Ancient Trade 5/14/20151 The Agricultural Revolution Surplus,Cities,Trade,Empire.

Ancient TradeAncient Trade 04/18/2304/18/23 11

The Agricultural Revolution

Surplus, Surplus,

Cities, Cities,

Trade, Trade,

EmpireEmpire


Modern Man Homo Sapiens Sapiens AppearHomo Sapiens Sapiens Appear c. 40-50,000bp c. 40-50,000bp

In 2In 2ndnd half of the last glacial period (70-12,000bp) half of the last glacial period (70-12,000bp) At end of ice age climate still sub-arctic w/ frequent rain/droughtAt end of ice age climate still sub-arctic w/ frequent rain/drought

– Humankind Humankind still cave-dwelling hunter still cave-dwelling hunter– Cave-art show bows & flint-tipped arrowsCave-art show bows & flint-tipped arrows

Warming periodWarming period after last ice age. 8500 bce after last ice age. 8500 bce – Change in vegetation Change in vegetation dryer, increased reliance on dryer, increased reliance on

grasses that grew in mountain foothillsgrasses that grew in mountain foothills– Extinction of large mammals Extinction of large mammals mammoths, mastodonsmammoths, mastodons

– Humankind adapts to changes Humankind adapts to changes – Supplements meager diet with wild wheatSupplements meager diet with wild wheat– Flint sickles, mortar & pestlesFlint sickles, mortar & pestles

““Incipient agriculture”Incipient agriculture” not yet planting the crop not yet planting the crop


The Mountains Surrounding MesopotamiaThe Mountains Surrounding Mesopotamia



“Agricultural Revolution”c. 6,000 bce (8,000 bp)

CultivationCultivation of wheat & barley of wheat & barley begins on begins on mountain slops of large, arid, river valleysmountain slops of large, arid, river valleys– Tigris-Euphrates & Indus riversTigris-Euphrates & Indus rivers– Dry-farming (rain and small streams diverted via ditch)Dry-farming (rain and small streams diverted via ditch)– Fired pottery, polished stone toolsFired pottery, polished stone tools– Domestication of goats, pigs, cattleDomestication of goats, pigs, cattle– earliest villagesearliest villages– Cultivation Cultivation created humankind’s 1 created humankind’s 1stst “SURPLUS“SURPLUS””

SurplusSurplus permitted increased population permitted increased population Increasing populationIncreasing population led to… led to…

pressure to move down into flat, arid valleypressure to move down into flat, arid valley But , how control the irregular flow of big rivers?But , how control the irregular flow of big rivers?


Taming the Rivers Built Levees & CanalsBuilt Levees & Canals Large scale irrigationLarge scale irrigation Two key results of irrigated Two key results of irrigated

cultivationcultivation1.1. Required social organization Required social organization government government

2.2. Much larger “Surplus” Much larger “Surplus” leads to… leads to…A.A. Not everyone had to farm Not everyone had to farm specialized crafts, military specialized crafts, military

B.B. 11stst large towns, (Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Umma, & others) large towns, (Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Umma, & others)

C.C. These soon became city states c. 3500 bceThese soon became city states c. 3500 bce

D.D. Urban cultureUrban culture

E.E. Elite governing classes (priests)Elite governing classes (priests)

F.F. Division of population into “Social Classes”Division of population into “Social Classes”


Other important Developments

in Tigris-Euphrates river valley Need to keep records of surplus Need to keep records of surplus WritingWriting WheelWheel Bronze (copper & tin)Bronze (copper & tin) Brick & stone buildings (private & public)Brick & stone buildings (private & public) Legal system Legal system Hammarubi Code Hammarubi Code City-states unifiedCity-states unified

First First empireempire created created

SUMERSUMER


Sumer


Sumer3200 – 2360


Similar Development in Other large River Valleys

Tigris & Euphrates RiversTigris & Euphrates Rivers Nile RiverNile River Indus River (flowing from the Himalayas)Indus River (flowing from the Himalayas) Huang-HoHuang-Ho


River Valleys not self-sufficient,

lacked… Minerals (copper for bronze), Minerals (copper for bronze),

wood, wood, spicesspices

How obtain???How obtain???

TRADETRADE



How do ancients become powerful empires?

Be by a water sourceBe by a water source Use irrigation to develop agricultural Use irrigation to develop agricultural

surplussurplus Use surplus to:Use surplus to:

– TRADETRADE– free some people for other thingsfree some people for other things


Some Ancient Traders

1.1. SumeriansSumerians

2.2. BabyloniansBabylonians

3.3. EgyptiansEgyptians

4.4. Minoans - GreeksMinoans - Greeks

5.5. PhoeniciansPhoenicians

6.6. RomansRomans

7.7. ChineseChinese

8.8. ParthiansParthians


Mesoptamia2500 - 1700


The Egyptians



Egyptian Trade2850-715


The Egyptians

Exported papyrus, linen, grainExported papyrus, linen, grain Imported ivory, ebony, leopard skins, Imported ivory, ebony, leopard skins,

ostrich eggs and plumes, gold, cattle and ostrich eggs and plumes, gold, cattle and slaves from Nubia (Kush), wood from the slaves from Nubia (Kush), wood from the LevantLevant


The Minoans2600 - 1425


The Mycenaens1350


The Early Greeks

Minoans control Crete - 1600 BCMinoans control Crete - 1600 BC Greeks learned to combine tin and copper to Greeks learned to combine tin and copper to

make bronzemake bronze Mycenaeans traded bronze , pottery, hides, Mycenaeans traded bronze , pottery, hides,

timber, wine, olive oil for tin, copper, ivory, timber, wine, olive oil for tin, copper, ivory, linen, papyrus, and ropelinen, papyrus, and rope


Athens Athenians couldn’t feed themselves so they Athenians couldn’t feed themselves so they

exported olive oil, wine, and pottery for exported olive oil, wine, and pottery for grain from Russia and timber from grain from Russia and timber from MacedoniaMacedonia

Athens was the largest importer of grain in Athens was the largest importer of grain in the ancient worldthe ancient world

Athenian fleet determined Athenian Athenian fleet determined Athenian supremacy - paid for with silver from supremacy - paid for with silver from Athenian minesAthenian mines


The Greeks


The Phoenicians


Phoenicians=Canaanites=Lebanese

Traded for 1000 years, opening the Mediterranean Traded for 1000 years, opening the Mediterranean Timber = Cedars of Lebanon, supplied Greeks, Timber = Cedars of Lebanon, supplied Greeks,

Egyptians, Israelites (Temple of Solomon)Egyptians, Israelites (Temple of Solomon) Large jars filled with wine and olive oilLarge jars filled with wine and olive oil Skilled laborersSkilled laborers Distribution center for Egyptian goods including Distribution center for Egyptian goods including

papyrus, linen and ivory - Byblos = book, Biblepapyrus, linen and ivory - Byblos = book, Bible


The Phoenicians


Phoenicians

Cut off from land to the east, they became Cut off from land to the east, they became masters of the sea - Tyre, Sidon, Beirutmasters of the sea - Tyre, Sidon, Beirut

At first, stayed close, trading for copper At first, stayed close, trading for copper from Cyprus and wool from Rhodesfrom Cyprus and wool from Rhodes

Eventually sailed by night and out of sight Eventually sailed by night and out of sight of land.of land.

Through Gibraltar to Moroccan CoastThrough Gibraltar to Moroccan Coast


Phoenicians

Established colonies including CarthageEstablished colonies including Carthage Eventually sailed north - Spain, Ireland, EnglandEventually sailed north - Spain, Ireland, England Huge demand for metals - gold and silver, copper Huge demand for metals - gold and silver, copper

and tin needed to turn copper into bronze, ironand tin needed to turn copper into bronze, iron Phoenicians most famed export were brilliantly Phoenicians most famed export were brilliantly

dyed textiles - murex - Phoenicia from Greek - dyed textiles - murex - Phoenicia from Greek - purple dyepurple dye


Mediterranean and Black Seas


The Silk Road


The Parthians

Controlled the Silk RoadControlled the Silk Road

Connected Rome in the West with India and Connected Rome in the West with India and

China in the EastChina in the East


The Chinese

Supplied jade, porcelain, silkSupplied jade, porcelain, silk Obtained spices and supplied rest of worldObtained spices and supplied rest of world Silk road to RomeSilk road to Rome Some claim they traded with South AmericaSome claim they traded with South America Pulled back in 15Pulled back in 15thth century because of century because of

expenseexpense


The Silk Road


Mediterranean and Black Seas

Date post:	17-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	luke-horn
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

Ancient Trade 5/14/20151 The Agricultural Revolution Surplus,Cities,Trade,Empire.

Documents