Anatomy and Physiology

Tissue Types

Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots

• Uni – one• Multi – many• Pseudo – false• Osseous – bone• Nucleate – nucleus• Histo- tissue• Epi – above

Key Terms

• Histology:– the study of tissues

• Tissues:– groups of cells which are similar in

structure and which perform common or related functions

Four Basic Kinds of Tissues

• Epithelial Tissue• Connective Tissue• Muscle Tissue• Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial Tissue Locations:• Covers the body; has one

unattached surface• Lines the cavities, tubes,

ducts and blood vessels inside the body

• Covers the organs inside body cavities

Epithelial Tissue Functions:• Protection from physical &

chemical injury,• Protection against

microbial invasion,• Contains receptors which

respond to stimuli,• Filters, secretes &

reabsorbs materials• Secretes serous fluids to

lubricate structures.

Types of Epithelial Tissue

• Simple squamous epithelium• Stratified squamous epithelium• Simple cubodial epithelium• Simple columnar epithelium• Pseudostratfied columnar epithelium

Squamous Epithelium Simple – a single Simple – a single

layerlayer squamous – flatsquamous – flat Lines alveoli of Lines alveoli of

lungs, which allows lungs, which allows the passive the passive transport of gases.transport of gases.

Stratified – several Stratified – several layerslayers

Forms the epidermis Forms the epidermis of the skinof the skin

Simple Squamous

Stratified Squamous

Cuboidal Epithelium

• Simple – one cell thick• Roughly cube shaped Line ducts in Line ducts in

kidneys, etc, where kidneys, etc, where reabsorption and reabsorption and secretory activities secretory activities take place.take place.

Duct

Cuboid Cells

Duct

Cuboid Cells

Columnar Epithelium

• Simple – one cell thick• Column shaped (long &

narrow)• Line digestive tract

where reabsorption & secretion occurs.

Pseudostratified – Pseudostratified – gives the gives the appearance of appearance of more than one more than one layer of columnar layer of columnar epithelial cellsepithelial cells

Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue Location:• Most abundant & widely

distributed tissue

Connective Tissue Functions:• Connects, binds and

supports structures– Tendons, ligaments, etc.

• Protects & cushions organs and tissues

• Insulates (fat)• Transports substances

(blood)

Connective - Adipose

• Honeycomb or chickenwire appearance

Stores energy (fat)Stores energy (fat) InsulatesInsulates Supports & protects Supports & protects

organsorgans

Connective – Bone (Osseous)

• Tree ring-like appearance

Supports & protects Supports & protects Mineral storageMineral storage Fat storageFat storage Blood cell Blood cell

productionproduction

Connective - Blood

• Only fluid connective tissue

Removes wastes Removes wastes from cellsfrom cells

Supplies nutrients Supplies nutrients and oxygen to cellsand oxygen to cells

Connective – Hyaline Cartilage Supports while Supports while

providing flexibilityproviding flexibility Absorbs Absorbs

compression compression between bones in between bones in joints (articular joints (articular cartilage)cartilage)

Holds open Holds open respiratory respiratory passages passages

Most abundant type Most abundant type of cartilage in bodyof cartilage in body

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue Location:• Associated with the bones

of the skeleton, the heart, and in the walls of the hollow organs of the body.

Muscle Tissue Functions:• Movement• Locomotion• Maintains posture• Produces heat• Facial expressions• Pumps blood• Peristalsis

Muscle - Skeletal• Muscle fibers (cells)

long, parallel & cylindrical

• With many nuclei (multinucleate)

Striations (cross Striations (cross stripes run stripes run perpendicular to perpendicular to the cellsthe cells

Produce voluntary Produce voluntary movementmovement

LocomotionLocomotion HeatHeat

Muscle - Smooth• Spindle-shaped cells

with central nuclei• Arranged to form sheets• No striations

Pushes substances Pushes substances or objects (food, or objects (food, urine, babies) urine, babies) through through passagewayspassageways

Involuntary controlInvoluntary control

Muscle - Cardiac• Branching, striated,

uninucleate with special intercalated discs

Contracts to propel Contracts to propel blood into blood into circulationcirculation

Involuntary controlInvoluntary control

branches

Intercalated disc

Nervous Tissue

Nervous Tissue Location:• Main component of the

nervous system, ie., brain, spinal cord & nerves.

Nervous Tissue Functions:• Regulates & controls body

functions– Generates & transmits nerve

impulses – Supports, insulates and

protects impulse generating neurons.

Nervous – Neuron

Branching cells with Branching cells with many long many long processesprocesses

Large central Large central nucleusnucleus

Regulates activities Regulates activities by transmitting by transmitting impulses from one impulses from one area of the body to area of the body to anotheranother

Resource

• Adapted from the Anatomy PowerPoint of J. A. Giacobbe, South Pointe High School, Phoenix, AZ