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Anatomy:Study of the structure of body parts
• Gross- large body structures• Regional- all parts in
a specific region• Developmental- structural
changes over a life time• Embryology- developmental
changes that occur before birth
Physiology:
Study of the body’s function
• Cardiovascular• Renal• Reproductive• Neurophysiology
Complementarity of structure and function
carbonatom
organ system
DNA molecule organelle
cell
tissue
organism
organ
The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc.
• Anabolism- build up of complex molecules
• Catabolism- break down of complex molecules
All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly• Temperature
• pH
• Salinity
• Fluid levels
Body Temperature RegulationNegative Feedback
Feedback cycle endswhen plug is formed.
Positive feedbackcycle is initiated.
Positivefeedbackloop
Break or tearoccurs in bloodvessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to siteand releasechemicals.
Releasedchemicalsattract moreplatelets.
Platelet plugforms.
1
23
4
Positive Feedback
Figure 1.3a
NailsSkin
Hair
(a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Figure 1.3b
Bones
Joint
(b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
Figure 1.3c
Skeletalmuscles
(c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat.
Figure 1.3d
Brain
NervesSpinalcord
(d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Figure 1.3e
Pineal gland
PituitaryglandThyroid
glandThymus
AdrenalglandPancreas
Testis
Ovary
(e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Figure 1.3f
(f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
Heart
Bloodvessels
Figure 1.3g
Lymphaticvessels
Red bonemarrow
Thoracicduct
Thymus
Spleen
Lymphnodes
(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
Figure 1.3h
Nasalcavity
Bronchus
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
(h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Figure 1.3i
Liver
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Largeintestine
StomachSmallintestine
RectumAnus
(i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Figure 1.3j
Kidney
Ureter
UrinarybladderUrethra
(j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Figure 1.3k-l
Prostategland
Ductusdeferens
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Ovary
Uterinetube
Mammaryglands (inbreasts)
Uterus
Vagina
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sexhormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the femalereproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remainingfemale structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System
Distal
Proximal
Frontal plane
Posterior
AnteriorMidsagittalplane
Transverse plane
Superior
Inferior
Medial & Lateral
oblique
• Organs surrounded by double layer membrane called serosa or serous membrane
• Composed mostly of simple squamous epithelia and a little connective tissue
• Filled with serous fluid- function reduce friction
Parietal (outer) vs Visceral (inner)-- both secrete serous fluid• heart: parietal pericardiumvisceral pericardium• lungs: parietal pleuravisceral pleura• abdominopelvic: parietal peritoneumvisceral peritoneum
Diseases: • pleurisyinflammation of pleura• peritonitisinflammation of peritonea• pericarditis inflammation of pericardiainflammation - less serous fluid
• Hypogastric- large intestine, sm intestine, bladder• Umbilical- sm and lg intestine• Epigastric- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas• Right hypochondriac- liver• Left hypochondriac- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas• Right lumbar- large and small intestine• Left lumbar- large and small intestine• Right iliac- large intestine, cecum• Left iliac- large intestine
Ancient Greece
Hippocrates (460 – 370? B.C.)
• Greek physician• Diseases have natural causes• Rejected view that disease caused by evil
spirits• Believed that the brain was area of higher
thought and emotion, not heart• Program for good health: rest, good
nutrition, and exercise.
• Started “Western Medicine”
Hippocrates’ Four HumorsHippocrates’ Four Humors
• Blood: considered to be made by the liver.
• Phlegm: associated with the lungs.
• Yellow bile: associated with the gall bladder.
• Black bile: associated with the spleen.
• Sanguine: Disease, excess blood
• Phlegmatic: Disease, excess phlegm
• Choleric: Disease, excess yellow bile
• Melancholic: Disease, excess black bile
Imbalances of the Humors Cause Disease
Galen (130 - 200 A.D.)• Anatomy & Physiology• disease resulted from an internal
imbalance of the four humors• Mistakes in understanding circulation• Research based on ape dissection• Textbook used for 1000 years
Roman Times
Dark Ages- 200 to 1200 A.D.
• Sad time
• Little new knowledge
• Taboo against dissecting human
cadavers continued
• Avoided actual involvement
• Authority prevails
da Vinci(1452-1515)
• Anatomy & Physiology
Renaissance
Renaissance
Vesalius dissects a female cadaver in his anatomy lab
Vesalius (1514-1564)• Anatomy & Physiology• Followed Galen’s
writings, but later found he was wrong
Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius
Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius
A late thirteenth-century illustration of the venous system within the body.
Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius
Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius
This early representation (c. 1300) of a dissection shows a surgeon and a monk.
The female pelvic anatomy. From Vesalius's De Corporis Humani Fabrica, 1543.
Vesalius’ ImagesVesalius’ Images
William HarveyWilliam Harvey
1578 - 1657
Developed an accurate theory of how the heart and circulatory system operated
1600’s Medicine: LeechesA prescription leech at the
Harborview Medical Center pharmacy.
Leeches and Maggots make a comeback
Inquiry
1. Locate each region on your own body, and then identify it by its common name and the corresponding anatomical descriptive form.
2. What are the four types of planes that may be passed through the body?
3. Is the radius proximal to the humerus? 4. Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea? 5. Are the ribs superficial to the lungs?6. Is the urinary bladder medial to the
ascending colon? 7. Is the sternum lateral to the descending
colon?8. The physician plans to perform an
appendectomy. In what plane will the incision be made? What body cavity will be entered for the surgery?
1. Distinguish between negative and positive feedback.
2. What is homeostasis?3. What organs would you find in the left iliac region?4. Galen’s textbook was based on research of ______
not humans.5. What did Velsalius discover? 6. Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and Galileo invented
the____.7. List 4 modern “non-evasive” technologies that allow
us to look in the body.8. What are leeches and maggots used for?9. The pericardium, pleura and peritoneum refer to
________.
Inquiry