Anatomy Tables-Nerves of the Head and Neck

ANATOMY TABLES | NERVES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Med.bramjnet.com

1

Nerves of the Head and Neck - Listed Alphabetically

Nerve Source Branches Motor Sensory Notes

abducens pons: abducens

nucleus

no named branches GSE: lateral rectus m. none also known as: CN VI,

6th cranial nerve; passes

through the superior

orbital fissure

accessory cranial root: medulla -

nucleus ambiguus;

spinal root: spinal

nucleus of the upper

cervical spinal cord

no named branches GSE:

sternocleidomastoid and

trapezius mm.

none also known as: CN XI,

11th cranial nerve; spinal

root enters cranial cavity

by passing through the

foramen magnum; exits

skull by passing through

the jugular foramen;

accessory n. is motor

only; the subtrapezial

plexus of nerves receives

proprioceptive fibers: for

the sternocleidomastoid

m. from the ventral

primary rami of spinal nn.

C2 and C3 - for trapezius

via ventral primary rami

of C3 and C4

alveolar, anterior

superior

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary canine and

incisor teeth and gingiva;

maxillary sinus

anterior superior alveolar

n. is enclosed in bone its

entire length

alveolar, inferior mandibular division of

the trigeminal n.(V3)

n. to mylohyoid; inferior

dental plexus; mental

nerve

mylohyoid muscle and

anterior belly of the

digastric m. via n. to

mylohyoid

teeth of the mandible; skin

of the chin

inferior alveolar n. passes

through the mandibular

canal; the mental n. is its

terminal branch which

emerges through the


2

mental foramen

alveolar, middle

superior

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary premolar teeth

and gingiva; maxillary

sinus

middle superior alveolar


entire length

alveolar, posterior

superior

maxillary n. dental plexus none maxillary molar teeth and

gingiva; maxillary sinus

posterior superior alveolar

n. enters bone by passing

through the small

foramina on the posterior

surface of the maxilla

ansa cervicalis superior root (C1 and

C2) and inferior root

(C2 and C3) of the

ansa cervicalis

to infrahyoid muscles omohyoid m.,

sternohyoid m.,

sternothyroid m.,

thyrohyoid m.,

geniohyoid m.

none superior and inferior roots

of the ansa cervicalis are

also known as the anterior

and posterior roots

anterior deep

temporal n.

mandibular division of

the trigeminal n. (V3)

no named branches temporalis m. no cutaneous branches a branch of the motor root

of CN V; temporalis m.

developed from the

mesenchyme of the first

pharyngeal arch

anterior ethmoidal n. nasociliary n. internal & external nasal

brs.

none mucous membrane lining

the anterior ethmoid air

cells and upper anterior

part of the nasal cavity;

skin of the lower half of

the nose

anterior ethmoidal n.

passes from the orbit into

the anterior ethmoidal

foramen, passes through

the cribriform plate,

passes anteriorly on

cribriform plate, then

exits the cranial cavity

through the ethmoid

fissure into the nasal

cavity

anterior superior infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary canine and anterior superior alveolar


3

alveolar n. incisor teeth and gingiva;

maxillary sinus


entire length

auriculotemporal n. mandibular division of


parotid brs., articular brs.,

anterior auricular brs.

secretomotor to the

parotid gland by carrying

postganglionic

parasympathetic fibers

from the otic ganglion;

[preganglionic


originate in the lesser

petrosal br. of the

glossopharyngeal n. (IX)]

skin of anterior ear and the

skin anterosuperior to the

ear; part of the external

auditory meatus;

temporomandibular joint

two roots of the

auriculotemporal n.

encircle the middle

meningeal a.

brachial plexus ventral primary rami

of C5-8 and T1

dorsal scapular, long

thoracic, n. to subclavius,

suprascapular, lateral and

medial pectoral, medial

brachial and antebrachial

cutaneous, upper, middle

and lower subscapular,

musculocutaneous, ulnar,

median, axillary, radial

muscles of the upper

limb, excluding trapezius

skin of the upper limb plexus is a latin word

meaning "braid"; axons

from spinal cord levels

C5-T1 are mixed

(braided) in the brachial

plexus and repackaged

into terminal branches so

that each branch contains

axons from several spinal

cord segmental levels

buccal branch of the

trigeminal n.



no named branches no motor branches skin of the cheek, mucosa

lining the cheek

not a motor nerve; easily

confused with the buccal

branch of the facial n.

buccal branches of

the facial n.

facial n. (VII) no sensory branches zygomaticus major &

minor, buccinator,

orbicularis oris, levator

anguli oris, levator labii

superioris & alaque nasi,

risorius, procerus, nasalis

no sensory branches not a sensory nerve;

easily confused with the

buccal branch of the

trigeminal n.

C1 ventral primary C1 spinal n. contributes to the superior rectus capitis anterior and none C1 contributes to the


4

ramus root of the ansa cervicalis;

brs. to: rectus capitis

anterior and lateralis mm.,

longus capitis m.

lateralis, longus capitis,

omohyoid, sternohyoid,

sternothyroid,

thyrohyoid, geniohyoid

cervical plexus

C2 ventral primary

ramus

C2 spinal n. contributes to: superior

and inferior roots of the

ansa cervicalis, lesser

occipital n., great

auricular n., transverse

cervical n.; brs. to: longus

capitis & colli,

sternocleidomastoid


sternothyroid,

thyrohyoid, longus capitis

and longus colli

skin behind the ear and on

the neck below the

mandible; proprioception

from the

sternocleidomastoid m.

C2 contributes to the

cervical plexus

C3 ventral primary

ramus

C3 spinal n. contributes to: inferior

root of the ansa cervicalis,

great auricular n.,

transverse cervical n.,

supraclavicular nn.,

phrenic n.; brs. to: longus

capitis & colli, scalenus

medius, levator scapulae,

trapezius


sternothyroid, longus

capitis & colli, scalenus


respiratory diaphragm

skin of the anterolateral

neck; proprioception from

the sternocleidomastoid m.

and the trapezius m


cervical plexus

C4 ventral primary

ramus

C4 spinal n. contributes to:

supraclavicular nn.,

phrenic n.; brs. to: longus

colli, scalenus medius,

levator scapulae, trapezius

longus colli, scalenus



skin of the root of the neck

and the upper shoulder;

proprioception from the

trapezius m.


cervical plexus

C5 ventral primary

ramus

C5 spinal n. contributes to: phrenic n.,

long thoracic n.

respiratory diaphragm,

scalene mm., muscles of

the shoulder and upper

arm

skin of the ventral arm and

ventral forearm

joins the ventral primary

ramus of C6 to form the

superior trunk of the

brachial plexus

C6 ventral primary

ramus

C6 spinal n. contributes to: long

thoracic n.

scalene mm., muscles of

the lower shoulder and

skin of the lateral side of

the upper limb


ramus of C5 to form the


5

arm superior trunk of the

brachial plexus

C7 ventral primary

ramus

C7 spinal n. contributes to: long

thoracic n.

muscles of the lower

shoulder, arm forearm

skin of the posterior side

of the upper limb

continues as the middle

trunk of the brachial

plexus

C8 ventral primary

ramus

C8 spinal n. no named branches muscles of the forearm

and hand

skin of the medial side of

the upper limb


ramus of T1 to form the

inferior trunk of the

brachial plexus

cardiac, sympathetic cervical sympathetic

trunk

no named branches heart (sympathetic:

increases rate and force

of contraction,

parasympathetic:

decreases rate and force

of contraction); bronchial

tree & lungs via

pulmonary plexus

heart, bronchial tree and

lungs

cervical sympathetic

trunk usually gives 3

cervical cardiac brs. l

(superior, middle and

inferior) to the cardiac

plexus

cardiac, vagal vagus n. (X) no named branches heart (parasympathetic:

decreases rate and force

of contraction;

sympathetic: increases

rate and force of

contraction); bronchial

tree and lungs via

pulmonary plexus

heart, bronchial tree and

lungs

vagus n. has 2 cervical

cardiac brs. (superior and

inferior) and 1 or more

thoracic cardiac brs.

carotid body, n. to glossopharyngeal n.

(IX)

no named branches none sensory receptors in the

carotid body and carotid

sinus

chemoreception (blood

pH) in carotid body;

blood pressure receptors

in carotid sinus; both

located near the

bifurcation of the

common carotid a.; the


6

vagus n. (X) may share a

role in this innervation

carotid plexus,

external

superior cervical

ganglion of the

sympathetic trunk, via

the external carotid n.

distributes along the brs.

of the external carotid

artery

vascular smooth muscle,

arrector pili muscles,

sweat glands of face &

upper neck

none postganglionic

sympathetic nerve fibers

use arteries as roadways

to enter the head and neck

carotid plexus,

internal

superior cervical

ganglion of the


the internal carotid n.

most distribute along the

brs. of the internal carotid

artery, although the deep

petrosal n. is an exception

because it runs a short

course independent of an

artery

vascular smooth muscle

of the brain, orbit,

forehead, upper nasal

cavity; arrector pili

muscles of forehead and

anterior scalp; sweat

glands of the forehead;

dilator pupillae m.

none postganglionic




carotid, external superior cervical

sympathetic ganglion

contributes to the external

carotid plexus


of the internal carotid

system of vessels; sweat

glands, arrector pili mm.

of the skin of the

forehead

none there may be two or more

external carotid nn. that

join the external carotid

plexus from the superior

cervical ganglion

carotid, internal superior cervical


contributes to the internal

carotid plexus





of the skin of the face and

scalp

none internal carotid n. appears

to be the upward

continuation of the

sypathetic trunk

cervical plexus ventral primary rami

of spinal nerves C1-

C4

brs. to: longus colli &

capitis,

sternocleidomastoid m.,

trapezius m., levator

scapulae m., scalenus

medius m., rectus capitis

longus colli & capitis

mm., rectus capitis

anterior & lateralis mm.,

infrahyoid mm.,

thyrohyoid m.,

geniohyoid m.,


neck; skin of the ear and

skin behind the ear

close association of the

supraclavicular nn. to the

phrenic n. results in pain

from the respiratory

diaphragm referred to the

shoulder


7

anterior and lateralis mm.;

superior & inferior root of

the ansa cervicalis, n. to

the thyrohyoid m., n. to

the geniohyoid m., lesser

occipital n., great


cervical n.,

supraclavicular nn.

(medial, intermediate and

lateral), contributions to

the phrenic n. from C3

and C4


cervicofacial

division

facial (VII) buccal br., marginal

mandibular br., cervical

br.

muscles of facial

expression of the lower

part of the face; platysma

m.

none cervicofacial division

usually forms a loop by

communication with the

temporofacial division of

the facial n.

chorda tympani facial (VII) no named branches secretomotor to the

submandibular and

sublingual glands (it

carries preganglionic

parasympathetic axons to

the submandibular

ganglion)

taste to the anterior 2/3 of

the tongue

chorda tympani joins the

lingual nerve in the

infratemporal fossa and

continues with it to the

tongue

ciliary ganglion preganglionic

parasympathetic axons

arrive via the inferior

division of the

oculomotor n. (III)

postganglionic


which distribute via short

ciliary nn.

sphincter pupillae m.,

ciliary m. of the eye

none a parasympathetic

ganglion; ciliary ganglion

is located on the lateral

side of the optic n. near

the apex of the orbit;

sensory and sympathetic

axons pass through the

ciliary ganglion without


8

synapse - the sensory root

is carried via the

nasociliary n.and the

sympathetic root arrives

in the orbit via the

internal carotid a.

ciliary, long nasociliary no named branches none eyeball (GSA) these nerves bypass the

ciliary ganglion

ciliary, short ciliary ganglion:

sensory root - from the

nasociliary n.(a branch

of V1); sympathetic

root - from the internal

carotid plexus;

parasympathetic root -

from the inferior

division of the

oculomotor n. (III)

multiple short ciliary nn.

which leave the ciliary

ganglion anteriorly

sphincter pupillae &

ciliary mm.

(parasympathetic), dilator

pupillae (sympathetic)

eyeball (GSA) short ciliary nn. are mixed

nerves which contain

sensory and 2 types of

autonomic nerve fibers;

postganglionic

parasympathetic neurons

whose axons are located

in these nerves have their

cell bodies located in the

ciliary ganglion

cochlear n. vestibulocochlear n. no named branches none hearing (SSA) exits the posterior cranial

fossa by passing into the

internal acoustic meatus

cranial nn. nuclei located in the

brain, branistem and

upper cervical spinal

cord

12 pairs: olfactory, optic,

oculomotor, trochlear,

trigeminal, abducens,

facial, vestibulocochlear,

glossopharyngeal, vagus,

accessory, hypoglossal

eye muscles, muscles of

mastication, middle ear,

face, tongue, pharynx,

larynx, most suprahyoid

muscles,


trapezius m., smooth

muscle of the gut, cardiac

muscle, bronchial smooth

muscle, salivary, lacrimal

and mucous glands in the

smell, vision, taste,

hearing, balance, general

sensation form the skin of

the face, sense from

viscera of the head, neck,

thorax and abdomen

(proximal to the splenic

flexure)

details about each cranial

nerve may be found

elsewhere in this chart


9

head and neck; glands of

digestive system

deep petrosal n. internal carotid plexus no named branches vascular smooth muscle

of the mucous

membranes of the lower

nasal cavity, maxillary

sinus and palate

none deep petrosal n. joins the

greater petrosal n. to form

the n. of the pterygoid

canal; the deep petrosal n.

contains postganglionic

sympathetic axons

(synapse occurred in the

superior cervical

sympathetic ganglion)

digastric m.,

posterior belly, n. to

facial n. (VII) no named branches posterior belly of the

digastric m.

none the anterior belly of the

digastric m. is formed by

mesenchyme from the 1st

pharyngeal arch and is

supplied by the n. to the

mylohyoid m. (V3)

dorsal scapular n. brachial plexus (br. of

C5 ventral primary

ramus)

no named branches rhomboideus major and

minor mm.; levator

scapulae m.

none dorsal scapular n. passes

through the scalenus

medius m.

esophageal plexus right and left vagus

(X) nn.; thoracic

visceral brs. of the

sympathetic trunk

anterior and posterior

vagal trunks

preganglionic


from the vagus n. supply

smooth muscle and

glands of the thoracic

esophagus and abdominal

gut and its derivatives

proximal to the left colic

flexure; postganglionic

sympathetic axons from

the thoracic visceral brs.

supply vascular smooth

vagus: GVA from the


gut proximal to the left

colic flexure; thoracic

visceral brs.carry pain

from the esophagus

during development of the

gut, the stomach and

esophagus rotate 90° to

the right with the result

that the left and right

vagus nerves mix in the

esophageal plexus and

emerge as anterior and

posterior vagal trunks


10

muscle in the esophageal

vessels

ethmoidal, anterior nasociliary n. internal & external nasal

brs.

none mucous membrane lining

the anterior ethmoid air

cells and upper anterior

part of the nasal cavity;

skin of the lower half of

the nose

anterior ethmoidal n.

passes from the orbit into

the anterior ethmoidal

foramen, passes through

the cribriform plate,

passes anteriorly on

cribriform plate, then

exits the cranial cavity

through the ethmoid

fissure into the nasal

cavity

ethmoidal, posterior nasociliary n. no named branches none mucous membrane lining

the posterior ethmoid air

cells and sphenoid sinus

posterior ethmoidal n.

exits the orbit by passing

through the posterior

ethmoid foramen

external carotid n. superior cervical


contributes to the external

carotid plexus


of the internal carotid



of the skin of the

forehead

none there may be two or more

external carotid nn. that

join the external carotid

plexus from the superior

cervical ganglion

external carotid

plexus

superior cervical

ganglion of the





artery




upper neck

none postganglionic




facial n. pons and medulla:

nucleus solitarius of

medulla via nervus

intermedius (SVA

sensory root) from

greater petrosal n.

(preganglionic

parasympathetic to

pterygopalatine ganglion,

postganglionic

stapedius m., stylohyoid

m., posterior belly of

digastric m., muscles of

facial expression;

secretomotor to lacrimal,

taste (SVA) from the

anterior 2/3 of the tongue;

part of the skin of the

external auditory meatus

also known as: CN VII,

7th cranial nerve; exits

the posterior cranial fossa

by passing into the

internal acoustic meatus,


11

geniculate ganglion;

superior salivatory

nucleus (GVE

preganglionic

parasympathetic) of

pons via nervus

intermedius; facial

motor nucleus of pons

via motor root

parasympathetic travels

with brs. of maxillary

division of V), chorda

tympani (SVA taste from

anterior 2/3 of the tongue;

preganglionic

parasympathetic to the

submandibular ganglion,

postganglionic

parasympathetic to the

submandibular and

sublingual glands), n. to

stapedius, posterior

auricular n., intraparotid

plexus with temporal,

zygomatic, buccal,

marginal mandibular &

cervical brs.

submandibular,

sublingual, and mucous

glands of the nasal and

oral cavities

goes through the facial

canal; motor to muscles

of facial expression exits

the skull at the

stylomastoid foramen

frontal ophthalmic division of


supraorbital n.,

supratrochlear n.

none skin of the forehead and

the medial part of the

upper eyelid; mucous

membrane of the frontal

sinus

the most superior linear

structure within the orbit

ganglia, sympathetic

chain

preganglionic

sympathetic fibers

arrive via white rami

communicantes of

ventral primary rami

of spinal nerves T1-L2

postganglionic

sympathetic fibers depart

via gray rami

communicantes to all

spinal nn.; internal &

external carotid nn.;

cervical cardiac brs.;

thoracic direct visceral

brs.; greater, lesser &

least thoracic splanchnic

nn.; lumbar splanchnic

dilator pupillae, vascular

smooth muscle, arrector

pili muscles, sweat

glands, suprarenal

medulla, heart, lungs and

gut

pain from viscera located lateral to the

vertebral bodies in the

neck, thorax &

abdominopelvic cavity;

the ganglia plus their

interconnecting fibers are

also known as the

sympathetic trunk;

preganglionic cell bodies

are located in the

intermediolateral gray


12

nn.; sacral splanchnic nn. matter of spinal cord

levels T1-L2

ganglion, ciliary preganglionic


arrive via the inferior

division of the

oculomotor n. (III)

postganglionic


which distribute via short

ciliary nn.

sphincter pupillae m.,

ciliary m. of the eye


ganglion; ciliary ganglion

is located on the lateral

side of the optic n. near

the apex of the orbit;

sensory and sympathetic

axons pass through the

ciliary ganglion without

synapse - the sensory root

is carried via the

nasociliary n.and the

sympathetic root arrives

in the orbit via the

internal carotid a.

ganglion, geniculate facial n. (VII) (chorda

tympani branch)

nervus intermedius (SVA

sensory root of facial n.)

none taste (SVA) from the

anterior 2/3 of the tongue

a sensory ganglion

equivalent in histological

structure and function to a

dorsal root ganglion;

some taste from the palate

travels through the greater

petrosal n. to the


located in the facial canal

within the petrous portion

of the temporal bone

ganglion, otic preganglionic

parasympathetic via

the lesser petrosal,

from the tympanic n.

of the

glossopharyngeal n.

postganglionic


distribute with the parotid

brs. of the

auriculotemporal n. (from

V3)

secretomotor to the

parotid gland


ganglion; the otic

ganglion hangs off of the

mandibular division of the

trigeminal n. (V3)

inferomedial to the


13

(IX) foramen ovale

ganglion,

pterygopalatine

preganglionic


arrive via the n. of the

pterygoid canal from

greater petrosal n. of

the facial n (VII);

postganglionic

sympathetic axons



the deep petrosal n.

postganglionic


distribute via the greater

& lesser palatine nn.,

nasopalatine n.,

sphenopalatine n. and

zygomatic n.

secretomotor to: mucous

glands of the palate, nasal

cavity, lacrimal gland


ganglion; the

pterygopalatine ganglion

hangs off of the maxillary

division of the trigeminal

n. (V2) within the

pterygopalatine fossa;

preganglionic axons of

the greater petrosal n.

synapse here;

postganglionic

sympathetic axons of the

deep petrosal n. pass

through the otic ganglion

without synapsing (they

synapse in the superior


ganglion)

ganglion, semilunar ophthalmic (V1) ,

maxillary (V2) and

mandibular (V3)

divisions of the

trigeminal n.

sensory fibers depart via

the trigeminal n. (V)

none skin of the face, mucous

membranes of the nasal

and oral cavities, mucous

membrane of the anterior

2/3rds of the tongue (GSA

only)

a sensory ganglion



dorsal root ganglion; also

known as. trigeminal or

Gasserian ganglion

ganglion, spiral fibers of the cochlear

hair cells

cochlear n. portion of the

vestibulocochlear n.

(VIII)

none hearing (SSA) a sensory ganglion of the

cochlear part of CN VIII

ganglion, stellate neurons in the

intermediolateral cell

column of spinal cord

level T1

gray rami communicans

to spinal nerves C8 and

T1 (postganglionic

sympathetic); thoracic


arrector pili muscle,

sweat glands of the C8 &

T1 cutaneous distribution

pain from lungs a sympathetic ganglion;

stellate ganglion is

formed by the fusion of

the inferior cervical


14

visceral br. on chest & upper limb

(C8 and T1 dermatomes);


of the lungs

sympathetic ganglion and

the T1 ganglion of the

sympathetic trunk

ganglion,

submandibular

preganglionic


from the chorda

tympani

(accompanying the

lingual n. from the


the trigeminal n.)

postganglionic


distribute either directly,

or with branches of the

lingual n. to the

submandibular and

sublingual glands

secretomotor to the

submandibular and

sublingual glands and the

small glands of the

lingual mucosa


ganglion; submandibular

ganglion is suspended

from the lingual n. near

the deep part of the

submandibular gland

geniculate ganglion facial n. (VII) (chorda

tympani branch)

nervus intermedius (SVA

sensory root of facial n.)

none taste (SVA) from the


a sensory ganglion



dorsal root ganglion;

some taste from the palate

travels through the greater

petrosal n. to the


located in the facial canal

within the petrous portion

of the temporal bone

geniohyoid m., n. to C1 fibers from the

superior root of the

ansa cervicalis

no named branches geniohyoid m. none nerve to the geniohyoid

m. travels with the

hypoglossal nerve for a

short distance in the

superior neck

glossopharyngeal n. medulla: spinal

trigeminal nucleus

from the superior

ganglion (GVA);

tympanic nerve to the

tympanic plexus and

lesser petrosal n., carotid

sinus n., stylopharyngeus

GSE: stylopharyngeus;

GVE: secretomotor to the

parotid gland

(preganglionic

GVA: carotid body,

carotid sinus, pharynx,

middle ear; GSA: skin of

the external ear; SVA:

also known as: CN IX,

9th cranial nerve; the

glossopharyngeal n. exits

the posterior cranial fossa


15

nucleus solitarius from

the inferior ganglion

(SVA); nucleus

ambiguus (GVA);

inferior salivatory

nucleus (GVE -

preganglionic

parasympathetic)

brs., pharyngeal brs. parasympathetic via the

tympanic n. to the lesser

petrosal n. to the otic

ganglion; postganglionic

parasympathetic via the

auriculotemporal n.)

taste from the posterior 1/3

of the tongue

by passing through the

jugular foramen;it may

penetrate the

stylopharyngeus m.

gray ramus

communicans

cell bodies located in

the sympathetic chain

ganglia

none carries postganglionic

sympathetic axons to the

spinal nerve; spinal nerve

will carry those axons

peripherally to the skin,

blood vessels, etc.

none gray rami communicantes

connect the sympathetic

chain to spinal nerves at

all vertebral levels

great auricular n. cervical plexus

(contributions from

the ventral primary

rami of spinal nerves

C2&C3)

mastoid n., auricular n. none skin of the ear and skin

below the ear

the great auricular n.

crosses the superficial

surface of the

sternocleidomastoid m.

greater occipital n. dorsal primary ramus

of spinal nerve C2

(medial br.)

no named branches posterior neck muscles skin of the posterior

surface of the scalp

muscles innervated by

this nerve develop from

epimeres in the embryo

greater palatine n. maxillary division of


posterior inferior lateral

nasal brs.

none mucous membrane of the

inferior part of the lateral

nasal wall; mucosa of the

hard palate

greater palatine n. passes

through the greater

palatine canal and

foramen

greater petrosal n. facial (VII) no named branches secretomotor

(preganglionic

parasympathetic) to:

lacrimal gland, mucous

glands of the lower nasal

cavity, maxillary sinus

none greater petrosal n. joins

the deep petrosal n. to

form the n. of the

pterygoid canal; the

greater petrosal n.

contains: preganglionic


16

and palate parasympathetic axons

bound for the


where they will synapse;

it passes through the

hiatus of canal of greater

petrosal n. in the petrous

part of the temporal bone

hypoglossal n. medulla: hypoglossal

nucleus

no named branches;

branches of the ventral

primary ramus of spinal

nerve C1 are carried by

this nerve and are not

considered to be branches

of the hypoglossal nerve

intrinsic and extrinsic

muscles of the tongue

(except the palatoglossus

m.)

none also known as: CN XII,


hypoglossal n. exits the

posterior cranial fossa by

passing through the

hypoglossal canal; the

superior root of the ansa

cervicalis travels with the

hypoglossal n. for a short

distance

inferior alveolar n. mandibular division of


n. to mylohyoid; inferior

dental plexus; mental

nerve

mylohyoid muscle and


digastric m. via n. to

mylohyoid

teeth of the mandible; skin

of the chin

inferior alveolar n. passes

through the mandibular

canal; the mental n. is its

terminal branch which

emerges through the

mental foramen

inferior laryngeal n. recurrent laryngeal br.

of the vagus n. (X)

no named branches all intrinsic muscles of

the larynx except the

cricothyroid; those

muscles are:

thyroarytenoid, oblique

and transverse arytenoid,

posterior and lateral

cricoarytenoid,

aryepiglottic,

mucous membrane of the

larynx below the vocal

fold

inferior laryngeal n. is the

continuation of the

recurrent laryngeal n., the

name change occurs at the

cricothyroid articulation


17

thyroepiglottic, vocalis;

secretomotor to the



fold

inferior oblique,

nerve to

inferior branch of the

oculomotor n.

parasympathetic root to

the ciliary ganglion

preganglionic

parasympathetic supply

to the ciliary ganglion for

innervation of the

sphincter pupillae m. and

ciliary m.; inferior

oblique m.

none parasympathetic root

carries GVE

(preganglionic

parasympathetic axons) to

the ciliary ganglion -

short ciliary nn. carry the

postganglionic


from the ciliary ganglion

to the eyeball

infraorbital n. maxillary division of


middle alveolar n.,

anterior superior alveolar

n.


maxillary sinus; upper

premolar, canine and

incisor teeth; maxillary

gingiva; skin of the lateral

nose, lower eyelid, upper

lip and zygomatic region

infraorbital n.passes

through the infraorbital

groove, canal and

foramen

infratrochlear n. nasociliary br. of the

ophthalmic division of


no named branches none skin and conjunctiva of the

medial upper and lower

eyelids; skin of the lateral

surface of the nose

infratrochlear n. passes

inferior to the trochlea

(pulley) of the superior

oblique m.

intermediate

supraclavicular n.

cervical plexus

(C3&C4)

no named branches none skin of the root of the neck

and upper chest, near the

mid-clavicle

pain from respiratory

diaphragm is referred to

the shoulder

internal carotid n. superior cervical


contributes to the internal

carotid plexus




none internal carotid n. appears

to be the upward

continuation of the


18


of the skin of the face and

scalp

sypathetic trunk

internal carotid

plexus

superior cervical

ganglion of the









artery








dilator pupillae m.

none postganglionic




lacrimal n. ophthalmic division of


no named branches carries secretomotor

axons to the lacrimal

gland

skin of the lateral portion

of the upper eye lid and its

associated conjunctiva

lacrimal n. carries the

postganglionic


from the

zygomaticotemporal br.

of the maxillary n. that

originate in the


laryngeal, inferior recurrent laryngeal br.

of the vagus n. (X)

no named branches all intrinsic muscles of

the larynx except the

cricothyroid; those

muscles are:

thyroarytenoid, oblique

and transverse arytenoid,

posterior and lateral

cricoarytenoid,

aryepiglottic,

thyroepiglottic, vocalis;

secretomotor to the



fold



fold

inferior laryngeal n. is the

continuation of the

recurrent laryngeal n., the

name change occurs at the

cricothyroid articulation


19

laryngeal, recurrent vagus n. (X) esophageal brs., tracheal

brs., cardiac brs.,

pharyngeal brs., inferior

laryngeal n.

upper esophagus, lower

pharynx, laryngeal mm.

(except cricopharyngeus);

smooth muscle of the

trachea; secretomotor to

mucosal glands in the


pharynx, larynx below

the vocal fold, trachea;

cardiac muscle of the

heart (slows heart rate,

decreases force of

contraction)


pharynx, larynx below the

vocal folds, GVA from

heart

right recurrent laryngeal

n. loops posteriorly

around the right

subclavian a.; left

recurrent laryngeal n.

loops posteriorly around

the aortic arch and

ligamentum arteriosum;

the inferior laryngeal br.

supplies all intrinsic

muscles of the larynx

EXCEPT the cricothyroid

m.

laryngeal, superior vagus n. (X) internal br., external br. cricothyroid m., inferior

pharyngeal constrictor

m.; secretomotor to

mucosal glands of the

larynx above the vocal

folds



folds

external br. supplies the

cricothyroid m.; all other

intrinsic muscles of the

larynx are supplied by the


lateral

supraclavicular n.

cervical plexus

(C3&C4)


and upper shoulder



the shoulder

lesser occipital n. ventral primary ramus

of spinal nerve C2

no named branches none skin behind the ear lesser occipital n. arises

from the cervical plexus

lesser palatine n. maxillary division of


no named branches none mucous membrane of the

soft palate and posterior

hard palate

lesser palatine n. passes

through the greater

palatine canal and lesser

palatine foramen

lesser petrosal n. tympanic nerve, from

the glossopharyngeal

n. (IX)

otic ganglion secretomotor

(preganglionic

parasympathetic) for the

parotid gland

none lesser petrosal n. synapses

in the otic ganglion and

postganglionic axons

distribute to the parotid


20

gland by joining the

auriculotemporal n.

lingual n. mandibular division of


no named branches none general sense from the


and floor of the mouth

lingual n. is joined by the

chorda tympani (taste and

preganglionic

parasympathetic) from the

facial n. in the

infratemporal fossa; the

submandibular ganglion

hangs from the lingual

nerve in the paralingual

space

long ciliary n. nasociliary no named branches none eyeball (GSA) these nerves bypass the

ciliary ganglion

mandibular division

of the trigeminal n.

trigeminal ganglion;

motor root arises from

the pons

meningeal br., medial

pterygoid and lateral

pterygoid nn., masseteric

n., anterior and posterior

deep temporal nn., buccal

n., auriculotemporal n.,

lingual n., inferior

alveolar n.

SVE: mylohyoid m.,


digastric m.; tensor

tympani m., tensor veli

palatini m.; muscles of

mastication (temporalis,

masseter, medial

pterygoid and lateral

pterygoid)

GSA: skin of the lower lip

and jaw extending

superiorly above level of

the ear; mucous membrane

of the tongue and floor of

the mouth; lower teeth and

gingiva of the mandibular

alveolar arch

also known as: V3; passes

through the foramen ovale

to exit the middle cranial

fossa; the otic ganglion is

associated with the medial

side of V3 below the

foramen ovale; the

auriculotemporal n.

carries postganglionic


the parotid gland; the


is associated withe the

lingual n. near the

submandibular gland;

postganglionic

parasympathetics from

the submandibular

ganglion supply the


21

submandibular gland and

the sublingual gland

mandibular,

marginal

facial n. (cervicofacial

division)

no named branches orbicularis oris m.,

depressor anguli oris m.,

depressor labii inferioris

m., mentalis m.

none branches of the facial

nerve innervate muscles

derived from the

mesenchyme of the

second pharygeal arch

masseteric n. mandibular division of

the trigeminal n.

no named branches masseter m. none masseteric n. passes over

the mandibular notch to

reach the deep surface of

the masseter m.

maxillary division


trigeminal ganglion meningeal br., posterior

superior alveolar n.,

pharyngeal, posterior

superior medial and

lateral nasal brs.,

nasopalatine n., greater

and lesser palatine nn.,

zygomatic n., infraorbital

n.

none GSA: skin of the upper lip,

cheek, lower eyelid;


palate; teeth and gingiva

of the maxillary alveolar

arch; the mucous

membrane lining most of

the nasal cavity; the

mucous membrane lining

the maxillary sinus

also known as: V2;

maxillary division of the

trigeminal n. passes

through the foramen

rotundum to enter the

pterygopalatine fossa; the


is associated with it in the


postganglionic


distribute with branches

of the maxillary division

to mucous glands of the

nasal cavity and palate;

the zygomatic n. & its brs.

carry postganglionic


the orbit to reach the

lacrimal n. and lacrimal

gland


22

medial

supraclavicular n.

cervical plexus

(C3&C4)


and upper chest, anteriorly



the shoulder

mental n. inferior alveolar n. no named branches none skin of the chin the lower

lip

mental n. passes through

the mental foramen

middle superior

alveolar

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary premolar teeth

and gingiva; maxillary

sinus

middle superior alveolar


entire length

mylohyoid, n. to inferior alveolar n., a

branch of the



no named branches mylohyoid m., anterior

belly of the digastric m.

none n. to mylohyoid arises

near the lingula of the

mandible; course within

the mylohyoid groove of

the mandible

nasociliary n. ophthalmic division of


communicating br. to the

ciliary ganglion, long

ciliary n., anterior and

posterior ethmoidal nn.,

infratrochlear n.

none eyeball, skin of the nose

and medial sides of the

eyelids; conjunctiva of the

medial sides of the

eyelids; mucous

membranes of the upper

nasal cavity, ethmoid and

sphenoid sinuses

the distribution of this

nerve is indicated by its

name - nasociliary

nasopalatine n. maxillary division of



nasal septum; mucous


portion of the palate

nasopalatine n. innervates

the mucosa overlying the

primary palate

(development); it passes

through two openings in

bone: sphenopalatine

foramen and incisive

canal

nervus intermedius pons & medulla:

nucleus solitarius of

joins with the motor root

to form the facial n. (VII);

secretomotor to the

lacrimal gland and

taste from the anterior 2/3

of the tongue

nervus intermedius

occupies an intermediate


23

medulla (SVA sensory

root) from geniculate

ganglion; superior

salivatory nucleus

(GVE preganglionic

parasympathetic) of

pons

its fibers are contained in

the greater petrosal n. and

the chorda tympani

mucous glands of the

lower nasal cavity;

secretomotor to the

mucosa of the maxillary

sinus and palate (synapse

occurs at the

pterygopalatine

ganglion); secretomotor

to submandibular and

sublingual glands

(synapse occurs at the

submandibular ganglion)

position between the

motor root of VII and

cranial n. VIII when they

enter the internal acoustic

meatus

occipital, greater dorsal primary ramus

of spinal nerve C2

(medial br.)


surface of the scalp




occipital, lesser ventral primary ramus

of spinal nerve C2

no named branches none skin behind the ear lesser occipital n. arises

from the cervical plexus

occipitalis tertius dorsal primary ramus

of spinal nerve C3

(medial br.)


surface of the neck




oculomotor n. oculomotor nuclei of

the midbrain

(extraocular muscles);

accessory oculomotor

nucleus (nucleus of

Edinger-Westphal -

preganglionic

parasympathetic)

superior br., inferior br. GSE: superior br.: levator

palpebrae superioris m.,

superior rectus m.;

inferior br: medial rectus

m., inferior rectus m.,

inferior oblique m.; GVE:

ciliary m. & sphincter

pupillae m.

(preganglionic

parasympathetic axons go

to the ciliary ganglion via

the parasympathetic root,

none also known as: CN III;

oculomotor n. passes


orbital fissure to exit the

middle cranial fossa


24

postganglionic

parasympathetic go from

the ciliary ganglion to the

eyeball via short ciliary

nn.)

of the pterygoid

canal

formed by the union

of the greater petrosal

n. (preganglionic

parasympathetic) and

the deep petrosal

n.(postganglionic

sympathetic)

ends in the


(parasympathetic)

secretomotor

(parasympathetic) to:

lacrimal gland and

mucous glands of nasal

cavity and maxillary

sinus; sympathetic

innervation to vascular

smooth muscle in the

same region

none contains: preganglionic

axons of the greater

petrosal n. bound for



postganglionic


deep petrosal n. which

will pass through the


without synapsing

olfactory n. the filaments of the

bipolar olfactory

epithelial cells

constitute the

olfactory n.

second order olfactory

nerve cell bodies located

in the olfactory bulb

none smell (SVA) also known as: CN I, 1st

cranial n.; multiple

olfactory filaments pass

through the cribriform

plate to enter the anterior

cranial fossa and synapse

in the olfactory bulb; the

olfactory tract carries the

signal from the bulb to

olfactory cortex of the

forebrain

ophthalmic division


trigeminal ganglion meningeal br., lacrimal n.,

frontal n., nasociliary n.

none (GSA) skin of the

forehead, upper eyelid and

nose; mucous membrane

of the upper nasal cavity,

frontal sinus, ethmoid air

cells and sphenoid sinuses

also known as: V1; the

ophthalmic division of the

trigeminal n. passes


orbital fissure to exit the

middle cranial fossa; the


25

lacrimal n. receives

postganglionic


the lacrimal gland from

the zygomaticotemporal

br. of the zygomatic n.

optic n. ganglion layer of the

retina to the forebrain

none none vision (SSA) also known as: CN II, 2nd

cranial nerve; the course

of the optic nerve is:

through the optic canal to

the optic chiasma, then

the optic tract to the

lateral geniculate body

and optic radiation

otic ganglion preganglionic

parasympathetic via

the lesser petrosal,

from the tympanic n.

of the

glossopharyngeal n.

(IX)

postganglionic


distribute with the parotid

brs. of the

auriculotemporal n. (from

V3)

secretomotor to the

parotid gland


ganglion; the otic

ganglion hangs off of the

mandibular division of the

trigeminal n. (V3)

inferomedial to the

foramen ovale

palatine, greater maxillary division of


posterior inferior lateral

nasal brs.


inferior part of the lateral

nasal wall; mucosa of the

hard palate

greater palatine n. passes

through the greater

palatine canal and

foramen

palatine, lesser maxillary division of



soft palate and posterior

hard palate

lesser palatine n. passes

through the greater

palatine canal and lesser

palatine foramen

petrosal, deep internal carotid plexus no named branches vascular smooth muscle

of the mucous

membranes of the lower

none deep petrosal n. joins the

greater petrosal n. to form

the n. of the pterygoid


26

nasal cavity, maxillary

sinus and palate

canal; the deep petrosal n.

contains postganglionic

sympathetic axons

(synapse occurred in the

superior cervical

sympathetic ganglion)

petrosal, greater facial (VII) no named branches secretomotor

(preganglionic

parasympathetic) to:

lacrimal gland, mucous

glands of the lower nasal

cavity, maxillary sinus

and palate

none greater petrosal n. joins

the deep petrosal n. to

form the n. of the

pterygoid canal; the

greater petrosal n.

contains: preganglionic


bound for the



it passes through the

hiatus of canal of greater

petrosal n. in the petrous

part of the temporal bone

petrosal, lesser tympanic nerve, from


n. (IX)

otic ganglion secretomotor

(preganglionic

parasympathetic) for the

parotid gland

none lesser petrosal n. synapses

in the otic ganglion and

postganglionic axons

distribute to the parotid

gland by joining the

auriculotemporal n.

pharyngeal plexus motor contributed by

the vagus n. (X);

sensory contributed by


n. (IX), vasomotor

contributed by the

superior cervical

no named branches vagus: all muscles of the

pharynx except

stylopharyngeus;

sympathetic: smooth

muscle in the pharyngeal

vasculature

glossopharyngeal: mucous

membrane lining the

pharynx

the muscles of the

pharyngeal wall are

skeletal m. derived from

the mesenchyme of the

4th pharyngeal arch


27


phrenic n. ventral primary rami


C5 (cervical plexus)

no named branches skeletal muscle of the


diaphragmatic pleura;

some fibers contributed to

the pericardium and to the

adjacent mediastinal and

costal pleurae

phrenic n. crosses the

anterior surface of the

anterior scalene m.

plexus, brachial ventral primary rami

of C5-8 and T1

dorsal scapular, long

thoracic, n. to subclavius,

suprascapular, lateral and

medial pectoral, medial

brachial and antebrachial

cutaneous, upper, middle

and lower subscapular,

musculocutaneous, ulnar,

median, axillary, radial

muscles of the upper

limb, excluding trapezius

skin of the upper limb plexus is a latin word

meaning "braid"; axons

from spinal cord levels

C5-T1 are mixed

(braided) in the brachial

plexus and repackaged

into terminal branches so

that each branch contains

axons from several spinal

cord segmental levels

plexus, cervical ventral primary rami


C4

brs. to: longus colli &

capitis,


trapezius m., levator

scapulae m., scalenus

medius m., rectus capitis

anterior and lateralis mm.;

superior & inferior root of

the ansa cervicalis, n. to

the thyrohyoid m., n. to

the geniohyoid m., lesser

occipital n., great


cervical n.,

supraclavicular nn.

(medial, intermediate and

lateral), contributions to

longus colli & capitis

mm., rectus capitis

anterior & lateralis mm.,

infrahyoid mm.,

thyrohyoid m.,

geniohyoid m.,



neck; skin of the ear and

skin behind the ear

close association of the

supraclavicular nn. to the

phrenic n. results in pain

from the respiratory

diaphragm referred to the

shoulder


28

the phrenic n. from C3

and C4

plexus, esophageal right and left vagus

(X) nn.; thoracic

visceral brs. of the

sympathetic trunk

anterior and posterior

vagal trunks

preganglionic


from the vagus n. supply

smooth muscle and

glands of the thoracic


gut and its derivatives


flexure; postganglionic

sympathetic axons from

the thoracic visceral brs.

supply vascular smooth

muscle in the esophageal

vessels

vagus: GVA from the


gut proximal to the left

colic flexure; thoracic

visceral brs.carry pain

from the esophagus

during development of the

gut, the stomach and

esophagus rotate 90° to

the right with the result

that the left and right

vagus nerves mix in the

esophageal plexus and

emerge as anterior and


plexus, external

carotid

superior cervical

ganglion of the





artery




upper neck

none postganglionic




plexus, internal

carotid

superior cervical

ganglion of the









artery








dilator pupillae m.

none postganglionic




plexus, pharyngeal motor contributed by

the vagus n. (X);

sensory contributed by


no named branches vagus: all muscles of the

pharynx except

stylopharyngeus;

sympathetic: smooth

glossopharyngeal: mucous

membrane lining the

pharynx

the muscles of the

pharyngeal wall are

skeletal m. derived from

the mesenchyme of the


29

n. (IX), vasomotor

contributed by the

superior cervical


muscle in the pharyngeal

vasculature

4th pharyngeal arch

posterior deep

temporal n.





developed from the


pharyngeal arch

posterior ethmoidal

n.

nasociliary n. no named branches none mucous membrane lining

the posterior ethmoid air

cells and sphenoid sinus

posterior ethmoidal n.

exits the orbit by passing

through the posterior

ethmoid foramen

posterior superior

alveolar n.

maxillary n. dental plexus none maxillary molar teeth and

gingiva; maxillary sinus

posterior superior alveolar

n. enters bone by passing

through the small

foramina on the posterior

surface of the maxilla

pterygopalatine

ganglion

preganglionic




greater petrosal n. of

the facial n (VII);

postganglionic

sympathetic axons



the deep petrosal n.

postganglionic


distribute via the greater

& lesser palatine nn.,

nasopalatine n.,

sphenopalatine n. and

zygomatic n.

secretomotor to: mucous

glands of the palate, nasal

cavity, lacrimal gland


ganglion; the


hangs off of the maxillary

division of the trigeminal

n. (V2) within the


preganglionic axons of

the greater petrosal n.

synapse here;

postganglionic


deep petrosal n. pass

through the otic ganglion


30

without synapsing (they

synapse in the superior


ganglion)

ramus

communicans, gray


the sympathetic chain

ganglia

none carries postganglionic

sympathetic axons to the

spinal nerve; spinal nerve

will carry those axons

peripherally to the skin,

blood vessels, etc.

none gray rami communicantes

connect the sympathetic

chain to spinal nerves at

all vertebral levels

ramus

communicans, white


the lateral horn gray

matter of spinal cord

levels T1-L2;

none axons contained within

white rami

communicantes will

synapse on

postganglionic cell

bodies that will

ultimately innervate the

skin, viscera, glands,

blood vessels, etc.

pain from viscera is

carried back to the spinal

cord through the white

ramus communicans

white rami

communicantes connect

the sympathetic chain to

spinal nerves at vertebral

levels T1-L2; carries

preganglionic sympathetic

axons

recurrent laryngeal

n.

vagus n. (X) esophageal brs., tracheal

brs., cardiac brs.,

pharyngeal brs., inferior

laryngeal n.


pharynx, laryngeal mm.

(except cricopharyngeus);


trachea; secretomotor to

mucosal glands in the


pharynx, larynx below

the vocal fold, trachea;

cardiac muscle of the

heart (slows heart rate,

decreases force of

contraction)


pharynx, larynx below the

vocal folds, GVA from

heart

right recurrent laryngeal

n. loops posteriorly

around the right

subclavian a.; left


loops posteriorly around

the aortic arch and

ligamentum arteriosum;

the inferior laryngeal br.

supplies all intrinsic

muscles of the larynx

EXCEPT the cricothyroid

m.


31

semilunar ganglion ophthalmic (V1) ,

maxillary (V2) and

mandibular (V3)

divisions of the

trigeminal n.

sensory fibers depart via

the trigeminal n. (V)

none skin of the face, mucous


and oral cavities, mucous


2/3rds of the tongue (GSA

only)

a sensory ganglion



dorsal root ganglion; also

known as. trigeminal or

Gasserian ganglion

short ciliary n. ciliary ganglion:

sensory root - from the

nasociliary n.(a branch

of V1); sympathetic

root - from the internal

carotid plexus;

parasympathetic root -

from the inferior

division of the

oculomotor n. (III)

multiple short ciliary nn.

which leave the ciliary

ganglion anteriorly

sphincter pupillae &

ciliary mm.

(parasympathetic), dilator

pupillae (sympathetic)

eyeball (GSA) short ciliary nn. are mixed

nerves which contain

sensory and 2 types of

autonomic nerve fibers;

postganglionic

parasympathetic neurons

whose axons are located

in these nerves have their

cell bodies located in the

ciliary ganglion

spiral ganglion fibers of the cochlear

hair cells

cochlear n. portion of the


(VIII)

none hearing (SSA) a sensory ganglion of the

cochlear part of CN VIII

stellate ganglion neurons in the

intermediolateral cell

column of spinal cord

level T1


to spinal nerves C8 and

T1 (postganglionic

sympathetic); thoracic

visceral br.


arrector pili muscle,

sweat glands of the C8 &

T1 cutaneous distribution

on chest & upper limb

(C8 and T1 dermatomes);


of the lungs

pain from lungs stellate ganglion is

formed by the fusion of

the inferior cervical

sympathetic ganglion and

the T1 ganglion of the

sympathetic trunk

submandibular

ganglion

preganglionic


from the chorda

tympani

(accompanying the

postganglionic


distribute either directly,

or with branches of the

lingual n. to the

secretomotor to the

submandibular and

sublingual glands and the

small glands of the

lingual mucosa

none a terminal

parasympathetic ganglion;


is suspended from the

lingual n. near the deep


32

lingual n. from the


the trigeminal n.)

submandibular and

sublingual glands

part of the submandibular

gland

suboccipital n. dorsal primary ramus

of spinal nerve C1

no named branches muscles of the

suboccipital triangle:

rectus capitis posterior

major m., rectus capitis

posterior minor m.,

obliquus capitis superior

m., obliquus capitis

inferior m.

no cutaneous branches spinal nerve C1 has NO

cutaneous distribution

superior laryngeal n. vagus n. (X) internal br., external br. cricothyroid m., inferior

pharyngeal constrictor

m.; secretomotor to

mucosal glands of the


folds



folds

external br. supplies the

cricothyroid m.; all other

intrinsic muscles of the

larynx are supplied by the


supraclavicular,

intermediate

cervical plexus

(C3&C4)


and upper chest, near the

mid-clavicle



the shoulder

supraclavicular,

lateral

cervical plexus

(C3&C4)


and upper shoulder



the shoulder

supraclavicular,

medial

cervical plexus

(C3&C4)


and upper chest, anteriorly



the shoulder

supraorbital n. frontal n, from the



medial and lateral brs. none skin of the forehead;


frontal sinus

supraorbital nerve passes

through the supraorbital

foramen (notch)

supratrochlear n. frontal n, from the no named branches none skin of the medial supratrochlear n. passes


33



forehead and the medial

part of the upper eyelid;

associated conjunctiva

superior to the trochlea

(pulley) of the superior

oblique m.

sympathetic chain

ganglia, cervical

preganglionic

sympathetic fibers

arrive via white rami

communicantes of

ventral primary rami

of spinal nerves T1-T5

postganglionic

sympathetic depart via


to cervical spinal nn.;

internal and external

carotid nn.; cervical

cardiac brs.

dilator pupillae m.;

vascular smooth muscle;

arrector pili muscles and

sweat glands of head and

neck; heart and lungs

pain from viscera located parallel to the

vertebral bodies in the

neck; there are no white

rami communicantes at

cervical levels

temporal, anterior

deep





developed from the


pharyngeal arch

temporal, posterior

deep





developed from the


pharyngeal arch

temporofacial

division of the facial

n.

facial n. temporal, zygomatic and

buccal brs.

muscles of facial

expression of the upper

part of the face; frontalis

m., anterior and superior

auricularis mm.

none temporofacial division of

the facial n. usually forms

a loop by communication

anteriorly with the

cervicofacial division

to carotid body glossopharyngeal n.

(IX)

no named branches none sensory receptors in the

carotid body and carotid

sinus

chemoreception (blood

pH) in carotid body;

blood pressure receptors

in carotid sinus; both

located near the

bifurcation of the

common carotid a.; the


34

vagus n. (X) may share a

role in this innervation

to digastric m.,

posterior belly

facial n. (VII) no named branches posterior belly of the

digastric m.

none the anterior belly of the

digastric m. is formed by

mesenchyme from the 1st

pharyngeal arch and is

supplied by the n. to the

mylohyoid m. (V3)

to geniohyoid m. C1 fibers from the

superior root of the

ansa cervicalis

no named branches geniohyoid m. none nerve to the geniohyoid

m. travels with the

hypoglossal nerve for a

short distance in the

superior neck

transverse cervical

n.

cervical plexus (C2

and C3)

no named branches none skin of the anterior surface

of the neck

transverse cervical n.

penetrates the platysma

m. but does not innervate

it

trigeminal n. motor root arises from

the trigeminal motor

nucleus in the pons

(SVE); sensory part

arises from the

trigeminal ganglion

(GSA) and projects

into the pons to the

primary sensory

nucleus of V or more

inferiorly to the

nucleus of the spinal

root of V (medulla and

upper spinal cord)

ophthalmic, maxillary and

mandibular divisions

SVE: anterior belly of the

digastric m., mylohyoid

m., tensor veli palatini

m., tensor tympani m.;

muscles of mastication:

temporalis m., masseter

m., lateral pterygoid m.,

medial pterygoid m.

skin of the face; mucous


and oral cavities; general

sensation (GSA) to the


also known as: CN V, 5th

cranial nerve; some brs.

carry pre- or

postganglionic

parasympathetic fibers;

the trigeminal n. divides

into three divisions at the

trigeminal ganglion; SVE

supplies muscles of 1st

pharyngeal arch origin

trochlear n. trochlear nucleus of the no named branches superior oblique m. of the none also known as: CN IV, 4th


35

midbrain eye (GSE) cranial nerve; the trochlear

n. passes through the

superior orbital fissure to

exit the middle cranial fossa;

it is the smallest cranial

nerve and the only cranial

nerve to arise from dorsum

of brainstem

tympanic n. glossopharyngeal n. tympanic plexus, which

gives rise to the lesser

petrosal n.

secretomotor (preganglionic


which will synapse in the

otic ganglion) to the parotid

gland

mucous membrane lining the

middle ear cavity

tympanic n. passes from the

inferior ganglion of CN IX

through the tympanic

canaliculus to reach the

middle ear

vagus n. medulla: dorsal motor

nucleus (GVE

preganglionic

parasympathetic);

inferior ganglion

(GVA); nucleus

ambiguus (SVE);

superior ganglion

(GSA); inferior

ganglion(SVA)

auricular br., pharyngeal

br., superior laryngeal,

superior and inferior

cervical cardiac brs.,

recurrent laryngeal n.,

thoracic cardiac brs., brs.

to the pulmonary plexus,

brs. to the esophageal

plexus, anterior and


SVE: intrinsic muscles of

the larynx, pharynx

(except stylopharyngeus),

and palate (except tensor

veli palatini); GVE:


respiratory tree & gut

(proximal to the left colic

flexure), heart;

secretomotor: mucous

glands of the larynx,

respiratory tree, pharynx

and gut; secretomotor to

digestive glands

GSA: skin of the external

auditory meatus; GVA:

viscera of head, neck,

thorax & abdomen


flexure; SVA: taste from

the epiglottis

also known as: CN X,


vagus n. passes through

the jugular foramen to

exit the posterior cranial

fossa; vagus means

"wanderer" in reference to

its extensive distribution

to the body cavities

vestibular n. pons and medulla no named branches none balance/proprioception

(SSA)

vestibular n. is part of the


vestibulocochlear n. pons & medulla:

vestibular nuclei from

the vestibular ganglion

of the semicircular

ducts; cochlear nuclei

divides within the

temporal bone into

vestibular and cochlear

parts

none vestibular:

balance/proprioception

(SSA); cochlear: hearing

(SSA)

also known as: CN VIII,

8th cranial nerve; auditory

nerve; passes into the

internal auditory meatus


36

in the inferior

cerebellar peduncle

white ramus

communicans


the lateral horn gray

matter of spinal cord

levels T1-L2;

none axons contained within

white rami

communicantes will

synapse on

postganglionic cell

bodies that will

ultimately innervate the

skin, viscera, glands,

blood vessels, etc.

pain from viscera is

carried back to the spinal

cord through the white

ramus communicans

white rami

communicantes connect

the sympathetic chain to

spinal nerves at vertebral

levels T1-L2; carries

preganglionic sympathetic

axons

zygomatic n. maxillary division of


zygomaticofacial &

zygomaticotemporal

carries secretomotor

fibers

skin of the face lateral and

superior to the orbit

zygomatic n. carries

postganglionic


from the pterygopalatine

ganglion to the lacrimal

gland (via the

communicating br. of the

zygomaticotemporal n.

which joins the lacrimal

n.)

zygomaticofacial n. zygomatic from the

maxillary division of


no named branches none skin of face lateral to the

orbit

zygomaticofacial n.

passes through the

zygomaticofacial foramen

zygomaticotemporal

n.

zygomatic from the

maxillary division of


communicating br. carries secretomotor

fibers

skin of face superolateral

to the orbit

zygomaticotemporal n.

carries postganglionic

parasympathetic fibers from

the pterygopalatine ganglion

to the lacrimal gland (via the

communicating br. which

joins the lacrimal n.)

Date post:	12-Apr-2015
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Anatomy Tables-Nerves of the Head and Neck

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