Anatomy 2 Hours

Anatomy and Physiology 2 HoursLynn E. Lawrence, CMSgt (ret), CPOT, ABOCTear Film Layers

oilaqueoussnotWhat functions does each layer of the tear perform?Oil prevent evaporation and aids in lubricationAqueous aids in hydrationMucin assist the tear in adhering to the cornea2Healthy Tears

A complex mixture of proteins, mucins, and electrolytes coated by a lipid layerAntimicrobial proteinsGrowth factors & suppressors of inflammationSoluble mucin helps stabilize tear filmElectrolytes for proper osmolarity (295-300)pH slightly alkaline (7.4)Why is a tear salty tasting?Tear composition: Sodium in the tear3Lipid Secretion: Meibomian Glands

Left:Transillumination of eyelid showingmeibomian glands Right:Secretion of lipid at lid marginThe lipid layer restricts evaporation to 5-10% of tear flowAlso helps lubricateWhere does a contact lens rest?On the tear film4Lipid Secretion: Meibomian Glands

(WC Posey, Diseases of the Eye, 1902)

Transillumination ofmeibomian glands(Transillumination image from Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders, 2004)What eye is this?How does the lipid layer aid in contact lens wear?5Left eyelacrimal gland is lateral, punctum is nasalThe great variety of lipid species in the outer lipid layer is secreted by meibomian glands.

Meibomian glands are found in both lids, with orifices at the lid margins.

The lipid layer reduces evaporation of the aqueous component of tears to 5-10% of the tear flow and helps provide lubrication during the blink cycle as well.

[Image from: Diseases of the Eye, William Campbell Posey, ed. Lea Brothers, Philadelphia and New York, 1902] Anatomy

What function does the pupil have?It is an aperture in which light passes through6The Eyelid7 Layers of the eyelids 1. Skin-thinnest layer 2. Subcutaneous connective tissue3. Striated Muscle4. Sub-muscular connective tissue 5. Tarsal plate or fibrous layer6. Smooth muscle7. Conjunctiva (Bulbar/Palpebral)

How are Hordoleum and Chalazions treated? 7Warm compresses 3-4 times a day

EpidermisThe epidermis is the outer layer of skin. The thickness of the epidermis varies in different types of skin. It is the thinnest on the eyelids at .05 mm and the thickest on the palms and soles at 1.5 mm. The epidermis contains 5 layers. From bottom to top the layers are named stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum licidum, and stratum corneum. The bottom layer, the stratum basale, has cells that are shaped like columns. In this layer the cells divide and push already formed cells into higher layers. As the cells move into the higher layers, they flatten and eventually die. The top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, is made of dead, flat skin cells that shed about every 2 weeks. There are three types of specialized cells in the epidermis. The melanocyte produces pigment (melanin), the Langerhans' cell is the frontline defense of the immune system in the skin, and the Merkel's cell's function is not clearly known. DermisThe dermis also varies in thickness depending on the location of the skin. It is .3 mm on the eyelid and 3.0 mm on the back. The dermis is composed of three types of tissue that are present throughout - not in layers. The types of tissue are collagen, elastic tissue, and reticular fibers. The two layers of the dermis are the papillary and reticular layers. The upper, papillary layer, contains a thin arrangement of collagen fibers. The lower, reticular layer, is thicker and made of thick collagen fibers that are arranged parallel to the surface of the skin.The dermis contains many specialized cells and structures. The hair follicles are situated here with the erector pili muscle that attaches to each follicle. Sebaceous (oil) glands and apocrine (scent) glands are associated with the follicle. This layer also contains eccrine (sweat) glands, but they are not associated with hair follicles. Blood vessels and nerves course through this layer. The nerves transmit sensations of pain, itch, and temperature. There are also specialized nerve cells called Meissner's and Vater-Pacini corpuscles that transmit the sensations of touch and pressure. Subcutaneous TissueThe subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat and connective tissue that houses larger blood vessels and nerves. This layer is important is the regulation of temperature of the skin itself and the body. The size of this layer varies throughout the body and from person to person. Eyebrows and EyelashesEyebrowsThickened ridge of skin with short hairsDiverts perspirationEyelashesAlso protectsSebaceous glands at base of each lash are called Glands of Zeis which produce a lubricating fluidFluid can harden and clog the gland, producing a stye or painless chalazion. If painful and infected it is called an external hordeolum

Cataracts (myotonia) are caused by? An opacity of the crystalline lens8Lacrimal ApparatusLacrimal ApparatusLacrimal gland - located under the frontal bone at upper-outer angle of the orbitLacrimal canals/ducts (6-12)Conjunctival sacPuncta (um)drainage ports (2 ea eye)Canaliculi (us)Lacrimal sacNasolacrimal duct - drains into the nose

The receptors for night vision are?Rods9Lacrimal ApparatusSometimes a person cannot produce natural tears that they might need some punctal plugs.

What are the three main parts of the crystalline lens?Capsule, cortex, and nucleus10Anatomy and Physiology of the Eyeball3 LayersFibrous Layer *Cornea *Sclera

Vascular Layer *Choroid *Ciliary body *Iris

Nerve Layer *Retina *Macula *Optic nerve

What is the main function of each layer?Fibrous protection and supportVascular nourishmentNervous layer transmission of impulse signals11ScleraWhite in colorPrimary function is protection Pierced posteriorly by the optic nerveActs as insertion points for the six EOMsJunction between the cornea and sclera is called the Limbus

What is the total power of the eye?60 diopters12Conjunctiva An epithelial membrane which covers the anterior sclera and continues to the back surfaces of the lids to form a conjunctival sacHas blood vessels which can burst and cause subconjunctival hemorrhage Three partsBulbarPalpebralFornix - where bulbar and palpebral meet

Name the mucus producing cell?Goblet cells13CorneaIndex of refraction is 1.37Approximately .5mm in thicknessTransparent Organ (no blood vessels / avascular)Primary function is refraction of light raysRefractive power approx + 45.00 D

What is it called when blood vessels grow onto the cornea?

What happens when a patient gets a scar in the visual pathway?What is the crossover point for the nasal optic nerves?NeovascularizationCauses unwanted refraction of lightblurringChiasm 14CorneaComposed of 5 layers Epithelium24 hr healing Outermost layer 5 cell layers thick Heals very quickly Does not scar Bowman's membrane- layer just under the epithelium NOTE: will scarStroma middle tissue that forms 90% of the corneaDescemet's membrane- thin elastic layer deep in the cornea Endothelium - only one cell layer thick; lines undersurface of the cornea, where it regulates corneal water content

What cranial nerve is tied to corneal sensations?Facial nerve15Confocal Scanner

Endothelial detail with nucleiEpithelial detail with nucleiWhich cells do not regenerate Epithelium or Endothelium?Endothelial cells16Aqueous HumorManufactured by ciliary bodyCharacteristics:ClearWatery consistency (99% H2O)Functions Refraction of lightIntraocular Pressure (IOP)Probably nourishes posterior surface of the cornea and the crystalline lensFlows from posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber

How does aqueous flow out of anterior chamber?

Produced in the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and moves through the pupil into the anterior chamber and goes out over the trabecular meshwork to the Canal of Schelm17Crystalline Lens...approx 12-14 diopters of powerFunctionsRefraction of lightAccommodationFocus adjustment of the eyePresbyopia is the loss in accommodationFirst noticed around age 40. Due to a loss in flexibility of the lens

Name the three main parts of the lens?18Cortes, nucleus, capsuleCrystalline Lens3 things happen during accommodation:Pupils constrictEyes convergeLens gets thickerThe crystalline lens contains a high degree of proteinChanges in the lens protein causes the lens to lose its transparency which is a condition termed "cataract"Aphakia is the absence of a lens. It can be removed during cataractextraction

How much focusing power does the lens have?12-16 diopters of power19IrisMost anterior portion of the vascular layerGives the eye its color, i.e. blue eyes, brown eyes, etc.Consists of blood vessels, pigment and muscle tissueRegulates lightSmaller with age

What does the sphincter muscle control?The iris20Ciliary Body Located near the base of the iris and posterior to itComposed of blood vessels and muscle fibers (ciliary muscle)Cilliary process produces aqueous

Ciliary body is attached to suspensatory ligaments called?Zonnules of Zinn21Vitreous Chamber Functions:Refraction of lightInternal supportSpots in vision may be floaters in the vitreous

Post vitreous detachmentHow many chambers are inside the eye?Anterior, posterior, and vitreous chambers22Nerve Layer - RetinaVisual Receptors are Cones and RodsConesProduce color visionGive improved acuityUsed in day vision = Photopic = normal and high levels of illuminationRods120 millionProduce black and white visionFunction in dim light = Scotopic = low level of illuminationCones and Rods 6 millionUsed under mesopic vision = between scotopic and photopicBoth rods and cones are used.

The _____ is the strongest refractive media and has about ____ diopters of power.Cornea / 44 diopters23

Which cranial nerve controls the superior oblique muscle?Trochlear nerve24The retina (Cranial Nerve II)

VitreousPigmentepitheliumThe levator palpebrae raises the eyelid and is innervated by CN #?CN 325Retina 10 layers Pigment epitheliumRodsConesOuter plexiform layerHorizontal cellsBipolar cellsAmacrine cellsInner plexiform layerGanglion cellsNerve fiber layer

Vitreous (inside of eye)Outside of eye26Cross-sectional image of live tissue; a virtual biopsy

Identification of Retinal Layers

IS/OSRPE/CCILMGCLNFLChoroidIPLOPLNFL: Nerve Fiber LayerILM: Inner Limiting MembraneGCL: Ganglion Cell LayerIPL: Inner Plexiform Layer OPL: Outer PlexiformIS/OS: Junction of inner and outer photoreceptor segments RPE: Retinal Pigment EpitheliumCC: ChoriocapillarisStratus OCT27Retinal layers viewed with Stratus OCT correspond with histology. Nerve Layer - Retina Optic nerve head (optic disc)No receptors - physiological blind spotPoint of exit of optic nerveAppears yellow compared to the orange retina

What is Pars Plana?The part of the cilliary body just beyond the ora seratta28Cup & Disc

What disease of the eye primarily focuses on the cup and disc?Glaucoma 29Nerve Layer - RetinaOra SerrataLand mark attachment site for choroid and retinaMost anterior portion of retinaNearly all rods

How many layers are in the retina?3010Anatomy and Physiology of the extraocular musclesThe Extra-ocular Muscles (EOM)Organized into an umbrella-like bundle among the orbital fat, orbital blood vessels and nervesSix muscles associated with eye movementsSuperior rectus (S.R.)Inferior rectus (I.R.)Medial rectus (M.R.)Lateral rectus (L.R.)Superior oblique (S.O.)Inferior oblique (I.O.)

How many cranial nerves control these 6 muscles?31#3, #4, and #6 for a total of 3

Each eye has six extra-ocular muscles attached externally. The lateral rectus muscle , controlled by the abducens nerve ( 6th cranial nerve) , causes the eyes to move laterally outward. The superior oblique muscle , controlled by the trochlear nerve (4th cranial nerve) , has several actions on the eye , but primarily causes the eye to twist outward. The superior oblique muscle is unique because it passes through a fixed pulley called the ' trochlea ' before attaching to the globe. The other extra-ocular muscles including the superior rectus muscle which pulls the eye upward, the inferior rectus muscle which pulls the eye downward, the medial rectus muscle which pulls the eye inward, and the inferior oblique muscle which primarily twist the eye inward are all controlled by the oculomotor nerve (3rd cranial nerve).By controlling how each extra-ocular muscle contracts, the brain is able to control which direction our eyes will turn. Two interesting observations have been made regarding brain control of eye movement . Herring's Law states that when the paired eyes look in a particular direction , paired agonist muscles will be stimulated by equal firing from nerve signals to move the two eyes equally in the same direction. Sherrington's Law states that when one eye looks in any particular direction , when an agonist muscle is stimulated , then its corresponding antagonist muscle on the other side of the eye will relax.Extra Ocular Muscles

What is the name of the point where the muscles come together?The apex of the orbit32Extraocular MusclesMedial Rectus - Most powerful, adduction, CN IIIInferior Rectus - Primary is depression, CN IIILateral Rectus - Abduction, CN VISuperior Rectus - Primary is elevation

Which muscle close the eye lid and is innervated by cranial #7?33Orbicularis Oculi

There are six extraocular muscles which act to rotate an eye about its vertical, horizontal, and antero-posterior axes: the medial rectus (MR), the lateral rectus (LR), the superior rectus (SR), the inferior rectus (IR), the superior oblique (SO), and the inferior oblique (IO). muscle movementsA given extraocular muscle moves an eye in a specific manner, as follows: medial rectus (MR)moves the eye toward the nose lateral rectus (LR)moves the eye away from the nose superior rectus (SR)primarily moves the eye upward and secondarily rotates the top of the eye toward the nose inferior rectus (IR)primarily moves the eye downward and secondarily rotates the top of the eye away from the nose superior oblique (SO)primarily rotates the top of the eye toward the nose and secondarily moves the eye downward inferior oblique (IO)primarily rotates the top of the eye away from the nose and secondarily moves the eye upward The primary muscle that moves an eye in a given direction is known as the agonist. A muscle in the same eye that moves the eye in the same direction as the agonist is known as a synergist, while the muscle in the same eye that moves the eye in the opposite direction of the agonist is the antagonist. According to Sherringtons Law, increased innervation to any agonist muscle is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in innervation to its antagonist muscle(s).muscle innervationsEach extraocular muscle is innervated by a specific cranial nerve (C.N.): medial rectus (MR)cranial nerve III lateral rectus (LR)cranial nerve VI superior rectus (SR)cranial nerve III inferior rectus (IR)cranial nerve III superior oblique (SO)cranial nerve IV inferior oblique (IO)cranial nerve III The following can be used to remember the cranial nerve innervations of the six extraocular muscles:

LR6(SO4)3.

That is, the lateral rectus (LR) is innervated by C.N. 6, the superior oblique (SO) is innervated by C.N. 4, and the four remaining muscles (MR, SR, IR, and IO) are innervated by C.N. 3. anatomical arrangementAll of the extraocular muscles, with the exception of the inferior oblique, form a cone within the bony orbit. The apex of this cone is located in the posterior aspect of the orbit, while the base of the cone is the attachment of the muscles around the midline of the eye. This conic structure is referred to as the annulus of Zinn, and within the cone runs the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), and within the optic nerve are contained the ophthalmic artery and the ophthalmic vein.The superior oblique muscle, although part of the cone-shaped annulus of Zinn, differs from the recti muscles in that before it attaches to the eye it passes through a ring-like tendon, the trochlea (which acts as a pulley), in the nasal portion of the orbit. The inferior oblique, which is not a member of the annulus of Zinn, arises from the lacrimal fossa in the nasal portion of the bony orbit and attaches to the inferior portion of the eye.ductionsWhen considering each eye separately, any movement is called a duction. Describing movement around a vertical axis, abduction is a horizontal movement away from the nose caused by a contraction of the LR muscle with an equal relaxation of the MR muscle. Conversely, adduction is a horizontal movement toward the nose caused by a contraction of the MR muscle with an equal relaxation of the LR muscle.Describing movement around a horizontal axis, supraduction (elevation) is a vertical movement upward caused by the contraction of the SR and IO muscles with an equal relaxation of the of the IR and SO muscles. Conversely, infraduction (depression) is a vertical movement downward caused by the contraction of the IR and SO muscles with an equal relaxation of the SR and IO muscles.Describing movement around an antero-posterior axis, incycloduction (intorsion) is a nasal or inward rotation (of the top of the eye) caused by the contraction of the SR and SO muscles with an equal relaxation of the IR and IO muscles. Conversely, excycloduction (extorsion) is a temporal or outward rotation (of the top of the eye) caused by the contraction of the IR and IO muscles with an equal relaxation of the SR and SO muscles.versionsWhen considering the eyes working together, a version or conjugate movement involves simultaneous movement of both eyes in the same direction. Agonist muscles in both eyes which work together to move the eyes in the same direction are said to be yoked together. According to Herrings Law, yoked muscles receive equal and simultaneous innervation. There are six principle versional movements: dextroversion (looking right) levoversion (looking left) supraversion or sursumversion (looking up) infraversion or deorsumversion (looking down) dextrocycloversion (rotation to the right) levocycloversion (rotation to the left) vergencesA vergence or disconjugate movement involves simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions. There are two principle vergence movements: convergence (looking nasally or inwardcrossed-eyes) divergence (looking temporally or outwardwall-eyes) cardinal positions of gazeThe cardinal positions are six positions of gaze which allow comparisons of the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal ocular movements produced by the six extraocular muscles. These are the six cardinal positions: up/right right down/right down/left left up/left In each position of gaze, one muscle of each eye is the primary mover of that eye and is yoked to the primary mover of the other eye. Below, each of the six cardinal positions of gaze is shown, along with upward gaze, downward gaze, and convergence:Muscles and FunctionLR6SO43RectusObliquesIntorsionExtorsionElevation Depression

An obvious upward/superior deviation of the eye is called?Hypertropia34Extraocular MusclesSuperior Oblique (SO)- has 3 functions; intorsion, depression and abduction; innervated by the 4th (trochlear) cranial nerveInferior Oblique (IO)- 3 functions; extorsion, elevation, and abduction; innervated by the 3rd (oculomotor) cranial nerve

Proper alignment and muscle balance of the eyes is called?Orhtophoria35Extraocular MusclesMedial Rectus (MR)- moves the eye inward from the straight-ahead position (adduction); innervated by the 3rd (Oculomotor) cranial nerveLateral Rectus (LR)- moves the outward (abduction) from the straight-ahead position; innervated by the 6th (Abducens) cranial nerveInferior Rectus (IR)- 3 functions; depression, extorsion, and adduction; innervated by the 3rd (Oculomoter) cranial nerveA definite and obvious turning of the eye is called?Tropia 36Ocular MotilityVersion - a conjugate movement of the 2 eyes. Both eyes remain parallel during the movementVergence - A disjunctive movement of the 2 eyesConvergenceNear triad of accommodation, pupil constriction, and convergenceDivergenceA constant tendency for the eyes to turn from the norm is called?Phoria37Muscle Balance TestingCover TestCover/uncoverAlternating coverHirschberg TestLocation of corneal reflex

Which test checks for direction when using the cover test?Alternating Cover Test38Extraocular MusclesMedial RectusToward the nose (adduction)Lateral RectusAway from the nose (abduction)Superior RectusUp;towards the nose (elevation)Inferior RectusDown;away from the nose (depression)

How many extra ocular muscles are there?639Extraocular MusclesSuperior ObliqueRotates the top of the eye toward the nose;moves eye downInferior ObliqueRotates the top of the eye away from the nose; moves eye upWhere is the insertion points for these muscles?They are inserted into the scleraSuperior Oblique is the apex and Inferior oblique is the floor of 40Bony OrbitOpenings of the orbitPurpose of openingsTransmit arteries and/or veins to and from the orbitTransmit nerves to and from the orbitTypes of openingsFissures (crevices/cracks)Foramina (holes)Major openingsOptic foramen - II cranial nerve - Optic NerveSupraorbital fissure - IV cranial nerve - Trochlear NerveThe transition zone between the sclera and the cornea is called?The limbus41OrbitFrontal boneforeheadEthmoid boneweakestPalatine bonesmallestZygomatic bonestrongestLacrimal boneMaxillary bone

The conjunctiva has two divisions, they are?Bulbar (on the globe) and Palpebral (on the back of the lid)42Cranial Nerves LR6SO43MusclesLateral rectus muscles #6 abducens nerveSuperior Oblique #4 trochlear nerveAll other muscles are controlled by #3 oculomotor nerve

Name the 3 chambers of the internal eye?The anterior, posterior, and vitreous43Anatomy Physiology The Orbit - Bones, etc. The Sinuses - LocationsHuman Body PlanesExternal Structures - Eyelids - Conjunctiva - Eyelashes and EyebrowsLacrimal System

The outer layer of the eyeball is called?Fibrous Layer44Visual Pathway ObjectivesDefine the visual pathwayIdentify structures in the visual pathwayTesting used for the visual pathwayIdentify defects within the visual pathway

Anisometropia occurs when there is a _____________?Significant difference in Rx between two eyes that prevents fusion from occurring, these lenses have the same sign45Visual Pathway Visual pathway is the path taken by nerve impulses between the eye and the brain when the retina is stimulated by light

Iseikonic Lenses are designed are designed for what?Manipulate image size when dissimilar image sizes make it impossible for fusion to occur46Visual PathwayPhysical

Physiological

Psychological

What causes your physiological blind spot?Optic Nerve Head47Visual PathwayVisual pathway has seven structuresRetinaOptic NerveOptic ChiasmOptic TractLateral Geniculate Body (LGB) Optic RadiationsVisual Cortex where vision occurs

Aniseikonia occurs when an object viewed by one eye is _________?Significantly different in size as compared to the other eye48Visual Pathway

Antimetropia occurs when __________ ?When an Rx has a significant difference and the lens power signs are different (convex and concave)49RetinaDivided into four quadrants like the brainFovea at exact centerOptic nerve head is located in nasal halfEach quadrant sees the exact opposite visual field

What is an exudate?

What is papilledema?Clump of proteinInflammation of the optic nerve head50Optic Chiasm Temporal fibers do not crossNasal fibers do crossSome fibers from the macula cross while others do not

What part of the brain does the vision occur?Occipital lobe51An area of blindness within a visual field is called?Visual Field DefectsCommon types of field defectsBlind spots - Areas of blindness in the visual fieldHemianopsia - Blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyesHomonymous - Involving the nasal half of the visual field of one eye and the temporal half of the visual field of the other eye Incongruous -

Homonymous heminopiaIncongruous homonymous Binasal defectScotoma52Is this possible? You be the judge

53Review QuestionsThe point where the upper and lower eyelids meet is calleda. ora serratab. canthusc. jointd. sphinx

The blockage of the meibomian gland is called the ___________ when it causes pain, and the _________ when it does not cause pain.54CanthushordoleumReview QuestionsThe eyelid will protect your eyes froma. blinkingb. dust particlesc. stray tearsd. a burning punctum

What main muscles raises the eyelid?

Name the five layers of the cornea in order55Muscle of Mueller/Levator raisesorbicularis oculi and Riolans muscle lower the lid and hold it close to the globe

Review QuestionsThe drain port for tears is called?a. canal of Schlemmb. punctumc. lacrimal glandd. zonnule of Zinn

In what layer of the eye will chronic diseases normally manifest?

What structure prevents a contact from going behind the globe of the eye?PunctumVascularFornix of the conjuctiva56Review QuestionsWhat is the most anterior part of the retina.

What is the total power of the Cornea, the crystalline lens assembly, and the overall eye?

What is the most posterior layer of the retina?Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer44, 12-14, 60Pigment layer57Review QuestionsWhat are the layers of a tear film?

Where is tear mucin produced?

Why is the tear film important in contact lens wear?

The optic nerve is which cranial nerve?

What function does the Canal of Schlemm have?Lipid, aqueous, nervousGoblet cells in conjunctivaFor hydration and lubrication2nd cranial nerveDrainage of aqueous 58Review Opia means what?

What is the difference between a tropia and a phoria?

Avascular means what?

How many extra-ocular muscles are oblique?

What does the root word papill mean?Ocular diseaseTrophia is obvious and phoria is a latent conditionWithout blood vesselsOnly 2Optic Nerve Head59Review QuestionsIdentify the name for the 3 parts of the conjunctiva

In what layer of the eye will the retina be found?

What is the strongest bone of the bony orbit?

What muscle of the lid would be involved in ptosis?Bulbar, palpebral, fornixNervousZygomaticLevator 60Review Questions_________ exist when the foveal lines of sight of the two eyes do not point at the same object.A. binocularityB. strabismusC. conjunctivitisD. FB sensation

Of the following all are anomalies of the binocular system except:A. strabismusB. AmblyopiaC. anomalous correspondenceD. conjunctivitisB. StrabismusD. Conjucntivitis61Review QuestionsWhen the power of the crystalline lens correspond with axial length of the eye, so that parallel light rays are appropriately refracted to focus on the retina is called?A. emmetropiaB. ammetropiaC. hyperopiaD. myopia

An opacity of the crystalline lens is known as?A. photophobia B. cataractC. edemaD. aphakiaEmmetropiaCataract62Review QuestionsWhich test checks for eye movement and helps detect the dominate eye?A. muscle HB. cover testC. visual acuityD. myopia

Glaucoma screening test that used puff of air onto the eye surface:A. NCTB. snellenC. amsler gridD. accommodationB. Cover TestA. NCT63Review Questions Which test uses Pseudo Isochromatic Plates?A. IOPB. color testC. cover/uncoverD. snellen

This checks the power of the eye:A. NCTB. taking case historyC. AutorefractorD. taking blood pressureB. Color TestC. Autorefractor64Review QuestionsWhich test is used to check six cardinal position of gaze for motility?A. Muscle HB. APDC. Amsler GridD. Tropia

Examination of the eye is performed by using a slit lamp or another name for slit lamp is:A. non-contact tonometerB. biomicroscope C. pupilometerD. lensometerMuscle HBiomicroscope65Review QuestionsWhat is a good tear BUT?

What device checks the brain-eye connection?

What device measures the distance between the pupils?

What device measures corneal thickness?A. 15-20 secondsB. Humphreys Visual Field C. PupilometerD. Pachymeter66