Anatomy I: Lesson 2
Vertebrae Anatomy Objective: Students will identify the various vertebral anatomical structures in order differentiate between cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebra as well as between species
Vertebrae Anatomy
body (corpus)
◦ extremitas cran. (convex) & caud. (concave) discus intervertebralis, NO synovial joints !
arch (arcus): 2x pediculus + lamina
◦ DORSAL! – orientation
◦ incisura cran. + caud. foramen intervertebrale
(for. vertebrale laterale)
processes (processus)
◦ proc. spinosus, transversus, articularis
◦ proc. mamillaris (+cran. artic.), accessorius
What Aspect?
What Aspect?
Cervical Vertebrae
mobility
body very convex + concave
articular surfaces very large
- proc. transv. tuberculum dors. + ventr.
- for. transversarium? (cervical only)
- ALL SPECIES HAVE 7 CERVICAL VERTEBRA!
Cervical Vertebrae, C1
C1 – atlas, nodding movement ◦ body massa lat., proc. transv. wing (ala atlantis), no proc. articularis, proc. spinosus
tuberculum
◦ cran.: deep excavation for condylus occipitalis
◦ ventral: excavation: fossa alaris
◦ foramina (interspec. diff.)
for. alare fossa alaris
for. vertebrale lat. (MED!) canalis vertebralis
for. transversarium perforates proc. transv.
Cervical Vertebrae
C2 – axis, rotatory movement
cran. projection: dens axis ◦ interspec. diff.: shape of dens
fac. articul. cran.
proc. spinosus
C6 – tuberculum ventr. lamina ventralis
C7 – caud: attachment of 1st rib, NO for. transv.
Thoracic Vertebrae
attachment of ribs (small proc. transv.)
- on body: fovea costalis cran. + caud.
head of rib
- on proc. transv.: fovea costalis proc. transv.
tubercle of rib
high proc. spinosus
Lumbar and Sacral Vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae: large proc. transversus ◦ interspec. diff.: direction of proc. transv.
proc. spinosus: ratio (high)
sacral vertebrae: fused to form the sacrum ◦ interspec. diff.: position of wing, shape of bone,
fusion of proc spinosi
Costae - Ribs
ribs prox.:
- head (caput) body of vertebrae
- neck (collum)
- tubercle (tuberculum) proc. transversus
directed caudally! R/L?
- sulcus muscularis (craniolat.: expand thorax during respiration)
- sulcus costae (vessels + nerv: caudomed., protected)
sternum
- cran.: manubrium
- body (corpus)
- caud.: proc. xiphoideus
interspec. diff.: shape
(Eq: crista ventralis sterni)
Which Species?