Anatomy in a NutshellA Review of Human Body Systems

-take notes accordingly-

Comparing Tissuesnerve cell

nerve tissue

cardiac cell

cardiac tissue

bone cell

bone tissue

Locomotion – Bones and Muscles

• Bones– muscles attach to

bones via tendons– two bones connecting

make a joint, which are connected by ligaments

– bones are living tissue that contain marrow• the marrow makes red

and white blood cells

• Muscles• Three types of

muscle tissue:

- cardiac

- skeletal

- smooth

Skin

• Also known as the Integumentary System– skin aids in body homeostasis• temperature regulation• protection against disease/bacteria

• UV rays can cause skin cells to mutate. This is known as melanoma (skin cancer)

Digestion

• Digestion can be both chemical and mechanical.

• Epiglottis prevents food from entering respiratory system

• Accessory organs provide digestive juices:– liver/gall bladder – bile– pancreas - insulin

The goal of digestion is to break down food so it’s

small enough to be used by EVERY cell in your body for

cellular respiration.

Anus

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestin

e

Large Intestin

e

Mouth

Excretion

• Kidneys contain nephrons that filter and clean the blood.

• The filtered waste travels down utreters and collects in the urinary bladder – we call the waste urine.

• When the bladder is full, the urine leaves through the urethra.

Respiration

• Respiration allows our body to take in OXYGEN needed for cellular respiration.

• The oxygen enters the blood steam by diffusion out of the alveoli.

Brea

thin

g

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Circulation

• When oxygen enters our blood stream through breathing, our HEART must pump that oxygenated blood throughout the body. – Arteries – bring blood away from

heart– Capillaries – allows for diffusion of

O2 to specific body cells– Veins – bring blood back to heart

Artery = AWAY

Vein = BACKBLOOD IS:

- Plasma- RBCs- WBCs

- Platelets

Immune

• Three lines of defense– external barriers– internal barriers (eater cells)

– specific defense (smart cells)

• B-cells and T-Cells

• Viral Infection• has an antigen on it that the

host identifies as foreign• treated with

vaccines/previous exposure

• Bacterial Infection• can be treated with

antibiotics• too much of an antibiotic

can cause resistant bacteria

Phag

ocyt

osis

Nervous

• CNS – brain, spinal cord• PNS – sensory and motor neurons

• Autosomatic – Involuntary: like digestion

• Somatic – Voluntary: like muscle movement

• Brain– Cerebrum: Higher Level Thinking – Medulla

Oblongata/Pons/Cerebellum: Primitive Brain

Nerve Circuit: sensory neurons interneuron motor neuron

synapse – the junction between nerve cells where chemical or electrical signals

are sent.

Endocrine

• Glands secrete hormones that help with body homeostasis.– Endocrine – ductless, hormones secreted

in blood stream– Exocrine – secreted by a duct

• These hormones are activated by FEEDBACK MECHANISMS.

• Key Organs and their Hormones: – Pancreas:Insulin– Testes:Testosterone– Ovary:Estrogen

Reproductive

• GAMETES = Sex Cells!• All sex cells are made via meiosis, they contain half

the chromosome number (haploid). –egg = female gamete– sperm = male gamete

• The sperm and the egg uniting is fertilization. • Zygote Blastula Embryo Fetus

• The fetus develops in the woman’s uterus.

23 23The sperm will carry

either the X or Y chromosome.

Egg Develops

in Ovulation!