Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

The tall flat hill is called the The tall flat hill is called the AcropolisAcropolis and is located in Athens.and is located in Athens.

In ancient Greece the Acropolis was In ancient Greece the Acropolis was used for defence and worship.used for defence and worship.

The building on top is a temple The building on top is a temple dedicated to the goddess dedicated to the goddess AthenaAthena, it is , it is called the called the Parthenon.Parthenon.

Over the centuries the structure was Over the centuries the structure was used as a temple, cathedral, mosque, used as a temple, cathedral, mosque, government headquarters and even a government headquarters and even a munitions warehouse.munitions warehouse.

The original structure of the Parthenon The original structure of the Parthenon stayed intact for around 2,000 years, stayed intact for around 2,000 years, until as a storehouse for gunpowder, it until as a storehouse for gunpowder, it was blown up by a stray cannonball was blown up by a stray cannonball during a war in 1687.during a war in 1687.

Most of the damage has been caused by Most of the damage has been caused by humans (e.g. stray cannonballs, pollution humans (e.g. stray cannonballs, pollution from cars). from cars).

Most of the damage was done in 1687.Most of the damage was done in 1687.

The Parthenon is undergoing a major The Parthenon is undergoing a major restoration.restoration.

The restoration team spends hours repairing The restoration team spends hours repairing fractured stones by incorporating new and fractured stones by incorporating new and ancient marble pieces.ancient marble pieces.

Lots of public and academic debates on the Lots of public and academic debates on the extent to which the ruins should be restoredextent to which the ruins should be restored..

The Parthenon: Temple to The Parthenon: Temple to AthenaAthena The Parthenon was a place where the The Parthenon was a place where the

people of Athens would pray to Athena.people of Athens would pray to Athena.

http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/Images/109images/greek_archaic_classical/parthenon/parthenon.jpg

Peoples of Ancient GreecePeoples of Ancient Greece

MinoansMinoans

Created the first settlement in Europe.Created the first settlement in Europe.

Lived on the island of Lived on the island of CreteCrete between between 1950-1400 BCE.1950-1400 BCE.

These people were sea traders (sea These people were sea traders (sea merchants).merchants).

MycenaeansMycenaeans

Appeared in the 14Appeared in the 14thth century BCE (1400 century BCE (1400 BC) and quickly took over the mainland of BC) and quickly took over the mainland of Greece.Greece.

These people used These people used bronzebronze tools and tools and weapons.weapons.

Their civilization ended around 1100 BCE.Their civilization ended around 1100 BCE.

DoriansDorians

A war-like group which came from Asia A war-like group which came from Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) in 1100 BCE.Minor (modern day Turkey) in 1100 BCE.

The Dorians used The Dorians used ironiron tools and tools and weapons.weapons.

They took much of Greece by force and They took much of Greece by force and enslaved much of the population. Two of enslaved much of the population. Two of their major cities were their major cities were SpartaSparta and and Corinth.Corinth.

HellenesHellenes

This group eventually replaced the This group eventually replaced the Dorians and spread throughout Greece.Dorians and spread throughout Greece.

The Hellenes are the ancestors of modern The Hellenes are the ancestors of modern Greeks.Greeks.

Very advanced society created and Very advanced society created and mastered the use of tools.mastered the use of tools.

The Environment of GreeceThe Environment of Greece Very mountainousVery mountainous

Greece is made up of the main land as Greece is made up of the main land as well as almost well as almost 20002000 islands. islands.

Hot, dry summers; mild wet wintersHot, dry summers; mild wet winters

The soil is dry and rocky (difficult to The soil is dry and rocky (difficult to farm).farm).

Athens had to Athens had to importimport wheat. wheat.

Agriculture and food sourcesAgriculture and food sources Ate fish, seafoodAte fish, seafood (access to sea) (access to sea)

2 staple crops: 2 staple crops: OlivesOlives and and GrapesGrapes (grow (grow well in rocky, dry soil)well in rocky, dry soil)

Ate goatsAte goats and and Sheep Sheep (milk, cheese)(milk, cheese)

Athens exported* wine, oil, and pottery Athens exported* wine, oil, and pottery (*To sell goods to foreign countries).(*To sell goods to foreign countries).

Many Greeks had small farms. Many Greeks had small farms. They also grew fruits, vegetables and They also grew fruits, vegetables and

grains (i.e. figs, pomegranates, onions, grains (i.e. figs, pomegranates, onions, cabbage, sesame seeds etc.).cabbage, sesame seeds etc.).

Most farms produced enough food for one Most farms produced enough food for one family.family.

Some farmers sold & traded their surplus Some farmers sold & traded their surplus for money or for other products.for money or for other products.

Wealthy farmers shipped their products Wealthy farmers shipped their products to other parts of Greece or Persia and to other parts of Greece or Persia and Asia Minor (Turkey).Asia Minor (Turkey).

The ancient Greeks and the The ancient Greeks and the SeaSeaWhat did the ancient Greeks use What did the ancient Greeks use

the seas for?the seas for?

1.1. TransportationTransportation

2.2. TradeTrade

3.3. Protection and MilitaryProtection and Military

4.4. FoodFood

5.5. Expansion and Spread cultureExpansion and Spread culture

The PnyxThe Pnyx

It was located in It was located in Athens.Athens.

It is one of the most significant sites in It is one of the most significant sites in the world.the world.

It is where the Athenians came to voice It is where the Athenians came to voice their opinions on political issues.their opinions on political issues.

It was a popular meeting place.It was a popular meeting place.

Many people would come to watch their Many people would come to watch their fellow citizens speak.fellow citizens speak.

It is the meeting place of the world's first It is the meeting place of the world's first ever democratic legislature, the Athenian ever democratic legislature, the Athenian ekklesia (assembly), and the flat stone (assembly), and the flat stone platform is the platform is the bema, the "stepping , the "stepping stone" or speakers' platform.stone" or speakers' platform.

City States in Ancient GreeceCity States in Ancient Greece

StateState usually means country. usually means country. It was made up of small It was made up of small city statescity states or or

Polis.Polis. Most city states were separated by Most city states were separated by

mountains or by the sea. mountains or by the sea. This made communication difficult among This made communication difficult among

cities. cities. As a result, the Greek cities developed As a result, the Greek cities developed

autonomously (independently).autonomously (independently).

Each Polis governed (managed) Each Polis governed (managed) itself.itself.

Every citizen had a say in government.Every citizen had a say in government. This is called This is called democracy.democracy. There was constant fighting between There was constant fighting between

cities over cities over landland, , wealthwealth, and , and power.power. Cities had many things in common: Cities had many things in common:

language, religion, military language, religion, military techniquestechniques, and the , and the Olympics.Olympics.

Some of the most famous city states are Some of the most famous city states are Athens, Sparta, Troy, and Corinth.Athens, Sparta, Troy, and Corinth.

Types of GovernmentTypes of GovernmentMonarchyMonarchy

One personOne person is in charge. This person is usually called a is in charge. This person is usually called a DespotDespot (king/queen). (king/queen).

Power is passed down from parents to children, usually Power is passed down from parents to children, usually father to son.father to son.

OligarchyOligarchy A A small groupsmall group of people called of people called aristocrats aristocrats are in are in

charge.charge.

Aristocrats usually have a common ancestry and Aristocrats usually have a common ancestry and are very wealthy.are very wealthy.

In ancient Greece it was very difficult, almost In ancient Greece it was very difficult, almost impossible to become an aristocrat, if you were impossible to become an aristocrat, if you were born into another class. born into another class.

Dictatorship (tyranny)Dictatorship (tyranny)

Like the monarchy, Like the monarchy, one personone person is in charge. is in charge.

This person is called a This person is called a Dictator orDictator or Tyrant.Tyrant.

The Dictator usually takes power illegally.The Dictator usually takes power illegally.

His/her rule is above all laws, people have limited rights.His/her rule is above all laws, people have limited rights.

DemocracyDemocracy

One person in charge, but One person in charge, but elected by all elected by all citizens.citizens.

Elected leader rules in the name of all people.Elected leader rules in the name of all people.

Citizens take part in the political process by Citizens take part in the political process by voting, protesting and debating issues.voting, protesting and debating issues.

ATHENSATHENSHow did Democracy Arise in How did Democracy Arise in

Athens?Athens?

Athens Social GroupsAthens Social Groups Around 432 BC, the Athenian city-states had Around 432 BC, the Athenian city-states had

approximately 300 000 inhabitants.approximately 300 000 inhabitants.

They were split into 4 social groups.They were split into 4 social groups.

The four (4) SOCIAL GROUPS:The four (4) SOCIAL GROUPS:1.1.Citizens (45 000)Citizens (45 000)

2.2.The wives and citizens of citizens (105 000)The wives and citizens of citizens (105 000)

3.3.Metics (40 000)Metics (40 000)

4.4.Slaves (110 000)Slaves (110 000)

1. The Citizens1. The Citizens

A) Who they were:A) Who they were: MenMen They were free.They were free. They were over 20 years of age.They were over 20 years of age. They were born from a citizen father and They were born from a citizen father and

mother.mother. Most of them were peasants.Most of them were peasants. Some were very rich, but others were poor. Some were very rich, but others were poor.

B) Their RightsB) Their Rights To own landTo own land To rule the cityTo rule the city

C) Their ResponsibilitiesC) Their Responsibilities To have their sons educatedTo have their sons educated To do military serviceTo do military service To participate in political lifeTo participate in political life

3. THE METICS3. THE METICS

A) Who they were A) Who they were They were free.They were free. They were Greeks who came from other cities, They were Greeks who came from other cities,

or non-Greeks.or non-Greeks. They could not own land.They could not own land. They had to have Athenian sponsor (A person They had to have Athenian sponsor (A person

who agrees to take responsibility for another).who agrees to take responsibility for another). Most metics were merchants or artisans; others Most metics were merchants or artisans; others

were very rich.were very rich.

B) Their RightsB) Their Rights To make profits and accumulate richesTo make profits and accumulate riches

C) Their ResponsibilitiesC) Their Responsibilities To pay CITY TAXESTo pay CITY TAXES To serve in the armyTo serve in the army To participate in religious celebrationsTo participate in religious celebrations

4. The Slaves4. The Slaves

A)A) Who they wereWho they were They were usually foreigners.They were usually foreigners. Some slaves were prisoners of war.Some slaves were prisoners of war. Other slaves were captured and sold Other slaves were captured and sold

by pirates.by pirates. Greeks thought of them as GOODS or Greeks thought of them as GOODS or

OBJECTS.OBJECTS. Children of slaves automatically Children of slaves automatically

became slaves.became slaves.

B) Their RightsB) Their Rights NoneNone

C) Their ResponsibilitiesC) Their Responsibilities To work and obey their masterTo work and obey their master

Athenian Families and Athenian Families and EducationEducationThe Sons of Citizens:The Sons of Citizens: An educator taught them reading, An educator taught them reading,

writing, music and arithmetic, wrestling writing, music and arithmetic, wrestling and gymnastics (8 to 14 yrs old).and gymnastics (8 to 14 yrs old).

They learned the art of reasoning, of They learned the art of reasoning, of delivering speeches, of arguing and of delivering speeches, of arguing and of convincing ( 15 to 17 yrs old).convincing ( 15 to 17 yrs old).

They completed military service by 20. They completed military service by 20. At 20, they became citizens; took part in At 20, they became citizens; took part in

public affairs.public affairs.

Wives and daughters of citizensWives and daughters of citizensThey were responsible for:They were responsible for:

1.1. Educating children (citizenship)Educating children (citizenship)2.2. Managing servantsManaging servants3.3. Running the home (ordered slaves to do household Running the home (ordered slaves to do household

chores etc.)chores etc.) They rarely left the They rarely left the gynaeciumgynaecium – an apartment – an apartment

reserved for women in Greek homes.reserved for women in Greek homes. Girls learned to weave, to accomplish household Girls learned to weave, to accomplish household

tasks and to educate younger children.tasks and to educate younger children.

Origins of Democracy in Origins of Democracy in AthensAthens By the 6By the 6thth century BCE, a man assumed power by century BCE, a man assumed power by

force, with the support of an army force, with the support of an army (tyranny).(tyranny).

An An Athenian named Solon Athenian named Solon was asked to reform was asked to reform (change) the political system. (change) the political system.

He proposed laws ensured equal justiceHe proposed laws ensured equal justice for for all and to manage the crisis the city was facing.all and to manage the crisis the city was facing.

In 507 BCE, a politician named In 507 BCE, a politician named CleisthenesCleisthenes put an end to tyranny. put an end to tyranny.

Using Solons laws, he introduced Using Solons laws, he introduced democracy – a political system in which democracy – a political system in which the power belonged to the people.the power belonged to the people.

The Influence of philosophersThe Influence of philosophers The Ancient Greeks believed the Gods The Ancient Greeks believed the Gods

influenced everything and controlled the influenced everything and controlled the working of the universe. working of the universe.

In the 6In the 6thth century BCE, the Greeks from Asia century BCE, the Greeks from Asia Minor began to question this belief.Minor began to question this belief.

They based their knowledge on logic and They based their knowledge on logic and reasoning.reasoning.

These thinkers were called “philosophers” These thinkers were called “philosophers” (literally, “who loved wisdom”).(literally, “who loved wisdom”).

Greek philosophers were interested in everything: Greek philosophers were interested in everything: Astronomy, geography, natural sciences, and Astronomy, geography, natural sciences, and mathematics.mathematics.

Their influence spread throughout Athens.Their influence spread throughout Athens.

Athenian philosophers had a major influence on all Athenian philosophers had a major influence on all Athenians and encouraged them to use their Athenians and encouraged them to use their intelligence.intelligence.

Direct Democracy in Direct Democracy in Athens Athens The ancient Athenians were the first to The ancient Athenians were the first to

establish a system of establish a system of direct democracy direct democracy in the 6in the 6thth century BCE. century BCE.

Direct democracy Direct democracy means that every means that every citizen*citizen* could participate in government. could participate in government.

To participate in politics one had to be a To participate in politics one had to be a citizen (male, 20+, completed citizen (male, 20+, completed military training and have two military training and have two Athenian parents).Athenian parents).

Who could vote in Ancient Who could vote in Ancient Athens?Athens?

10%

Athenian Citizens (men)

Could VoteAthenian

women and children

90%

Foreigners

Slaves

Could Not Vote

Athenian Democratic Athenian Democratic InstitutionsInstitutions1. EKKLESIA 1. EKKLESIA (Assembly of 6 000 citizens)(Assembly of 6 000 citizens)::

Its role:Its role:

1.1.Write constitutionWrite constitution2.2.Raise taxesRaise taxes3.3.Vote lawsVote laws4.4.Vote public expensesVote public expenses5.5.Vote wars,Vote wars,6.6.Sign peace treaties etc.Sign peace treaties etc.

2. BOULE 2. BOULE (Council of 500 citizens, 30+)(Council of 500 citizens, 30+)::

They proposed laws to the assembly.They proposed laws to the assembly.

They managed the city’s day-to-day business.They managed the city’s day-to-day business.

Term of office: 1 year, renewable once Term of office: 1 year, renewable once

3. Heliaia (6 000 citizens, 30+)3. Heliaia (6 000 citizens, 30+)::

They made up the popular court and judged on They made up the popular court and judged on Athens judical affairs.Athens judical affairs.

4. Strategists (10 citizens):4. Strategists (10 citizens):Its Role:Its Role:1.1.They ensured that the laws adopted by the Ekklesia (assembly) were applied.They ensured that the laws adopted by the Ekklesia (assembly) were applied.2.2.They commanded the army.They commanded the army.

5. Archons (10 citizens):5. Archons (10 citizens):Its Role:Its Role:1.1.They oversaw or were in charge of They oversaw or were in charge of the court. the court. 2.2.They organized religious celebrations.They organized religious celebrations.

The The AgoraAgora in ancient Athens: in ancient Athens:

The Athenian agora was used as a public The Athenian agora was used as a public meeting place for Athenian citizens.meeting place for Athenian citizens.

This is also the place where merchants This is also the place where merchants set up their shopsset up their shops. .

Ancient Greek houses:Ancient Greek houses: Usually 1 floorUsually 1 floor It had a courtyard.It had a courtyard. It had few windows (hot climate). It had few windows (hot climate). Its walls were painted Its walls were painted whitewhite, to keep it , to keep it

cool. cool.

Public spaces: Public spaces: They were reserved for They were reserved for men.men. The men did most of the shopping.The men did most of the shopping. Wealthy women could leave the home Wealthy women could leave the home

if accompanied by a male servant.if accompanied by a male servant.

Life in SpartaLife in Sparta Sparta was governed by an Sparta was governed by an oligarchy. oligarchy. There was There was NO voting in Sparta.NO voting in Sparta.

2 Kings2 Kings: : They were appointed for life. They were appointed for life. They controlled the army.They controlled the army.

5 Ephors (overseers)5 Ephors (overseers):: They ran everyday operations, made They ran everyday operations, made

laws, and wrote the constitution. laws, and wrote the constitution. They were elected annually.They were elected annually.

AssemblyAssembly: : It was comprised of 28 nobles appointed It was comprised of 28 nobles appointed

for life.for life. They advised the kings.They advised the kings.

Messenians Enslaved by Spartans Around 700 BC, Sparta conquered a group

of people living near them, in Messenia.

The Spartans enslaved the Messenians, whom they called "helots" (HEEL-otts).

The slaves were forced to farm the land.

Spartans treated the helots badly, often beating/whipping/killing them for no reason, and not giving them enough food.

Spartan men spent all their time training for war.

When little Spartan boys turned seven, they left home to live in dormitories with all the other Spartan boys their age.

They spent years learning to be good soldiers.

They exercised/learned to use swords and spears.

Teachers never gave them enough food, clothing or blankets (made them tough).

Spartan girls lived at home with their parents, but they also learned to be tough, with plenty of exercise.

The girls also learned to run houses/spin and weave.