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Anatomy 2 Basic Chemistry

Date post: 07-Apr-2018
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    Chapter 2

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    ` MATTER

    Is anything that occupiesspace and has mass

    Exists in 3 states: gaseous, liquid, and solid

    ` ENERGY

    The capacity to do work or move matter

    Kinetic (active) Potential (stored)

    Forms: chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

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    ` Elements and atoms 112-116 elements

    Four elements that make up 96% living matter:

    x carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

    ` Atomic structure 3 subatomic particles:

    x proton (+), electron(-), neutron

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    ` A molecule is the smallest unit resulting from the

    binding of 2 or more atoms

    ` If the atoms are different, a molecule of acompound is formed

    ` Compounds exhibit properties different from those

    of the atoms they comprise

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    INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

    ` Include water,salts, acids, and bases

    ` Water: most abundant compound in the body

    Acts as universal solvent Basis of transport and lubricating fluids

    Slowly absorbs and releases heat; helps to maintain

    homeostatic body temperature

    Acts as a cushion to protect certain body structures

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    SALTS:

    ` Involved in nerve transmission, muscle

    contraction, blood clotting, transport of oxygen by

    hemoglobin, cell permeability, metabolism` Calcium salts (as bone salts) contribute to bone

    hardness

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    ACIDS:

    ` Are proton donors

    ` Release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

    BASES:` Are proton acceptors

    ` Bicarbonate ions re important bases in the body

    when bases and acids interact, neutralization

    occurs

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    pH examples

    0

    Increasing 1

    Acidity 2 Lemon juice; gastric juice

    3 Grapefruit juice

    4 Tomato juice (pH 4.2)

    5 Coffee

    6 Saliva, milk (pH6.5)

    NEUTRAL 7 Distilled water (pH 7), human blood

    8 Seawater (pH 8.4)

    Increasing 9

    Alkalinity 10 Milk ofMagnesia (pH 10.5)

    (basicity) 11 Household ammonia (pH 11.5-11.9)

    12 Household bleach (pH 12)

    13

    Oven cleaner (pH

    13.5)

    14

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    Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

    Slight deviations outside this range can be fatal!

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    ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

    ` Carbon containing.

    Examples:

    carbohydrates Lipids

    Proteins

    nucleic acids

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    CARBOHYDRATES (CHO): Are ingested assugars and starches

    Are glucose

    LIPI

    DS:

    Include triglycerides found in adipose tissue where they

    provide insulation and reserve body fuel

    Phospholipids and cholesterol are found in cell

    membranes

    Cholesterol: also a basis of certain hormones, bile salts,and vitamin D

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    PROTEIN: Constructed from building blocks called amino acids

    ENZYMES:

    Increase the rate of chemical reactionNUCLEIC ACID:

    DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) maintains genetic heritage

    RNA (ribonucleic acid) ensures that the instructions of

    the DNA are executed

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    ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

    ` Universal energy compound used by all cells of

    the body

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