Greece:◦ Mountainous peninsula in Western Mediterranean

Sea◦ 2,000 islands within Ionian and Aegean Seas.

1. SEA: ◦ “They did not live on land but rather around the

sea”◦ Used the seas around them as travel ways

between themselves and other societies◦ Trade was essential: Greece lacks natural

resources

GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE

2. LAND:◦ 80% of land almost unlivable: Rocky Terrain

Result: Divided up land=divided up government

◦ Few roads on land, relied on sea◦ 1/4 on the land farmable ◦ A lot of small streams: not good for irrigation

RESULTS: lack of fertile ground and fresh water=Greece’s inability to support a large population

3. CLIMATE:◦ Varied temperature: 40s in winter, 80s in

summer◦ Thus, outdoor lifestyle could be fostered

MINOAN - Located on Island of Crete - Met w/Mycenae in 1500 BCE: war or

trade? - RESULT: Mycenae see benefit of meeting

their cultures: Mycenae then travel all over…became great sea traders!

Mycenae adapted Minoan writing, art, religion, politics, and literature

EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

MYCENAEAN:◦ Came to Greece 2000BCE◦ Leading city: Mycenae◦ Fortified city! - What does

this mean?◦ Ruled by a Warrior King◦ Strongest influence 1600-

1100BCE◦ Sea travelers/traders◦ TROJAN WAR!!!- 10 year war

with city of Troy (Anatolia)

DORIAN ◦ Greek culture declines◦ 1200 BCE Doric people caused collapsed of

Mycenaean culture◦ No written documents from 1150 BCE- 750 BCE

Homer: Iliad and Odyssey Blind storyteller Wrote of Trojan War: EPICS & MYTHS

Do Now: Answer the following questions…

• In one paragraph summarize the manner in which

Geography influenced the development of Greek

civilizations.

• We learn about about this early period from Epics, specifically

Homer’s famous poems the Illiad and Odyssey. Why might

His writings not be 100% accurate?

750 BCE: Most Greeks lived in a Polis or City-state

In a polis◦ Agora: marketplace◦ ACROPOLIS: A fortified hilltop:

temples, gov bds.◦ city center-village-farmland

Different forms of Gov’t◦ Monarchy: king (one)◦ Aristocracy: small group of elite:

NOBILITY◦ Oligarchy: small group of powerful

people◦ Tyranny: Diff. view compared

today’s people who seized the throne to

appeal to ordinary people

WARRING CITY-STATES

• Struggle between rich and poor led to: DEMOCRACY

• DRACO’S CODE 621BCE: • equal- rich or poor• Death penalty applicable most crimes

• Debt Slavery • EDUCATION:

• BOYS: mostly the wealthy• prepared - good citizens• mind & body

• GIRLS: not educated. Stayed in home w/ family

ATHENS

Sparta: 725 BCE: Sparta conquer Messenia◦ Messenians HELOTS!!◦ Danger of Helot revolt = MILITARY STATE

SPARTA

SPARTA VS. ATHENSSPARTA ATHENS

Upper classes had all power and privileges. Helots (slaves) did all non-military work.

All citizens were equal. Women and slaves were excluded from being citizens.

All education focused on military strategies and war.

Education focused on physical and mental skills.

S

O

C

I

E

T

Y

BRANCH OFGOVERNMEN

T

SPARTA ATHENS

Executive Five ephors, or magistrates with unlimited power. Two kings elected by the Assembly

Nine archons, or rulers, with power limited by the Assembly

Legislature Council of Elders made up of 28 members over the age of 60. Laws proposed to the Assembly.Assembly made up of all citizens over age 20. They voted on major policy.

Council of 500 made up of citizens over the age of 30, chosen by lot. Laws proposed to the Assembly.Assembly made up of all male citizens over age 20. They had full and final power. OSTRACISM

Judicial Kings acted as judges Court chosen by lot. Juries were very large (201 – 2001), used secret ballots to reach verdict.

Whatwas the

Parthenon?

Where is most Greek

Painting found today?

Who was Praxiteles?

How did Greek art glorify the

human being?

How did Greek art

show pride in Greece’s City-

States?

What was the Acropolis? Where was it located?

The Parthenon was a white marble temple built in Athens in honor of Athena. It is considered the finest example of Greek

Architecture.

The best preserved

examples are found on

vases. Greek vase painters

illustrated scenes from everyday life

as well as mythological

events.

Praxiteles was a Greek sculptor who sculpted figures that were more lifelike and

natural in form and size than

other sculptors before him..

Greek artists placed great

importance on human qualities

and actions. Their works often

glorified human beings. Their

artists also showed qualities like

strength, intelligence, pride, grace and courage which were greatly

admired by the Greeks

Art was meant for public

enjoyment, and the architecture

and public buildings were meant to be a monument to the power and

glory of the polis.

It was a high hill in the center of Athens. The Parthenon stood there as well as other important buildings and art works.

Athenian Reform

Solon Pisistratus Cleisthenes

1. Cancelled Farmer’s Debt2. Outlawed Debt Slavery3. Enlarged the Council to 4004. Assembly of all citizens vote on laws5. Citizenship to craftworkers not born in Athens6. Encouraged Trade

1. Banished Nobles2. Redistributed Noble land among the poor3. Encouraged Trade4. Encouraged the Arts

1. Ostracism2. Increased Council to 500

Pericles1. Greek government – citizens equal before the law, becomes model for Western Democracy2. Public Service is an honorable & necessary part of every citizens life.3. Citizens are free to live their lives, to come and go as they please, & to speak their minds openly4. An awareness of beauty did not make them weak5. Public debates were held before the state took action

The Persian Wars Persia wanted Greek poleis to expand

empire Wanted to punish Athens

◦ Athens came to aid of Ionian city states◦ Darius, Persian emperor, sets eyes on Greece

Persians invade Greece in 490 BCE 25,000 Persians vs 10,000 Athenians

Ancient Warfare Greeks

◦ Phalanx formation = Large shields & 9 ft. spears◦ Bronze shields, breastplates, helmets◦ Iron weapons, more affordable and plentiful

Persians◦ Shock and Awe strategy◦ Wicker shields & leather armor◦ 6 ft. wooden spears

Marathon 490 BCE, Persians land at Marathon to

Battle Greeks Greeks win decisively, send messenger to

Athens to send word of victory Persians retreat after Navy cannot take city

Persia Tries Again Xerxes, Darius’ son, now Persian Emperor

in 480 BCE The Battle of Thermopylae

◦ 7000 Greeks vs 200,000 Persians◦ Greeks hold off Persians for 3 days◦ Persians found way behind Greek Lines◦ 300 Spartans stay behind to let Greeks escape

The Greek Victory Xerxes burns Athens to the ground The Battle of Salamis

◦ Naval Battle in 480 BCE◦ Greeks stronger, faster ships defeat Persian fleet◦ 1/3 Persian Fleet sank

The Battle of Plataea◦ Decisive Greek land victory in 479 BCE◦ Permanently ends Persian offensive

The Dawn of a New Age Greeks never again feared Persian Threat New alliances were created

◦ Delian League◦ Peloponnesian League

Freedom and confidence led to Golden Age

Period of Growth: drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture

◦ PERICLES: 1. Strengthen Athenian

Democracy2. Hold and strengthen the

Empire3. GLORIFY ATHENS!!! Ex:

Parthenon Direct Democracy: citizens

rule directly-not through representatives

GOLDEN AGE

DELIAN LEAGUE: Athens was lead city state

Sparta not part of it: Peloponnesus not in favor: Peloponnesian League

LEADS TO WAR: ◦ THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR!!!

Socrates:

◦ “The unexamined life is not worth living”

◦ Did not write down his thoughts

◦ Most of what we know we learned from his student Plato

PHILOSOPHERS

Plato:◦Wrote The Republic◦Believed only the intelligent should vote◦Believed everything…even humans have

an ideal form◦Opened the Academy where his student

Aristotle studied

Aristotle:

◦Opened a school: The Lyceum

◦Became dissatisfied with Plato’s teachings

◦The Academy taught mostly mathematical and philosophical courses

◦The Lyceum focused on biology and natural science

◦Taught Alexander the Great

Sparta Declares War: 431 BCE Athens: NAVY

◦ Pericles’ Strategy: avoid land battles and fight at sea

Sparta: ARMY◦ Strategy: located inland: can not be easily

invaded by sea: want to fight on land

The Peloponnesian War

What Happened?:

◦ Sparta marches into Athens, burns food supply

◦ Athens get food from allies

◦ PLAGUE hits Athens: kills 1/3 of population including: PERICLES!!!!!!

421 BCE: Both sides call a truce 415 BCE: Athens sends 20,000 soldiers to Sicily to

destroy Syracuse, Sparta’s wealthiest ally

◦ Sparta CRUSHED the Athenians! Athens tried to keep fighting…within 9 years 404

BCE: their power, wealth, fleet, army, empire….all was lost!!!

An Athenian aristocrat, Thucydides proclaimed, “The Athenians were destroyed with a total destruction- their fleet, their army- there was nothing that was not destroyed, and few out of many returned home.”

After Peloponnesian War: Greece Weak and open to invasion

Many Macedonians felt they were Greeks: feeling not shared◦ King at 23, he dreamt of taking Greece◦ He organized and trained a vast army◦ Stole many Greek military tactics: ex: Phalanx

KING PHILIP II of MACEDONIA

Greek City-States: could not agree on policy/strategy◦ Athens and Thebes joined but were too late

338 BCE: Philip conquers Greece at the Battle of Chaeronea◦ Ends Greek independence except on local issues

◦ Greece under foreign power

◦ 336 BCE King Philip dies:

◦ King at 20

◦ Student of Aristotle

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

ALEXANDER WANTS PERSIA◦ 334 BC- leads 35,000 into Persian to fight 40,000

Persians. Alexander wins◦ King Darius III fights back with 75,000◦ Alexander defeats Persians and King Darius III

flees◦ Darius III tries to negotiate, Alexander wants all land

EGYPT:

- Invades, wins, and creates Alexandria

- Named Pharaoh

ALEXANDER’S INVASIONS

MESOPOTAMIA

- Alexander invades

- Darius III has 250,000 to fight

- Alexander crushes Persians, Darius III flees….again

- Alexander takes Persepolis, Persian capital Alexander chased Darius…but one of his

own men murdered Persian Emperor.

INDIA

- 326BC- Alexander initially winning

- men begged to go home

- 11 years and 11,000 miles was enough 323 BC Alexander returns to Babylon

- Aims to unify empire and invade Arabia

- Instead…gets sick…dies at 32 Does NOT name an heir

GENERALS DIVIDE UP LAND - Antigonus: Macedonia and Greek City-

States

- Ptolemy: Egypt

- Seleucus: Old Persian Kingdom

Alexander brought with him Greek Culture where ever he went.

Hellenistic Culture: the blend of Greek Culture with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences.

KOINE: common language Alexandria: became center of commerce

and Hellenistic Civilization. - had broad avenues lined with statues of

Greek Gods, huge palaces, museum and library with a half million pieces of work in it.

HELLENISTIC CULTURE

Science and Technology:

Astronomy: museum had an observatory

- Aristarchus correctly proposed that the planets revolved around the sun but Ptolemy placed Earth as the center of the solar system which was not refuted for 14 centuries.

- Another closely estimated the size of Earth

Math and Physics: - Euclid: geometry- Archimedes- value of pi (π)

Philosophy and Art:- Stoicism and Epicureanism: 2 new forms of

philosophy Realism in Sculpture: more natural and less

idealEX: Colossus of Rhodes: largest sculpture of time- made of bronze- destroyed in earthquake, bronze sold for scrap- was one of seven wonders of ancient world

ARTS: drama, classical art, painting, ideal form

CULTURE: language, myth, Olympics, Philosophy

SCIENCE AND TECH: sun and Earth, geometry, Earth’s size

GOVERNMENT: democracy, citizen’s role and rights

By 150 BC Hellenistic Culture was in decline: A new city was growing! ROME!!!!

LEGACIES OF GREECE