Anatomy & PhysiologyBasic structure: cells, tissues, organs
Body planes, directions, & cavities
Integumentary system
Basic Structure of the Human Body
Cells Tissues Organs
Organ System
ORGANISM
Animal structure has a hierarchyA. CELLULAR LEVEL:
Muscle cell
B. TISSUE LEVEL:Muscle tissue
C. ORGAN LEVEL:Heart
D. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL:Circulatory system
E. ORGANISM LEVEL:Many organ systemsfunctioning together
The Cell• Cell membrane• Cytoplasm• Organelles
– Nucleus• Nucleolus • Chromatin
– Ribosomes (free; bound)– Centrosome
• Centrioles – Mitochondria– Golgi apparatus– Endoplasmic reticulum– Lysosomes– Vesicles
• Pinocytosis• Phagocytosis
» See next slide
Cell Reproduction
• 2 types of cells in our body:• Regular body cells (somatic cells) -------- 46 chromosomes• Sex cell (gametes) ---------------------------- 23 chromosomes
• Mitosis = process of cell reproduction for body cells• Get identical cells; thus same as cloning & asexual reproduction
• Meiosis = process of cell reproduction for sex cells• Do not get identical cells; thus get variation
Mitosis• Key: first
chromosomes replicate & become chromatids– DNA– Chromatin– Chromosomes
• Then : (PMAT)– Prophase– Metaphase– Anaphase– Telophase
Meiosis, Fertilization, Stem Cells
Tissues
• Tissue =when cells work together for a common purpose• 4 types
1. Epithelial --- lines body surfaces2. Connective ---connects & supports things3. Muscle ---- moves & protects4. Nerve ------ control & communicate
Systems of the Body• 11 organ systems
1. Integumentary2. Skeletal3. Muscular4. Nervous5. Circulatory 6. Lymphatic7. Respiratory8. Digestive9. Urinary10. Endocrine11. Reproductive
• The integumentary system :– Covers and protects the body– Regulates body temp– Makes vitamin D
• The skeletal system: – Supports and protects the body– Moves the body– Makes blood cells
Hair
Cartilage
Skin
Nails
Bones
• The muscular system: – Produces movement– Enables body
posture– Produces body
heatSkeletalmuscles
• The endocrine and nervous systems:– control, regulate, and coordinate body functions
ENDOCRINESYSTEM
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Pineal gland
NERVOUSSYSTEM
Senseorgan
Spinalcord
Nerves
Brain
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Testis (male)
Ovary(female)
• The circulatory system: – transports the food and oxygen
• The lymphatic (immune) system– Protects the body– Carries tissue fluid & wastes to
blood
CIRCULATORYSYSTEM
Heart
Bloodvessels
LYMPHATIC ANDIMMUNE SYSTEMS
Bonemarrow
Thymus
Spleen
Lymphnodes
Lymphvessels
• The digestive system:– Digests & absorbs food– Eliminates wastes
• The respiratory system– Exchanges oxygen for
carbon dioxide
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Esophagus
LiverStomach
Smallintestine
Largeintestine
Anus
LarynxTrachea
Bronchus
Lung
Mouth
RESPIRATORYSYSTEM
• The urinary system:– Disposes of certain wastes– Keeps body in fluid & chemical balance
Ureter
Urinarybladder
Urethra
Kidney
• The reproductive system:– perpetuates the species
Figure 20.9GG. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
FEMALE
Ovary
Oviduct
Uterus
Vagina
MALE
Penis
Seminalvesicles
Prostate gland
Vasdeferens
TestisUrethra
Body planes, directions, & cavities
Body Planes: sagittal, coronal (frontal), & transverse
Body Directions
proximal/distal lateral /medial
cephalic/ caudalsuperior/ inferiorsuperficial/ deep
anterior/ posteriorventral/ dorsal
Body Cavities
Figure 1-8
Areas of the abdomen
• Quadrants• Regions
Integumentary System• Anatomy
– 3 layers• Epidermis• Dermis• Subcutaneous
layer– Hypodermis
Physiology- Protection
- Excretion of waste
- Synthesis of Vitamin D
- Sensation
- Body temperature regulation
Figure 7-1
Cutaneous membrane
Figure 7-4
Glands
• Sebaceous glands (oil)
• Sudoriferous glands
•Eccrine•Apocrine