A&P II 2019 Exam 3 Online. Name _______________________________________ 1) A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron. B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. C) the source of erythropoietin. D) attached to the collecting duct. E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 26-1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 2) Urine is eliminated through the A) liver. B) urinary bladder. C) kidney. D) ureter. E) urethra. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 26-1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 3) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop (loop of Henle) B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter Answer: C Learning Outcome: 26-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 4) In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called A) glomerulocytes. B) juxtaglomerular cells. C) tubular cells. D) macula densa cells. E) podocytes. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 26-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 5) You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________
Transcript
A&P II 2019 Exam 3 Online. Name _______________________________________
1) A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron. B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. C) the source of erythropoietin. D) attached to the collecting duct. E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
2) Urine is eliminated through the A) liver. B) urinary bladder. C) kidney. D) ureter. E) urethra. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
3) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop (loop of Henle)B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
4) In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells calledA) glomerulocytes.B) juxtaglomerular cells. C) tubular cells. D) macula densa cells. E) podocytes. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
5) You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus.A) polycystic kidneyB) glomerulonephritisC) cystitisD) diabetesE) renal calculiAnswer: BLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
6) The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by A) adjusting the volume of water lost in urine.
B) releasing erythropoietin. C) releasing renin. D) regulating NaCl levels in the blood.E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
7) How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development?A) Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys.B) Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone.C) Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone.D) Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone.E) The kidney produces calcitriol.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
8) The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by A) the overlying peritoneum. B) contact with adjacent visceral organs. C) supporting connective tissues. D) the renal fascia. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
9) The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement. A) polycystic kidney disease B) floating kidney C) pyelonephritis D) renal calculi E) renal failureAnswer: BLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
10) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop (loop of Henle)B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
11) The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels?1. afferent arteriole2. arcuate artery3. interlobar artery4. renal artery
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
12) Identify the structure labeled "4." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
13) Identify the structure labeled "8." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column
14) Identify the structure labeled "11." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column Answer: ALearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
15) Identify the structure labeled "9." A) renal sinus B) fibrous capsule C) renal pyramid D) renal papilla E) renal column Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
16) Identify the structure labeled "3." A) renal sinus B) fibrous capsule C) renal pyramid D) renal papilla E) renal column Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
17) Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule B) distal convoluted tubule C) collecting ducts D) proximal convoluted tubule E) glomerulus Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
18) The renal threshold for glucose is approximately ________ mg/dl. A) 75 B) 90 C) 100 D) 140 E) 180 Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 26-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
19) Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. A) sodium ions B) glucose C) albumin D) amino acids E) urea Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
20) Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except A) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. B) increase the glomerular filtration rate. C) trigger renin release. D) produce renal ischemia. E) reduce blood flow to kidneys. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
21) Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.A) 480B) 180C) 125D) 18E) 1.8Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
22) Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures?1. blood hydrostatic pressure 2. capsular hydrostatic pressure 3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure 4. blood colloid osmotic pressure 5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressureA) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.B) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.C) 3, 4, and 5 are correct.D) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.E) 2, 4, and 5 are correct.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
23) The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is A) blood colloid osmotic pressure.B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.C) osmotic pressure of the urine.D) capsular hydrostatic pressure. E) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.
24) A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due toA) excessive ADH secretion.B) absence of ADH.C) hematuric oliguria.D) overproduction of aldosterone.E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
25) Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion? A) water B) glucose C) ammonium ions D) sodium ions E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
26) What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"? A) reabsorption B) excretion C) secretion D) filtration E) micturition Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
27) Where does countercurrent multiplication occur? A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 2 Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
28) Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6 Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
29) Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH? A) 1 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 and 6 E) 4, 5, and 6 Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
30) Where would penicillin be secreted? A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 3 and 4 Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
31) Where does secretion mostly occur? A) 5 B) 1 C) 3 D) 4 E) 2
32) Which area is sensitive to aldosterone? A) 2 B) 1 C) 4 D) 3 E) 5 Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
33) Where does osmosis of water in the countercurrent multiplier process occur? A) 5 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 1 Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
34) The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. A) stratified squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple cuboidal D) transitional E) simple columnar Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
35) The detrusor muscle A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter. D) functions as the external urinary sphincter. E) surrounds the renal pelvis. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
36) The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystic kidney disease. C) calculi. D) renal failure. E) hematuria. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
37) Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following except A) a decline in the number of functional nephrons. B) a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate). C) increased sensitivity to ADH. D) problems with the micturition reflex. E) loss of sphincter muscle tone. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
38) Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree except the ________ system. A) urinary B) integumentary C) digestive D) endocrine E) respiratory Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-8Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
39) The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called A) glycolysis. B) oxidative phosphorylation. C) catabolism. D) anabolism. E) metabolism. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 25-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
40) Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? A) structural maintenance B) growth and repair C) produce secretions D) store nutrientsE) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 25-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
41) Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. A) cytoplasm B) the plasma membrane C) the mitochondria
42) Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for A) muscle contraction. B) ion transport. C) protein synthesis. D) glycogen synthesis. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 25-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
43) The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation isA) H2 + O2 → H2O + O.B) 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.C) 3 H2 + 2O2 → 3 H2O + 2 O.D) H2 + O2 → H2O.E) P + 3 O → PO3.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
44) The function of the citric acid cycle is to A) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. B) transfer the acetyl group gained from glycolysis to molecules of pyruvate. C) hydrolyze glucose in the presence of oxygen to obtain two pyruvate molecules. D) produce carbon dioxide to balance the oxygen requirement for cellular respiration. E) produce water. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
45) In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. A) a hydrogen ion B) a coenzyme C) the acetyl group D) ADPE) NAD Answer: BLearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
46) Each cytochrome contains a(n)A) lipoprotein. B) metal ion. C) ATP synthase. D) inorganic salt. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
47) In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present? A) glucose B) acetyl-CoA C) ATP D) NAD E) ADP Answer: BLearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
48) Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest. A) glycogen B) glucose C) protein D) fat E) an amino acidAnswer: BLearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
49) The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following except A) removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule by coenzymes. B) ionization of hydrogen atoms. C) decreasing the energy level of electrons passing through the electron transport chain. D) the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds. E) the acceptance of electrons by oxygen atoms. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Figure 25-1 The Citric Acid Cycle
Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions:
50) What is the molecule labeled "1"? A) phosphoglyceric acid B) citric acid C) pyruvate D) NADH E) FADH2 Answer: CLearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
51) What is the molecule labeled "2"? A) hydrogen atoms B) citric acid C) NADH D) carbon dioxide E) FADH2 Answer: DLearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
52) What is the substance labeled "4"? A) hydrogen atomsB) citric acid
53) What is the molecule labeled "7"? A) hydrogen atomsB) citric acidC) 4 carbon moleculeD) NADHE) FADH2Answer: CLearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
54) What is the molecule labeled "5"? A) fumaric acid B) citrate 6-carbonC) 4-carbon molecule D) malic acid E) oxaloacetic acid Answer: BLearning Outcome: 25-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
55) The essential fatty acids are A) linoleic acid and linolenic acid. B) leucine and lysine. C) cholesterol and glycerol. D) HDLs and LDLs. E) glycerol and pyruvic acid. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 25-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
56) The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are A) HDLs. B) VLDLs. C) LDLs. D) chylomicrons. E) coenzymes. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 25-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
57) During lipolysis, A) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. B) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. C) lipids are converted into glucose molecules. D) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates. E) lipids are metabolized to yield ATP. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 25-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
58) All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that A) it occurs in the mitochondria. B) fatty acids break down into two-carbon fragments. C) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. D) it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. E) it yields large amounts of ATP. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 25-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
59) For adults, there are ________ essential amino acids. A) 2 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10 E) 20 Answer: CLearning Outcome: 25-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
60) Metabolism of amino acids in the citric acid cycle yields A) more energy than lipid metabolism. B) more energy than carbohydrate metabolism. C) approximately the same energy as lipid metabolism. D) approximately the same energy as carbohydrate metabolism. E) more energy than lipid and carbohydrate metabolism combined.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 25-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
61) A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as A) gout. B) rheumatoid arthritis. C) anorexia nervosa. D) lupus. E) ketosis. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 25-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
62) Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that A) proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates. B) the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids. C) one of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia. D) most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs. E) extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 25-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
63) All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that A) glycogenolysis occurs in the liver. B) levels of blood glucose are elevated. C) ketone bodies may be formed. D) fat mobilization occurs. E) gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 25-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
64) During starvation, A) carbohydrate utilization increases. B) gluconeogenesis ceases. C) there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. D) muscle proteins are used as an energy source. E) carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 25-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
65) The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as A) polyuria. B) hematuria. C) ketonuria. D) uremia.
66) When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state. A) postabsorptive B) absorptive C) starvation D) deprivation E) preabsorptive Answer: ALearning Outcome: 25-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
67) During the postabsorptive state, ________ stimulate(s) lipid catabolism.A) glucocorticoidsB) androgensC) insulinD) glucagonE) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 25-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
68) Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water, you would not expect to observe A) elevated levels of glucocorticoids.B) ketone bodies in his urine. C) decreased blood pH. D) increased insulin secretion.E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 25-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
69) A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) selenium. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 25-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
70) An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. A) chloride B) sulfate C) phosphate D) bicarbonate E) iodide Answer: CLearning Outcome: 25-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
71) A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) zinc. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 25-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
72) An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is A) calcium. B) magnesium. C) iron. D) zinc. E) cobalt. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 25-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
73) A T4 assay is used to A) determine the number of calories in food. B) directly measure the basal metabolic rate. C) obtain an index of metabolic activity. D) monitor the energy efficiency of metabolism. E) determine the amount of oxygen consumed during metabolism. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 25-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
74) The condition when excessive fluid loss from sweating disrupts thermoregulatory mechanisms is known as A) thermoneogenesis. B) heat exhaustion. C) hydrosis. D) heat stroke. E) hypothermia. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 25-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
75) Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 E) 30Answer: DLearning Outcome: 25-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
76) When the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus exceeds its thermostat setting, A) peripheral vasoconstriction occurs. B) skin blood flow increases. C) rate and depth of respiration decreases. D) sweat glands are inhibited. E) blood is shunted to deep veins.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 25-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
77) About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.A) intracellularB) intercellularC) extracellularD) interstitialE) vitalAnswer: ALearning Outcome: 27-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
78) Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within A) blood vessels. B) lymph. C) the cells of the body. D) the interstitial space. E) the cerebrospinal fluid. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 27-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
79) Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are calledA) electrons.B) electrolytes.C) nonelectrolytes.
80) Which of the following will stimulate thirst?A) drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynxB) angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamusC) an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamusD) stimulation of osmoreceptorsE) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 27-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
81) The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid areA) potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.C) sodium, potassium, and calcium.D) potassium, hydrogen, and chloride.E) proteins, potassium, and phosphate.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 27-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
82) The anions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid areA) sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.C) sodium, potassium, and chloride.D) proteins, bicarbonate, and chloride.E) sodium, potassium, and phosphate.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 27-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
83) When pure water is consumed, A) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF. B) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases. C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall. D) the volume of the ECF decreases. E) the volume of the ICF decreases. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 27-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
84) Consuming a meal high in salt will A) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood. B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume. C) decrease thirst. D) cause hypotension. E) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 27-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
85) Antidiuretic hormone A) is released from the posterior pituitary gland. B) stimulates water intake. C) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. D) is produced by the hypothalamus.E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 27-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
86) The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of A) calcium ions. B) chlorine ions. C) potassium ions. D) sodium ions. E) electrons. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 27-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
87) Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone A) calcitonin. B) parathyroid hormone. C) aldosterone. D) cortisol. E) ADH. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 27-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
88) Secretion of potassium into the urine is A) increased by ADH. B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. C) minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium. D) an indication of dehydration. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 27-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
89) A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)A) electrolyte.B) acid.C) alkali.D) compensation.E) buffer.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 27-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
90) Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by A) sweating. B) the kidneys. C) the liver.
91) The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to A) buffer stomach acid. B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. D) buffer the urine. E) increase ventilation. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 27-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
92) Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)B) consequence of prolonged vomitingC) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD)D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions)Answer: BLearning Outcome: 27-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
93) A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 27-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
94) Severe kidney damage, such as glomerulonephritis, often leads to A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 27-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
95) Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illnessB) consequence of prolonged vomitingC) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD)D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions)Answer: ALearning Outcome: 27-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
96) Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.A) lymphaticB) intracellularC) plasmaD) extracellularE) cerebrospinalAnswer: DLearning Outcome: 27-1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
97) The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and A) potassium.B) magnesium.C) phosphate.D) bicarbonate. E) iodine.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 27-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
98) ________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst. A) ADH B) AldosteroneC) CalcitoninD) ReninE) Natriuretic peptideAnswer: ALearning Outcome: 27-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
99) A ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion. A) bufferB) strong baseC) strong acidD) cationE) weak baseAnswer: ALearning Outcome: 27-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
100) A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere. A) respiratoryB) volatileC) organicD) inorganicE) fixedAnswer: BLearning Outcome: 27-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
