Ancient Ancient RomeRome

Land and PeoplesLand and Peoples

Apennine Apennine mountains divide mountains divide east and westeast and west

Many fertile plains Many fertile plains for farming.for farming.

Less rugged Less rugged mountains allowed mountains allowed Ancient Rome to Ancient Rome to be more unified be more unified then Greecethen Greece

Rome’s locationRome’s location

On the Tiber riverOn the Tiber river Gave them access to the sea, Gave them access to the sea,

while protecting them from while protecting them from pirates since they were inland.pirates since they were inland.

City was built on 7 hills, so it City was built on 7 hills, so it was easily defended. was easily defended.

Italy’s locationItaly’s location Middle of the Mediterranean Middle of the Mediterranean Center of trade across the Center of trade across the

MediterraneanMediterranean Could easily defend it’s empire with this Could easily defend it’s empire with this

location.location.

Greek InfluenceGreek Influence

Between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C. Between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C. the Greeks left a large influence the Greeks left a large influence on the Romanson the Romans

Cultivation of Grapes and OlivesCultivation of Grapes and Olives Greek AlphabetGreek Alphabet Cultural models of sculpture, Cultural models of sculpture,

architecture, and literature. architecture, and literature.

Etruscan InfluenceEtruscan Influence

Etruscans had the largest influenceEtruscans had the largest influence This group was located north of RomeThis group was located north of Rome They controlled Rome after 650 B.C. They controlled Rome after 650 B.C. They turned Rome into a cityThey turned Rome into a city Romans adopted Etruscan dress:Romans adopted Etruscan dress:

TOGA and Short CloakTOGA and Short Cloak Romans adopted Etruscan military Romans adopted Etruscan military

ideasideas

Roman RepublicRoman Republic

509 B.C. Romans overthrow 509 B.C. Romans overthrow the Etruscansthe Etruscans

They established a RepublicThey established a RepublicRepublic: The leader is not a Republic: The leader is not a

monarch, and some citizens monarch, and some citizens have the right to votehave the right to vote

War and ConquestWar and Conquest

The Romans set out to conquer The Romans set out to conquer all of Italy.all of Italy.

By 264 B.C.they had defeated By 264 B.C.they had defeated the Latin states, and the Greek the Latin states, and the Greek states to the south to gain this states to the south to gain this control. control.

They then formed the Roman They then formed the Roman confederationconfederation

Roman ConfederationRoman Confederation This allowed Latins to become full This allowed Latins to become full

citizenscitizens Other conquered peoples were Other conquered peoples were

forced to become alliesforced to become allies These allies had to give soldiers to These allies had to give soldiers to

RomeRome If the allies were loyal, they too If the allies were loyal, they too

could become full Roman citizens. could become full Roman citizens. What advantages would one gain by What advantages would one gain by

becoming a citizen? becoming a citizen?

Successful Strategies: Why Successful Strategies: Why was Rome successful? was Rome successful?

LivyLivy- Historian who told stories of Roman - Historian who told stories of Roman duty, courage, and discipline.duty, courage, and discipline.

Rome had good:Rome had good:Diplomats-Diplomats- Allowed states to rule themselves. Allowed states to rule themselves.

Military/Strategies-Military/Strategies- Very organized and Very organized and determined. determined. Construction of Roads-Construction of Roads- Allowed trade and Allowed trade and soldiers to move very quickly and soldiers to move very quickly and efficiently. efficiently. Political Institutions-Political Institutions- Created these in Created these in response to problems once they arose. response to problems once they arose.

Historian LIVYHistorian LIVY

Why do you Why do you think an think an historian like historian like Livy is Livy is significant to significant to the the development of development of civilization? civilization?

All roads lead to RomeAll roads lead to Rome

Roman Roads- by 200 Roman Roads- by 200 A.D. A.D.

Roman Political Roman Political StructureStructure

2 groups2 groups

1)1) Patricians- Wealthy landowners Patricians- Wealthy landowners who could be rulerswho could be rulers

2)2) Plebeians- Less wealthy Plebeians- Less wealthy landowners, small farmers, and landowners, small farmers, and merchants who could not be merchants who could not be rulers. rulers.

Roman Class SystemRoman Class System

Chief Executive Officers were Chief Executive Officers were Consuls and Praetors.Consuls and Praetors.

ConsulsConsuls ran the government and led ran the government and led the Army.the Army.

Praetors-Praetors- They were in charge of They were in charge of civil law civil law

Roman Senate-Roman Senate- 300 Patricians who 300 Patricians who served for life. They advised served for life. They advised government officials, and eventually government officials, and eventually gained the power of making laws. gained the power of making laws.

Struggle of the OrdersStruggle of the Orders

Centuriate assembly elected Centuriate assembly elected officials, consuls, and praetors, officials, consuls, and praetors, and passed laws. The wealthiest and passed laws. The wealthiest citizens made up the Centuriate citizens made up the Centuriate assembly. assembly.

Council of Plebs came into being Council of Plebs came into being as a result of the struggle between as a result of the struggle between the two Roman social orders. the two Roman social orders.

Struggle of the OrdersStruggle of the Orders Children of the Plebeians and Patricians were Children of the Plebeians and Patricians were

forbidden to marry.forbidden to marry. Plebeians resented this because they served Plebeians resented this because they served

in the Roman army. in the Roman army. They believed they deserved both social and They believed they deserved both social and

political equality. political equality. Eventually, after hundreds of years of struggle Eventually, after hundreds of years of struggle

in 471 B.C. the council of the Plebs was in 471 B.C. the council of the Plebs was formed. This gave political power to the formed. This gave political power to the PlebeiansPlebeians

Plebeians and Patricians could now also Plebeians and Patricians could now also marry.marry.

Roman LawRoman Law

Another reason for Rome’s success Another reason for Rome’s success was its law system. was its law system.

First came the 12 tables of Roman First came the 12 tables of Roman law. This system came about in 450 law. This system came about in 450 B.C. B.C.

The laws gave rights to the accused, The laws gave rights to the accused, and gave procedures to all trials as and gave procedures to all trials as well. well.

These laws laid the foundation for our These laws laid the foundation for our laws today. laws today.

Laws on DisplayLaws on Display

Temple of Temple of SaturnSaturn

Next to this Next to this was the rostra, was the rostra, where the where the tablets of the tablets of the 12 tables were 12 tables were mounted for all mounted for all to see. to see.

Problems with their lawsProblems with their laws Eventually, as these laws only applied Eventually, as these laws only applied

to Roman citizens, problems of to Roman citizens, problems of citizens vs. non-citizens arose. citizens vs. non-citizens arose.

New system- Law of Nations was New system- Law of Nations was establishedestablished

Laws applied to all people. Laws applied to all people. Principle of innocent until proven Principle of innocent until proven

guilty, ability to defend yourself, and guilty, ability to defend yourself, and judges forced to consider all facts judges forced to consider all facts while making decisions were all while making decisions were all aspects of the Law of Nations. aspects of the Law of Nations.

Phoenicians: CarthagePhoenicians: Carthage Rome’s chief competitor was Rome’s chief competitor was

CarthageCarthage Located in modern day Tunisia, Located in modern day Tunisia,

(North Africa) this empire was (North Africa) this empire was founded by Phoenicians in 800 founded by Phoenicians in 800 B.C.B.C.

By 300 B.C. it had a huge trading By 300 B.C. it had a huge trading empire, and was the largest and empire, and was the largest and wealthiest empire in the region.wealthiest empire in the region.

This would create a natural This would create a natural conflict with the Romans.conflict with the Romans.

Ruins of CarthageRuins of Carthage

Carthage’s LocationCarthage’s Location

Ruins in CarthageRuins in Carthage

What What does does this this reminremind you d you of? of?

First Punic WarFirst Punic War The first physical conflict occurred The first physical conflict occurred

over the territory of Sicily. over the territory of Sicily. Both Rome and Carthage Both Rome and Carthage

considered the island their considered the island their territory. territory.

Rome was fearful of Carthage Rome was fearful of Carthage being on the island and sent an being on the island and sent an army there. army there.

The war began in 264 B.C.The war began in 264 B.C.

Rome winsRome wins

Rome’s military strength was in its ground Rome’s military strength was in its ground forces. forces.

They knew they had to have a Navy to defeat They knew they had to have a Navy to defeat the Carthaginians. the Carthaginians.

After building a huge navy and a long After building a huge navy and a long struggle, Rome finally wins the first Punic struggle, Rome finally wins the first Punic War in 241 B.C. War in 241 B.C.

Carthage gives up its rights to Sicily and has Carthage gives up its rights to Sicily and has to pay a fine to Rometo pay a fine to Rome

Carthage is embarrassed and Hannibal, their Carthage is embarrassed and Hannibal, their greatest General swears revenge on Rome. greatest General swears revenge on Rome.

Second Punic War Second Punic War

Hannibal decided to take the war to Hannibal decided to take the war to the Romansthe Romans

He brought an army of 46,000 men, He brought an army of 46,000 men, hundreds of horses, and 37 battle hundreds of horses, and 37 battle elephants into Spain, through the elephants into Spain, through the Alps, and into Italy. Alps, and into Italy.

Most of the elephants did not Most of the elephants did not survive, but his armies were ready to survive, but his armies were ready to attack Rome.attack Rome.

Crossing the AlpsCrossing the Alps

Roman mistakeRoman mistake

Hannibal is regarded as one of the Hannibal is regarded as one of the best battle field generals ever. best battle field generals ever.

The Roman’s underestimated this The Roman’s underestimated this and attacked his army head on. and attacked his army head on.

Disaster- Battle of Cannae: The Disaster- Battle of Cannae: The Roman army was decimated by Roman army was decimated by the Carthaginians, and lost almost the Carthaginians, and lost almost 40,000 men! 40,000 men!

Rome weakenedRome weakened

This defeat nearly crushed the Roman This defeat nearly crushed the Roman republic, but they raised a new army. republic, but they raised a new army.

Slowly they began recapturing Slowly they began recapturing territory from the Carthaginians. territory from the Carthaginians.

By 206, they had attacked Spain and By 206, they had attacked Spain and driven Carthaginians out of Spain.driven Carthaginians out of Spain.

Finally they decided to attack Finally they decided to attack Carthage while Hannibal was still in Carthage while Hannibal was still in ItalyItaly

This forced Hannibal to return home.This forced Hannibal to return home.

Decisive BattleDecisive Battle

Battle of Zama- 202 B.C.Battle of Zama- 202 B.C.Rome was led by Scipio Rome was led by Scipio

AfricanusAfricanusRomans destroyed Romans destroyed

Hannibal’s army.Hannibal’s army.

More ConquestsMore Conquests Fifty years after the second Punic war, Fifty years after the second Punic war,

Rome wanted complete revenge on Rome wanted complete revenge on Carthage.Carthage.

Many wanted Carthage destroyed. Many wanted Carthage destroyed. A huge Roman army was sent in 146 B.C. A huge Roman army was sent in 146 B.C.

to burn it to the ground. to burn it to the ground. For 10 days the Romans burned and For 10 days the Romans burned and

demolished the city. demolished the city. Its inhabitants were murdered or taken Its inhabitants were murdered or taken

into slavery. into slavery. Carthage became a Roman territory Carthage became a Roman territory

named Africa.named Africa.

Results of the Punic Results of the Punic WarsWars

Rome established as greatest Rome established as greatest power of the Mediterranean. power of the Mediterranean.

Ruled all of the Hellenistics Ruled all of the Hellenistics states in the Eastern states in the Eastern MediterraneanMediterranean

Controlled Macedonia, Greece, Controlled Macedonia, Greece, and Pergamum, Spain, and North and Pergamum, Spain, and North Africa.Africa.