ROMEROME

Travel to Rome

Romans Create a Republic

• According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus= twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess

• Abandoned on the Tiber river, raised by a she-wolf

Romulus & Remus Cartoon

Feral Children

Feral Children: Dog Girl

• 3 groups battled for control of Italian peninsula– Latins, Greeks, and

Etruscans• Latins: farmers and

shepherds who wondered into Italy across the Alps (1000 B.C.)– Built the settlement at

Rome (cluster of huts), These were the first Romans

• Greek settlers come in contact Greek settlers come in contact with other civilizationswith other civilizations– Greeks teach Romans how to Greeks teach Romans how to

grow grow grapes and olivesgrapes and olives• Etruscans were native to Etruscans were native to

northern Italynorthern Italy– Skilled Skilled metalworkersmetalworkers and and

engineersengineers– Influenced the development of Influenced the development of

Roman civilization and Roman civilization and architecture-use of architecture-use of archarch

– Romans adopted their Romans adopted their alphabetalphabet

• Similar Gods to Greeks– Polytheistic– Roman: Jupiter and Juno– Greek: Zeus and Hera

Roman Gods

•2. Romans established a new government-Republic: form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote to select their leaders•Citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free-born male citizens

Rome Becomes a Republic

• Patricians= aristocratic landowners who held most of the power, inherited power and social status

• Plebeians= common farmers, artisans, and merchants, make up the majority of the population, couldn’t hold most important government positions

• 451 B.C. Rome’s laws were written on twelve tablets or tables,

• Hung in Forum• Established the idea

that all free citizens, patricians, and plebeians had a right to the protection of the law

•Consuls: two officials, like kings, command the army and direct the government•Senate: aristocratic branch, both legislative and administrative functions in the republic

•300 members chosen from upper class Roman society

•Dictator: leader who had absolute power, appointed in times of crisis

Roman army• Legion: made up of 5,000 heavily armed

foot soldiers• Rome conquers Italy, Latins become citizens,

other territories the citizens became 2nd class-given citizenship but no right to vote, All other conquered groups became “allies” of Rome

War with Carthage= Punic Wars– Rome took rich, grain-

growing island of Sicily as the chief prize of the victory

– Hannibal, 29-year old Carthaginian

– Wanted to surprise Rome, led army through the Alps

– Invaded Northern Italy– In 202 B.C., near

Carthage, Romans defeated Hannibal

• Rome’s victories in the Punic Wars gave it domination over the western Mediterranean

Punic Wars: Carthage

Hannibal's troops crossing the Rhone River on their way to attack northern Italy.

Hannibal’s Elephants: Elephants in War

Roman Empire Brings Change, Sec 2 • Punic Wars and Rome’s

increasing wealth brought a widening gap between RICH and POOR

• Rich landowners lived on huge estates called latifundia– Slaves, captured people,

worked on the latifundia• Small farmers found it difficult

to compete with large estates run by small labor– Many farmers became

jobless or homeless• Class tensions planted the

seeds of the republic’s collapse

Roman Social Classes: HBO’s Rome Casting Directors

• Generals recruited soldiers from the landless poor by promising them land

• Rivalries between generals• Ambitious and daring leader,

Julius Caesar, emerges!

Julius Caesar

• Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C.

• Formed a triumvirate= group of 3 leaders, with Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey

• Caesar only serves as consul for one year, but conquers Gaul (now France)

• 44 B.C. the senate appointed him dictator for life

• He governed as an absolute ruler= one who has total power

• Many nobles and senators were troubled by Caesar’s growing power, success, and popularity

• Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted Caesar’s assassination

• Caesar was stabbed to death in the senate chamber, March 15, 44 B.C. (Ides of March)

Caesar’s Assassination

• Octavian became the unchallenged ruler of Rome– Accepted title of

“Augustus” • Rome was at the

peak of its power from the beginning of Augustus’ rule in 27 B.C. to A.D. 180

• Pax Romana= Roman peace

• Agriculture was the most important industry in the empire

• Rome had a vast trading network

• Complex network of roads

• Roman army drew upon the men of the provinces as auxiliary, or support, forces

• Augustus was Rome’s ablest emperor– Stabilized frontier,

glorified Rome, set up civil services (paid workers to manage tax collection, postal service…etc)

• No law for selecting a new emperor, 5 bad emperors-ending Pax Romana

Example of Bad Roman Ruler: Nero

Life in Imperial Rome

• Heart of Roman society was the family

• Women were nearly the equals of men– Couldn’t vote

• Attended public baths, plays, festivals, and games

• Favored boys over girls

• Girls weren’t even given their own names (received feminine form of the father’s name)

• Few children went to school

• Slavery was significant• May have been 1/3 of

population• Children born to slaves

were also slaves• Property-punished,

rewarded, set free, or put to death

•Wealth and social status made a huge difference

•Rich lived extravagantly, had banquets, rare and costly food- boiled ostrich and parrot-tongue pie

Gladiators

Gladiators• Some strong, healthy

males were forced to become gladiators to gain freedom

• More than a million slaves lost their lives attempting freedom

Gladiator Training

Gladiator School

Rise of Christianity, Sec 3

• Christianity arises in Roman-occupiedJudea and spreads throughout the

Roman Empire

Life and Teachings of JesusThe Rise of Christianity

– Romans Conquer Judea– Rome conquers Judea, home of

Jews; makes it part of empire, A.D. 6

– Many Jews believe a Messiah, or savior, eventually will free them

Jesus of Nazareth• Jesus—a Jew born in Bethlehem

(around 6 to 4 B.C.), raised in Nazareth– At age 30 begins preaching

monotheism, Ten Commandments

– Does good works, reportedly performs miracles

– Stresses personal relationship with God, love for friends and enemies

A Growing Movement• Apostles—the twelve

men who are disciples (or pupils) of Jesus– Jesus ignores

wealth and status; his message appeals to poor

The Life and Teachings of Jesus

• Jesus’ Death• Many Jews view Jesus as the Messiah; others see him as a heretic• Roman governor Pontius Pilate sentences Jesus to be crucified• Apostles believe Jesus ascended into heaven after death• Christos, Greek word for “savior”; Christianity derived from “Christ”

Growth of Christianity• Followers spread

Christianity—new religion based on Jesus’ teachings

• Paul’s Mission• Apostle Paul—spends life preaching and interpreting Christianity• Common languages of Latin and Greek help to spread message• Paul stresses Jesus is son of God who died for people’s sins• Paul declares that Christianity open to all converts

Jewish Rebellion• Jews rebel against Rome;

Romans storm Jerusalem, destroy Temple

• Rebellions in A.D. 66, 70, 132 fail; Jews driven from homeland

• Diaspora—centuries of Jewish exile (from Greek word for “dispersal”)

Persecution of the Christians

• Christians won’t worship Roman gods; become enemies of Roman rule

• Roman rulers use Christians as scapegoats for hard times

• As Pax Romana crumbles, Christians crucified, burned, killed in arena

ExpansionChristianity’s Expansion• Christianity becomes powerful force;

reasons for widespread appeal: embraces all people, gives hope to the powerless, appeals to those repelled by extravagance of Roman life, offers personal relationship with a loving God, promises eternal life after death

ChristianityConstantine Accepts

Christianity• Constantine—Roman

emperor battles for control of Rome in A.D. 312• Has vision of cross, Christian symbol; places on soldiers’ shields• Believes Christian God helped him win; legalizes Christianity• In A.D. 380 Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity religion of empire

Early ChurchEarly Christian

Church• Priests direct a

single church; bishops supervise numerous churches

• Apostle Peter—first bishop of Rome; clergy trace their authority to him

• Pope—the father, or head, of Christian Church; Rome, center of Church

ScripturesScriptures

A Single Voice• Church leaders compile standard Christian beliefs in New Testament• New Testament added to Hebrew Bible (also called Old Testament)

The Fathers of the Church• Early writers and scholars of teachings called Fathers of the Church• Augustine, bishop in North Africa, one of the most important Fathers• Stressed receiving sacraments to obtain God’s grace• Wrote famous book, The City of God

The First Christians

The Decline of the Roman The Decline of the Roman Empire, Sec 4Empire, Sec 4

Rome’s Economy Weakens

• Hostile tribes outside the empire disrupt trade

• Inflation—drop in value of money and rise in prices—weakens trade

• Overworked soil, war-torn farmland leads to food shortages

Military and Political Turmoil

• By third century A.D. Roman military in turmoil

• Soldiers loyal to commanders, not Rome; commanders fighting for throne

• Government enlists mercenaries—foreign soldiers they pay to fight

• Average citizens lose interest in the affairs of Rome

Diocletian Reforms the Empire

• In A.D. 284 Emperor Diocletian restores order, divides empire in two

• • Two emperors in Greek-speaking East, Latin speaking West

• In A.D. 305 Diocletian retires, rivals compete for power

Constantine Moves the Capital

• Constantine becomes emperor of Western Empire in A.D. 312

• Seizes Eastern Empire in A.D. 324; moves Roman capital to Byzantium

• Byzantium eventually renamed Constantinople—city of Constantine

Germanic Invasions• Mongol nomads from Asia,

the Huns, invade northern borders of empire

• Germanic tribes flee the Huns and enter Roman lands to escape (spread out over Roman Empire)

Attila the Hun• Attila—unites the Huns in

A.D. 444; plunders 70 cities in East

• Attacks Rome in 452; famine and disease prevents victory

An Empire No More• Last Roman emperor falls to

Germans in 476; end of Western Empire

• East thrives for another thousand years (Byzantine Empire)

Rome and Roots of Western Civilization, Sec 5

A New Culture Emerges• Romans adopt aspects of Greek

and Hellenistic culture• Results in Greco-Roman

culture, or classical civilization

Roman Fine Arts• Romans develop bas-relief

sculptures to tell stories• Artists skilled in creating

mosaics, painting frescoes•

PompeiiPompeii• Pompeii—Roman town; ash from volcano Pompeii—Roman town; ash from volcano

eruption A.D. 79 preserves arteruption A.D. 79 preserves art

Visit Pompeii

Pompeii: The Last Days

Learning and Literature• Romans borrow from

Greek philosophy and literature

• Poet Virgil writes epic Aeneid modeled after Homer’s Greek epics

• Roman historian Tacitus excels in writing factually accurate history

• Annals and Histories provide comprehensive lookat Roman life

The Latin Language• Latin was official language

of Roman Catholic Church until 1900s

• Develops into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian

• More than half the words in English stem from Latin

Master Builders• Romans pioneer use of

arch; also used domes and concrete

• Create aqueducts—structures to bring water into cities, towns

Discovery of Roman Aqueducts

Roman System of Law• Principles of Roman law

form basis of modern legal systems

Rome’s Enduring Influence

• By preserving and adding to Greek civilization, Rome strengthened the Western cultural tradition

Baths of Caracalla

Arch of Constantine

Basilica of Constantine

Arch of Septimius Severus

Forum of Julius Caesar

St. Peter’s Basilica

Trajan’s Market

Pantheon

Tomb of Hadrian

Hadrian’s Wall