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Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

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Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4 2211K - Lecture 4
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Page 1: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

2211K - Lecture 42211K - Lecture 4

Page 2: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber

Page 3: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 5 – Protein filaments

Page 4: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 4 – Actin molecule

Page 5: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 7 – Myosin molecule

Page 6: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 8 – Tropomyosin and troponin

Page 7: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 9 - Tinin

Page 8: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 10 - Nebulin

Page 9: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 3 - Myofibrils

Page 10: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 4 – Myofibrils II

Page 11: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 16 – Sarcomere

Page 12: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 12 – Energy molecules II

Page 13: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 12 – Nucleosides

NTP + ADP NDP + ATP

Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) is a general name for all energy molecules such as ATP, TTP, CTP, GTP, UTP

Since the conformational change of the heavy meromyosin (e.g. as an result muscle contraction) is energized by ATP only, the remaining energy sources (e.g. TTP, CTP, GTP, UTP) could be salvaged in an emergency to recharge ADP

As shown above, the nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) which are the remaining energy molecules of TTP, CTP, GTP, UTP could be utilized to recharge ADP by transferring its high energy bond

Nucleoside diphosphokinase is the enzyme used to transfer the high energy bone and a phosphate from NTP to ADP thereby forming ATP

Nucleoside diphosphokinase

Page 14: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 13 – Creatine phosphate

Creatine Phosphate + ADP Creatine + ATP

Creatine phosphate is the major reserve energy source in muscles

Creatine possesses a a high energy bond (and a phosphate) and it is formed when the muscle is at rest

In an emergency, the high energy bond (and a phosphate) is transferred to ADP thereby reforming a charged energy molecule ATP

Creatine kinase is responsible for transferring the high energy bond from creatine phosphate to ADP

Creatine Kinase

Page 15: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 14 – adenylate kinase

ADP + ADP AMP + ATP

As an last ditch effort to gain energy, your body will salvage even a spent energy molecule like Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

The enzyme adenylate kinase is used to transfer a phosphate from ADP to another ADP to create a new high energy bond or a recharged ATP

Adenylate Kinase

Page 16: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 18 – Neuromuscular junction

Page 17: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 19 – sodium and potassium concentrations

Page 18: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 18: Polarized

Page 19: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 18: Ionotropic and metabotropic receptor

Page 20: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 20: Reaching threshold

Page 21: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 20 – Spread of action potential I

Figure 17: Graphic illustration of the formation of an action potential. Please note that the pore of the ligand gated ①Na+ channel (red) will open after the binding of ACh which allows the initial influx of Na+ and the generation of an electric impulse (red arrow). ②Subsequently, the electric impulse will spread down the membrane by causing the first voltage gated Na+ channel to open which in turn will create another electric impulse and opening another voltage ③gated Na+ channel. Like falling dominos, ④another electric impulse will be generated whereby causing other voltage gated Na+ channel to open

Page 22: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 22: DHP Receptor

Figure 18: Graphic illustration of the interactions between DHP receptor, ryanodine receptor and calcium release channel. The generated action potential ①activates the DHP receptor which causes this voltage gated Ca++ channel to open. ②Ca++ cations from the extracellular matrix to flow into the cell. The Ca③ ++ cations bonds to ryanodine receptor causing it to activate. The activated ryanodine ④receptor trigger the opening of the calcium release channel thereby allowing the Ca++ stored within the sarcoplasmic reticulum to be released into the sarcoplasm

Page 23: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 21: muscle contraction summary I

Page 24: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 24 – Cross bride and power stroke

Page 25: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 24: muscle contraction summary II

Figure 22: Graphic illustration of excitation-contraction coupling. Action potential arrives ①at the neuromuscular junction which causes AChE to be released via exocytosis. AChE ②diffuses cross the synaptic cleft and binds with nAChR and initiates an action potential. Action ③potential travels to the t-tubules and activates the DHP receptor which in turn causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca++. Ca④ ++ is released into the sarcoplasm and binds with ⑤troponin which in turn moves tropomyosin away from the active site. Cross bridge is formed between the myosin and actin myofilament and actin-myosin cycling begins. actin-myosin ⑥cycling results in the shortening of the sarcomere. The shortening of the sarcomere causes the shortening of the myofibril. The ⑦shortening of the myofibril results in muscle contraction

Page 26: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 23: Depolarized

Page 27: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 26: Repolarization

Page 28: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 27: return to polarization

Page 29: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 22 – Return to polarization and muscle relaxation summary

Figure 25: Graphic illustration of skeletal muscle relaxation. Acetylcholinesterase removed ①AChE which causes the nAChR to close. Lack ②of action potential causes the voltage gated Na+ channel to close. DHP receptor turns “off” ③which causes the reabsorption of Ca++ by the terminal cisternae and subsequent storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Removal of Ca④ ++ from TnC which causes troponin to return to its original shape. Regaining its shape, troponin moves tropomyosin back to its original conformation. Tropomyosin covers the active site of actin myofilament and severs the cross bridge.

Sarcomere and myofibril return to its relaxed ⑤state. muscle relaxation ⑥

Page 30: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 27 - Myoglobin

Page 31: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 31: Cellular respiration overview

Page 32: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide: Anaerobic respiration

Page 33: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 26 – Creatine phosphate

Page 34: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 43 – oxygen debt and lactic acid

Page 35: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 35: aerobic and anaerobic respiration overview

Page 36: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 36 – Types of muscle

Page 37: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 47 – Origin, insertion and joint

Page 38: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 48 – Flexor and extensors

Page 39: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 49 - fasia

Page 40: Anatomy and Physiology 2211K - Lecture 4. Slide 2 – Cytology of a muscle fiber.

Slide 40 – Smooth muscle


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