• Synovial Fluid - egg white type fluid - nourishes/lubes articular surfaces
• Reinforcing Ligamentum - intra or extracapsular
• Nerves and Vessels -feedback about stretch allow proprioception -vessels in synovial membrane allow fluid production – weeping lubrication
Synovial Membrane
Articular Cartilage Joint Cavity
Optional Articular Disc
Fibrous Capsule May have ligamentum
Synovial Fluid is a filtrate of blood
Periosteum
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can say joint cartilage, or synovial cartilage (mean the same thing)-disc/meisci usually put in high force aread-disc made up of hyaline cartilage
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makes a synovial joint, present in ALL synovial joints. aka articular / synovial cavity
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fibrous material that CREATES the cavity. cavity is the space created by the capsule -articular, synovial, joint capsule-bone has a skin made up of fibrous material (periosteum) articulous with capsule. creates a closed space so nothing can leak out of the cavity -made up of dense irregular tissue
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filtrate out of the blood. -blood is filtered into the cavity and certain substances are taken out of the blood to put in synovial fluid in the cavity-blood filtered by giving rise to synovial fluid-cutting open synovial joint (knee joint), cutting open articular capsule, bending back capsule shows inside of capsule is a membranous material AKA synovial membrane -is a lubricating and nourishing agent
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when hylaine cartilage is squeezed together, the fluid comes out and now becomes a lubricating agent --> weeping lubrication
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nerves are also present AROUND the capsule, don't penetrate into the cavity. wouldn't want that so they surround the joint. primarily sensory fibres (not motor fibres)
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if a joint has a capsule, it is a synovial joint-synovial aka fibrous capsule
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extra are outside the capsule, intra exists within the joint cavity (knee joint, very mobile)
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
• Not part of synovial joint proper but a common and friendly neighbour! • bursa where layers of bone, muscle, skin or tendons may rub together •Tendon sheath bursa with a tendon through it “Pigs in a Blanket”
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name stands for little purse, is a little purse of fluid-might be looked at as a synovial joint because you have a capsule and a fluid inside-placed across the body where there is a lot of potential for friction
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-looks like a tendon, type of connective tissue that sits right above the head of the humerus. small little bursae here -15 different burases at the knee to resist rubbing across the tissues -platella's anterior surface is very rough, but if you feel it right now its very smooth because of the bursae so that the skin doesn't rub against the platella -burase can be destroyed or become infected-elbow has bursae, and can be infected if its destroyed or if the elbow is opened up-bursae are a little joint than a synovial joint
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-sausage rolls. dough acts as the sheath, and the tendon is the wiener -tendon sheath is a bursae wrapped around a tendon to reduce the friction across that tendon bc a tendon is constantly moving
Synovial Joint Examples
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pro and suc elbow controlled by radius and ulna-
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have 2 flat surfaces articulating together-can move in many different directions, multi-axial joint (forwards, backwards, side to side) and can twist one of the bones (z-axis)
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uniaxial joint- cylindrical end to a bone articulating into a troph like end to a bone -really can only have 1 type of movement
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bone twistsb and c are at the level of the elbow
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similar to the plane joint, more than one axis it can move on, but it can't TWIST-have an oval-like end to a bone, and egg-like end to a bone, fit together, can move alone x and y-axis but can't twist due to the oval shape on the ends of the bones
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biaxial joint, between carpals and metacarpals
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similar to a plane joint, multi axis. round end of a bone fitting in to a round depression on a bone -located in areas we have a lot of movement, shoulder, hip, carpals and tarciles -plane joints help us pick up objects
Review: Types of Movements
Special Movements Ex. Protraction/Retraction
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know all these movements
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abduction and aduction. - bringing it closer to the midline, aducting. bringing it away from the mid line you're abducting (taking away)
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review
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protraction is bringing lower jaw forward and retraction is bringing it back
Major Synovial Joints Describe the structural and functional components of the major joints:
• Temporomandibular (TMJ)
• Glenohumeral
• Elbow and Radial/ulnar
• Hip, Knee, Ankle
TMJ
Articular DISC
Lateral temporomandibular ligament
Articular Capsule
Stylomandibular ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
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TMJ when injured takes away a lot o the functions we need daily
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condylar process
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coronoid process-when jaw is closed, force is distributed between condylar and coronoid process-opening our jaw means you need to relax whatever is attached to coronoid process-blow to the jaw when the mouth is open goes across this very thing region on mandibular fossa, putting temporal lobe above it into danger -opening our jaw to its widest position, relax temporalus muscle completely, 100% of the force is distributed to head of the mandible -thats why you use mouth guards, to keep the mouth closed keeping it in the safest position so force when hit to the chin is transmitted to peaks on the jaw-other safest time is when your jaw is wide open-dangerous when jaw is in between these 2 states, so slightly open
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mandibular fossa- small depression on the temporal bone
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when we open our jaw wide, jaw slides forward.
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articular tubercle--> prominent bump right anterior on the mandibular fossa -temporal lobe is just above this -thin region creates small depression so head of mandible can fit into it, presenting some danger
“Rotator Cuff” Components
Extrinsic Ligaments and muscle tendons contribute to stability Only one dedicated ligament
Glenohumeral Joint
Glenoid Labrum
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ball and socket joint-head of humerus articulated to the scapula
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labrum means lips. made up of cartilage that surrounds the glenoid fossa that just enhances the cavity -labrum not make out of bone, made up of cartilage so it's not doing a lot to enhance articulation between humerus and scapula
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only true ligament of the glenohumeral joint, called chorocohumeral ligament (in red) -are other ligaments surrounding this joint but they aren't dedicated
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know the bones that these ligaments are joining together-are surrounding but not attaching the humerus to the scapula, only the 1 dedicated ligament supports the joint
Glenoid Facts
• the most mobile joint in the body – sacrifices stability
• often injured
• stabilized superiorly by bones and associated ligaments • coracohumeral, coracoclavicular, acromioclavicular, coracoacromial • major stability comes from muscles (tendons) of rotator cuff
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only dedicated ligament
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the rest are all supporting, not dedicated
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cuff around the front of the joint anteriorly, superiorly, and posteriorly. but do NOT exist inferiorly
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dislocating shoulder usually pops out inferiorly, thats why.
The Elbow
Joint Capsule
Synovial Membrane
Articular Cartilage
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trochlea
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trochlear notch
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inside of the capsule contains the synovial membrane (pinkish colour)
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blood can leave the bone and go into the synovial cavity-membrane guards that
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bursae --> elbow has potential for a lot of friction
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aka hyaline cartilage.
The Elbow ….a little deeper
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structure wrapped around head of the radius
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have to be careful as to what collateral you're referring to (be specific to the joint)
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antebrachial is the forearm
Hinge and Pivot Joint Hinge joint is easy to see about trochlear notch but what is the pivot joint on the the radial head about?
What articulates here?
S P
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medial view only shows hinge joint
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uniaxial, allows us to flip the radius over the ulna
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flips hand over
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typical anatomical position, cupping the soup
The Wrist
Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Radial Collateral Ligament
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dominating ligaments within the wrist
Hip
Pubofemoral
Ischium
Ilium Iliofemoral
?
Posterior View
Anterior View
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have 3 supporting and dedicated ligaments to keep head of the femur in the…
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anterior
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up high towards iliac crest
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runs from the femur to the pubis. an area or line in between 2 trochanters known as pubal femoral (meaning pubis is more medial than the femur) names written medial to lateral -
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ilium femoral,
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ischio femoral --> better seen on a posterior view in anatomical position.can see that when you're standing, the ligaments are twisted. -when femur moves to a sitting position, this ligament untwists and relaxes-individual stands back up and ligaments twist again bc these ligaments are designed to push head of the femur into a… in a corkscrew like fashion bc the ligaments are tightening and twisting to really solidify the joint
Synovial cavity
Carries the artery to the head of the femur
It’s synovial Articular surface
Capsule
Ligament of the Head of the Femur
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intracapsular ligament. inside the capsule but isn't positioned to really enhance the stability between femur and a…-doesn't support anything-artery inside this ligament runs to the head of the femur (called the artery to the head of the femur)-this artery is the ONLY blood supply to the femur-argued that the ligament is just there to protect the artery
Hip Dislocations
• 90% are posterior
• flexed knee and force transmitted along long axis
• blood supply?
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typically when you're in a position where he 3 ligaments are relaxed i.e. driving a car and your knee hits the dashboard or the steering wheel -this force is transmitted down the long axis of the bone
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left side shows the head of the femur fitting nicely into acetabular, and then the right side is doslocated
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can place the head of the femur back into it
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often, lose the blood supply. could need an artificial hip where the head of the femur doesn't rely on blood supply
The Knee Joint • largest and most complex joint in the body • major hinge joint (F/E) but also pivot (rotational) • complicated lig/ capsular arrangement in this, you guessed it, synovial joint.
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rotational movements important for proper posture-medially rotating the knee, locking it-laterally rotating the knee, unlock it-standing straight, femur medially rotates (locking of the knee). do this in a standstill and you can only flex the knee after you unlock it-feel calves contracting, but are for the most part trying to stabilize or maintain -standing still, wouldn't want full contraction of quads and calves (tiring), rather knee locks so that you don't have to rely on these muscles to extend the knee-unlocking knee needs to be done to flex-balance between stability and mobility across this joint-joints that have to balance these 2 functions are often injured
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powerful leg extensor, extends knee joint. inserts into tibial tuberosity, holds it up and extends the knee -failure of a muscle to support a joint typically leads to injury -platella protects anterior knee
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lots of diagrams don;t show these-there to support, but a little different from ligaments-a tissue that originates from a muscle
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aka MEDIAL collateral ligament of the knee (MCL) -extra….
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-ligaments originate from the condiles of the femur -extra….
Menisci • medial and lateral • help tibial plateau cup femoral condyles Ligaments • (med & lat) collateral • (ant & post) cruciates • patellar ligament
Knee
Anterior
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platella is open, capsule is removed -lateral collateral ligament, and medial collateral on sides-disks are c shaped half cups, help to provide a cavity for femoral condyles to sit on
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means crossed. -add in term the knee-ACL -talking about a ligament, describe what joint that it's at
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anterior attaches very anterior on tibial plateau. -
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portion of the quadriceps tendon from the bottom of the patella to the tibial tuberosity-quadriceps tendon is really the entire structure -just a portion is the patellar ligament
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patellar ligament
Deep and Shallow Posterior Knee
Oblique Popliteal ligament
?
Popliteus muscle
Posterior
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right knee. -think of flipping your body around and putting yourself in that position -capsule is still present
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specimen with capsule removed
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known as popliteal region behind the knee. oblique states the angle this exists in behind the knee, runs from medial tibia up towards the lateral posterior distal femur.
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muscle that unlocks the knee. its angle -every time we take a step the popliteus muscle laterally rotates
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15 bursaes in the knee
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attachment for semimembranousous muscle (one of the hamstrings), inserts into the back of the knee and you can NEVER see it. like a sheet attachment. no one ever knows where it inserts on
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medial meniscae
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lateral meniscae
Posterior cruciate lig. controls posterior displacement of the tibia OR conversely, anterior displacement of the femur.
How it Works
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there to withstand forces in anterior and posterior directions
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knee is in slightly flexed position
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strictly forwards and backwards support
View of the Plateau
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tibial plateau -lateral meniscae on right and medial meniscae on the left -medial meniscae is MUCH larger than narrow lateral meniscae -as condyles roll inside these cups, the lateral meniscae is very narrow -extending the femur rotates medially, this is locking of the knee -really how meniscae are positioned allows you to medially rotate the knee -tear of medial menisca can be hazardous for movement of the knee
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fibula!
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lateral collateral ligament is very separate from the capsule
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medial collateral ligament is attached to capsule, and so is medial meniscae -capsule gets sandwiched in between both
Unhappy Triad
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when you tear the medial … of the knee, you leave the ACL
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tears MCL, more often than not, you tear the medial meiscae. once those two go, only ACL is left and that just pops-all 3 of these structures are known as the terrible/unhappy triad
∆ Deltoid Ligament
Long Plantar Lig
3 constituent parts - tibionavicular - tibiocalcanial - tibiotalar
combo of 3 ligaments on the medial side deltoid meaning traignular shape1) tibionavicular --> most anterior2) tibiocanial (middle ish)3) tibiotalar -if you know the bones, easy to know the ligaments
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spring ligament (calcaneonavicular), helps support arch
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long plantar ligament, also arch related. just a sheet that runs underneath your foot and originates from the calcanial tuberosity and spans across the foot incorporating many tarsal bones
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Muscle Tendons-achilles tendon has a big role in supporting the ankle. can't take a step when you damage it. looks like a big ball of muscles rolled up-tibialis anterior-tibialis posterior
