Anatomy of the Digestive System:
accessory organs
Anatomi Manusia
Dept. Gizi Masyarakat
FEMA IPB
Mouth
• Structure of the Oral Cavity
1.Lips
2.Cheeks
• Lateral boundaries of the oral cavity
• Formed largely by the buccinator muscle lined with mucous membrane
Mouth
3. Hard and Soft Palate• Hard palate: palatine and maxillary bones• soft palate: muscular arch separating the mouth from the nose• Uvula: projects off the soft palate
4. Tongue• Skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane• Covered with papillae which contain taste buds• Lingual frenulum helps anchor the tongue to the floor of the mouth• Rich supply of blood vessels allows for quick absorption (sublingual
medications)• Intrinsic muscles: originate and insert in the mouth, used for mastication
and speech• Extrinsic muscles: insert into the tongue, but originate from the hyoid or
skull bones, used for swallowing (deglutition) and speech
Mouth5. Salivary Glands
– Parotid glands
• Anterior and inferior to the ear
• Produce watery saliva containing enzymes; open into the mouth via the Stenson ducts
• Inflammation = mumps
– Submandibular glands
• At the mandibular angle
• Produce saliva containing enzymes and mucus
• Wharton ducts open into the mouth on either side of the frenulum
– Sublingual glands
• In front of the submandibular glands
• Drained by ducts of Rivinus
• Produce mucus saliva
7
Teeth
• Involved in mastication and speech
• Crown: Exposed portion of the tooth
• Neck: enameled part of tooth below gum line
• Root: anchors the tooth into the periodontal membrane
• Enamel: Hard, protective outer covering
• Dentin: living, cellular, calcified tissue within the root, dentin is covered by cellular bone-like structure that helps hold tooth in the socket.
Teeth (cont’d)
• Pulp cavity within the dentin, filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue
• Periodontal ligaments: hold tooth in socket.
• Cementum: Anchors the root
• Gingiva: dense, fibrous C.T. covered by stratified squamous epithelium
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Teeth
• Two sets
– Primary, deciduous, milk: Childhood
– Permanent or secondary: Adult (32)
• Types
– Incisors, canines, premolars and molars
Liver
• Lies immediately beneath the diaphragm, within the right hypochondrium
• 2 lobes separated by the falciform ligament– Right lobe
• Right lobe proper, caudate lobe and quadrate lobe
– Left lobe
• Each lobe is separated into lobules and supported by a capsule of Glisson– A central vein extends through each lobule– Hepatic cells, sinusoids, bile canaliculi, arteries and
veins also make up the lobules
Liver
• Hepatic lobule function
– Blood enters lobule from hepatic artery
– Blood oxygenates hepatocytes
– Sinusoids contain phagocytic Kupffer cells
– Blood continues along the sinusoids to the central vein
– Central veins lead to the main hepatic veins which drain into the inferior vena cava
– Bile formed by hepatocyes passes through the canaliculito join bile ducts
Liver
• Bile Ducts
– Small bile ducts join to form the right and left hepatic ducts which join to form the common hepatic duct
– The common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct
– Bile is emptied into the SI at the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla
Gallbladder
• Lies underneath the liver
• Cholecystitis – GB inflammation
• Cholelithiasis –gallstone formation
• Cholecytectomy – GB removal
Gallbladder Functions
•The GB stores bile and concentrates it
•During fat digestion, the GB contracts and ejects bile into the duodenum
•Jaundice results when an obstruction of bile flow occurs
–Bile cannot be lost through the feces and enters the blood, creating a yellowish skin hue
20
Pancreas
• endocrine and exocrine• Head, body and tail• Endocrine: pancreatic islets. Produce
insulin, glucose, and somatostatin• Exocrine: groups acini (grape-like
cluster) form lobules separated by septa, produce digestive enzymes
•Intercalated ducts lead to intralobular
ducts lead to interlobular ducts lead to
the pancreatic duct.
•Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct
and enters duodenum at the
hepatopancreatic ampulla controlled by
the hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter
Histology of Pancreas
Blood Supply
SUMMARY
Terima Kasih