Ancient Greece

Creation Myth

The Creation Myth: How it All Began

• Like all mythologies of the past, the Greek Mythology started with the Creation Myth; the story that explains the origins of life and of all things.

• This story is in essence an attempt to make sense of life's mysteries; to impose structure and order in the universe and to define the place of individuals, races and all people in that universe. For how can we define where we are, without first explaining where we came from?

The Creation Myth: How it All Began

• The most detailed account of early classical Creation myths comes to us from Theogony, a poem composed by Hesiod, a Greek poet in the eighth century B.C.

• It is worthwhile to note that the central recurring theme in Hesiod's narration about the creation myth, is that the driving force behind progression from generation to generation of gods, is domination through conflict and war:

The Universe begins to take shape

• As the Creation Myth goes, at the beginning of everything there was Chaos; this does not mean "Disorder" in the contemporary sense, but rather "Chasm", in the sense of a dark, gaping space.

• Afterwards came Gaia ("Earth") and Eros ("Sexual Love"), which personifies the driving principle behind all subsequent acts of procreation by which the cosmos became populated.

The Universe begins to take shape

• Gaia was either born of Chaos or simply rising on its own. The Earth surrounded and engulfed Chaos.

• From where Chaos and Gaia came is neither explained nor elaborated.

• Hesiod simply states that they came first-and that the Earth came into being to serve as a solid foundation for the home of gods.

• From these first three (Chaos, Gaia and Eros) and the possible addition of Tartarus, a grim and terrifying region below the earth, there originated all that exists.

From Love

came

light

and

earth

Known as

Gaea united with one of her offspring, Uranus, the sky.

and

Frightening offspring were born to them

The Universe begins to take shape

• First, came the few beings that were born through parthenogenesis that is the creation resulting from just one gender:

• Human parthenogenesis or Virgin Birth• Chaos gave birth to Erebus -the darkness of the Underworld-

and Nyx ("Night").• In her sleep, Gaia gave birth to Uranus ("Sky") and Pontus

("Sea").

Uranus=Gaia

•Uranus came first-and emerged as Gaia's equal.

The Universe begins to take shape

• After the birth of Erebus, Nyx, Uranus and Pontus, virtually all of Creation came through mating.

• Uranus, the sky, emerged as big as his mother Gaia, so that he might envelop her-which he quickly did.

Radiant with love for his Mother Earth, the Sky showered her with fertile rain.

• Gaia then gave birth to the rest of the physical world: the mountains, bodies of water, flora and fauna.

• Nyx mated with Erebus, producing a daughter, Hemera ("Day") and a son Aether ("Upper Air").

• As the creation myth goes, Night and Day share a house, forever shrouded in darkness by the grim clouds of Tartarus.

• Yet they never stay in the same house together. Instead, they take turns, each waiting for the other to depart before crossing the bronze threshold and entering the house.

The Universe begins to take shape

• Nyx also gave birth to another ominous breed of negative entities

• Moros (Doom)

• Thanatos (Death)

• Hypnos (Sleep)

• Nemesis (a goddess of retribution)

• Eris (Strife)

• Keres (female death spirits who would be charged with collecting and carrying off the bodies of the dead)

Of these, the most interesting in terms of visual imagery were the Fates:

• Their names were Clotho ,Lachesis ,Atropos

• Clotho ("the Spinner") would spin the thread of life of each mortal,

• Lachesis ("the Measurer") would measure the length with a rod

• Atropos ("the Inflexible") would cut it with shears, thus ending it.

Titans and Giants

Gaia and Uranus also brought forth other divinities, the most important of which in relation to the development of the rest of the Creation Myth, were the Titans (the "Overreachers").

• The Daughters • Theia, who would become an early goddess of light• Rhea, an earth goddess who would later become mother of the

Olympian Gods• Themis, another earth or mother goddess• Mnemosyne, a personification of Memory • Phoebe, who would become an early moon goddess• Tethys, who would become the most ancient goddess of the sea

The sons were named:

• Oceanus, the first born of the Titans, both the god of the primordial river and the river itself, who flowed from the Underworld in a circular and never ending stream around the edge of the earth

• Coeus, who would become the father of Leto, the mother of the Olympian Gods Apollo and Artemis

• Crius, who would become the father of Astraeus

• Hyperion, who would become an early god of the son

• Iapetus, who would become the father of Prometheus

• Cronus, the youngest of the titans, but the craftiest and most daring.

The 12 Titans

Males• Oceanus• Coeus• Hyperion• Crius• Iapetus• Cronus *

Females• Tethys• Rhea *• Themis• Mnemosyne• Phoebe• Thia

Three Giants

• Though not as well known as the Titans who came after them, the first children of Gaia and Uranus were three giants: Cortus, Briareus and Gyges.

• Each of these brothers had 50 heads and 100 arms.

• These Hundred-Handed giants would be the mightiest of all Gaia's and Uranus's offspring.

• Their great strength and imposing presence caused even Titans and later Olympians to quake with fear.

Hecatonchires(100-handed monsters)

• Briareus the Vigorous

• Cottus the Furious

• Gyges the Big-Limbed

Gaia also lay with her other son Pontus ("Sea"). She gave birth to five children:

• Nereus, a sea god who would become known as the Old Man, was renowned for his truthfulness, gentle manner and fairness.

• Phorcys, another sea god and Thaumas were the brothers of Nereus.

• They also had two sisters: Ceto, a sea monster and Eyrybia.

• Nereus fathered fifty lovely sea nymphs in union with Doris, a daughter of Oceanus.

• Thaumas had a liaison with Electra, thus bringing forth the wind-swift Harpies and Iris, divine messenger and goddess of the rainbow.

• Phorcys lay with his sister Ceto, and they produced numerous monstrous creatures

• Among them were the Graiai (women already old at birth), the Gorgons (one of them was Medusa) and the hideous Echidna, nymph above the waist and serpent below it.

• Echidna in turn would mate with Typhoeus, to produce Cerberus, Lerna Hydra, Orthos and Chimaira.

• Two more creatures, the Sphinx and the Nemean Lion would be the offspring of the mating between Orthos and Chimaira.

• Most of these creatures, play a significant role in the heroic exploits of the greek heroes Hercules, Perseus.

Three Cyclopes

• The next children born to Gaia and Uranus were no less intimidating.

• They were the three Cyclopes: Brontes, Steropes and Arges.

• Each had only one eye, yet their enormous stature and mighty limbs more than made up for their limited vision.

The Cyclopes Huge beings each with only one

eye in the middle of their foreheads. They were great builders and smiths.

They would become the forgers of thunder and lightning.

Uranus hated these creatures and imprisoned them in the center of the earth.

Uranus oppresses his children

• In the development of the creation myth, Uranus proved to be not such a fatherly figure.

• Because of his being immortal, he never wanted his power to be diminished and pass the torch to the earlier generation, as is the case in the mortal world.

• Being intimidated by an oracle stating that he would be overthrown by one of his children, he performed some not so fatherly acts:

• First, in order to prevent the giants from becoming a threat, he hurled all of them (the Cyclopes and the Hundred Hand Giants) into the deepest recesses of Tartarus, condemning them to a life of imprisonment.

• As for the Titans, no sooner had Gaia given birth to one of these children, than Uranus thrust the baby back into the darkness of their mother's womb

• Forcing his own children to remain in the deepest, darkest hollows of the Earth, Uranus refused to let them into the light again.

As a result, all of his children hated Uranus with a passion.

• This was especially true in the case of Cronus, who could not wait for an opportunity to seize the power from his cruel father.

Gaea, wishing to free her children and vent her wrath upon Uranus for his treatment of her offspring, enlisted the aid of Cronus, her Titan son. With a weapon similar to a sickle, Cronus wounded his father. From the blood and wounded parts sprang up a strange collection of beings:

Gaia grew very uncomfortable, with all her mighty children in her womb, condemned by Uranus. She thus devised a scheme to avenge her cruel husband:

• She crafted an enormous and very sharp sickle of iron.

• She then pleaded her children to take action to punish their father, but everyone was reluctant, except Cronus who volunteered to perform the horrible deed.

• When given the chance when Uranus was in a compromising position, Cronus severed his genitals with the iron and then hurled the castrated organ into the sea.

In the sea, the organ bobbed on the water, giving rise to foam.

• As the myth goes, from this foam emerged the fully formed goddess of love: Aphrodite (whose name in Greek just means that, "emerging out of foam").

• Naked and riding on a scallop shell, Aphrodite first touched land on the island of Cythera, but found the place too small for her comfort.

• Instead she stepped ashore on Cyprus.

• From Uranus's severed manhood, fell countless drops of blood, which spattered all over Gaia.

• From this strange conception, Gaia bore many children, including

Gigantes

Erinyes

Aphrodite

Alecto, Tisiphone and Megara

The Erinyes (Furies) - Alecto, Tisiphone and Megara, who avenge perjury crimes against one's own family (such as patricide)

The race of Giants, who were born in full armor, with spears in their arms

The ash tree nymphs, who would soon come to inhabit all forests of Greece.

The New Generation of Gods

• After gaining their own freedom, the Titans made Cronus their king and freed the Cyclopes and their Hundred Handed brothers from Tartarus.

• However, due to their arrogant nature and their resistance to authority, the latter (Cyclopes and Giants) were soon thrown back to Tartarus by Cronus.

• As for the twelve titans, they retained their freedom and began pairing off, breeding a new generation of gods.

• Of the dozen, at least eight - four brothers and four sisters - married and had children:

Theia and Hyperion - both associated with the sun - gave birth to Helius ("Sun"), and two daughters: Selene ("Moon") and Eos ("Dawn")

Phoebe and Coeus - had two daughters: Leto, the future mother of Apollo and Artemis, and Asteria

Oceanus and Tethys - their union was the most prolific of all:

Their offspring included all the 3,000 rivers - each with its own (usually male) god - and the 3,000 female Oceanids

Cronus and Rhea - this was by far the most glamorous union of all, since it produced six divine children, who would later inhabit Mount Olympus and thus become known as the Olympians.

These were three daughters and three sons: Hera, Demeter, Hestia, Hades, Poseidon and finally Zeus.

Cronus, the new Lord of the Universe, took his sister Rhea for his bride.

When Cronus defeated Uranus, becoming lord of the universe, Uranus prophesied that Cronus’ children would in turn overthrow him.

Thus, Cronus swallowed each of his children as soon as they were born.

Rhea tricked Cronus. She hid her last baby and gave Cronus a rock to swallow instead.

Zeus grew up in the care of nymphs on Mt. Ida. The goat Amalthea provided him with milk, and one of her horns was later presented by Zeus to the nymphs.

When the time was right, Zeus came back. He gave his father a poison drink which made Cronus violently ill.

He vomited up his children, who were now fully grown . . .

. . . AND ANGRY!

Poseidon

Hades

Zeus

Children of Cronus and Rhea

Children of Cronus and Rhea

Demeter

Hera

Hestia

Artemis Aphrodite

Athena

WAR BETWEEN THE TTITANS AND GODS

Zeus - Supreme God; God of the Sky

Poseidon - God of the Sea

Hades - God of the Underworld

ALL HAVE POWER ON EARTH

The Metals Theory

_Golden Race_______________________________

The Silver Race_____________________________

The Bronze Race____________________________

The Age of Heroes___________________________

The Iron Race______________________________