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ANATOMYOF THE
BRAIN AND SPINALSANTEE
CORD
ANATOMYOF THE
BRAIN AND SPINALWITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
CORD
MECHANISM AND FUNCTION
FOR STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS
BY
HARRIS
E.
SANTEE, M.
D.,
Ph.D.
PROFESSOR (.F ANATOMY IN THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS; PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN JENNBR MEDICAL COLLEGE, CHICAGO; MEMBER OF ASSOCIATION OP AMERICAN ANATOMISTS.
FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED
WITH
128 ILLUSTRATIONS, 33
OF WHICH ARE PRINTED
IN
COLORS
PHILADELPHIAP.
BLAKISTON'S SON & CO.1012
WALNUT STREET1907
COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY P. BLAKISTON'S SON
&
Co.
Printed by The Maple Press,York. Pa.
PREFACETHEreceive
author hopes that the present edition of this work
may
from
his
colleagues
the
same generous considerationHis endeavor has beenof theto set
accorded to the former editions.forth the present status of thespinal cord.
anatomy
human
brain and
To do
this the facts
sources; and, so far as
was
have been gleaned from many possible, from the original sources.is
Being designed for a text-book, the subject-matterin the order found convenient to the dissector.
presented
description from the gross structures to the constituent neurones in proceeds each successive region. Wherever the embryology will assist the
The
student to comprehend the adult forms, the development is briefly given in the text but a special chapter is also devoted to embry;
which presents a concise and connected statement of the development of the entire brain and spinal cord.ology,
The
special objects held in view throughout the
book are the
location of functional centersassociative
and the tracing of
their afferent,
Particular emphasis is laid the origin, course, termination and function of conduction upon paths as they are met in the regular study, and the more important and better known of these paths are summed up in afinal
and
efferent connections.
chapter on the tracing of impulses.
Function
is
everywhere
correlated with structure;
and so far as present knowledge peris
mits, the function of each group of neuronestion withits
given in connec-
The
BNA
tion, the
without excepEnglish equivalents of the Latin terms being very largely
anatomical description. Nomenclature is followed almost
employed.lectures, every student is expected to brain in the laboratory, exposing, studying and sketching every macroscopic structure as it occurs in the work;
Keeping pace with the
dissect the
human
v
VI
PREFACE.
and, then with the microscope, examine the minute structure and For these purposes the picture the histology of the same parts.class should
be taken in smallbrain.
to four students,
sections, divided into groups of two and each group should be provided with a wellIt is desirable that
hardened
human
each student should
receive a well stained microscopic section of every important part. This is, however, often impossible; and the instructor may get
along with considerable satisfaction, by having the students exchange, if he has but a few sets of slides.
The authorliterature
and
wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to recent to standard works on anatomy. McMurrich's
"Development of The Human Body," Barker's "BNA" and " Nervous System," the work of Dr. Alfred W. Campbell, Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Func" the "Text-book of Anatomy" and "Memoirs of D. J. tion," R. S., and the fourth edition of Morris's " Human Cunningham, F.Barker's "
Anatomy" have beenI desire to express
especially useful.
my
colleague, Prof.
my Wm.
appreciation of the kindly assistance of T. Eckley, M. D.; and to say that the
new illustrations in this book belongs to my friend and pupil, Mr. Zan D. Klopper, of Chicago, who sketched the original drawings from my own specimens. My thanks areartistic
merit of the
also
due
to the publishers of this
favors
and
courtesies
select illustrations
little monograph, for many shown me, particularly for allowing me to from Gordinier, McMurrich and Morris, works
published by them.
HARRIS E. SANTEE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.CHAPTERI.
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.PAGE
Dura MaterStructure
of the Brain
:
i ii
and
relations
ProcessesSinuses
2-55
Arachnoid granulations (Pacchioni)Arteries
6-777
NervesContrasted with dura of spinal cord Arachnoid of the Brain:
88
StructureRelations, subarachnoid spaces. Vessels and nerves
8-9
99
Contrasted with arachnoid of the cord
Pia Mater of the BrainStructure
:
9
and
relations
9-1010
Chorioid tela of third and fourth ventriclesArteries
and veins
10-1313
NervesContrasted with pia of spinal cord Blood Supply of the Brain:Carotid and vertebral arteries
13
14-3014
A. Cerebral Circulation, ArteriesArterial circle(Willisi)
:
14-2 1
and branches
14-15
Ai. Cortical system of arteries Anterior cerebral artery
15-1816
Middle cerebral arteryPosterior cerebral artery Chorioidal arteries, posterior
16-1717
and anterior
A2. Ganglionic system of arteriesvii
17-18 18-21
Vlll
TABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE
Antero-median ganglionic
arteries
18 18
Antero-lateral ganglionic arteries
Postero-median ganglionic arteriesPostero-lateral ganglionic arteries
18-21212
The Veins
of the
Cerebrum:
1-2421
Internal veins of the cerebrum
Great vein of the cerebrum (Galeni) External veins of the cerebrumSuperior
2
1-22
22-2322
MedialInferior
22-2323
Lymphatics of cerebrumB. Circulation of the Rhombencephalon:
23-24
24-3024
The medulla oblongata B2. The pons (Varolii) 63. The cerebellumBi.Superior cerebellar artery Anterior inferior cerebellar artery Posterior inferior cerebellar arteryInternal cerebellar veins
24-27
27-302
7-2829 2929
External cerebellar veinsSuperiorInferior
29-3029
29-3030
Lymphatics of cerebellumTableEmbryologic Divisions of the Brain Components of cerebrumI.
3~3333 33
Components
of
rhombencephalon
CHAPTER
II.
GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF THE BRAIN.Embryonic Brain VesiclesTheir cavitiesSuperior viewPosterior viewInferior view
34 34
the ventricles
34~35
35~3636-41
Anterior area
36-37
Middle areaPosterior area
37~3838-41
TABLE OF CONTENTS.Roots of the Twelve Cerebral Nerves:Nuclei, genetic and terminal Olfactory nerves
IXPAGE
42-4942
42
Optic nerve
42
Oculo-motor nerveTrochlear nerve
42-4545 45 45
Trigeminal nerve Abducent nerveFacial nerve
45-4645-4646
Intermediate nerveAcustic nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerveAccessory nerve Hypoglossal nerve
46
46-494949
CHAPTER
III.
THE CEREBRUM.Subdivisions:
Enid -brainInter-brain
50 50 50
Mid-brain
SECTION
I.
THE
FORE-BRAIN OR.PROSENCEPHALON
50-1445 I- 98
Exterior surface of fore-brainDefinition of fissure
and sulcus
52 52525 2 ~735 2 ~55
Subdivisions and borders
Convex, medial and basal Fissures and sulci of convex surfaceLongitudinal fissure of cerebrum Transverse fissure of cerebrumLateral fissure of cerebrum (Sylvii) Sulcus centralis (Rolandi)Occipito-parietal sulcus. Lobes and gyri of convex surface
55
55-5656
56-5959~7359-63
Frontal lobe,
and sulci Parietal lobe, its gyri and sulci Occipital lobe, its gyri and sulciits
gyri
63-67
67-69
TABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE
Temporal
lobe, its gyri
and
sulci
69-7 170 70-71 7 I- 73
Superior surface External surface
The
Island (Reili), its sulci and gyri base of the fore-brain
73-85
Frontal lobe, inferior surface Island (Reili), inferior surface
73-7474~77
RhinencephalonOlfactory lobe
77~79 77~79 77~78striae
Olfactory bulbOlfactory tract and
78 79
Olfactory triangle Parolfactory area (Brocae) Anterior perforated substanceTentorial area of basal surface
7979
Chorioidal
fissurefissure
79-82 80
Hippocampal
8080-8181 8181
Ectorhinal sulcusFissura collateralisInferior temporal sulcus
Gyrus Gyrus lingualis Limbic lobe, inferior part Gyrus hippocampi and uncusDentate fasciar
fusiformis
81
81-82 81-8282
HypothalamusPars optica hypothalami
'.
82-85
82-8483
Lamina
cinerea terminalis
Optic chiasma, nerves and tracts Tuber cinereum and infundibulum
83-8484
Hypophysis (pituitary body) Pars mammillaris hypothalamiCorpora mammillaria Fissures and sulci of medial andSulcus cinguliSubparietal sulcus Callosal sulcusOccipito-parietaltentorial surface
8482
and 8484 84-98 86 86 86-89
(calloso-marginal)
sulcus
89
Calcarine fissure
89-9090
Hippocampal
fissure
TABLE OF CONTENTS.Chorioidal fissureCollateral fissure
XI PAGE
90
Ectorhinal sulcusInferior temporal sulcus Gyri of medial and tentorial surface
9~93 9~9393
93-9893~97
Gyrus fornicatus
Gyrus cinguli Gyrus hippocampi Uncus Lobus pyraformis Limbic lobe, rhinencephalon..
93~9494~97
94-9797
9797
Gyrus rectus Gyrus frontalis superior Lobulus paracentralisPrsecuneus(g.
marginalis)
9797 9797
CuneusGyrus lingualis Gyrus fusiformis
97 97
Summary
of lobes of the
cerebrum
98 98
NeopalliumRhinencephalon(archipallium),
98 98
Corpus striatumInterior surface of the fore-brain
98-144 99-104 99-100100 100
Internal capsule Inferior lamina
Motor
fibers fibers
Sensory Superior lamina
100-104occipital parts
Genu, frontal and
103
Motor
fibers
103
sensory fibers sense fibers Special Corpus callosum:
Common
103-104104
104-108107 107 107
Upper
surface
Gyri supracallosus and subcallosusInferior surface
Borders, posterior and anterior Splenium, rostrum, genu, truncus
107-108 108108-109109
Boundaries of general cavity of fore-brain
Body
of fornix
Xll
TABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE
Crus
fornicisfornicis
Columnae
no no111
Septum pellucidumFifth ventricle
111-112its
Lateral ventricle andCentral part (body) Corpus striatum
boundaries.
112-127 1 12-120 115-119 1161
Lentiform nucleus
Nucleus caudatusStria terminalis
16-119119119 120
ThalamusChorioid plexus of lateral ventricle Anterior horn of the lateral ventriclePosterior hornInferior1
20-1 23123
horncollateraleits
123-127124
TrigonumChorioid
Hippocampus,
digitations
124124
epithelium.
Third Ventricle and Inter-BrainPosterior commissure
127-144132132
Roof epithelium Pineal bodyChorioid tela of third ventricleAnterior commissure
132-135
135-136 136-139139
Lamina terminalis ThalamusExtremities
-.
139-143".
Surfaces
anterior and posterior medial, superior, lateral
.
140
and
inferior..
140-143143 143143
Tegmental hypothalamic region Nucleus hypothalamicus (Luysi)Lateral geniculate body
Medial geniculate body
143-144:
SECTION
II.
THE MID BRAIN (MESENCEPHALON)superior, inferior, anterior, posterior
144-164
Surfaces
144-146147-151148 148
Bases pedunculi Intermediate bundle
Temporo-pontalPyramidal tract
tract
148-151151
Fronto-pontal tract
TABLE OF CONTENTS.Substantia nigra.
Xlll
PAGE
151
TegmentaCerebral aqueduct (Sylvii)
152-163152
Nuclei of oculo-motor and trochlear nerves
152-155155
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerveFormatio-reticularis
155-163155
Tegmental decussationsTracts of fibers in the tegmentum
155-163
Medial
(or posterior) longitudinal
bundle
155-158
Anterior longitudinal bundle Fillet or lemniscus
158-159159-161
MedialLateral
fillet fillet
superior
fillet.
159-160 160-161161-162162162 162
Spino-thalamic tract.
Brachium conjunctivumRubro-spinal tractOlivary fasciculus
Descending root of trigeminal nerve Quadrigeminal laminaColliculus superior
163
163-164163
Colliculus inferior
163-164-
Brachium superius Brachium inferiusSECTIONIII.
164 164
STRUCTURE OF THE CEREBRUM:or nerve cell
164-241167-1 73167 167 168
The neuroneDendrites
Cell-body, perikaryon, or neurone center
AxoneMyelin sheath
168 168
Types
of neurones (three)(ist, 2d, etc.)
Orders of neurones
168-171171
Functions of neurones
Degeneration of neurones Development of neuronesSustentacular tissue.
171-172
172-173173
Epiblastic
173-174173-174174
Neuroglia and ependyma Mesoblastic connective tissueCortical gray matter
174-204
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE Cortical or cerebral localization
177-183177
Motor
area, emissive
Psychic motor area Common sensory area
178178178 181181 181
Psychic sensory area Acustic center
Optic centerOlfactory and gustatory centers
Naming
center
18118 1
Centers of intonation, equilibration and orientationAnterior association center, abstract conceptions Posterior association center, concrete conceptions
182
182-183183
Middle association centerCell
and
fiber lamination
183-204184-187 184 and 187184 and 187 184 and 187-188 184 and 188 184 and 188-191 184 and 191192.
Plexiform layer Layer of small pyramids
Layer of medium-sized pyramidsExternal layer of large pyramids
Layer of
stellate cells
Internal layer of large pyramids Layer of fusiform cells
Radiations of Meynert Association fibers of MeynertAtypical cortex: Visual cortex
192
192-204192-195
Olfactory cortex
195-204195-196196-199199
Olfactory bulb
Uncus hippocampiNucleus amygdalae SubiculumFascia dentataolfactorium, etc
199
200200-203203
Trigonum
Gyrus cinguli ClaustrumGanglionar gray matter
204
204-221
Corpus striatumCentrifugal fibersCentripetal fibers
204-208207-208 208208-217 208-211
ThalamusThalamic nuclei...
TABLE OF CONTENTS.White matterCorticalof the thalamus
XVPAGE
211-217
fillet
216-217217 217 217 218
Occipito-thalamic radiation (optic) Temporo-thalamic radiation (acustic)
Red nucleus...Nucleus hypothalamicus MetathalamusLateral geniculate body
218218
Medial geniculate bodySuperior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina Anterior longitudinal bundleInferior colliculi of corpora quadrigeminalateralis superior Substantia nigra Central or ventricular gray matter
218-219
219-220 219-220 220220221
Nucleus
HypothalamusPars optica Pars mammillaris
221-224 221-222221
221-222222
Massa intermedia (middle commissure)Stratum griseum centrale of mid-brain Oculomotor nucleusTrochlear nucleus
222-224223
223
Trigeminal nucleus of mid -brain Projection fibers of the cerebrumCorticifugal, or
224
224-234225-231225 225
motor
fibers
Intermediate tract
Fronto-pontal tract
Tempora-pontalPyramidaltract
tract
225-226226-231227 228
Head and neck
fibers
Upper extremity fibers Trunk fibers Lower extremity fibersDestruction of by clot, etc Sensory or corticipetal fibers
228'
228-231231
231-234231
Medial
fillet,
spino-thalamic tract and brachium con-
functivumOlfactory projection fibersCorticalfillet
232
(common
sensory)
232-233233
Taste fibers (not located)
XVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE
AuditoryLateralfillet
233
and brachium
inferius
233233
Temporo-thalamic radiationOccipito-thalamic radiation (optic)
234
Commissural
fibers of
cerebrum
234-236234
Corpus callosumAnterior commissure
234-235236
Commissura hippocampiAssociation fibers of cerebrum
236-241
Short association fibers
236-238238-241238
Long
association fibersof gyrus fornicatus
CingulumFornix
238-240 240240240-241241 241
Uncinate fasciculusSuperior longitudinal fasciculusInferior longitudinal fasciculus
Fasciculus occipito-frontalis
Perpendicular fasciculus
CHAPTER
IV.
THE RHOMBENCEPHALON.SECTIONFunctionDivisions:
I.
THE CEREBELLUM:
242-266342 242
Cerebellar hemispheres Vermis cerebelli or worm
242-243243
Cerebellar notches, anterior and posterior
244
Medullary Body:Inferior medullary velum Brachia conjunctiva
244-247244245
Superior medullary velum (Vieussertsi)
246
Corpora restiformia Brachia pontisHorizontal sulcus of cerebellumSuperior Surface of CerebellumSulci of:
246-247247
247-248248-25 1
upper surface Precentral sulcusPostcentral sulcus
248-249248 249
TABLE OF CONTENTS.Predeclivil sulcus
XV11 PAGE
249 249
Postdeclivil sulcus
Lobes of superior surface Lobus lingulae Lobus centralis Lobus culminis monticuli Lobus declivis monticuli Lobus folii vermisInferior Surface of Cerebellum:Sulci of lower surface
250-251
250
250250251 251
251-256252-253252
Postnodular sulcus
Prepyramidal sulcusPostpyramidal sulcusMidgracile and postgracile Lobes of lower .surface
252-253253
253
253-256253-254254
Lobus noduli Lobus uvulae Lobus pyramidis Lobus tuberisCortical
254-255
255-256
Gray Matter
of the Cerebellum
256-260 256-258256257.
Superficial layer
Stratum cinereum Stratum gangliosumCells of Purkinje
and
stellate cells
257
Fibers of superficial layer
257-258
Deep
layer (stratum granulosum) Cells of granular layer
258-260
Fibers of granular layer
258-259 260cells
Function of
stellate,
granule and Purkinje
260
Neuroglia of cerebellum
260260-26226026.0-261
Ganglionar Gray Matter of CerebellumFunction, relay stations
Nucleus dentatus
Nn. emboliformis, globosus and fastigii White Substance Corpus Medullare:Projection fibers
261
262-266 263-265263
Brachium conjunctivum Superior medullary velum Brachium pontisCorpus restiforme
263-264264
264-265
XV111
TABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE
Commissural
fibers
265
Association fibers
265-266(VAROLII)
SECTION
II.
THE PONS
266-284 266-270 266266-269
Surfaces:
Superior and inferior Anterior (Tuber annulare)Posteriorventricular,fibers of the
and attached partpons
269-270271-272271 271
Transverse
Superficial of pars basilaris pontis
Deep
transverse of pars basilaris pontis
Transverse of pars dorsalis pontis
271-272272
Trapezoid bodyLongitudinal fibers of the pons Ventral
272-278272
Dorsal
272-278filletfillet
MedialLateral
and superior
fillet
273-274272 272tract
Spino-thalamic tract
Ascending anterior cerebello-spinal Gowers's tract
272-276276
Medial longitudinal bundle Anterior longitudinal bundleRubro-spinal tract Olivary bundleSpinal tract n. trigemini of the pons,
276276
276-277277 277
Descending root of trigeminal nerve
277
Gray Matter
277-284277
Nucleus pontis Stratum nucleareSuperior olivary nucleus
278-284278-279279279
N. praeolivaris and n. semilunaris Nucleus of trapezoid body.Nuclei of recticular formationPonto-spinal tracts (Collieri) Nuclei of trigeminal nerve
279-280 280281 281 281
Genetic (motor)
Terminal (sensory)Nucleus of abducent nerve
281-282282
Nucleus of
facial nerve..
TABLE OF CONTENTS.Salivary nucleus Vestibular nucleus of auditory
XIXPAGE
283283
Lesions in pons
283. .
SECTION
III.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA (MYELENCEPHALON)
2-84-313
OriginVentricle-. .
285 285
Surfaces
Anterior lateral sulcusPosterior lateral sulcus
286-290 286286
Anterior
surface
286-287
Lateral surface Olive Lateral columnPosterior surface
287-288287
287-288
Restiform body
288-290 288of fourth ventricle
Roof epithelium
289
Floor of fourth ventricle
290
White matter
of medulla
290-302291
Substantia reticularis
RapheTransverse fibers
291
291-292291
Pyramidal decussation Arcuate fibers, external and internalFillet
291-292292 292
decussation
Cerebello-olivary fibers
Dorso-ventral fibersAnterior external arcuate
292-293
'292293
Roots of eighth
to twelfth cerebral nerves
Longitudinal fibers of anterior area:
293-298 294295
Pyramid, anterior and lateral tracts Medial fillet (interolivary stage)
Medial longitudinal bundle (posterior) Anterior longitudinal bundleLongitudinal fibers of lateral area Fasciculus lateralis proprius
296297
298-300298tract
Descending anterior cerebello-spinalAscending anterior cerebello-spinal
298299
tract
Rubro-pinal
tract
300300-302
Longitudinal fibers of posterior area
XX
TABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE
Funiculus gracilis Funiculus cuneatusSpinal tract of trigeminal nerve(Posterior) Cerebello-spinal tract
300
300301 301
Restiform body Vestibular and cochlear nuclei
301 302 302
Tractus
solitarius
Gray matter
of the medullafibers
302-3 13302nucleare)
Nucleus of external arcuateNuclei in floor of ventricle(s.
303-310303
Hypoglossal nucleus Nucleus lateralis inferior
303-304
Nucleus ambiguusNucleialae cincereae
303-304 304 and 306306 306n. trigemini
Nucleus tractusVestibular nuclei
solitarii
Nucleus tractus spinalisCochlear nucleiSpecial nuclei in medulla
307-308309-3 103 10-3 13
Nucleus funiculi Nucleus
gracilis
310-311 310-3113123 I 3~3 2 5
Nucleus funiculi cuneatiolivaris inferior
SECTION IV.
THE FOURTH VENTRICLE
BoundariesFloor of fourth ventricleColliculus facialis
313-314314-318317 317317 317 317
Fovea superior* Locus cseruleusHypoglossal triangle Ala cinerea (trigonum vagi)
Area acusticaOrigin of cerebral nerves
320
320-325320-321
Sensory Nerves and Roots Table III. Motor Nerves and Roots
Table
II.
321-322
Terminal nuclei
322-324322 322.
CommonCortical
sensory
and
reflex connections
Special sense Cortical and reflex connections
322-324324
TABLE OF CONTENTS.Genetic nuclei.
XXIPAGE
324-325reflex connections
Cortical
and
324-325
CHAPTER V. MEMBRANES OF THE SPINAL CORD.Dura materArachnoidPia mater
326
326-3293 2 9~33:
Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord Spinal arteries, anterior and posteriorFissural or centrifugal
33~33 2 33~33 233133 I- 33 2
Centripetal
Venae spinales internae
332332 332 332
Root and
fissural veins
Venae spinales externalInternal vertebral plexus
Lymphatics
332
CHAPTER VI. THE SPINAL CORD.ExtentDiametersCervical enlargement,
333
333~335
333~334334~335337
Lumbar enlargementSixth ventricle (canalis centralis spinalis) Fissures of the cord:
337~33&337
Anterior median fissurePosterior
median
fissure
337
Posterior lateral sulcus
337~33&338 338
Anterior root-line
(s.
lateralis anterior)
Posterior intermediate sulcusr.
Gray Matter of the Cord: H-shaped columnSubstantia gelatinosa Substantia spongiosa
338-351339
339339:
Gray
crescent
339~349 339~344 340-344
Anterior columnaCells of anterior
columna
XX11
TABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE
Golgi cells Deiters cells
340340 340340, 343-344
Medial columnLateral columnCortical connection
343
Reflex mechanism
343~344
Lesions of anterior columna
344lateralis
Center of crescent and columnaIntermedio-lateral
344-347(efferent
column
of
cell-bodies
sympathetic neurones)Posterior
344-347
columna Neurones of head of posterior columna Nucleus dorsalis (Clarki) terminal nucleuspathetic)
347-349 347-348of
sym348-349
Gray commissure of spinal cord Gray anterior commissurePosterior commissure
350 350
350350351-362351 35135 1 ~35 2
Lesions of gray substance2.
White Matter of the Spinal Cord:Transverse fibers
White anterior commissureDorso-ventral fibers
Longitudinal fibers Funiculus anterior
352. .
352352 352352 352
Funiculus
lateralis
Funiculus posterior
Ascending
tracts tracts
Descending
Mixed
tracts
35235 2 ~353
Embryological method of locating tracts Pathological and experimental method Tracts of the Spinal CordAntero-lateral fasciculus proprius
353
354-362
354 354355355tract
Medial longitudinal bundleAnterior pyramidal tract Anterior longitudinal bundle
Descending anterior cerebello-spinalAscending anterior cerebello-spinalSpino-thalamic tract
3563 56-3 5 7
tract
356-357357
Triangular tract of Helwig
TABLE OF CONTENTS.(Posterior) Cerebello-spinal tract
XX111
PAGE
357~35&357~358358
Spino-vestibular tract Lateral pyramidal tract
Rubro-spinal tract Lesions of anterior and lateral funiculi
358359 359
Marginal tract (Lissaueri) Entry zoneFasciculus gracilis (Golli)
359~36o360-361361 361
Fasciculus cuneatus (Burdachi)
Descending
tracts
from posterior roots
Descending postero-medial tract (comma, oval, septomarginal and median triangular tract) Descending postero-lateralPosterior fasciculus propriustract
361 362 362
Cornu-commissural tractLesions of posterior columns
362362
Roots of the spinal nervesAnterior root
362-365363 363
Apparent origin Real origin (genetic nuclei) Voluntary motor fibersSympathetic efferent fibers LesionsPosterior root
363 363363
360-364364-365
Spinal ganglion (origin) Apparent central termination
364364 364364-365365
Real central termination, terminal nuclei Gray matter of the cordNuclei of medulla oblongataPhysiological groups of posterior root-fibers Lesions of posterior roots
365365
CHAPTERI.
VII.
TRACING OF IMPULSES.Efferent, or
Motor Paths:
:
366-374366-369366 369
Cerebro-spinal or pyramidal paths Through spinal nerves
Through
cerebral nerves
Cerebro-pontal pathsFronto-pontal
369-370
370
XXIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE
Temporo-pontalIntermediateSpinal and cerebral Paths through red nucleus
370
370 370
Rubro-spinal path, directIndirect via
37~373 37~373373 373
brachium conjunctivumtract
Ponto-spinal paths (Collieri)
Medial ponto-spinal
373373
II.
Lateral ponto-spinal tract Short fiber paths in formatio-reticularis Afferent, or Sensory Paths, General Sensations:Tactile, muscular, pain,(I).
373~374377-383377skin,
and temperature sense Muscular and tactile impulses from muscles,etc fasciculi gracilis et cuneati
377-38i
Through
377~378378 378
Direct routeIndirect route
Through(II).
cerebral nervestactile
Muscular and
and medial fillet impulses from visceratactile
378-381..
381 381
Through(III).
posterior cerebello-spinal tract
Paths for pain, temperature and
impulsestracttract
..
381-382
Through spino-thalamic tract Through ascending anterior cerebello-spinal Through cerebral nerves and spino-thalamicShort fiber paths Afferent Paths Special Sensations:Olfactory path
381-382 381-382382
382-383
383-390383-384384-3 8 5
Optic path
Auditory path Cochlear (hearing proper)Vestibular (equilibrium) Reflex connections
385-389386
386-389389 389
III.
Gustatory path Lesions of special sense paths Reflex Paths:
389-390390^394390
Reflex arcs(1) Spinal reflexes
39-39 2390391-39239 2 ~393
Coordinating reflexes Defecation reflexes(2)
Cerebral reflexes
TABLE OF CONTENTS.Spino-cerebral reflexes
XXV
PAE(3) (4)
393
Cerebro-spinal reflexes
393~394393
Respiratory reflexes
Equilibrium reflexesPupillary reflexes
393
394
CHAPTER VIII. EMBRYOLOGY OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.Medullary plate and ridges Neural Tube:Brain vesiclescells'.
395
395-400 395 and 402397
Ependymal
Indifferent cells
397~398398
Neuroblasts, neuronesSpongioblasts, neuroglia
398-399
Zones, roof-plate and floor -plate
399-400400-401: ..'
Neural Crest
:
Cephalic portion Cerebral nerve ganglia
400 400400-401401
Unipolar and bipolar neuronesSpinal portion of crest
THE
BRAIN:Flexures
401-426402 403
Table IV. Brain Vesicles and Derivatives Table V. Secondary Brain VesiclesTelencephalon (end-brain) Table VI. Derivatives ofOpticvesicle,
403-404404-415404-405405
cup and retina
Hemisphere of cerebrum RhinencephalonPrimaryfissures
405-415 406-409
Secondary sulci and fissure Transverse fissure of cerebrumCerebral cortex and medulla
409-410 410-41141141 1-412
FornixStria terminalis
412
412
Internal capsule
412-413
Anterior commissure
413-414
Corpus callosum
414
XXVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE
Septum pellucidumPars optica hypothalami
415
415
Diencephalon (inter-brain) Table VII. Derivatives ofRoof-plate
415-417415 416417 417
Dorsal laminaVentral lamina and floor-plate
Mesencephalon (mid-brain) Table VIII. Derivatives ofMetencephalon (hind-brain) Table IX. Derivatives ofCerebellum
417-418
417-418 418-424419418-421
Vermis and hemispheriaSulci
419-420 420-42 142 1
Cortex and ganglia
Corpus restiforme and brachia Pons (Varolii)Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)Internal surface
42142 1-422
422-426423
External surface
Table X. Derivatives of Myelencephalon
423-424 424424-425425
Ependymal
layer.
Mantle layerNeuroglia layer, marginal velum
425-426
THE
SPINAL CORD:
Ventriculus terminalis
426-430 426426 426 426
Filum terminale
Cauda equinaMeningesZones, ventral and dorsalHistologic layers
426-427
Marginal velum, neuroglia layer Mantle layer
427-428 428428-429429
Ependymal
layer
Longitudinal tracts Order of medullationFissures of cordPosterior
429-430 429-430
430fissure
median
430 430430
Posterior lateral sulcus
Anterior median fissure
LISTFIG.
OF ILLUSTRATIONS.PAGB
1.
Sagittal section of skull,
showing falx
cerebri, falx cerebelli,
a part of the tentorium cerebelli and the sinuses of the dura mater. (After Morris's Anatomy)2.
3
Upper
surface of tentorium cerebelli, tentorial notchtain sinuses of the dura.
and
cer. .
(After Morris's
Anatomy)
4
3.
Sinuses of the dura mater in the base of cranium, etc. Morris's Anatomy)
(After5
4.
Coronal section of meninges showing falx cerebri, superior sagittal sinus and the arachnoid granulations. (Gordinier after
Key and
Retzius)
6
5.
6.
Middle meningeal artery inside the cranium. (After Morris's Anatomy) Diagram of pia mater and arachnoid, showing subarachnoidspaces.
7
(After Morris's
Anatomy)Fornix turned back to
9
7.
Horizontal section of the cerebrum.
8.
show the chorioid tela of third ventricle. (Original), Roof and lateral walls of fourth yentricle and its chorioidplexus.(After Morris's
n13
Anatomy)branches.
9. Arterial circle of Willis
and
its
The
base of the15(After
brain.10. Arterial circle
(After Morris's(Willisi)
Anatomy) and base of the cerebrum.
n. Middle12
Gordinier from Quairi) cerebral artery, and its branches.
19(After Gordinier
from Quairi)Anterior and posterior cerebral arteries.13. Arteries of the 14.
22 2527
Median McMurrich from His)omy) Neural tube and brain
(After Spalteholz).. (Gordinier after Duret) ... section of embryonic brain of third month. (After
medulla oblongata.
28(After Morris's Anat-
15. Divisions of the brain, diagrammatic.
31vesicles.
16.
(After Morris's
Anatomy)..
35
17.
Diagrammatic horizontal section of vertebrate brain, showing vesicles and ventricles. (After Morris from Huxley)xxvii
36
XXV111FIG.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.PAGE
18.
Diagrammatic median section of vertebrate brain showing vesicles, ventricles and olfactory diverticulum. (After Morris from Huxley)(Original)
37 394347
19. Antero-superior surface of the brain.
20.21.
The posterior aspect of the brain. The base of brain. (Original)lobes, poles
(Original)
22. Latero-superior
aspect of the brain, showing great fissures, and borders. (Original)
53
23.
The convexsulci.
surface of the cerebrum, showing the fissures(Original)
and57 61
24.
Gyri of the convex surface of the cerebrum.are cut
(Original)
25. Lateral aspect of the brain.
Part of frontal and parietal lobes
island (Reili) and the superior surface of the temporal lobe, arachnoid granulations,
away
to
show the
etc.
(Original)
65
26.
Base of the fore-brain and cut surface of mid-brain.temporal poleis
Right75
cut away.
(Original) (Original)
27.28.
The mediansulci.
section of the brain.left
87
Medial surface of
cerebral hemisphere, showing lobes
and91
(Original)
Gyri on medial surface of hemisphere. (Original) Transverse section of the brain, directed from the pons ob30.29.
95
upward and forward, showing internal capsule, corpus callosum, ganglia and ventricles of the foreliquely
brain.
(Original)
101
31. Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere cutting corpus
callosum, internal capsule, corpus striatum, thalamus,
and theshowing33.
island.
(Original)
105
32. Sagittal section of basal part of right cerebral hemisphereinferior
lamina of internal capsule, hippocamlateral ventricle.
pus, inferior
horn of
(Original).
.-..
113
Diagram
of internal capsule in colors.
(Original)
115
34. Dorsal surface of corpus callosum, cerebral
hemisphere cut117
away
to
expose
it.
(Original)
35. Horizontal section of cerebrum, cutting
splenium and genu of(Orig-
corpus callosum, showing lateral ventricles, septum pellucidum, fornix and transverse temporalinal)36. Horizontal section ofgyri.
121
below splenium of corpus callosum, showing commissura hippocampi, fornix, sepjust
cerebrum
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFIG.
XXIXPAGE
turn pellucidum, the islandiginal)37. Horizontal section of cerebrum.
and
lateral ventricles.
(Or125
Fornix turned back, showing
chorioid tael of third ventricle,veins.38. Transverse
and
internal cerebral
(Original)section of left cerebral hemisphere cutting the
129
39.
The
splenium and showing the posterior horn and the floor horn of the lateral ventricle. (Original) 131 inferior' and posterior horns of the lateral ventricle, shownof the inferior
by removal
of their lateral walls.
(Original)
133
40. Horizontal section of cerebrum through genu and below splenium of corpus callosum, fornix and chorioid tela turned
back, to show' inter-brain and third ventricle.iginal)41. Lateral
(Or-
137of the ventricles.
and dorsal view
Diagrammatic.141
(Original)42. Transverse
section of brain, cutting corpora mammillaria.
43.
The
(After Told. Morris's Anatomy) 145 region of the mid-brain showing pulvinar of the thalamus, the geniculate bodies, the corpora quadrigemina and
brachia, the pineal body, the optic tractnerve.44.
and the fourth147
(Original)
The
dorsal or posterior aspect of the inter-brain, the the pons and the medulla. (Original)
mid -brain,149(Orig-
45. Anterior aspect of the
mid -brain, pons, and medulla.
inal)
153
46. Transverse section through the corpora
mammillaria and the.(Orig-
superior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina.inal)
157
47. Section of the mid-brain through superior colliculi
and the ap159161(After
parent origin of the oculo-motor nerve.
(Original) ..
48. Section of the mid-brain cutting the inferior colliculi of the cor-
pora quadrigemina.49. Varieties of neurones in the
(Original)
human
nervous system.
50.
Motor neurone.
51.
An
Morris's Anatomy) 165 169 (After Barker's Nervous System) efferent neurone and an afferent neurone. (After Brubaker's Physiology)
171in the spinal cord.
52.
Diagram showing 'development of neurones (McMurrich after Schaffer)
172
XXXFIG.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.PAGE
53.
Neuroglia
54.
and ependyma cells of the spinal cord. Lenhossek, Gordinier's Nervous System) Cortical areas on convex surface of cerebral hemisphere.cells
(After
173(Or-
iginal)55. Cortical areas
175
on the medial andK. Mills.
tentorial surface of the cere-
bral hemisphere.56. Cortical areas after C.
(Original)
179of cerebral
Convex surfaceMedial and
hemisphere.
(Brubaker's Physiology)
182tentorial surface
57. Cortical areas after C.
K. Mills.
of cerebral hemisphere.58. Cell
(Bmbaker's Physiology)area.
183
and
fiber lamination in the posterior half of the anterior
centralbell)
gyms.
The motor
(After
A W. Camp.
185
59. Cell
and
fiber lamination in the anterior half of the posterior
central
gyms. The A. W. Campbell)(After
common
sensory area.
(After
189 Receptive
60. Cell
and and
fiber lamination in the calcarine region.
visual area.61. Cell
fiber lamination in the
formis).
A. W. Campbell) 193 uncus hippocampi (lobus pyraThe area of smell. (After A. W- Campbell) 197hippocampal region. (After Edinger) 201(Gordinier after
62. Transverse section of the
63. Chief elements of the olfactory bulb.
Van203
Gehuchteri)64. Horizontal section of the
cerebrum through genu and below of corpus callosum, fornix and chorioid tela splenium turned back to show inter-brain and third ventricle.(Original)
205
65. Dissection of brain to
show geniculate
bodies, optic tract,
66.
nucleus amygdalae, etc. (After Morris's Anatomy) 207 Transverse section of the brain in the line of the pyramidaltracts,
showing basal ganglia, internal capsules, corpus Viewed callosum, lateral and third ventricles, etc.
from67.
front.
(Morris's(Original)
Anatomy
after Toldt)
209213
The
optic path.
68. Section of
mid -brain through superior
colliculi
and the appa215 216
rent origin of the oculomotor nerve.
(Original)
69. Section of the mid-brain cutting the inferior colliculi of the cor-
pora quadrigemina.70. Horizontal
(Original)
and
sagittal section through internal capsule,
much226
enlarged.
(Original)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.FIG.
XXXIPAGE
71. 72.
Diagram
of internal capsule in colors.
(Original}
227
A
diagram showing motor and sensory paths, motor red, (After Gordinier's Central Nervous sensory blue.
73.
System) 229 Transverse section of cerebrum, cutting corpus callosum, anterior commissure and optic chiasma. Viewed fromfront.
Commissural
fibers.
(Morris's
Anatomy
after
Toldf)74.
-.235
Diagram
of association fibers in the cerebral hemisphere.
(Gordinier and Quain after Meynert) 237 Fasciculus occipito-frontalis. Stria terminalis and fasiculus 75. uncinatus. (Gordinier after Dejerine) 239 Su76. Dorsal view of inter-brain, mid-brain and cerebellum.perior surface of cerebellum.77. Anterior aspect of cerebellum.78. Dissection of
(Original)
243
(Original)
245
79.
rhombencephalon to show brachium conjunctivum, brachium pontis and corpus restiforme. (Gordinier, Sappey after Hirschjeld and Leveille) 246 Median section of cerebellum, pons and medulla. (Original) 247(Original)
80. Inferior surface of cerebellum.
252(Or-
81. Sagittal section of cerebellum, cutting nucleus dentatus.iginal)
255
82. Section of cerebellar gyrus
made
parallel with its free border.after Kolliker)
Diagrammatic.border.ten)
(Cunningham
258
83. Section across a cerebellar gyrus at a right angle to the free
Diagrammatic.
(Gordinier after
Van Gehuch259
84. Horizontal section of cerebellum cutting nuclei
and brachia261(After
(Morris's Anatomy after Toldf) conjunctiva. Anterior aspect of mid-brain, pons and medulla. 85. Morris's Anatomy)86.
267
Dorsal surface of pons and medulla. modified from Spalteholz)
(Morris's
Anatomy270275
87. Superior transverse section of the pons.88. Inferior transverse section of the
(Original)
pons together with the cere277(After Morris's
bellum.89.
(Original)
Diagram
of the auditory paths in the pons.
Anatomy)90. Section of embyronic medulla,
280
embryo measuringMinotafter
9.1
mm.
in
length.
(Gordinier and
His)
285
XXX11FIG.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS..
PAGBits
91.
Roof and
lateral walls of fourth ventricle,
and
chorioid
(After Morris's Anatomy) 289 medulla oblongata near the pons. (Original) 295 (Or93. Section of the medulla oblongata at the middle of olive.
plexuses.
92. Section of
.
.
.
iginal)94. Section of the
297
medulla oblongata at the
fillet
decussation. (Or-
iginal)95. Section of the medulla oblongata at the pyramidal decussation.
305311
(Original)96. Nuclei of the cerebral nerves in the medulla, pons, mid-brain,
Motor (or genetic) inter-brain, and olfactory bulb. nuclei red, terminal (or sensory) nuclei blue. (AfterMorris's Anatomy) 315 A. Transverse section. (After 97. Meninges of the spinal cord. Key and Retzius.) B. Anterior view. (After Ellis.)(Morris's Anatomy) 327 Diagrammatic section of the spinal meninges and spinal cord. (After Morris's Anatomy) 329 The arteries and veins in the spinal cord. Diagrammatic. (After Morris's Anatomy) 331 Posterior view of the spinal cord, the dura mater and the arach-
98.
99.
100.
noid being laid open and turned aside.after
(Brubaker
Sappey):
334A.
101. Sections of the spinal cordcic.
The
cervical.
B.
The
thora-
C.
The lumbar, and D. The lowerand columns
sacral.
(Or-
iginal)
335of cells, in the cervical
102. Tracts of fibers
and thora-
Diagrammatic. (In part after Bruce and Cunningham) 341 103. Tracts of fibers and columns of cells in the lumbar and sacralregions of the cord.
cic regions of the cord.
Diagrammatic. Bruce and Cunningham)104.
(In part after
345(Original). 349
The
roots of the spinal nerves.
Diagrammatic.
105. Direct
motor paths from cerebral cortex,nal nerve.
to cerebral
and
spi-
367 (Original) 106. Indirect motor paths to the spinal nerves. Diagrammatic.(Original)107.
Diagrammatic.
371tactile,
Common
sensory paths, muscular and
by way
of the
posterior
column and
(posterior) cerebello-spinal tract.
Diagrammatic.
(Original)
375
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.FIG.
XXX111
PAGE
108.
Common
sensory paths, pain, temperature and touch, bytracts.
way379
of ascending anterior cerebello-spinal
and spino-thala-
mic
Diagrammatic.
(Original)
109. Chief elements of the olfactory bulb.
(Gordinier after
Van384
Gehuchten)
no. The in. The112.
chief retinal elements.
(After Brubaker' s Physiology) .. 385
optic path.
(Original)reflexarc.
387(Brubaker after Moral and391
A A
simple
spinal
Dayori)113.
more complicatedproprii.
spinal reflex arc, involving the fasciculi
(Brubaker after Kolliker)etc.
392
114.
Medullary groove, neural tube,Schd/er)
(Gordinier after E. A.
396
115.
Two
histologic layers in the
embryonic spinal cord, embryo
116.
117.
4.25 mm. long. (McMurrich after His) 397 Diagram showing development of neurones in the spinal cord. (McMurrich after Schafer) 398 Ventral and dorsal zones of the spinal cord. (Gordinier and
118.
Quain after Kolliker) Median section of embryonic brainMurrichafter
399of the third
month.
(Mc406
His)
119. Transverse section through the fore-brain of a four
and oneHis) 407409
half weeks' embryo.1
(Gordinier
and Quain
after
20.
DiagrammaticMedial
sagittal section of vertebrate brain.
(Morris's
Anatomy121.
after
Huxley)through the brain of an embryo offissures
sagittal section
three
months showing the primitive
on the411
medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere.rich after Mihalkovicz)122.
(McMur-
The
fossa
cerebri
month.
embryonic brain of fourth McAfurrich's Development oj the Human (Afterlateralis,
in
123.
Body) Permanent fissures and sulci on the convex surface cerebrum as seen in a seven months' embryo. Murrich after Cunningham]tricles
413of the
(Mc414
124. Dorsal view of
an embroynic brain, the roof of the lateral venhaving been cut away. Embryo of 12.6 mm.after
(McMurrich (McMurrich
His)
416
125. Transverse section of
medulla from an embryo of 9.1
mm.422
after
His)
XXXI VFIG.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.PAGE
126. Transverse section of the medulla
127.
from an embryo of eight weeks. (McMurrich after His) 423 Transverse section of the spinal cord, from an embryo of (A) four and one-half weeks, and (B) of three months.
(McMurrich128.
after
His)
427
Mode
of origin of anteriornerves.
and
posterior roots of spinal
Diagrammatic.
(Brubaker and Edinger after
His)
428
ERRATA.Page 30.vesicles.
Paragraph two,
last line, last
word should be brain-
Page 57- Fig- 2 3- "Intraparietal sulcus," and wherever found should be written Interparietal sulcus.
Page
1 08.
Paragraph
four, fourth line, second
word
is
sulcus,
instead of "fissure."
Page 184.Page 264.spinal tract,"
Paragraph one,Fourthline,
last line
and
first
word
is
Alfred,
instead of "Arthur." the phrase "anterior ascending cerebelloit
and wherever
occurs, should read
Ascending an-
terior cerebello-spinal tract.
Page 265. Paragraph two, third line, the phrase "anterior descending cerebello-spinal tract," should stand Descending anterior cerebello-spinal tract: likewise, wherever the quoted phrase is found.Third line, last word is (Horsley). Paragraph three, last sentence, the phrase "fasciculus cerebello-spinalis," and wherever else it occurs should stand thus fasciculus cerebello-spinalis (posterior). Page 288. Paragraph three, fifth line, the substantive "cerebello-
Page 277. Page 286.
spinal fasciculus" should have "posterior" prefixed so as to read posterior cerebello-spinal fasciculus. This is a necessary variation
from the
BNA andLaststriae.
Page 291.the medullary
applies wherever the phrase is found. line, there should be added a fifth item, viz., (e)
ERRATA.
XXXV
Page 319. Page 35 1-
Fifth line,
common
sensory should be added under
intermediate nerve.
as
Paragraph three, third item, (3) should be omitted, no posterior root-fibers decussate. Intrinsic fibers only cross through the gray commissure (Mott and Russell).
Page 358.
To the last sentenceFourthline,
should be added:
to Sir Victor Horsley has to do with
and according locomotion (Brain, 1906).
Page 410.sulcus.
"callosal fissure" should be callosal
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.CHAPTERI.
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.(Meninges Encephali.}invest the brain and spinal cord. They from without inward, the dura mater, the arachnoid, and Each membrane forms a protecting sheath for the pia mater.are,
Three membranes
the cerebral or spinal nerves piercing
it.
THE DURA MATER OF THE BRAIN.(Dura Mater Encephali.)Structure and Relations.Itis
a very dense and inelastic
membrane composedlined
of white fibrouscells,
and yellow
elastic tissueits
with
flat
endothelialit is
which constitute
internal
surface.
which
it
closely adherent to the cranial bones of forms the real periosteum; but it is attached chiefly at
In children
the foramina and along the sutures in adults. The dura of the brain is made up of two layers which are separable up to the
eighth or tenth year. teum of the cranial
The
external layer constitutes the endosItis
bones.
their nutrientit
membrane.
Through
the cranial foramina
and sutures
is
continuous with
In the adult the internal layer of the the external periosteum. dura separates from the outer layer only over the apex of thepetrous bone, to form Meckel's space for the semilunar ganglion (Gasseri); at the foramina, to form sheaths for the nerves; and,
along the sinuses, to form their internal boundary and to producethe great incomplete partitions, called processes, which project centrally into the great fissures of the brain.
Processes.of the
(Processus dura matris).
Fromoff.
the inner surface
dura the great processes are giveni
The
falx cerebri
2
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.
and falx cerebelli hang vertically in the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum and the posterior notch of the cerebellum; and,'into the transverse fissure of the cerebrum, extends horizontally the
tentorium
cerebelli.
The
falx cerebri (Figs,
i,
and
4)
is
attached
in front to the crista galli
and behind
to the internal occipital pro-
tuberance and superior surface of the tentorium; the falx cerebelli (Fig. i) continues from the inferior surface of the tentorium, along the occipital crest, to the posterior border of the foramen
magnum.(Fig. 2)is
The bony attachment
of
the
tentoriumlateral
cerebelli
to the internal protuberance
and the
arms of
the crucial ridge forward to the petrous bone; and, then, it is along the superior border of the petrous bone to the clinoid processes -of the sphenoid. Between its clinoid attachments there is
a deep bay, the incisura
tentorii,
which transmits the midbrain.
The diaphragma
sellae is
a small centrally perforated sheet of
dura which covers the hypophyseal fossa. Sinuses. (Sinus dura matrix}. Large venous passages lined with endothelial cells, and called sinuses, are situated betweenIn the convex and in the layers of the dura (Figs, i, 2, 3 and 4). the free border of the falx cerebri are, respectively, the superiorsagittal sinus(s.
sagittalis superior)
and the inferior sagittalsuperior(Fig.T)
sinus
(s.
sagittalis
inferior).
Theto the
extends
from the foramen caecum back
confluens sinuum (torcular
Having Herophili,) located at the internal occipital protuberance. run through the posterior two-thirds of the concave border ofthe falx cerebri, the inferior sagittal sinus joins the great cerebral vein at the margin of the tentorium and forms the straight sinus The latter runs through the middle of the tentorium (s. rectus).to the confluens(Fig.2).
The
occipital sinus
(s.
occipitalis)
traverses the falx cerebellito
from the foramen
magnum upward
the
same(s.
point.
In
the confluensrise
sinuum the transverse
sinuses
transversi)
arms
of the crucial ridge,
(Fig. 2). Grooving the horizontal each runs outward in the tentorium to
the base of the petrous bone, where it receives the superior petrosal sinus; it then turns downward through the sigmoid fossa, com-
municates with the occipital sinus and unites with the inferior Situated on either side petrosal sinus in the jugular foramen.
THE DURA MATER OF THE BRAIN.of the sella Turcicais
3
a continuation of the ophthalmic vein,
the large cavernous sinus (s. cavernosus] (Fig. 3), which receives at the sphenoidal fissure the sinus (s. ala parva], spheno-parietal the course of which is along the posterior border of the lesser
wing of the sphenoid bone.
At the posterior clinoid process the
Fig.
i.
Sagittal section of skull,
showing
tentorium cerebelli and sinuses.
falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, part of (After Morris's Anatomy.')
d. Great cerea. Falx cerebri. b. Superior sagittal sinus, c. Inferior sagittal sinus, bral vein. e. Straight sinus, f. Tentorium cerebelli. h. Superior g. Transverse sinus, sinus, i. Falx cerebelli. j. Seventh and eighth nerves, k. Ninth, tenth, and petrosal eleventh nerves. 1. Twelfth nerve, m. Second cervical nerve, n. Fourth nerve, o. Third nerve, p. Second nerve, q. Middle meningeal artery, r. Internal carotid artery, s. Vertebral artery, t. Fifth nerve, u. Sixth nerve, v. Inferior petrosal sinus, w. First cervical nerve, x. Ligamentum denticulatum.
cavernous sinus divides into the superior petrosal sinus (s. petrosus superior] and the inferior petrosal sinus (s. petrosus inferior}. The sinus intercavernosus anterior and sinus intercavernosusposterior extend across the
hypophyseal fossa, and join the two
cavernous sinuses together, and these four communicating sinuses
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.constitute the circular sinus(s.
circular is) (Fig. 3).
From
the
bifurcation of the cavernous sinus^at the apex of the petrous bone, the petrosal sinuses run outward along the corresponding superior
and
inferior borders of that
boneJj^Thejsuperior petrosal sinus
Fig. 2.
Horizontal section of skull, showing tentorium cerebelli, tentorial notch and sinuses. (After Morris's Anatomy.)f.
b. Internal carotid artery, c. Optic tract, d. Third nerve, e. Basis Cerebral aqueduct (Sylvii). g. Quadrigeminal body. h. Falx cerebri. cerebelli. j. Straight sinus, k. Crista galli. 1. Optic nerve, m. Spheno-' parietal sinus, n. Middle cerebral artery, o. Anterior cerebral artery, p. Posterior communicating artery, q. Cavernous sinus, r. Superior cerebellar artery, s. Posterior cerebral artery, t. Superior petrosal sinus, u. Free border of tentorium bounding tentorial notch. v. Transverse sinus, w. Superior sagittal sinus. a.
Infundibulum.
pedunculi.i.
Tentorium
(Figs,
i
and
2)
empties into the transverse sinus at the base of
the petrous bone; the inferior petrosal sinus, in its course to the jugular foramen, is joined to its fellow, across the basilar processof the occipital bone,
by the basilar plexus
(p. basilaris]
and, in
THE DURA MATER OF THE BRAIN.
5
the jugular foramen, unites with the transverse sinus in forming the internal jugular vein. Arachnoid Granulations (Fig. 25). Along and within the
Fig.
3.
Sinuses in the base of the cranium, also meningeal arteries. (After Morris's Anatomy.)
a. Meningeal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery, b. Meningeal branch of posterior ethmoidal artery, c. Middle meningeal artery, d. Ophthalmic division of fifth nerve, e. Third nerve, f. Cavernous sinus, g. Fourth nerve, h. Auditory and facial nerves, i. Superior petrosal sinus, j. Inferior petrosal sinus, k. Petro-squamosal sinus. 1. Accessory nerve. m. Sigmoid part of transverse sinus, n. Posterior meningeal branch of vertebral artery. o. Left marginal sinus, p. Left transverse sinus, q. Superior sagittal sinus, r. Circular sinus, s. Carotid artery, t. Sixth nerve, u. Basilar artery, v. Basilar plexus of veins. w. Auditory artery, x. Vertebral artery, y. Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, z. Anterior spinal artery, aa. Hypoglossal nerve, bb. Accessory nerve, cc. Right marginal sinus, dd. Occipital sinus, ee. Right transverse sinus.
superior sagittal, the straight, the transverse, the petrosal and the cavernous sinuses are the granulationes arachnoideales (Pacchionian bodies). These granulations are enlarged villi of the
6
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.(Fig. 4)
arachnoid
and seem
to
afford
an
outlet for the sub-
arachnoid fluid into the sinuses.
They
are said to
make
their
appearance about the tenth year and to be more numerous and
Some of them by absorption produce larger in the male sex. depressions in the cranial bones called joveola granulares.
The
arteries
which
supply the dura are
(i)
The
anterior
meningeal from the anterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic. (2) The middle meningeals, viz., the great and the small middlemeningeal from the internal maxillary, the meningeal branch
Fig. 4.
Coronal section showing falx cerebri, superiorgranulations.
sagittal sinus
and arachnoid
(Gordinier after
Key and
Retzius.)
a.
d.
Dura mater,
Subarachnoid space, b. Superior sagittal sinus, c. Arachnoid granulations (Pacchioni). f. Anterior cerebral artery, e. Falx cerebri. g. Corpus callosum.
and of the internal carotid, and the meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal which enters the middle fossa of the cranium through the lacerate foramen. (3) Theof the lacrimal
posterior
meningeal
arteries,
which
rise
from the ascending
pharyngeal, the occipital and the vertebral and are distributed to the dura over the posterior cranial fossa.is
The great middle meningeal artery (arteria meningea media) much the largest and is most important (Fig. 5). It overliesLike the otherAscendarteriesit is
the motor and somaesthetic areas of the brain.
meningeal
usually accompanied by two veins.
THE DURA MATER OF THE BRAIN.ing from the foramen spinosum
7
it divides near the upper border two large branches, the anterior and posterior. The posterior runs horizontally backward just below the squamoparietal suture and then ascends over the posterior half of the
of the
squamosa
into
parietal
bone.
The
anterior
behind the coronal suture.Quain,at
branch runs upward a half-inch -It may be located, according tohalf,
one inch,
at
one inch and a
and
at
two inches
Fig. 5.
Median
section of skull showing middle meningeal artery. (After Morris's Anatomy.)
behind the zygomatic process of the frontal bone and above thezygomatic process of the temporal bone. The following nerves give branches to the dura:ophthalmic, semilunar ganglion, vagus of the cerebral group; and the sympathetic.lear,
Troch-
and hypoglossal The motor fibersAbsence ofof periosteal
supply the meningeal arteries. Six Points of Difference in the
Dura
of the Cord.
processes, of sinuses, of arachnoid granulations,
and
8function.is
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.Itis
covered on both surfaces by endothelium andtissue, fat
separated from the vertebrae by areolar
and the plexus
of internal vertebral veins.
THE ARACHNOID OF THE BRAIN.(Arachnoidea Encephali.)
In structure
it is
a delicate, fibrous, web-like
membrane covered
externally with endothelium. Internally it is joined to the pia mater by innumerable fibrous trabeculae, the subarachnoid tissue(Fig. 4).
The
trabeculae are ensheathed
and
all
subarachnoid
spaces lined with a single layer of endothelial cells, hence both surfaces are formed of endothelium. Conical elevations offibrousvilli
tissue with their investing endothelium seen on the outer surface.*
constitute
the
Relations.
The arachnoid
follows the inner surface of the
dura andit.
is
prolonged, as a sheath,
upon the nerves which
pierce
does not dip into the sulci of the cerebrum (Fig. 6); but into the lateral fissure and the longitudinal fissure, and does only not reach to the bottom of the latter. From the pia it is sepaIt
rated by the
subarachnoid spaces (cava subarachnoidealia}. Thecisterna
anterior subarachnoid space (Fig. 6) includes the cistema pontis,
cisterna
interpeduncularis,It is
chiasmatis
and
cistema
located in front of the medulla, pons and mid-brain and between the temporal lobes of the cerebrum.fossae lateralis cerebri.
The
posterior subarachnoid space (Fig. 6)It
is
located behind the
medulla and cerebellum.
embraces the cisterna cerebello-
medullaris, a space between the medulla and cerebellum, and the cisterna venae cerebri magnae, situated along the straight sinus and the great cerebral vein. These two, the anterior and posterior,
the subarachnoid fluid.
are the largest subarachnoid spaces and they contain much of But in the cerebral sulci and fissures
there are streams of this fluid which constitute the subarachnoidrivulets.
The
anterior
subarachnoidthis
space
has
slit-like
com-
* Some authors consider
membrane, as
just described above,
merely as a visceral layer of the arachnoid, and regard the endothelial lining of the dura mater as its parietal layer. According to such,therefore, the subdural space
becomes the arachnoid space.
THE
PIA
MATER OF THE BRAIX.
munications with the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle; theposterior space communicates with the fourth ventricle (Fig. 8) through the median aperture (apertura mediana ventriculi quarti,
Magendi} and the lateral apertures (apertura quarti, Key and Retzii).
laterales ventriculi
The
to the pia mater.
vessels seen for a short distance in the arachnoid belong Its nerves are doubtful. Perhaps branches
of the mandibular, of the facialPia mater
and of the accessory supplySubarachnoid space
it.
Arachnoid
Third ventricle
Fourthventricle
InfundibulumCisterna interpeduncularis
Cisterna cerebello-medullaris
Median aperture (Magendi)
Cisterna pontis
Fig. 6.
Diagram
of pia and arachnoid, showing subarachnoid spaces. (After Morris's Anatomy.)
In the arachnoid and these, in great
tumit
fewer trabeculae join it to the pia; are collected to form a fenestrated seppart, hi the posterior median line (Fig. 97, A). The externalof the cord
spinal veins are covered
by the
spinal arachnoid, they
lie
between
and the
pia.
THE PIA MATER OF THE BRAIN.(Pia Mater Encephali.)
Structure and Relations.
It
is
a vascular
membrane com-
posed of a close network of veins and arteries held together by
10
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.
fibro- elastic areolar tissue (Fig. 9).
outer surfacetrabeculae.
The endothelium covering its continuous with that ensheathing the subarachnoid The pia closely follows the brain surface (Fig. 6).is
Internally,
it
transmit
blood-vessels;
sends supporting trabeculae into the brain, which and externally it forms an investing
sheath for each cerebral nerve. Folds.(i)
Two
The chorioid
important processes are formed by the pia mater tela of the third ventricle (tela chorioidea:
ventriculi tertii) is
pushed forward into the anterior part of the transverse fissure of the cerebrum between the fornix and theinterbrain (Fig. 6). Hence the old name, velum interpositum. It is triangular in shape, with apex directed forward (Fig. 7). Each lateral border is tucked into the chorioidal fissure of the cerebral
hemisphere and enters into the
floor of the lateral ventricle, while
the median part of the fold is in the roof of the third ventricle. Between the two layers of this chorioid tela is some areolar tissue
through which run backward the two internal cerebral veins and unite near the base of the tela to form the great cerebral vein.
The
chorioid plexuses of the lateral
and the third
ventricles oc-
cupy, respectively, the lateral borders and the median area of this chorioid tela. second fold of pia mater is tucked .into (2)
A
the transverse fissure of the cerebellum, dorsal to the medulla
oblongata and ventral to the posterior median part of the cerebellum (Fig. 6). It is called the chorioid tela of the fourthventricle(tela
layer enters into the roofventricle.
chorioidea ventriculi quarti) because its inferior and contains the chorioid plexus of that
This lower layer invests the posterior surface of the
medulla and the roof -epithelium of the fourth ventricle (Fig. 8). It is pierced by three foramina which are situated as follows:
One
over each lateral angle of the fourth ventricle, the lateral The apertures (Key and Retzii), and one over its inferior angle.latter is the largest
and is called the median aperture (Magendi). Those three foramina establish communication between the posterior subarachnoid space and the fourth ventricle.
The11
and
arteries of the pia mater supply the brain (Figs. 9,- 10, 12). They are the anterior, middle and posterior cerebrals;
the anterior and posterior chorioidals; and the anterior and pos-
THE
PI A
MATER OF THE BRAIN.
II
Fig.
7.
Horizontal section of cerebrum.tela of third ventricle,
Fornix turned back, showing chorioid(Original.)
and
internal cerebral veins.
THE
PIA
MATER OF THE BRAIN.and the superiorcerebellar with
13
terior inferior cerebellar
many
branches.
The veinsthe internal
are
more numerous than the
arteries in the pia:
and great cerebral veins, the veins of the chorioid plexuses of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles and the basilar vein; the cerebral veins, superior, medial and inferior; and thesuperior and inferior cerebellar veins. the sinuses (see page 2).All of
them empty
into
Inferior quadrigeminal colliculus
FrenulumLateral
veli
Fourth nervefillet
Superior medullary
velum
Fourthventricle
Restiform bodyTaeniaEpithelial roof of fourth ventricle Cuneate tubercle
Inferior medullary
velumChorioid plexus
Clava
Median aperture(Magendi)
Tuberculum
cinereurr*
Obex
Fig. 8.
Roof and
lateral walls of fourth ventricle,
and
its
chorioid plexuses.
(After Morris's Anatomy,)
Seven cerebral nerves
3d, 5th, 6th, yth, Qth, icth
and nth
and the sympathetic supply the pia mater and its blood-vessels. The pia mater of the spinal cord has two layers, the outer of which is the more vascular and contains the spinal arteries andthe tributaries of the external spinal veins. It forms three processes, namely, the anterior septum, which occupies the anterior median fissure, and the ligamentum denticulatum of each side.
14
THE MENINGE3 OF THE BRAIN.
THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE BRAIN.furnished with blood by the internal carotid and The internal carotid artery (a. vertebral arteries (Fig. 9). carotis interna] gives origin to the anterior and the middle cere-
The
brain
is
bral, 'the anterior chorioidal
the vertebral arteryposterior spinalunites withits
(a,
and the posterior communicating; vertebralis) gives off the anterior andinferior cerebellar
and the posterior
and thenand forms
fellow at the inferior border of the pons
the basilar artery.
The
basilar artery
(a. basilaris]
runs upward
the length of the pons.
and terminates
in the
two posterior cerebral
arteries and, furthermore, gives off the following collateral branches,
the anterior inferior cerebellar, the pontal, the internal audiCertain of these arteries form tory and the superior cerebellar. a wonderful circular anastomosis at the base of the brain, calledviz.,
the arterial circle and the distribution of that circle
is
to the cerecere-
brum
(Figs. 9
and
10); while theis
rhombencephalon (pons,
bellum and medulla) above enumerated.
supplied by the remainder of the arteries It is therefore convenient to describe the
circulation of the brain
under two heads:
of the cerebrum, and (B)
The
(A) The circulation circulation of the rhomben-
cephalon.A.
THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION, ARTERIES.(Circulus arteriosis, Willisi).
Theies
Arterial Circle.
The
arter-
which supply the cerebrum freely communicate in the arterial circle, which is really a heptagon extending from a point in thelongitudinal fissure anterior to the optic chiasma, back to the pons It is about an inch and a half long, and from a half (Fig. 9).to
one inch in transverse diameter.
In front are the anterior
cerebral arteries converging forward from the internal carotids and, through the anterior communicating artery (a. communicansanterior], uniting just as they enter the longitudinal fissure of the
cerebrum.
These
vessels
form three
sides of the
heptagon and
the front of the circle.
On
either side, the posterior
communic-
ating artery (a. posterior] carotid with the posterior cerebral artery, forms the lateral bound-
communicans
which connects the internal
THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION, ARTERIES.ary of thecirclecircle.
15
The
posterior
cerebral
arteries
bound
the
behind, and so complete it (Fig. 10). The large distal branches of the arteries which are connected with the arterialcircle are distributed
chiefly to the cortex
hemispheres;
while
the
and medulla of the branches supply the small proximal
Fig. 9.
Arterial circle
and its branches on the base of the brain. (After Morris's Anatomy.}d. g.
terior inferior cerebellar artery, h. Vertebral artery, i. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Anterior communicating artery, k. Antero-lateral ganglionic. 1. Anterior chorioid. j. m. Posterior communicating artery, n. Posterior chorioid. o. Basilar artery, p. Hemisphere of cerebellum cut away. q. Anterior spinal artery.
c. Internal carotid artery, b. Middle cerebral artery, a. Anterior cerebral artery, terp-median ganglionic. e. Posterior cerebral artery, f. Superior cerebellar artery,
Pos-
An-
ganglia and the inter-brain. The former belong to the cortical system (Ai), the latter to the ganglionic system (A2). Al. The Cortical System of Arteries. The cortical arterial
system comprises the distal portions of the anterior, middle and The branches of posterior cerebral and the chorioidal arteries.
16
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.
these great vessels pierce the hemispheres perpendicularly to the surface. They are distributed, the short, to the cortex, and thelong, to the
medulla of the hemispheres.
To
a limited extent
they anastomose with one another, but they do not communicate
with the ganglionic system. The anterior cerebral artery
(a. cerebri
anterior, Figs. 9
and
12), a branch of the internal carotid, runs forward and toward the median line above the optic nerve and enters the longitudinalfissure;it
is
here joined to
anterior communicating.
mate by a very short artery, the Winding around the genu of the corpusits
callosum,
it
the occipito-parietal sulcus.
runs back on the medial surface of the hemisphere to It gives origin to the antero-median
ganglionic arteries, and to four groups pf cortical branches:(1)
The
internal orbital artery (Figs. 9
and
the medial orbital gyrus, the gyrus rectus, the olfactory bulb, tract, medial and intermediate
which supplies the optic chiasma and10)striae,
triangle,
and parolfactory area. (2) The anterior internal frontal (Fig. 12) which enters the anterior parts of the gyrus cinguli and superior frontal gyrus on the medial surface and of the superior and middle frontal gyri on the convex surface. (3) The middle internal frontalbranches, which are distributed to the middle part of the gyrus cinguli, to the paracentral lobule and to the upper portions of the
superior frontal and the anterior
and
posterior central gyri.
(4)
The
posterior internal frontal branches,
which run back
to the
occipito-parietal sulcus.
They supply nearly the whole corpus the posterior half of the gyrus cinguli, a part of the callosum, paracentral lobule, the praecuneus, and the superior parietal
lobule.
The middleof theit
cerebral artery
(a. cerebri
media, Figs. 10 and
n)
crosses the anterior perforated spot
and runs in the
lateral fissure
cerebrum
to the posterior sulcus circularis (Reili)
where
breaks up into several parieto-temporal branches. It gives origin to the antero-lateral ganglionic arteries, and to four cortical
branches:
(i)
The
lateral
orbital
branches are distributed to
the anterior and posterior orbital and the inferior frontal gyri. (2) The ascending frontal, two branches, which follow the precentral
and central
sulci,
supply the anterior central gyrus and
THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION, ARTERIES.
17
the posterior fourth of the middle frontal gyrus. (3) The ascending parietal, whose course is along the interparietal sulcus, furnishesparts
bloodof
to
the posterior central gyrus and the adjacent
and inferior parietal lobules. (4) The arteries, which comprise two polar branches to the temporal lobe and a large posterior branch. The latter runs in the posterior ramus of the lateral cerebral fissure to its upturned posterior end and there bifurcates into a parietal and a temporal branch, which just pass the anterior limit of the occipthe superior
par ieto- temporal
ital lobe.is
The
entire distribution of the parieto-temporal arteries
to the temporal pole and to the superior, middle and part of the inferior temporal gyri; to the major parts of the supramarginal, angular and post-parietal gyri, and to a very small portion of the superior
and
lateral occipital gyri.(a.
The posterior cerebral arteryminal branch of thearterial circle
cerebri
posterior},
a
ter-
basilar, lies in the posterior
boundary
of the
joined to the internal carotid by the posterior communicating artery (Figs. 10 and 12). It winds backward between the midb^ain and gyrus hippocampi to the tentorialis
and
surface of the cerebral hemisphere where, just beyond the splenium of the corpus callosum, it terminates in the calcarine and occipito-
From the posterior cerebral arteries originate parietal branches. the postero-median and the postero-lateral ganglionic, and two or more posterior chorioidal arteries and three corticalbranches: (i) The temporal branches, often an anterior, middle and posterior temporal, which supply the hippocampal and thefusiform gyri and a part of the lingual and of the inferior temporal gyrus. (2) The calcarine artery, which runs along the fissure of the same name and supplies the cuneate and lingual gyri; also the pole and the lateral
and superior
gyri of the occipital lobe.
(3)
occipito- parietal artery, a single branch, which runs along the sulcus occipito-parietalis over the supero-medial border to
The
the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere and is distributed to the cuneus, the praecuneus and the superior occipital gyrus.
The
posterior
chorioidal
arteries (arteries chorioidea posteof
rior es, Figs. 7, 9
and
10) two or more in number are branches
18
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.
the posterior cerebral which run forward in the transverse and chorioidal fissures of the cerebrum to the chorioid plexuses of the lateral and third ventricles (Fig. 7).
The
anterior chorioidal arteries
(a.
chorioidea anterior] rises
from the internal carotid artery just proximal to its anterior and middle cerebral branches, and runs backward and outward alongthe optic tract to the anterior inferior end of the chorioidal fissure, which it enters (Fig. 10). It terminates in the chorioid plexus of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle, and gives collateral
branches to the optic
tract,
dentata, the hippocampus, the crus of the fornix part of the internal capsule.
the gyrus hippocampi, the fascia and the posterior
from thecircle
A2. The Ganglionic System of Arteries. Small arteries arterial circle and from the cerebral arteries near theconstitutethis
their distribution
system (Fig. 10). The arteries pass to without communicating with one another or
They are the end-arteries of Cohnheim. and ganglionic systems, there is an area poorly supplied with blood. That is the area of cerebral softening in old age. The ganglionic system of arteries is made up of six of small vessels: The antero-median, the right and left groups antero-lateral, the postero-median and the right and left posterowith the cortical arteries.cortical
Between the
lateral.
The antero-median ganglionic
arteries rise from the anterior
cerebrals in front of the optic chiasma (Fig. 10). They supply the chiasma, the lamina terminalis, the rostrum of the corpus
callosum, the septum pellucidum and the head of the caudate nucleus.
Thearterial
either side,
antero-lateral ganglionic arteries take their origin, on from the middle cerebral artery, a little outside the
circle (Fig. 10). They pierce the anterior perforated substance and are distributed to the striated body, internal capsule and thalamus. The largest one of this group is the lenticulostriate artery.It suppliesits
On account
of
the greater part of the corpus striatum. frequent rupture, it is called the artery of cerebral
hemorrhage (Charcot).
Postero-median Ganglionic Arteries.
These are branches
THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION, ARTERIES.
Fig. 10.
Arterial circle
and its branches on the base of the cerebrum. (Gordinier after Duret.)
On the left side of the brain the temporal lobe is cut away so as to open the inferior and posterior horns of the lateral ventricle. The mid-brain is divided close above the pons and the posterior cerebral arteries are cut at their origin from the basilar. Ganglionic arteries: am. Antero-median group arising from the anterior cerebral, al. Antero-lateral group, from the middle cerebral, pm, pi (on the optic thalamus). Posteromedian and postero-lateral groups, from the posterior cerebral. Chorioidal arteries: a ch. Anterior, from the internal carotid, p ch (on the splenium). Posterior, from the posterior cerebral. Cortical arteries: I, I. Inferior internal frontal, from the anterior cerebral. 2. Inferior external frontal. 3. Ascending frontal. 4. Ascending parietal, and 5, temporo-parietal from the middle cerebral. 6. Anterior temporal, 7, posterior temporal, and 8, occipital, from the posterior cerebral.
VEINS OF THE CEREBRUM.of the posterior cerebral
21arteries
and posterior communicating
They supply the interpcduncular structures, (Figs. 9 and 10). the peduncles and, after piercing the posterior perforated substance, the walls of the third ventricle and the medial parts ofthe thalami.
Postero-lateral Ganglionic Arteries.side,
They
rise,
on
either
from the posterior cerebral artery after it has wound around the base of the peduncle (Fig. 10). They are distributed to the of the thalamus; the geniculate, quadrigeminal and posterior partpineal bodies; the quadrigeminal brachia and the pedunculus The superior cerebellar arteries send several branches cerebri.to the
dorsum
of the mid-brain,
and complete the
arterial
supply
of the cerebrum.
VEINS OF THE CEREBRUM.The Internal Veins of the Cerebrum. The veins of the cerebrum (vents cerebri) are classed as internal and external. Thetrunks of the internal veins are located largely in the chorioid tela of the third ventricle, near the apex of which the internalcerebral veinis
formed: while at the base ofits
this chorioid tela
the internal cerebral vein unites withgreat cerebral vein.
mate
in forming the
The
internal cerebral vein
(v. cerebri
interna)
is
formed by
the union of the chorioidal, the terminal and the vein of the septum pellucidum. It runs backward between the layers of thechorioid tela of the third ventricle(Fig.7),
receiving several
small collaterals from the
tela,
from the pineal and quadrigeminal;
bodies and the corpus callosum and, finally, it receives the basilar vein from the inferior surface of the cerebral hemisphere. Underthe splenium of the corpus callosum it joins the internal cerebral vein of the opposite side and forms the great cerebral vein.
The great cerebral veinthick,
(v. cerebri
median trunk, a half-inch long
magna, Galeni) is a short, At the posterior (Fig. i).
border of the tentorial notchsinus
it is joined by the inferior sagittal and then continued as the sinus rectus. This short vein receives collateral tributaries from the gyrus cinguli, from the
22
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.
medial and tentorial surfaces of the occipital lobe and from the superior surface of the cerebellum (Cunningham).
Small nameless internal veins issue fromsurface of the cerebrum
all
parts of the exterior
and form the external veins. The External Veins of the Cerebrum. The external cerebral veins (vena cerebri externa) are numerous and of large size. Theyramify in the pia mater and in the subarachnoid space. They empty into the dural sinuses, as a rule, against the current in thesinuses,
and
they
form
two principal groups:
The
superior
Fig.
1 1
.
Middle cerebral artery and branches. (Gordinier after Quain and Charcot.)
Antero-lateral group of ganglionic arteries. I. Inferior external frontal artery. 2. Ascending frontal artery. 4. Parieto-temporal artery. 3. Ascending parietal artery.
CENT.
cerebral
and the
inferior cerebral,
and a very small group, on
the
medial
cerebral surface, called the medial cerebral veins.
The superior cerebral veins (vena cerebri superiores), twelve or more in number, carry away the blood from the superior surface of the hemisphere. They run obliquely upward and forwardinto the superior sagittal sinus.
Just before emptying into the
sinus they receive most of the medial veins.
The Medial Cerebral Veins.
(Vena
cerebri mediales}.
They
drain the marginal part of the medial surface of the hemisphere.
VEINS OF THE CEREBRUM.
23into the superior
The
veins of this group which do not
empty
cerebral veins unite
and form the
inferior sagittal sinus,
and the
anterior cerebral vein which drains
much
of the medial surface.
inferior cerebral veins (vena cerebri inferiores) drain the base of the cerebrum and the lower border of its convex surface.
The
the tentorial surface of the hemisphere, from three to five of these veins empty into the transverse and superior petrosal sinuses. Those from the temporal and frontal lobes empty into
On
the
spheno-parietal sinus and cavernous sinus, excepting the small anterior cerebral vein and the deep middle cerebral vein,
which unite with thevein.
inferior striate veins in
forming the basilar
accompanies the artery of the drains the gyrus cinguli and corpus callosum, chiefly; and, in the fossa lateralis cerebri, unites with vessels that descend from the corpus striatum, the inferior striate veins, and
The
anterior cerebral veinIt
same name.
with the deep middle cerebral vein. The deep vena cerebri media drains the insula and the opercula, in part, and deep in the fissure runs medianward to the fossa lateralis cerebri and helps to form The basilar vein (v. basilaris), is formed at the the basilar.anterior perforated spot by the deep middle cerebral, the inferior striate and the anterior cerebral veins. Running backward itreceives
additional blood from the interpeduncular structures,
the hippocampal gyrus and the inferior horn of the lateral vent