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC),
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFS), Oil Well Cement, Rapid
Hardening Portland Cement, Sulphate, resisting Portland Cement, White Cement, etc. They are produced
strictly as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications and their quality is comparable with the
best in the world.
The Indian cement industry is the second largest in the world. The industry occupies an important place in
the national economy because of its strong linkages to other sectors such as construction, transportation,
coal and power. The cement industry is also one of the major contributors to the exchequer by way of
indirect taxes.
Indian Cement industry is comprised of 148 large cement plants with around 46 member companies. The
installed capacity of these large cement plants is estimated to be 219.17 million tonne during 2009-10 (as
on March 2009).There are 95 large cement plants with capacity of of million tonnes and above and around
1,40,000 mnpower is employed uder these plants (one Mn.T cement generates downstream employment to
50,000 persons). Also,there are 365 mini and white cement plants with an installed capacity of 11.10
million tonne .
Cement Production & Dispatches.
1Description Jan-11 Dec-10 Jan-10
2010-11 2009-10
(Apr-Jan)
2 Cement Production 14.52 13.59 14.65 136.51 130.85
3 Cement Dispatches 14.47 13.60 14.59 135.56 130.09
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Chapter 2:
COMPANY PROFILE
2.1 PROFILE OF BAGALKOT CEMENT INDUSTRIES
1. History of company
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2. Growth of the company
3. Product and production process
4. Introduction to various Departments
5. Organization Structure
CEMENT
Cement means any substance, which acts as a binding agent for materials. Cement is produced at
high temperature with intimate mixture of Calcerous, Silicons and Aluminous substances and crushing the
resulting Clinkers to a powder. Cement is the most expensive ingredient in concrete and is available in a
variety forms. The properties of Cement depend upon the Chemical compositions, the process of
Manufacture and the degree of fineness to which it is ground. When cement is mixed with water, a
chemical reaction takes place as a result of which the cement pastes first sets and then hardness to a stone
like mass depending upon its chemical composition.
2.2 HISTORY OF THE COMPANY
The Bagalkot Cement Company was incorporated on 6 th September 1955. It was started by Late
Shri A.G. Tendulkar. The company started its Production with installation of wet process kiln with a
capacity of 300 TPD in 1960; initially it was started with one kiln, one raw mill and one Cement mill as itsmachinery assets, 1200 strong workforce and 990 acres of land property. The plant produces Portland
cement.
The company was registered with an Authorized Capital of Rs 10, 00,000 ordinary shares of Rs 10 each.
The shares of company are registered at Mumbai; Later on the Company was sold to Shahu Jain Group in
1986, in the 5-year 1971 the name of the company was changed to Bagalkot Cement Industries Limited.
The Shahu Jain Group didn’t find it as a viable unit and handed over the cement plant to Kanoria group of
Industries in the year 1972.
In earlier days Bagalkot Cement Factory was considered as a totally unviable unit, but now it is
turned out to be one of the best Cement Manufacture units in north Karnataka.
The credit goes to the present Management of the Company under the leadership of shri Ajay
Kanoria. At the time of taking over the unit in 1972, was able to run the old plant by continuous
improvements with some Capital Expenditure to reduce Cost of Production.
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2.3 GROWTH OF THE COMPANY
The present Management of Kanoria Group Keeping in view of the good prospect for the Cement
Industry has made many changes. In order to economize the Cost of production, Management modernized
the machinery’s and changed the production process from Wet to Dry method. As a result, its capacity of
production changed from 90 thousands tones/ annum to 3.3 lack tones/annum. To bring more
Technological changes in production the management reached an agreement with M/s Blue Circle
Industries PLC in 1985. Under the services of BCI, it has been envisaged that the existing capacity
1000TPD will reach to 1200 to 1500 TPD under existing resources only.
To meet the growing needs of the nation, another Wet process Kiln of 300TPD was installed. The
entire machinery for the two kilns was imported from M/s Krupps of West Germany. In order to upgrade
the capacity of the Kiln and bring operational improvement, the company entered into a technical
agreement with PLC UK, who is one of the largest operating cement companies in the world.
The chief advantages of this technical agreement with Blue Circle are:-
1. Sustained increased production of cement.
2. Improved thermal efficiency of the Kiln.
3. Energy conservation.
4. Training.
5. Improved method of plant maintenance
In September 1982, to achieve fuel saving, the two wet process Kilns were replaced by a new
1000TPD dry process Kiln, supplied by ACC Ltd.
The precision and care observed at Kanoria Industries Ltd., throughout the manufacturing process,
reflects in quality and product which surpasses the specifications laid down by the Indian Standards
Institution (ISI).The cement produced undergoes a number of physical tests such as Compressive strength,
Fineness, Setting time, Soundness etc.
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In order to overcome the chronic power shortage of the state electricity grid, Bagalkot has installed
a Diesel Generator set of 4000Kw capacity from Japan. With the assistance of M/s Blue Circle BCIL has
set up a separate training department in the company, which caters to complete training needs of the
managerial, supervisory & operating staff. BCIL enjoys a unique distinction of offering cement in a
variety of packing bags viz. jute, HDPE & paper bags etc. according to customer needs & preferences.
2.4 INFRASTRUCTRAL FACILITIES, INPUTS AND SOURCES
1. Location: The Bagalkot Cement Industries Ltd., Cement Division, is located 2kms away from
BAGALKOT, on 990 acres of own land. Bagalkot town is connected with a Broad gauge Railway
Line. The company has a railway siding up to the factory site. The town is well connected by road
ways.
2. Raw material: The main sources of raw material are Limestone. Bagalkot district is having very
rich sources of limestone belt. The plant is located near the raw material resource. The other raw
material includes silica, gypsum, bauxite etc., which are purchased from outside supplier.
3. Water: Water is quite important, as it is used in the manufacturing process at KIL. The company
has two sources of water, one through municipal connection from Bagalkot Municipal and the
other one from bore well in the factory.
4. Power: The Company has a dual system of purchased and self generated power. To overcome the
chronic power shortage of the state electricity grid, the plant has installed a D.G. Set of 4000Kw.
The plant is dependent on the KEB for the rest of power requirement.
2.5 CONTRIBUTION TO THE NATION & SOCIETY
The company is committed to the goal of contributing to the national growth. It is paying
approximately Rs 10 crores per annum as central excise duty, Rs 4 crores as sales tax to the state Govt.,
about 2 crores as a central sales tax, turnover tax, entry tax, additional tax to the state Govt of Maharastra
and Goa, Rs 3.5 crores of railway freight per annum. Apart from this thousands of families depend on
cement factory for their livelihood.
The company has also committed to its social obligations hence, has provided school, Temple and
has organized medical camps to the employees of the factory and people of Bagalkot.
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
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The Company is situated in a full greenery atmosphere and has given prime importance for
environment protection.
At the time of installation and modernization of the plant, adequate measures were taken to install
pollution control equipment for the all process equipment’s. Two number of Electrostatic Precipitators
(ESP), one each for Kiln and Raw mill. Number of pulse jet bag type dust collector were installed for
cement mill, coals mills and packing house etc., at an expenditure of over Rs 1.25 Crs, to maintain dust
emission level within the stipulated levels. Apart from this, the company has invested in the most modern
and advanced equipment’s for blasting operations.
In order to operate all the pollution control equipment’s about 97kw of electric power is required.
Therefore the Company has installed second DG set in 1989 and with this the pollution control
equipment’s has been monitoring strictly in spite of power cuts from KEB by utilizing installed DG sets.
The company has planted about 65000 trees to give aesthetic look to the plant and protect the
environment. The company has fulfilled all the obligations of statutory and non-statutory requirements of
pollution control and obtained consent from the pollution control board, Government of Karnataka.
2.6 PRODUCT PROFILE
BCIL’S cement division produces two types of cement namely,
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1. BAGALKOT CEMENT (PSC Portland slag cement) it is not having any grade. Even after final
reading on 28th days, the strength will increase.
2. BAGALKOT SUPREME (OPC Ordinary Portland cement) it is 43-Grade cement, on 28 th day the
final reading is done. Thereafter the strength of the cement remains the same.
Features of Bagalkot Cement:
Improved soundness
1. Higher long term strength
2. Resistance to attack by sea water
3. No risk on early age of Thermal cracking
4. Resistance to corrosion proof Reinforcement in concrete
Application of C ement:
1. Bridges & Fly-over
1. Roads & pathway
2. Deep Foundation & Marine works
3. Water storage tanks & Reservoirs
4. Marine constructions like Ports, Harbors & Jetties
5. Effluent treatment plants & swages treatment plants
2.7 Customers of Bagalkot cement industries
"Partial list of some of the important customers of BCIL"
Academy of
liberal education,Kurnajibhay
Jadadgurutontadary
vidyapeth
Prabhu lingeshwar sugars,Jamakhandi
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,Gadag
Alma motor co,Belgaum Kalayani steels, Ginigera Pragaticonstructions,Dharwad
Apmc,Bagalkot Kamala & Venkappa m.agaddi
Charitable,trust. Bangalore
Ramkey engg
Pvt,ltd , Navanagar
Badami sugars limited,Badami Karnataka liberal ltd, Gagad Regal,developers&associates,Udupi
Bagalkot D.C Karnataka Land
Army,Corporation,
Karnataka
Renuka,sugarsworks, Munavalli
Bellary D.C Kirloskar ferrous ltd, Bevinhdi R.R.Fabricaturs,
Bharuka power corporation,Shivapur K.H. B Hosing Projects Gadag Sandur real
Bilgi sugars limited, Bilgi K.N.Constructions,
Bangalore
Sandurreal,estate,
Sandur
B.L.D.E. Association, Bijapur Koppal D.C SmtK.V.Agadi,EnggcollegeLaxmeswar
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B.T.D.A.Projects , Bagalkot K.P.R Constructions ,Badami Taj Exotica, Goa
Dharwad D.C. Mukand ltd, Ginigera The ugar sugarsworks, Ugarkhurd
Gadag D.C. Mysore construction company,
Bangalore
Venkateshwar power projects,Chikkodi
Hospet Ispot corporation,Hospet Nector constructions pvt ltd,Hubli Water treatement plants
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Chapter 3
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE
2.8 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE
Chairman
Director
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Mktg Mgr A/C Manag L&P HRD R/M Officer VP (power) Mgr System
Regional A/C Officer Personal Officer Mgrs (Stores)
Officer HRD Mgr Elect Mgr DG
Manager Assts
Area Sales Peons Security Purchase Asst Mgr Asst Mgr Elect Asst. Engg
Manager Officer Officer
Sr. Sales Clerk Assts Clerk Junior Engg Operator
Officer
Sales Workers Workers Workers
Representative
Sales Asst
Mgr Kiln Sr. Mgr Mines Sr. Mgr Mec Mgr.Instr Sr. Mgr (P&QC)
Burner Engg Asst.mines Mgr Sr.Plant Engg Asst.Engg Asst
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Worker Asst.Engg Plant Engg Mechanic Chemist
Foreman Asst.Engg Worker Tester
Worker Junior Engg Worker
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Chapter 4
Functional Areas
4.1PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
PRODUCTION PROCESS OF CEMENT PLANT
Cement is manufactured from various methods for eg wet process and dry process. Bagalkot
Cement Industries Ltd., manufacturers cement adopting Dry process method. Various processes in the
production are as follows.
LIME STONE:
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Lime stone is the basic ingredient in the process of manufacturing cement. As with any cement
making process, they need source of lime. Lime stone is ideal but a hard rock. Lime stone is obtained from
blasting out in quarry. It contains up to 98 % calcium carbonates.
Before lime stone can be used in the cement making process, it has to be fed into a crusher, where
it is reduced in size to pieces around 20-25 mm across suitable for feeding to the raw mills.
CEMENT CHEMIST’S NOTATION:
Lime CaO ‘C’
Silica SiO2 ‘S’
Alumina Al2 O3 ‘A’
Ferric oxide Fe2 O3 ‘F’
STOCKPILE / BLENDING:
The crushed raw materials are stored for ready to use. In many plants, a blending or homogenizing
stockpile is used in order to assist in checking any chemical variations in the raw materials coming from
the quarries. A stacker builds up layer upon to form the stockpile, such as the longitudinal one.
Depending on the area of the quarry, each layer may be of slightly different chemical composition.
RAW MILLING / BALL MILL:
After mixing in correct proportion, the limestone and shale are fed to a raw mill where they are
ground to a fine powder. In most modern plants, a closed circuit ball milling system is used.
The ball mill is basically steel tube containing steel balls or media ranging in size typically from 90
mm downwards.
The ball gradually grinds the raw materials to fine powder. The mill is usually of single chamber
design and may be fitted with a classifying lining.
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The lining has the effect of grading the ball sizes, larger balls are kept at the inlet end, when the
larger pieces of raw material have to be broken and smaller balls at the out let end, where the finger
grinding is taking place.
RAW MEAL BLENDING:
The raw meal is then conveyed to silos for further blending. It is essential for the raw meal to
consist chemical quality, if problems at the kiln stage are to be avoided.
The base of the blending silo is divided into segments covered with porous tiles or canvas. As the
silo is filling, air is blown through the base to keep it clear.
The air flow is then increased to fluidize the meal, making it to act like liquid.
Blending is achieved by arranging up to three times as much air to be blown through one section of
the bases compared to the others.
A tumbling mixing action is imparted to the raw meal after a predetermined mixing time, or when
the technical department is satisfied that the raw meal is of consistent chemical composition.
RAW MEAL STORAGE;
The raw meal is fed from the blending silos to storage silos below. It is now ready to be introduced
to the next stage of process, the kiln system.
PRE-HEATER (4 STAGE SUSPENSION):
The raw material passes through a pre – heater. These 4 stages of suspension pre-heater is just one
of many types in use. It consists of 4 stages of cyclones.
From the kiln hot exhaust gases enter the bottom of the pre-heater column at the stage- 4 cyclone
and travel upwards through each of the other stages.
The raw meal is fed into the gas duct from the stage- 2 cyclones. The meal is immediately picked
up by the hot gas and carried into the stages 1 cyclone.
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The process continues until the meal falls from the stage-4 cyclone and into the kiln inlet chute or
hearth. At each pre- heater stage, heat from the hot gases is transferred to the meal. The gases from the
kiln enter the pre- heater at about 1000° C and leaves stage-1 at about 350° C. The raw meal leaves stage-
4 at about 800° C.
CALCINATION:
At this temperature of 800° C the calcination of calcium carbonate takes place in the raw meal that
is conversion of calcium carbonate CaCO3 to lime CaO has started.
About 30% of the Calcination will be taken place by the time the raw meal reaches the kiln.
DUST CONTROL ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS:
To prevent dust from the kiln system or raw milling system from entering the atmosphere, the gas
is passed through electrostatic precipitators. To maximize their efficiency it is sometimes necessary to
condition the dust laden gas using a water spray, either in the pre-heater or in an external conditioning
tower.
An electrostatic precipitator is a chamber in which electrodes and earthed collectors plates are
suspended.
At the dust laden, gas enters the chambers. It is ionized by an electrical discharger and the dust is
attracted to the collector plates. By vibrating the collector plates periodically, the dust drops into the
precipitator’s hopper and is returned with the raw meal to the kiln system.
The cleaned exhaust gas, mainly carbon dioxide, Nitrogen and water vapour can then be safely
released into the atmosphere
THE KILN:
The pre-heated partially calcinied raw meal is fed into the kiln, a steel tube typically with a lengthto diameter ratio of 16:01and inclined at an angle of about 3 degree rotates at a speed of up to 3 rpm on a
system of rollers and tyre’s and is driven through a gear mounted around its circumference.
The seals at either end of the kiln are designed to prevent the ingress of cold air and to
accommodate expansion and rotation. The Kiln is lined with refractory bricks and is fired either by coal,
gas or oil at the lower end. If coal is used, it must be first pulverized, often using a ring roller mill. If
heavy fuel oil is used, it must first be heated to reduce its viscosity and aid atomization.
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Raw meal from the pre-heater enters at the higher end and gradually moves down as the kiln
rotates, heating up as it does so. At first, the rest of the calcinations take place, so that the feed consists
mostly of lime, silica, alumina, and iron oxide, all in a hot reactive state.
The hottest part of the kiln is near the tip of the flame. This is the burning zone where the feed is at
a temperature of around 1450° C and is in partially molten state. It’s here that the four main constituent of
the feed are combined by chemical reaction from cement clinker.
CLINKER:
Clinker a round ball like structure is a mixture of complex compounds referred to in cements
notations as C2S C3A and C4AF.
GRATE COOLER:
Another type of cooler in common use is the grate cooler. Here in an empty cooler, the
reciprocating grate through which air is blown is visible. As the clinker moves along the grate cooler, air
cools it and the air itself cools the per-heater prior to entering the kiln, as secondary combustion is blown
through the grate. Some of this excess hot air is used to dry and convey the cool in coal fired plants and
the rest is exhausted to atmosphere after passing through dust arresting equipment. After cooling the
clinker is stored ready for grinding into cement.
CEMENT MILLING:
The mixture of clinker and Gypsum is passed to the cement mill. Outwardly, the cement ball mill
is similar to the raw mill.
The cement mill is divided into, 2 to 3 chambers by perforated steel diaphragms, each chamber
containing a range of ball sizes, because cement requires finer grinding, the smallest balls are smaller than
those used in a raw mill.
OPEN CIRCUIT MILLING:
Open Circuit Milling is often used for Ordinary Portland Cement, OPC. Here the Cement is ground
to required fineness, in one pass through the mill. 0pen Circuit mills are generally longer than closed
circuit mills for this reason. The ground cement is conveyed directly away and the mill is vented via a dust
filtration system.
CLOSED CIRCUIT MILLING:
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In certain circumstances, closed circuit milling can have the advantages of consuming less power
overall. The closed circuit system is similar to that used for Raw Milling, a classifier separating out the
coarse fraction of the product and returning it to the mill for further grinding. This is particularly suitable
for rapid hardening cement RHC, which should to be ground very finely.
STORAGE:
From the milling system, the cement is often pumped through pipes by what is basically a screw
fed blower. The high speed screw delivers the cement into a high volume air flow provided by
compressors. The air conveys the cement along a pipeline to storage silos.
DISPATCH:
Cement is bagged, prior to bulk dispatch by either rail or road. The latest packing plants are fully
automatic. For packing, various types of the bags are used like HDPE, polythene bags, paper bags
4.2 MARKETING DEPARTMENT
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Definition of Market
A market is the set of all actual and potential buyers of a product/service. To understand the
companies, customers, competitors, demand of the product and so on, everyone needs marketing research.
Definition of Marketing Research
1. Some companies use the term market research instead of marketing research. The former term is
accurate for describing research into markets. Their size, geographical distribution, incomes and so
forth. However, it fails to cover the idea of research into the effects of marketing efforts on market,
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for which the term marketing research is more accurate. Marketing research is increasingly coming
into favor as term describing both ideas - Kotler.P
2. Marketing research is on the other hand, a broad and widely used term and is inclusive of
marketing research activities – Clark & Clarm
3. Marketing research is the systematic objective and exhaustive search for and study of the fact
relevant to any problem in the field of marketing – Crisp .R .D.
4. Marketing research is the systematic gathering, recording and analyzing of data about marketing
problems to facilitate decision making – Cundiff. F .W. & Still R.L.
5. According to these definitions marketing research is nothing but a systematic study and collection
of information about specific situation pertaining to a particular product.
SCOPE OF MARKETING RESEARCH
The scope of marketing research is very wide. The development of various statistical techniques
and operation research has widened its scope considerably. It embraces all research activities carried on in
connection with management of marketing work. The eight common activities in order of importance or
determination of market characteristics development of market potential are market share analysis,
competitive product studies, new product acceptance and potential short range forecasting and studies of
business trends.
SIGNIFICANCE OF MARKETING RESEARCH
There are some of the functions leading to the head for marketing research:-
1. It is a tool for decision making.
2. It’s a cause and effect of large scale enterprise.
3. Growth and complexity of markets.
4. It helps to change the pattern of consumption.
5. Reaction in market is required for a systematic study.
6. Marketing research is used in designing marketing operations.
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7. Importance of marketing research in designing marketing strategy.
8. Importance of marketing research in determining in advertising.
OBJECTIVES OF MARKETING RESEARCH
The objective of marketing research and analysis may be stated as follows:
1. To define the probable market for specialized product and to report on general marketing
conditions and tendencies buying habits etc.
2. To asses competitive strength and policies.
3. To estimate potential buying power in various areas.
4. To indicate the distribution methods best suited to the product and market.
5. To known the companies expected shares in the market.
6. To assess the probable volume of future sales.
7. To study the geographical distribution of the market.
8. To known about the customer acceptance of the product.
METHODS OF CONDUCTING MARKETING RESEARCH
1. Desk Research Method
1. Trade journals
2. Restricted Sources
3. Company’s Accounts and Reports
4. Government publication
5. Directories
6. International Agency
7. Salesman’s Reports
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8. Specialized Libraries
9. Periodicals and Books
1. Field Investigation Method
1. Mail order survey
2. Group interviews on panel
3. Personal interviews
1. Structured interviews
2. Un Structured interviews
3. The free interviews
4. The focused interviews
5. Aided recall interview
6. Departments interview
1. Observation Method
Mechanical over- valuation
2. Experimental Method
1. Control group design
2. Salesman reports
3. Factorial design
STEPS IN MARKETING RESEARCH PROCESS
1. The first step consists to carefully defining the problem and setting the survey objectives.
2. The second step consists of developing a plan for collecting data from primary and secondary
sources.
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3. The third step consists of collecting information through the fieldwork or laboratory work.
4. The fourth step consists of analyzing the information to find means variances and various
relationships in the data.
5. The fifth step consists of presenting the main findings to the managers, so that they can make
better decisions.
DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF MARKETING RESEARCH
1. The product research
2. Industrial equipment research
3. The price research
4. The distribution research
5. The retail shops investment research
6. Shop audit research
7. The Sales Estimate Research
8. Dealers survey research
9. The readership research
10. The Services Research
11. The consumer research
4.3 FINANCIAL DEPARTMENT
Finance is the backbone of any Organization and therefore efficient management of finance leadsthe organization to the success. It is very crucial to any venture adopted at the Corporate and unit
levels. The different sections and there functions are given:
1. MAIN ACCOUNTS: Deals with accounting of official assets, interplant reconciliation,
coordinating section for all accounts, MIS etc.
2. PURCHASE ACCOUNTS: Deals with the payments and accounting of supplies, Bills against
purchase order of spares and store, ferrous group, ingot mould etc.
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3. CASH ACCOUNTS: Deals with disbursement and receipt of cash as per bills passed by the
officers of various sections.
4. PLANT EQUIPMENTS A/c: Deals with the accounting of IPO investments in planning units and
is related to project.
5. STORES A/c: Deals with accounting and maintenance of stores ledger, receipts, balance of
receipts.
6. PROVIDENT FUND A/c: Deals with the accounting of provident fund, gratuity etc.
7. SALES TAX A/c: Deals with the accounting of sales tax matters.
8. SALES A/c: Deals with the preparation of invoice & accounting thereof.
9. COST& BUDGET A/c: Deals with standard costing and preparation of cost sheet. It also prepares
budget of saleable products, import of items and projection of profits generation.
10. RAW MATERIALS A/c: Deals with the valuation of receipt of raw material including ferrous
and non-ferrous items.
4.4 HUMAN RESOURSE DEPARTMENT & ITS FUNCTIONS
1. Human resource planning:
HR functions, analyses jobs, skills, task-present and future project needs and uses statistical
data to plan human resource activity.
2. Recruitment training:
First of all, notification is made by Company according to the required vacancy in the respective
units. All the further procedure is carried out by HRD.
1. Applications are accepted according to required norms.
2. Scrutinization is done and call letters are sent to the eligible Candidate
1. Candidates are called for test and interview.
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1. After completing the training session successfully and satisfactorily, the trainees are placed
according to their Job specialization.
Special recruitment drive is conducted for local people whose lands have been acquired by
company.
Also recruitment for Sc/St candidates is conducted time to time.
3. Induction:
Newly selected candidates are oriented about the organization and its various aspects with help of
Supervisors under whom they start working as assistant or trainees.
1. Training& Development:
Selected candidates are taken as management trainees and given training according to their
requirement. Besides these new employees, T&D dept also provides opportunities for learning skills,
information and attitude related to job for old employees.
5. Placement:
The GM of respective shops according to the organization’s needs, places all the trained
workers in the workshop or offices with qualified individuals.
6. Performance appraisal:
The performance of employees is monitored and recorded time to time & again for appraising
the same.
7. Compensation & Benefits:
Company focuses time productivity & talent as the basis of Compensation & Reward.
2.13 OTHER DEPARTMENTS
MINES DEPARTMENT
There they have six quarries, out of six only one quarry is open for mining purpose and here
blasting is done and limestone is collected. For getting the limestone from the quarry, holes are made
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through drilling machines; the holes are of size of 6-7 mts. After this the stones are explored with the
explosives get the limestone in smaller pieces.
But now there are no mines in Bagalkot. Hence they have purchased land in Kaladagi, near
Bagalkot where the mines are available. They are getting the limestones from Kaladagi through road
transport.
CRUSHING DEPARTMENT
After mining, the limestone is brought to the crushing department. Here the limestone will be
unloaded into the main crusher and the output will be the size of 4- 10 inches and the same is put into the
secondary hopper and the output will be of 2 inches. After this, it is sent to third hopper, here the size will
be 12mm and this is send to raw mill through belt conveyors. They were shifting the crushing machine
from the earlier place, which was dissolved in water due to floods.
RAW MILL
The raw mill consisting of a rotating ball machine, which converts the limestone into smaller
pieces, thus the limestone coming from crusher will be loaded into rotating ball machine, being made of
iron, hit the limestone and makes it into smaller of limestone which is return sent to the kiln for further
processing.
KILN DEPARTMENT
From the raw mill, limestone which is converted into small particulars which is fed into the kiln,
with iron, added to it in proportion as per the requirements. And later it is heated at a temperature of 1400degree celcius-1500 degree Celsius. And at the end of the process clinker is produced.
CEMENT MILL
From kiln department the clinker through the belt falls into cement mill in which it is divided into
three chamber clinker and gypsum is mixed and made into fine powder state and from here, it is sent
through silo through the conveyor belt.
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PACKING HOUSE
In the silo there is large number of buckets at its bottom, which transfer the cement to the overhead
trunks it is ready for packing and the packing is done automatically. The cement bags packed are of 50kgs
weight.
LABORATORY AND QUALITY DEPARTMENT
The laboratory of KIL s well equipped with all modern instrument of testing cement, here the
cement sample is taken for the test and it is tested on the base of specifications and recommended by ISI
and CEMENT ASSOCIATION OF INDA. The features like setting time, compressive strength limestone
quality composition, gypsum, iron ore and grade of the cement are tested as per the norms. This process of
testing is a continuous process followed to make the orders. The primary duty of the stores is to see that
the production is stopped.
RAW MATERAL DEPARTMENT :Here every type of material i.e. whatever is required by the factory s
supplied by this department, after receiving and before using the imported raw materials they are very
strictly checked for ordered quantity and quality. The quality checking is usually done in chemical
standards.
This department functions very strictly, as the quality of the finished product i.e. cement depends
upon the quality of the raw materials.
INSTRUMENTATION DEPARTMENT
They are mainly responsible for the work of connecting the machines to the manufacturing process
and setting the machine as per the requirement of the department and in the case of any repairs in the
machines installed these are set right by this department.
COMPUTER DEPARTMENT
Here the entering time and exit time of the employees is recorded in computer through punch
machine, which is computerized, and they also prepare the financial accounts, depot sales, sales
accounting, payrolls, inventory and also maintenance of the machines in the computer department.
This department helps each and every department to maintain the records, manipulate them according
to the requirement, etc, it also aims at installing the recent software to make the work of their employees
easier and accurate.
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4.5 ORGANIZATION ENVIRONMENT CHART
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SUCCESS CHART
Purpose
In what business are we?
Prize Plan
Recognition how we can manage?
Success
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Goals
StrategiesStructure
Policies
Systems
Reward
Punishment
Ownership
1. Culture
2. Management style
3. Interaction process
4. Informal patterns network
1. Tools, equipment
2. Machinery
3. Information tech
4. Job design
5. Workflow design
6. Technical expertise
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Perfectness Perform
We must do it
FACTORS EFFECTING ON JOB BEHAVIOR
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Table showing major customers of cement:-
Customers No of Occurrences
Contractors 19
Builders 12
Individuals 19
Architects 7
Institutions 5
Others 7
1. From the above table, it is clear that main customer of cement in Bagalkot District are Contractors,
Individuals, & Builders and next to them are the Institutions, Architects and Others.
2.
Table showing the list of other brands of cement, being deal with, by the dealers of Bagalkot cement.
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Brand of cement No of Occurrences
ACC 13
Rajashree 7
Vasavadatta 12
Birla plus 11
JK cements 11
Keshav 5
Ultra tech 5
Inference drawn
1. Majority of the customers prefer and greenish of the cement.
2. Next to this is the price and Advertisement of the cement.
Table showing strong point of Bagalkot Cement
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Price 4 8 8
2. Quality 10 8 2
3. Brand name 7 10 3
4. Credit 10 5 5
5. Packaging 6 14
6. Grade 15 5
7. Service/delivery 8 12
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8. Advertisement 10 10
9. Colour 14 4 2
From the above table,
1) It is clear that the main strong points of Bagalkot cement are economical price and service/ delivery.
2) Quality, brand image, colour & advertisement are the minus points in Bagalkot cement.
1. Table showing customer ranking for features as per their preferences.
Features Ranks, No of Occurrences
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Quality 25
2. Grade 3 17 5
3. Price 12 9 4
4. Service/delivery 6 18 1
5. Packaging 17 2 2 4
6. Colour 13 12
From the above table, we come to know customer prefer quality as the first preference. The second
preference is given for colour and remaining feature take the subsequent rankings
1. Customer’s ranking for the features of Bagalkot cement.
Features Ranks, No of Occurrences
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Quality 3 20 2
2. Advertisement 5 20
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3. Price 10 11
4. Service/delivery 13 12
5. Packaging 11 10 4
6. Colour 5 20
As per the customer perception, quality, colour, & advertisement are the weak feature of Bagalkot
cement.
Table showing rankings of the most effective media of advertisement of cement
Media’s Ranks , No of Occurrences
1 2 3 4 5
Press Advertisement 14 8 8
Radio Advertisement 10 10 10
Meetings / Seminars 25 5
T.V. Advertisement 9 9 12
Wall painting 4 10 16
From the above table, we come to know, the most effective media of advertisement of cement is meeting /
seminars and next to this wall paintings and TV advertisement.
How attractive are these markets for Bagalkot Cement?
The factors that determine the attractiveness of the market are the market size, market growth rate,
nature of the market, competitors, and brand loyalty, profit margin for dealers, technological change and
substitutes for the product.
The structure of cement market in India is of oligopoly nature. It is characterized by a few major
sellers, where in the action of any individual sellers have influence upon his rivals.
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So according to the survey , It is quite clear that if management of the company gives more attention
towards sales promotion activities and more incentives to dealers ,company can grow its market. The
company has got more scope if it leaves an impression on dealers, as they are the final agents to push over
to the market. The company has got quality. It is geographically well placed. The price of Bagalkot
cement is Rs 220 /bag which is comparatively less than other cement brands. The company should be
aware of the entry of other brands in the market.
VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY
Bagalkot Cement Industries Limited is Karnataka foremost manufacturer of cement and ready mix
concrete with a countrywide network of factories and marketing offices. Established in 1955, BCIL has
been a pioneer and trend-setter in cement and concrete technology. BCIL brand name is synonymous with
cement and enjoys a high level of equity in the Indian market. Among the first companies in Karnataka to
include commitment to environment protection as a corporate objective, BCIL has won several prizes and
accolades for environment friendly measures taken at its plants and mines. The company has also been
felicitated for its acts of good corporate citizenship.
The cement industry successfully implements a dialogue and communications strategy, tailored for
different types of stakeholders, that improves the industry’s understanding of stakeholder issues and
concerns. This feedback is used by industry in its business planning and in its drive towards sustainability
alignment.
To become a leading creator of Shareholder Value in the cement Industry
We will use the ENERGY of our people, and implement LEADING EDGE technologies and on both to
deliver effective world-class solutions to our customer.
Company wants to achieve all these Targets
1. Wants to improve his production capacity.
2. Wants to make a positive mind set in customer for using our cement in slab.
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MISSION STATEMENT
1. We will provide products of superior Quality at competitive price and ensures sustained
profitability and growth.
2. We will protect the interest of all concerned Promoters, Shareholders, Customers, Distributors,
Employees, Community.
3. We believe in fair trade practices, principles of integrity standard and strive for total customer
satisfaction, keeping the environment friendly.
4. We believe that our people are the most valuable assets, personal and organizational growth
synonymous.
5. We will treat our people with dignity, look after the safety, welfare of individuals and their
Families.
6. We will be a World Class organization through leadership, in production, efficiency, cost of
leadership by achieving the lowest consumption levels of fuel energy and raw materials.
We will continue to be a moving force in our national progress
OBJECTIVE
“NO HARM ANYWHERE TO ANYONE ASSOCIATED WITH KIL”
“NO HARM” means:
No fatalities
No disabling Injuries
No Lost Time Injuries No Medical treatment Injuries
No First Aid Injuries
No Occupational Illness
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“ANYONE” means:
Employees
Contractors personnel on site
Ready-mix drivers on job
Third party contractors on site
Visitors to KIL site
Chapter 5
SWOT ANALYSIS
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SWOT ANALYSIS
From the survey conducted in and around Bagalkot region and the opinions collected from
Engineers, Contractors, Individuals and Dealers, the company’s environment scenario can be examined by
SWOT analysis
STRENGTH:
1. It’s more workable in Coastal area.
2. Abundance of Lime stone (raw material) available in the region.
3. Its local brand & can be capitalized around Bagalkot surrounding area.
4. It has a formal technical collaboration with M/S Blue Circle Industries Ltd., PLC,UK
5. A large number of dealers network helps in facilitating better width and depth of penetration in the
market.
WEAKNESS:
1. Lack of marketing oriented activities or strategies due to more sales orientation and profit
consciousness lags to capture the market.
2. There are no interactions in the means of meetings and seminars with Dealers.
3. No preference to localities.
4. No benefit, schemes & Incentives to dealers.
5. People prefer Brand names like ACC, Vasavadatta, L&T, Rajashree,
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6. Inadequate training and orientation just in the marketing strategies and advertisement
OPPORTUNITIES:
1. The company can look forward for a bigger market by changing the name of the product.
2. By utilizing existing dealer’s network and skill force, they can look forward for more ventures in
coastal areas.
3. Until Company attains reputation in the market and captures the heart and mind of people,
company should promote their brand by selling at lower price than their rivals brands.
THREATS:
1. Due to more consciousness towards pollution control social groups in the region will provoke
public to stop the production.
2. As transportation is costing the company for more than 30% the company should look for other
means of transporting (for e.g. railways)
3. Due to environmental problem and global warming there is shortage of rain in the state, which will
affect the generation of power. The company has to solely depend on its DC.
4. As the utilization of Slag in the production of Bagalkot Shakti is more vital, the problem occurs
during storage and dumping.
5. Compared to other company the technology of the plant is quite old.
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CHAPTER-5
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
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5.1 FINDINGS:
1. Over head of the firm was increasing as compare to its previous year. The prime cost in 2008-
09 15,00,65,350 and in 2009-10 it was increased to 20,05,42,500 and 2010-11 it was increased
to 25,02,00,300 .
2. The work cost in 2008-09 18,06,94,920.00 and in 2009-10 it was increased to 23,04,16,555.00
and 2010-11 it was increased to 29,03,80,520.
3. Cost of goods sold increasing as compare to its previous year.
4. Cost of production: The cost of production in 2008-09. 20, 64, 85,020 and in 2009-10 it was
increased to. 26, 30, 58, 580 and 2010-11 it was increased to 321,494,500.
5. Company try to increase wealth maximization, BCIL has less manpower comparing to work
load so BCIL has to recruit skilled worker to improve the quality of the work.
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5.2 OBSERVATION AND SUGGESTIONS
After conducting the market survey on the company’s brand cement “Bagalkot Shakti” in and
around Bagalkot region the following observation are made:
Out of the sample size of 25 dealers given to me, I could meet 20 dealers, for this the reasons being
some of them have shifted their shop to other areas and few were out of station.
1) The colour of the Bagalkot Cement is one of the major causes for its poor sale in Bagalkot
district. Most of the dealers are unsatisfied with the present color of the cement, they complain about the
whitish color of the cement after curing, which is not desired by Contractors/Engineer/Builders and
individual Customers.
2) Next to this, huge problem of advertisement, which when compared with other brands of
cement like ACC, Vasavadatta, JK, Rajeshree and Keshav is very stumpy. So it becomes very essential for
Bagalkot cement to widen its advertising campaign.
3) Instability in the rate of cement is affecting the sales pattern and this to some extent harming
the credibility of Bagalkot Cement in the market.
4) Bagalkot, Badami, Bilagi, Mudhol, Jamkhandi, Hunagund, Ilkal, Markets are to a large extent
dominated by Acc cement. It is due to aggressive advertisement and hectic sales promotion and large
amount of incentives given to dealers. In these areas sale of Bagalkot cement is poor and public awareness
is also not up to the level. It is due to absence of technical seminars and frequent dealers meet.
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5) In cities like the above mentioned, ACC which has brand awareness and its high perceived
quality stands first. People in such places find paying a buck more rather than go for other brands. But
dealers here are not satisfied with the supply of those cements.
SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO COST ANALYSIS
As prime cost, cost of production are increasing in the firm exercise cost reduction and cost control
techniques like material control, labor control, over head control, capital control.
1. As the raw material cost is increasing the firm should use new techniques to reduce it like,
a) the firm allowed near to the sources of raw material
b) Reducing raw material using in production down time.
1. Company should select effective & cheaper market techniques. It helps to reduces cost of goods
sold.
2. Company should try to increase its profit and at least maintain this type of financial position.
3. Company should control its fixed costs its help to reduce the cost of production.
4. Company try to increase wealth maximization, BCIL has less manpower comparing to work load
so BCIL has to recruit skilled worker to improve the quality of the work
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5.3 CONCLUSION
India is a largest consumer of cement in the word, India is 3 rd largest producer with total
production capacity exceeding 102.2 MT, including mini sector. China & Japan stands first & second in
the world in the production of cement.
.
In this study the attempt is to made analysis of the sample unit. Since the BCIL Ltd is facing
heavy competition in an around area of the region, it is essential to focus on the aspect of cost, profitability
etc.
It should try to increase wealth maximization, Cost production is increase it will effect to profit
and sale of cement, Cost accounting is a recent development. It is the branch of financial accounting. It
maintain the records unit wise, process wise, job wise department wise, we can easily control in reduction
of costs by preparation of the statement unit wise or job wise.
5.4 LEARNING
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1. An insight about the corporate culture and the functioning of various departments of the
organization.
2. A better insight into the cement industry
3. Functioning of an organization and expectations in the work place
4. Practical usage of financial concepts in the company.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1. Company’s websites
2. Manuals provided by the company
3. Interactions with various departments
BOOKS
1. Khan & Jaim ( Cost accounts)
2. Baligar.G.B ( Cost accounts)
3. Reasearch methodology by cooper
WEBSITES
1. www.bagalkotcements.com
2. www.economywatch.com
3.