Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

Psychology 2617Psychology 2617

IntroductionIntroduction

Anatomy vs. physiologyAnatomy vs. physiologyBrain is organized in, at best, a semi Brain is organized in, at best, a semi

random patternrandom patternSome of the names are confusingSome of the names are confusing

Substantia negraSubstantia negraZona insertaZona inserta

Some make a teeny bit of senseSome make a teeny bit of senseHippocampusHippocampusamygdilaamygdila

A few key termsA few key terms

AnteriorAnterior CaudalCaudal DorsalDorsal FrontalFrontal InferiorInferior LateralLateral MedialMedial

PosteriorPosterior RostralRostral SagittalSagittal SuperiorSuperior VentralVentral dorsaldorsal

The outside is protected by a sack like The outside is protected by a sack like thingiethingie

The meningesThe meningesWithin which we find the CSFWithin which we find the CSF

Cerebrum Cerebrum CerebellumCerebellumSulci and gyriSulci and gyri

BrainstemBrainstem Cranial nervesCranial nerves Lots of arteries and veinsLots of arteries and veins Brain uses 25 percent of the glucose in your Brain uses 25 percent of the glucose in your

system and about 75 percent of your Oxygensystem and about 75 percent of your Oxygen So blood is pretty importantSo blood is pretty important When blood supply is cut off to the brain you get When blood supply is cut off to the brain you get

a strokea stroke

Some gross internal featuresSome gross internal features

VentriclesVentriclesWhat do they do?What do they do?Good questionGood question

White matterWhite matterGrey matterGrey matter

Internal OrganizationInternal Organization

Four lobesFour lobes FrontalFrontal ParietalParietal TemporalTemporal OccipitalOccipital In general they have In general they have

function but function but remember this is in remember this is in generalgeneral

Some important Subcortical Some important Subcortical structuresstructures

HippocampusHippocampus AmygdilaAmygdila ThalamusThalamus HypothalamusHypothalamus Nucleus accumbensNucleus accumbens MedulaMedula

Brain is divided into two hemispheresBrain is divided into two hemispheresConnected via the corpus collosumConnected via the corpus collosumNot all animals have a ccNot all animals have a cc

Many birds have only a small bundle of Many birds have only a small bundle of connections that allow their two hemispheres connections that allow their two hemispheres to communicateto communicate

Allows cool research to be donwAllows cool research to be donwNicky Clayton’s work on food storing birdsNicky Clayton’s work on food storing birds

NeuronsNeuronsGlial cellsGlial cellsAxons and dendritesAxons and dendritesA whole bunch of neurons connected is A whole bunch of neurons connected is

called a tract or a nerve, depending on called a tract or a nerve, depending on where it iswhere it is

CNS PNS et alCNS PNS et al

The division of the nervous system into The division of the nervous system into say the CNS and the PNS is really about say the CNS and the PNS is really about anatomyanatomy

Nothing wrong with this, but the distinction Nothing wrong with this, but the distinction is not as much about physiologyis not as much about physiology

Physiologically we can talk about the Physiologically we can talk about the cranial nervous system and the spinal cranial nervous system and the spinal nervous systemnervous system

Cranial stuffCranial stuff

Twelve sets of twoTwelve sets of twoControl inputs and outputs from stuff in the Control inputs and outputs from stuff in the

headheadThe Brainstem gets inputs from the The Brainstem gets inputs from the

sensessensesOutputs to the rest of the body (so not the Outputs to the rest of the body (so not the

head in other words)head in other words)You can divide it into the hindbrain, You can divide it into the hindbrain,

midbrain and diencephalonmidbrain and diencephalon

HindbrainHindbrain

Fine movementsFine movementsBalanceBalanceCerebellum tooCerebellum too

Key for fine movementKey for fine movementMay be important in learningMay be important in learningQuick movements tooQuick movements too

Reticular formationReticular formationSleep, wakefulnessSleep, wakefulnessConnections to cortex, wake you upConnections to cortex, wake you up

midbrainmidbrain

TectumTectumSuperior colliculus does visionSuperior colliculus does vision Inferior colliculus does auditionInferior colliculus does auditionJust below the tectum is the tegmentum, Just below the tectum is the tegmentum,

also important in movementalso important in movement

DiencephalonDiencephalon

HypothalamusHypothalamus HungerHunger ThirstThirst SexSex thermoregulationthermoregulation

ThalamusThalamus Sensory switchboardSensory switchboard

The ForebrainThe Forebrain

This is where those lobes areThis is where those lobes areCollectively known as the CortexCollectively known as the CortexLimbic cortex or old cortexLimbic cortex or old cortex

Just below the neocortexJust below the neocortexBasal gangliaBasal ganglia

Very important in movementVery important in movementSubstantia negra is thereSubstantia negra is there

Parkinson’sParkinson’s

Limbic systemLimbic system

HPHPAmygdalaAmygdala

Emotion?Emotion?Nucleus accumbensNucleus accumbens

Runs on dopamineRuns on dopamineOlfactory bulbOlfactory bulb

Ours is itty bittyOurs is itty bitty

Spinal nervous systemSpinal nervous system

Spinal columnSpinal column Nerves running to and Nerves running to and

from the spinal from the spinal column that control column that control body and receive body and receive inputinput

DermatomesDermatomes

Inside the spinal columnInside the spinal column

Dorsal rootDorsal root From sensory receptorFrom sensory receptor

Ventral rootVentral root To movementTo movement

Bell-Megendie LawBell-Megendie Law

Internal or Autonomic systemInternal or Autonomic system

Sympathetic Sympathetic ArousalArousal

ParasympatheticParasympatheticCool downCool down

A lot of what goes on in this system is A lot of what goes on in this system is hormonalhormonal

Principles of nervous system Principles of nervous system organizationorganization

Sequence is input -> integrate -> OutputSequence is input -> integrate -> Output Functional division between sensory and motor Functional division between sensory and motor

systemssystems Inputs and outputs are crossedInputs and outputs are crossed Symmetry and asymmetrySymmetry and asymmetry Excitation and inhibitionExcitation and inhibition Multiple levels of functionMultiple levels of function Parallel and hierarchical (Hughlings Jackson)Parallel and hierarchical (Hughlings Jackson) Localized and distributedLocalized and distributed