Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position
Body erect, feet Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms slightly apart, palms facing forward, facing forward, thumbs point away thumbs point away from bodyfrom body
Figure 1.7a
Directional TermsDirectional Terms Superior and inferior – toward and away from Superior and inferior – toward and away from
the head, respectivelythe head, respectively Anterior and posterior – toward the front and Anterior and posterior – toward the front and
back of the bodyback of the body Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the
midline, away from the midline, and between a midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structuremore medial and lateral structure
Directional TermsDirectional Terms Proximal and distal – closer to and farther Proximal and distal – closer to and farther
from the origin of the body partfrom the origin of the body part Superficial and deep – toward and away from Superficial and deep – toward and away from
the body surfacethe body surface
Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View
Figure 1.7a
Nasal (nose)Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Frontal (forehead)Orbital (eye)Buccal (cheek)Mental (chin)
(a) Anterior
Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View
Figure 1.7a
Nasal (nose)Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial(point of shoulder)Axillary (armpit)
Brachial (arm)Antecubital(front of elbow)
Abdominal(abdomen)
Pelvic (pelvis)
Antebrachial(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar(palm)
Pollex(thumb)
Digital(fingers)
Mammary(breast)
Frontal (forehead)Orbital (eye)Buccal (cheek)
Sternal(breastbone)Thoracic(chest)
Mental (chin)
Umbilical(navel)
(a) Anterior
Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View
Figure 1.7a
Nasal (nose)Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial(point of shoulder)Axillary (armpit)
Brachial (arm)Antecubital(front of elbow)
Abdominal(abdomen)
Pelvic (pelvis)
Antebrachial(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar(palm)
Pollex(thumb)
Digital(fingers)Pubic (genital region)
Patellar(anterior knee)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (ankle)Pedal(foot) Digital (toes)
Inguinal(groin)
Coxal(hip)
Femoral(thigh)
Fibular, orperoneal(side of leg)
Hallux (great toe)
Mammary(breast)
Frontal (forehead)Orbital (eye)Buccal (cheek)
Sternal(breastbone)Thoracic(chest)
Mental (chin)
Umbilical(navel)
(a) Anterior
Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Otic (ear)
Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull)
Cephalic(head)
(b) Posterior
Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Brachial (arm)
Otic (ear)
Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull) Acromial(point of shoulder)Vertebral(spinal column)Scapular(shoulder blade)
Dorsum or dorsal(back)Olecranal(back of elbow)Lumbar (loin)Sacral(between hips)Manus
(hand)
Upperextremity
Cephalic(head)
(b) Posterior
Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Brachial (arm)
Otic (ear)
Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull) Acromial(point of shoulder)Vertebral(spinal column)Scapular(shoulder blade)
Dorsum or dorsal(back)Olecranal(back of elbow)Lumbar (loin)Sacral(between hips)
Gluteal (buttock)
Perineal(region betweenthe anus and external genitalia)Femoral (thigh)Popliteal(back of knee)Sural (calf)Calcaneal (heel)Plantar (sole)
Manus(hand)
Upperextremity
Cephalic(head)
Lowerextremity
(b) Posterior
Body PlanesBody Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left partsSagittal – divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on
the midlinethe midline Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior
and posterior partsand posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides
the body into superior and inferior partsthe body into superior and inferior parts Oblique section – cuts made diagonallyOblique section – cuts made diagonally
Body PlanesBody Planes
Figure 1.8
Anatomical VariabilityAnatomical Variability Humans vary slightly in both external and Humans vary slightly in both external and
internal anatomyinternal anatomy Over 90% of all anatomical structures match Over 90% of all anatomical structures match
textbook descriptions, but:textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of
placeplace Small muscles may be missingSmall muscles may be missing
Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seenExtreme anatomical variations are seldom seen
Body CavitiesBody Cavities Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and
is divided into two subdivisionsis divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brainCranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral
column; encases the spinal cordcolumn; encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity houses the internal organs Ventral cavity houses the internal organs
(viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions(viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions ThoracicThoracic AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Figure 1.9a
Cranial cavity(contains brain)
Dorsalbodycavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)
Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,reproductive organs,and rectum)
Vertebral cavity(contains spinal cord)
Key:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Thoraciccavity(containsheartand lungs)
(a) Lateral view
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Figure 1.9b
Ventral body cavity(thoracic and abdomino-pelviccavities)
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Superiormediastinum Pleuralcavity
Cranialcavity
Vertebralcavity
Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)
Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,reproductive organs,and rectum)
Thoraciccavity(containsheartand lungs)
(b) Anterior view
Key:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Body CavitiesBody Cavities Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural
cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavitycavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lungPleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity;
surrounds the remaining thoracic organssurrounds the remaining thoracic organs Pericardial cavity – encloses the heartPericardial cavity – encloses the heart
Body CavitiesBody Cavities The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from
the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragmshaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisionsIt is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,
intestines, spleen, liver, and other organsintestines, spleen, liver, and other organs Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains
the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectumthe bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Ventral Body Cavity MembranesVentral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal serosa lines internal body wallsParietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organsVisceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosaeSerous fluid separates the serosae
Serous Membrane RelationshipSerous Membrane Relationship
Figure 1.10a
Heart SerosaeHeart Serosae
Figure 1.10b
Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the
digestive organsdigestive organs Nasal –located within and posterior to the noseNasal –located within and posterior to the nose Orbital – house the eyesOrbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that
transmit sound vibrationstransmit sound vibrations Synovial – joint cavitiesSynovial – joint cavities
Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities
Figure 1.13
Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11a
Organs of the Abdominopelvic Organs of the Abdominopelvic RegionsRegions
Figure 1.11b
Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upperRight upper Left upperLeft upper Right lowerRight lower Left lowerLeft lower
Figure 1.12