BONE MARKINGSAre projections that are site for muscle and ligament attachment; projections that help the joints; depressions and openings allow the blood vessels to pass.NAMEILLUSTRATIONFUNCTION

a.Tuberositya large prominence on a bone usually serving for the attachment of muscles or ligaments-Oblong, raised bump, usually for muscle attachment; also called a tuber; a small tuberosity is called a tubercle [tuber is literally bump or lump]

b.Crest

aprojection,orprojectingstructureorridge,especiallyonesurmountingaboneoritsborder.-Moderately raised ridge; generally a site for muscle attachment

c.TrochanterThetrochanteris an anatomical part of the femur connecting to the hip bone.-Large bump for muscle attachment (larger than a tubercle or tuberosity) [literally runner]

d.Lineastripe,streak,ornarrowridge; animaginarylineconnectingdifferentanatomiclandmarks.linea-Similar to a crest but not raised as much (is often rather faint)

e. Tubercle

the termtuberclemay describe a roundnodule, smalleminence, orwartyoutgrowth found onbonesor skin, or, in cases oftuberculosis, in the lungs.

f. Epicondyle(epi meaning "upon"; condyle meaning "knuckle" or "rounded articular area")-any of several prominences on the distal part of a long bone serving for the attachment of muscles and ligaments:a:one on the outer aspect of the distal part of the humerus or proximal to the lateral condyle of the femurcalled alsolateral epicondyleb:a larger and more prominent one on the inner aspect of the distal part of the humerus or proximal to the medial condyle of the femurcalled alsomedial epicondyle

g. Spine

Sharp, pointed process; similar to crested but raised more; for muscle attachment [literally thorn]

h. Head

Distinct epiphysis on a long bone, separated from the shaft by a narrowed portion (or neck)

i. Facet

Flat surface that forms a joint with another facet or at bone

j. Condyle

Rounded bump; usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint [literally knuckle]-Latin:condylus, fromGreek:kondylos; knuckle) is the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint - an articulation with another bone.

k. Ramus

Curved portion of a bone, like a rams horn [literally branch]

l. Meatus

Tubelike opening or channel[literally passage]

m. Sinus

Cavity within a bone [literally hollow]Acavityorhollowspaceinaboneoftheskull,especiallyonethatconnectswiththenose.

n. Fossa

Depression; often receives an articulating bone [literally ditch]

o. Groove

anarrow,linear hollowordepression

p. FissureLong, cracklike hole for blood vessels / nerves [literally a split]-a narrow opening or crack of considerable length and depth usually occurring from some breaking or parting

q.Foramen

Round hole for vessels and nerves [literally hole]-The skull contains a number offoraminathrough which arteries, veins, nerves, and other structures enter and exit

BONE FRACTURESis a medical condition in which there is a break in the continuity of the bone. A bone fracture can be the result of high forceimpactorstress, or trivial injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such asosteoporosis,bone cancer, orosteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture.

NAMEILLUSTRATIONDEFINITION

Oblique

Afractureinwhichthelineof breakrunsobliquelytotheaxisofthebone.

Transverse

Afractureinwhichthelineof breakformsarightanglewith theaxisofthe bone.

Spiral

(a.k.a.torsion fracture) is abone fractureoccurring whentorque(a rotating force) is applied along the axis of a bone

ComminutedA bone injury that results in more than 2 separate bone components is known as a comminuted fracture. Some comminuted fractures have specific names such as 'butterfly fragment' or 'segmental fracture

Linear

Afracturethatrunsparallelto thelongaxisofabone. Also calledfissuredfracture

Greenstick

Agreenstick fractureis afracturein a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and breaks. Despite the name fracture, during the majority of cases the bone is broken and hard to find in x-rays. This is owing in large part to the thick fiborousperiosteumof immature bone. A person's bones become harder (calcified) and more brittle with age and the periosteum becomes thinner and less restrictive. Greenstick fractures usually occur most often during infancy and childhood when bones are soft. The name is by analogy with green (i.e., fresh) wood which similarly breaks on the outside when bent. It was discovered by British-American orthopedist,John Insall, and Polish-American orthopedist,Michael Slupecki.

Simple

Also known as a closed fracture, it is a fracture where the bones suffers breakage; however, it does not puncture, or piece through the epidermis.

Compound

Also known as an open fracture, this form of bonne trauma is characterized by luxation of the bone, with it being exposed to contamination. This is dangerous as a plausibility of contracting an infection is dense.

Impacted

It is a closed fracture which occurs when pressure is applied to the two extremities of the bone, causing it to split into two fragments that jam into each other. This type of fracture is common resultant of motor collisions and falls.

Segmentalabonebreakinwhichseveral largebonefragmentsseparatefromthemainbodyofafracturedbone.Theendsofthe fragmentsmaypiercetheskin,asinanopenfracture,ormaybecontainedwithintheskin,asinaclosedfracture.

Torus

Torus fractures(also known asbuckle fractures) areincomplete fracturesof the shaft of a long bone that is characterised by bulging of the cortex.They usually result from trabecular compression from an axial loading force (along long axis of bone).Usually seen in children, frequently involving the distal radial metaphysis.

Avulsedis abone fracturewhich occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result ofphysical trauma. This can occur at theligamentdue to the application forces external to the body (such as a fall or pull) or at thetendondue to a muscular contraction that is stronger than the forces holding the bone together. Generally muscular avulsion is prevented due to the neurological limitations placed onmuscle contractions. Highly trained athletes can overcome this neurological inhibition of strength and produce a much greater force output capable of breaking or avulsing a bone.

University of Perpetual HelpDalta-Calamba CampusS.Y. 2014-2015AnatomyAnd physiology(lecture)

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