INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Dedeman Cappadocia Hotel & Convention Center, Nevşehir, Turkey

Conference Book

20 – 23 May 2015

Welcome to Cappadocia, Nevşehir

The idea of providing a scientific basis for discussing and solving, emerging problems in the fields of only environmental engineering such as water sources, pollution treatment technologies, aquatic life and etc. This idea initiated the first “International Conference on Environmental Science & Technologies (Cappadocia, Turkey in 2013)” that we also hosted and involved in the organization. However, environmental engineering is a whole with civil engineering in many countries in the World. Thus, basis idea of the second conference, which is named as International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (ICOCEE), has been formed.

“International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering” will provide a comprehensive overview of effective strategies on the fields of civil and environmental engineering. Also, the ICOCEE conference will provide the opportunity to discuss and evaluate the solutions to the regional and global problems. All parties of civil and environmental engineering areas such as universities, industrial organizations, public institutions and organizations, local governments and legislators are welcome to attend to the conference in order to the share their experiences and to bring a common body of knowledge for the solutions of problems in the fields of civil and environmental engineering. The topics of the conference will include almost all areas of civil and environmental engineering.

Cappadocia (named as “land of the beautiful horses”) is selected as the conference venue since it is one of the most fascinating and historical place in Turkey. It is also famed for its wine, valleys, underground cities, carved-from-rock churches & hotels, hot-air balloons, trekking and horseback riding tours. Owing to these prominent features of the place, participants will enjoy their stay besides benefiting from the conference.

The four- day ICOCEE – Cappadocia’2015 conference that is going to be launched on May 20, 2015 in Cappadocia, Nevsehir, Turkey, provides a fruitful, international and unique forum for exchange of views among participants currently working in the areas of civil and environmental engineering.

We hope you enjoy ICOCEE – Cappadocia’2015 conference and your stay in Cappadocia, Turkey.

Conference Chairmen

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serkan ŞAHİNKAYA Assist. Prof. Dr. Erkan KALIPCI

CONTENTS

1 Comparison Of Exhaust Emissions Of A DI Diesel Engine Fueled With Methyl Ester, Ethyl

Ester, Petro-Diesel And Their Blends

H. Sanli, M. Canakci, E. Alptekin, A. Turkcan, A. N. Ozsezen

2 Pcbs In Ambient Air In Istanbul And Izmir-Turkey

Kurt-Karakus PB, Gungormus E, Okten E, Celik H, Ugranlı T, Sofuoglu A, Gedik K, Sofuoglu

S, Alegria H, Jones KC

3 Prediction Of Surface Ozone Concentration By A Semi-Empirical Photochemical Model

Kh. Ashrafi, M. Zamani, Gh.R. Nabi-Bid Hendi

4 Air Quality Modelling In Barcelona From The Analysis Of Climate, Territorial And Traffic

Variables

D. Jato-Espino, E. Castillo-Lopez, S. M. Charlesworth, J. Rodriguez-Hernandez

5 Pbdes In Ambient Air In Istanbul And Izmir-Turkey

P.B. Kurt Karakus, E. Gungormus, H. Celik, E. Okten, T. Ugranlı, A. Sofuoglu, K. Gedik, S.

Sofuoglu, H. Alegria, K.C. Jones

6 The Research Of CO And Nox Emissions Revealed From Linear Sources İn Kocaeli City Korfez

District By ISCST-3 And AERMOD Model Programs

K.O. Demirarslan, Ş. Çetin Doğruparmak

7 Levels Of Bioaerosols In Indoor Environments In Ankara

E. Aghlara, G. Güllü

8 Bioaerosol Removalby Simultaneous Adsorption And Photo-Oxidation Of Ag-Doped Tio2/PU

Under Visible Irradiation

Thanh-Dong Pham, Byeong-Kyu Lee

9 An Overview Of Chiral Pollutants As A Tracer Of Cycling Of Pops

E. Can Güven, D. Bolat, K. Gedik, P.B. Kurt Karakuş

10 A Preliminary Investigation Of Legacy Organochlorine Pesticides In The Atmosphere Of An

Agricultural Area In Antalya

E. Can Güven, D. Bolat, K. Gedik, P.B. Kurt Karakuş

11 Analysis And Assessment Of Heavy Metal Pollution Of Road Dust In Düzce, Turkey

F. Taşpınar, M. Atasoy, Z. Bozkurt, B. Poyraz, O. Uzun

12 Compration Of Indoor And Outdoor Vocs Levels At Children Homes

S. Lakestanı, B. Karakaş, S. Acar Vaizoğlu, B. Güçiz Doğan, Ç. Güler, B. Şekerel, A. Taner, G.

Güllü

13 Economic And Environmental Contributions Of Declaration Of The Marmara Region As

Emission Control Area (ECA).

D. Yıldırım Pekşen, G. Bilen Alkan

14 Airborne Particle Concentrations Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network

Ya-Chin Teng, Ho-Wen Chen, Wei-Yea Chen, Wei-Lun Lin

15 Illustration Of Air Quality Change Using Innovative Trend Analysis Method

Y.S. Güçlü, E. Şişman, İ. Dabanlı, Z. Şen

16 Clear-Cut, Easy And Safe Air Purifying Technique

H. Habibazarfard, A. Cemal Saydam

17 Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring Using Neural Networks

M. Rouaïnia, N. Djebri

18 Heavy Metal Concentration Of House Dust

P. Babaei, İ. Durukan, G. Güllü

19 Analysis Of Vocs In The Indoor Air

L. Meciarova, S. Vilcekova

20 Dispersion Of The Nox Emissions From Chimneys And Road Traffic Around Industrial Sites:

Case Study Of The Company Fantazia.

H. Gourgue, A. Aharoune, A. Ihlal Ahmed

21 Indoorairqualityand Construction Specifications

B. Öztür, H. Aykaç, H. Çelebi

22 Analysis Of SO2 And PM Concentrations With Artificial Neural Network: A Case Study Of

Erzurum City Center

F. Ekmekyapar Torun, Z. Bingül, M.Y. Çodur

23 Investigation Of Air Pollution Parameter Variation On Between 2007-2014: The Case Of Igdir

(Turkey)

S. Dogru, T. Bayram, Y.A. Argun, A. Altikat 24

Level And Sources Of Particulate Matter (Pm10, Pm2.5) In Turkey

G. Güllü, Z. Gemici, B. Keskin Çatal

25 Dynamic Stiffness Of Resilient Materials For Reduction Of Floor Impact Sound

Jung-Min Kim, Jung-Yoon Lee, Hye Sun Lim, Byungkoo Jun, Seong Jun Hong

26 Thinking Of Noise Control In A Positive Way: Soundscape Concept

N. Akbulut-Çoban, K. Gedik

27 Evaluation Of Quiet Area Characteristics Of An Educational Area: A Case Study Of

Akdeniz University Campus, Antalya

A. G. Göküş, H. Güleç, Z. Aslan, N. Akbulut-Çoban, K. Gedik

28 Determination Of Noise Pollution In Main Arterial Roads Of Nevsehir City Center

E. Kalıpcı, İ. Bilgen

29 Hydrogen Peroxide Aided Sulphuric Acid Pre-Treatment Of Electronic Waste For İmproving

Gold Recovery By Metabolically-Engineered Strain Of Chromobacterium Violaceum

S. Das, Y.P. Ting

30 Düzce Potential Investigation Of Domestic And Industrial Solid Waste Recoverable

G.F. Gökçe, N. Mazlum, P. Hasanoğlu

31 Ground Improvement Via Chrome And Steel Slags

M. Vekli, C.C. Çadır, F. Şahinkaya

32 A Newbitumen Geosynthetic Barrier Mainly Based On Boron Production Waste Clay For

Landfill Liner Systems

D. Ulutaş, Z. Çokaygil, A. Özkan, Y. Güney, M. Banar 33

Solid Waste Management In Erzurum

Z. Bingül, F. Ekmekyapar Torun

34 Effect Of Soil Minerology On Electrokinetic Remediation

G. Demirel Bayık, A. Altın, Ö.F. Çapar

35 Environmental Quality Of Compost: Can Composting Earthworms (Eisenia Fetida) Help

Manage Compost Nutrient Ratios?

K. Bellitürk, J.H. Görres, H.S. Turan, S. Göçmez, M.C. Bağdatlı, M. Eker, S. Aslan 36

Evaluation Of The Mechanical And Hydrological Characteristics Of A Bioreactor Landfill Using Laboratory Simulators.

P. Lakshmikanthan, L.G. Santhosh, G.L. Sivakumar Babu

37 Environmental Research Of Old Waste Landfill “Vardariste”, Skopje, Macedonia

B. Kovachevikj, E. Raleva, M.Markov, Z. Ilijoski

38 Bioconversion Of Food Wastes For The Production Of Value Added Products Bioconversion Of

Food Industry Wastes

B. Zorlugenç, F. Kiroğlu Zorlugenç

39 Utilization Of Food Industry Wastes

F. Kiroğlu Zorlugenç, B. Zorlugenç

40 Effects Of Different Barn Planning System On Waste Characteristics – Case Study Of

Turkey

H. E. Polat

41 Constraints Of Local Waste Management System In Lagos, Nigeria

A.O Abisuga, A.A Akinpelu, D.O Olanrewaju

42 California Bearing Ratio Of A Clay With Waste Carpet Jute

M. Öztürk, A. F. Çabalar

43 Porosity Analysis Of Ceramic Wall Tile Derived From Blast Furnace Slag

E.Eren Gultekin, Z. Bayer Ozturk

44 Selective Sodium Hydroxide Leaching Of Zinc From Waste Zinc-Carbon And Alkaline

Battery Mixture

B. Andak, A. N. Bulutcu

45 Evaluation Of Performance Of MSW Landfill Barrier Systems At Laboratory Scale And Using

HELP Model Simulations

L.G. Santhosh, P. Lakshmikanthan, G.L. Sivakumar Babu

46 Solid Waste Management And Recycling In Igdir

Y.A. Argun, A. Altikat, S. Dogru, T. Bayram

47 Management Of Solid Waste In The Sample Of A Small Sized Turkish Town, Erzurum

T. Bayram , Y.A. Argun, A. Altikat, S. Dogru

48 Industrial Waste – Red Mud As Catalyst For Hydro-Dealkylation

Á. Rédey, T. Juzsakova, T. Fráter, A. Csavdari, L. Ráduly, I. Ráduly

49 GIS Application On Disposal Of Dredge Materials

S. Dağlı, A.Dönertaş, H. M. Basar, İ.Yolcubal, E.Sangu, L. Tolun

50 Preventative Medicine For The Environment: Developing And Implementing

Environmental Programs That Work

F. Oztaş 51

A Proposed Designed Of Compost Pile Facility In Batangas State University Main Campus I

J.A. Almarez, S.J. R. Driz, R. Joy I. Jumangito 52

Recycling Ways Of Waste Bread Crumbs

S.M. Seçen, K.E Gerçekaslan 53

Characterization Of Wastewaters From Eskişehir State Hospital

P. Gültekin

54 Key Environmental Challenge Of Seawater Desalination

F. Saffarimiandoab, I. Koyuncu, H. Kilzer

55 Identification Of A Potential Isolate For Degradation Of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate In

Wastewater Systems

H. Ulusoy, F. Yilmaz, A. Ergene, B. Icgen

56 Isolation Of Bacteria Efficient In The Removal Of Anionic Detergents

S. B. Salik, F. Yilmaz, A. Ergene, B. Icgen

57 Potential Of Pseudomonas Species For The Treatment Of Heavily Detergent-Polluted

Waters

L. Goksu, F. Yilmaz, A. Ergene, B. Icgen

58 Halonitromethanes Formation In Drinking Water: Occurrence And Precursors

S. Genisoglu, Z. Ozturk, B.İ. Harman, S.S Kaplan Bekaroglu

59 Chlorine Dosing Management Strategies For Water Utilities Using GIS, SCADA And Modelling

Tools: Case Study Of Yeşilbayir-Antalya

T. Akdeniz, H. Muhammetoğlu

60 Influence Of Characteristic Of Butterfly Valve Closing On Water Hammer Run.

A. Kodura

61 Utilization Chitosan As A Color Absorbent On Textile Industry Liquid Waste

H.H. Mumtaza

62 Biosorption Of Commercial Yellow 2G And Indigo Textile Dyes By Powder Hawaiian

Spirulina Pacifica

G. Dogdu, A. Yalcuk

63 Efficiency Of UV And UV H2O2 Processes For Amoxicillin Treatment

Ş. Doğan, R. Kidak

64 Ceramic Membrane Applications In Industrial Wastewater Treatment

M. Genisoglu, H. Koseoglu, B.I. Harman

65 Evaluation Of The Dispersive Component Of The Surface Energy Of Al-Pillared Sepiolite And

Al-Pillared Montmorillonite As Determined By Inverse Gas Chromatography  

C. Bilgiç, N. Karakehya 66

Occurrence Of Illicit Drugs And Pharmaceuticals In Municipal Wastewater And Possibilities For Their Removal

I. Bodík, T. Mackuľak, M. Fáberová, M. Mosný

67 Isolation Of Efficient Diesel Oil Degraders Harbouring Alkb And C23O Genes

G. Onur, F.Yilmaz, B. Icgen

68 A Clean Technology For Tanneries Unhairing Waste Waters: Neutralization By CO2 , Water

Recycling And Free Amino Acids Recovery

S. Tamersit, Kamel-Eddine Bouhidel

69 Effect Of Some Pharmaceuticals On The Production Of Biogas At Anaerobic Digestion

Process

M. Fáberová, L. Ivanová, I. Bodík, T. Mackuľak 70

Study On The Sorption-Desorption-Recovery Performance Of Ion Exchange Resin For Removing Phosphate From Aqueous Solutions

T. E. Köse, B. Kıvanç

71 Flow Reactor Model For UV Treatment Of Amoxicillin

R. Kidak, Ş. Doğan

72 Treatment Of Olive Mill Wastewater By Photooxidation To Nano-Zno-Bentonite Composite

And Recovery Of OMW

M. Balaban, D.T. Sponza

73 Removal Of Olive Mill Wastewater Pollutants By UV And Sunlight Irradition With Nano-

Sio2/Fe3O4 Composite And Reuse Properties

Ç. Ulusoy, Delia Sponza

74 A New Approach For Sludge Disintegration & Stabilization: Solid Tio2 Thin Films

T. Tunçal, D. İ. Cifci, O. Uslu

75 Wastewater Treatment In Poland Taking Into Special Consideration Anaerobic Reactors

K. Umiejewska

76 The Cycle Of Pharmaceuticals, Drugs And Their Metabolites In Four Dominant Treatment

Plant In Slovakia And The Czech Republic

T. Mackuľak, L.Birošova, I. Bodík, M. Fáberová

77 Biodegradation Of The Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Pharmaceutical Flurbiprofen

K. Yanaç, R.W. Murdoch

78 Effect Of Impregnation Ratio On Properties Of Activated Carbon Prepared From Biochar

By Chemical Activation

D. Angın, S. Güneş, S. Şensöz

79 Adsorption Of Orange 13 From Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared From Orange

(Citrus Sinensis L.) Pulp

D. Angın, G. Demir, S. Güneş, A. Ilci

80 Biogas Production By Anaerobic Digester Exposed To Ammoniachangedwith Changing

Bacterial Population Dynamics

M. S.Ak, F. Yilmaz, B. Icgen

81 Adsorption Of Methylene Blue Dye On Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (Mwcnts) - A Response

Surface Methodology (RSM) Approach

V. Selen, Ş. Taşar, M. Çakmak, D. Özer, A. Özer

82 Removal Of Astrazon Golden Yellow 7GL From Colored Wastewater Using Activated Clay

M. Çakmak, Ş. Taşar, V. Selen, A. Özer, Dursun Özer

83 Assessment Of Anaerobic Microbial Community Structure In The Presence Of

Nonylphenoldiethoxylateusing Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

F. Kara Murdoch, F.Dilek Sanin

84 Comparison Of Methylene Blue Removal Efficiency From Aqueous Solutions By Walnut

Shell And Activated Walnut Shell

S.N. Giray, D. Aktaş, M. Kozak, T. Kaymaz, M. Dolaz

85 The Separation Of Emulsified Oils From Wastewater By The Application Of Electric Field

C. Eryılmaz, A. Genç

86 An Economic Analysis Of Sewage Sludge Management Methods In Kocaeli

Ö. Kaplan, M. Gündüz, G. Turan, K.S. Yiğit

87 The Effect Of Different Ph At Constant Temperature On Biohydrogen Production From Sewage

Sludge

I. Senturk, H. Buyukgungor 88

Biodegradation Of Various Azo Dyes In Anaerobic Batch Reactors

Ö. Aktaş, Y. Toker, E. Şahinkaya 89

Simultaneous Nitrate And Perchlorate Reduction In Elemental Sulfur Based Autotrophic And Heterotrophic Processes

D. Ucar, E. Cokgor, E. Sahinkaya, A. Yurtsever

90 Aerobic Treatment Of Olive Mill Wastewater By Batch Reactor: A Kinetic Study

S. Kul, A. Nuhoğlu, E. Aladağ

91 Synthesis Of Carboxymethyl Starch From Food Industry Waste

S. Akarsu, C. A. Zıba, F. Dincer, M. Dolaz

92 Evaluation Of The Adsorption Capacity Of The Expanded Perlite To Remove Linear Alkyl

Benzene Sulphonic Acid (LABSA) From Aqueous Solution

D. Akin Sahbaz, S. Balbay, C. Acikgoz

93 Investigating Color Removal Of Textile Wastewater Using Constructed Wetlands

E. Karaçetin, Sevim, O.

94 Adsorption And Kinetic Studies Of Molecular Size Fractions Of Humic Acid Onto Anion-Doped

TiO2 Specimens P. Akan, M. Bekbolet

95 Comparision Of Biological And Advanced Treatment Processes For Ciprofloxacin Removal In

Raw Hospital Wastewaters

G. Guney, D.T. Sponza

96 Integrating Storage Sizing And Slow Sand Filtration For Residential Rainwater Harvesting

Applications In The Philippines

M.P. Lumbera, R. Ello P. Cabungcal

97 Removal Of Color From Textile Wastewater By Adsorption On Sunflower Seed Shell

E.B. Duran, S. Akarsu, Y. Cuci, M. Dolaz

98 Do Personal Care Detergents Pose Risk In The Aquatic Environment: Characterization And

Ecotoxicity Investigation

O. Kizek, İ.D. Çiftçi, F. Ekmekyapar, A. Sicigliano, S. Meriç

99 Adsorption Of Dyestuff From Wastewater Using Calcined Waste Eggshell

T. E. Köse

100 Comparative Photocatalyticdegradation, Detoxification And Demineralization Of A

Biologically Treated Textile Effluent Using Tio2 And Znonanoparticles

D.İ. Çifçi, S. Terzi, S. Meriç

101 Role Of Plant Biomass Structures On Performance Of Engineered Wetland For Treating

Boron (B) Mine Effluents

O. C. Türker, C. Türe, H. Böcük, A. Çiçek, A. Yakar

102 Removal Of Eriochrome Black-T From Aqueous Solutions Using Nzvi And S. Cerevisiae

Modified With Nzvi

U. A. Guler, O. Kundakci

103

Removal Of Tetracycline From Aqueous Solutions By Nanostructured Fe(III)-Cu(II) Binary Oxide

U.A. Guler, H. Celik

104 Decolorication Of Reactive Black 5 By Potassium Ferrate (K2FeO4)

S. Şahinkaya, E. Kalıpcı, H. Cüce

105 Recovery Of Acid And Heavy Metal In Surface Coating Industry By Best Available Techniques

T. Kotan, G. Bakan

106 Removal Of Acid Violet 90, Basic Yellow 28 And Direct Blue 86 By Fe3O4 Embedded

Polymer C.S. Keskin

107 Decolorization Of Disperse Blue 56 And Reactive Yellow 145 By Acrylamide Based Polymer

C.S. Keskin

108 Biosorption Of Disperse Blue 56, Basic Yellow 28 And Acid Violet 90 By Aspergillus Tamarii

S. Yılmazer Keskin, A. Güler

109 Removal Of Direct Blue 86 And Reactive Yellow 145 By Dead Biomass

S. Yılmazer Keskin, A. Güler

110 Effect Of Anions On Arsenic Removal From Groundwater By Air Feed Electrocoagulation

Reactor Using Iron Ball Anodes

E. Şık, E. Gengeç, M. Kobya, E. Demirbas, M.S. Oncel

111 Preparation Of Polyacrylonitrile Ion Exchange Fibre (PAN-IEF) For The Removal Of Arsenic

K. Qureshi, I. Bhatti, Z. Solangi

112 Applıcatıons Of Hybrıd System In Water And Wastewater- Review

G.K. Akkaya, M.S. Bilgili

113

Removal Of Nickel (II) Pollution In Water By Diatomite

M. Bilgin, Ş. Tulun

114

Adsorption Kinetic Studies For The Removal Of NH4-N From Landfill Leachate By Natural Adsorbent

F.A. Temel, A. Kuleyin

115 Preparation Of The Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate) Grafted Onto Crosslinked Poly(3-Chloro-2-Hydroxypropyl-Co-EGDMA) With Sorbitol Group And Use For Removing Boron From

Water

G. Torunoglu Turan, B.F. Senkal

116 Removal Of Maxilon Red GRL From Aqueous Solutions Using Niğde (Bor) Grape Molasses

Soil As A Low-Cost Adsorbent

F. Çiner, S. Şahin, S. Battal, E. Sezer, A. Dumlu

117 Removal Of Total Nitrogen By Juncus Acutus And Cortaderia Selloana From Domestic

Wastewater In Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland

F.Aydın Temel, Y. Ardalı, E. Avcı

118 Removal Of Nitrate From Domestic Wastewaters Using Algae

M. Izhar, S.L. Sanin, A. Akbulut

119 Heavy Metals Contamination And Chemical Speciation Of Water And Soils İn The Vicinity Of

Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit, NW Iran

K. Esmaeili, N. Pirouznia, F. Moore

120

European Market For Decentralized Waste Water Systems

E. Dorgeloh, D. Verschitz 121

Comparison Of Wastewater Treatment Potential Between Arthrospira Platensis And Chlorella Vulgaris

R. Rezaei, A. Akbulut, S.L. Sanin

122 Bioelectricity Generation From Wastewater Sludge Using Microbial Fuel Cells

S. Ömeroğlu, F.D. Sanin

123 Treatment Of Anaerobic Batch Reactor Of An Automotive Industry Wastewater: Influence Of

Substrate-İnoculum Ratio And Wastewater Co-Substrate Ratio

M. Sarioglu Cebeci, Ö.B. Gökçek

124

Laboratory Scale Submerged Membrane Bioreactors (SMBR) For The Treatment Of Rural Areas Wastewater

O. Özkan, M. Oğuz, Ö. Özdemir, Ş. T. Azgın, A. Solmaz, İ. Uyanık

125 Effect Of Influent COD/TAN Ratio On Carbon And Nitrogen Removal Efficiency And Stability

Of Aerobic Granules

I. Kocaturk, T.H Erguder 126

Monitoring Of Molecular Weight Distribution By HPSEC With Ultraviolet Diode Array And Refractive Index Detectors In Biologically Treated Bakery Yeast Wastewater

E. Gengeç, M. Kobya

127 Nickel Removal From Aqueous Solution By Iron Oxide Coated Sepiolite

İ. Kıpçak, C. Gürakan Akın

128 Effects Of Operational Parameters On The Removal Of Acid Blue 161 Dye From Aqueous

Solutions By Electrocoagulation With Aluminum And Stainless Steel Electrodes

S. Ustun, N. Beyazit, H. Büyükgüngör

129 Evalution Of Non-Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation Variables For Removal Of Orgonophosphrous

Pesticide Malathion Using Box-Behnken

M. Isgoren, E. Gengec, S. Veli

130 Partial Nitrification Of Domestic Wastewater Under Oxygen Limited Conditions

B. Alpaslan Kocamemi, E. Çiçek

131 Tetracycline Removal Via Waste Turkish Coffee

M. Erşan, F. Düğenci, Ü.A. Güler

132 Adsorption Of Basic Yellow 2 From Aqueous Solutions Onto Montmorillonite

O. Sözüdoğru, B.A.Fil, R. Boncukcuoğlu, E. Aladağ, S. Kul

133 Investigation Of Nitrate Treatment Potential Of Tea Waste

A. Bilgin

134 Preparation Of The Poly (Styrene) Based Quaternary Chloroacetamide Modified Sorbent

For Removal Of Phenol

E.Yavuz, F.Bildik, B.F. Şenkal

135 Transport Of Heavy Metals Through The Supported Liquid Membrane

B. T. Gemici, S. Altin

136 Adsorption Of Heavy Metals From Aqueous Solution By Non-Modified Clinoptilolite In

Fixed-Bed System

M. Balintova, M. Holub

137 Cluster Analysis Of Water Quality In Water Reservoir Ruzin I., Slovakia

E. Singovszka, M. Balintova

138 Decolorization Of Brillant Blue R Contaminated Solutions By Chitosan-Eggshell Modified

Products

İ. Tosun Satır, B. Bulut Kocabaş

139 The Role Of Water In Recycling The Physicochemical Treatment Sludge As Concrete

Admixture

M. Sogancioglu, U. Sultan Keskin, E. Yel

140 Removal Of Oil-Grease From Dairy Industry Wastewater Using An Adsorbent Obtained From

Waste Material

N. C. İskender, M. Sogancioglu, E. Yel, N. Yilmaz 141

Reduction Of Nitrate By Combined Ultrasound And Zero-Valent Magnesium Under Ph Uncontrolled Conditions

O. Ayyildiz, B. Ileri, O. Apaydin

142 Degradation Of Synthetic Textile Dyes Using Fungal Bioreactor And Photocatalytic Reactor

E.Ü. Deveci, N. Dizge, H.C. Yatmaz, Y.Aytepe

143 Batch And Column Removal Of Textile Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Activated

Carbon Prepared From Olive Stone

Ö.Gerçel, H.F. Gerçel

144 Adsorption Of Remazol Blue RN From Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared

From Black Cumin Residue

U. Selengil, H.Demiral

145 Removal Of Natural Organic Matter By Hydrogen Peroxide In The Presence Of Iron-

Coated Pumice Particles

A. Alver, M. Karaarslan, A. Kılıç

146 Removal Process Of Chloroform In Treatment Wetlands: From Mass Balance To Microbial

Analysis

Y. Chen, J. Vymazal

147 The Effect Of Mixing Time On Rate For Ammonium Removal From Waters By Emulsion

Liquid Membrane Technique

İ. Şimşek, L. Altaş 148

Effects Of Winemaking Practices On The Characteristics Of Wastewater Originated From Wineries

K. Şen, F. Kiroğlu Zorlugenç

149 Monitoring Of Antibiotics In Urban Wastewater In Tekirdag City: A Comparison With

Predicted Environmental Concentrations

G. Varol Saraçoğlu, C. B. Özkal, S. Göçmez, F. Ekmekyapar, A. Koruyucu, S. Meriç

150 Energy And pH Dependency Optimization Of Degradation, Mineralization And

Detoxification Of Ampicilline By Photocatalysis

C. B. Ozkal, A. Koruyucu, S. Meric

151 Anion Selectivity Of Sepiolite And Its Surface Active Agents-Modified Forms

S. Dikmen, H. Bircan, G. Yılmaz

152 Optimization Of Electrocoagulation Process To Treat Young Landfill Leachate Using Response

Surface Methodology

A. Aygun, B. Nas, A. Berktay

153 Adsorption Of Cationic Dye (Methylene Blue) From Aqueous Solution By Eggshells

Z. Hattab, Y. Berredjem, R. Mazouz, N. Filali, K. Guerfi

154

An Exploitation Evaluation Of Pimuce Stone For Water And Wastewater Treatment Use

D.İ. Çifçi, M. Yıldırım, B. Birden, S. Meriç

155 Organic Pollutants In The Groundwaters Used For Irrigation Purpose Within A Coal-Bearing

Basin Of Northern Greece

A. Iordanidis, J. Schwarzbauer, K. Gudulas

156 Methicillin-Resistant Surface Water Isolates Monitored By Meca-Specific DNA Probes

E. Seyedmonir, F.Yilmaz, B. Icgen

157

Numerical Modelling And Monitoring Of Coastal Water Quality

K. Cebe, L. Balas

158

Assessment Of The Cations And Anions Concentration Distribution İn Underground Potable Waters, Ph Solution Analysis Subject To The Temperature And Content Of Technogenic

Sodium Chloride.

Z. Maymekov, D. Sambaeva, J. Izakov, A. Isaev, J. Sydykov

159 Monitoring Of Seasonal And Spatial Variations In Marine Water Quality At The Mid-Black Sea

Coast Of Turkey

I. Senturk, S. Ustun, M. Oztel, H. Ozkaynak, E. Akcam, E. Gecer, F. Akbal, G. Bakan, H. Buyukgungor

160 Spatial Variation And Heavy Metal Concentration In Sediments Of Bued River: A

Preliminary Assessment Of A River Nearby Small-Scale Mining Sites In The Philippines

C.R. Orozco, R.Q. Macasieb, B.J.M. Tapales, A.C. Resurreccion

161 Evaluation Of Uncertainty For Trace Elements Measurement In Drinking Water With ICP-

MS

O. Tunc Dede

162 Eastern Black Sea Region Of Domestic Water Capacity: The Case Of Artvin

B. Yalçın Çelik, K.O. Demirarslan

163 Assessing The Mobility And Bioavailability Of Metals In An Aquatic Environment

G. Jacks, X. Kumanova, G. Leka

164 Numerical Prediction Of The Efficacy Of Treated Wastewater Recharge To Impede Seawater

Intrusion In The Coastal Aquifer Of Gaza- Palestine

H. Sirhan, M. Koch, K. Qahman

165 The Knowledge Of The Residents From The Blackfoot Disease (BFD) Area Concerning The

Health Risk Of Arsenic (As) Pollution

Ming-Chao Lin, Jen-Chun Ou, Ting-You Liu, Bo-Sen Huang, Ying-Tai Hsu

166 Determination Of Diyarbakır Basalt Aquifer Water Quality Parameters And Obtain

Thematic Maps With Using GIS Technique

R. Çelik

167 Occurence And Precursors Of Haloacetonitriles In Drinking Water –A Review

C. Ozgur, S.S. Kaplan Bekaroglu

168 Mogan Lake (Ankara) Water Quality

Ö. Saylar, S. Benzer, S. Düzel, G. Gül, A. Gül, M. Yılmaz

169 Sediment And Water Pollution Status Of The Mid-Black Sea Coast Of Turkey

E. Akçam, G. Bakan

170 A Research Of The Effects Of Sedıment Layer On Trophıc Level In Shallow Lakes;

The Case Of Cernek Lake

H. Cüce, G. Bakan 171

Investigation Of Relationship Between Water Pollutants: A Case Study From Istanbul

A.O. Pektas, I.I. Ozyigit, I.E. Yalcin, N. Yilmaz, G. Demir 172

Microcosm Evaluation Of Greenhouse Gas Emission Potentials Of Aan Eutrophic Lake

E. Ogun, A. Aksoy, S.L. Sanin

173 Evaluation Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Of A Shallow Eutrophic Lake Using A Field

Column

E. Ogun, A. Aksoy, S.L. Sanin

174 Water Management Policies In The European Union: Finnish Integrated Water

Management Example

Ç.F. Karafakı

175 Application Of Low Intensity Ultrasound To Enhance Biological Phosphorus Removal

B.Alpaslan Kocamemi, N. Gure, F. Sarialioglu, C. Kuzey, A.M. Saatçi

176 Effects Of Forest Fires On Water Sources

A. Bilgin, M. Aybar, B. Sağlam

177 Characterıstıcs And Phosphorus Release Rates Of Sedıments In Two Shallow Lakes

(Kızılırmak Delta, Turkey)

H. Cüce, G. Bakan

178 Water Quality Of The River To The Kızılırmak River In The Province Of Nevsehir

S. Aras, Ö. Fındık, E. Kalıpcı, S. Şahinkaya

179 Beneficial Use Alternatives For Dredged Materials: Landfill Daily Cover

H.M. Başar, S. Dağlı, P. Özer, Erdoğan, B. Güzel, L. Tolun

180 Quantitative Determination Of Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons İn Drinking And Potable

Water Resources Of Diyarbakir Region

H. Kara, Z. Tunay, M.A. Yilmaz, H. Temel

181 Disinfection By-Product Formation Of Natural Organic Matter

A. Alver, E. Baştürk, A. Kılıç

182 Biofilms In Drinking Water Distribution Systems, Cappadocia 2015

I. Var, B Zorlugenç, Ö. Atasever Savaş, S. Sağlam

183 Assessment Of Natural Radioactivity By Gross Alpha And Beta Measurements In Drinking

Water Samples In Ereğli, Turkey

M. E. Korkmaz, O. Agar

184 Modeling The Relationships Between Water Temperatures And Meteorological Parameters

At Kızılırmak River Using Artificial Neural Networks

M. Temizyürek, F. Dadaser-Celik

185 A Study On Importance Of Pollution Monitoring And Control In Buyuk Menderes Basin

C. Koc, Y. Bayazıt

186 Interaction Of Low-Impact Development Techniques And Urban River Flooding On The

Zoning – Case Study Qomroud

1M.R.Kavianpour, A. Behzadipour 187

Integrated River Basin Management

M.Y. Kılınç, E. Alkan

188 The Effect Of Heavy Metals In Soil And Plants Around A Lime Factory In The Bartin City In

Western Black Sea Region H.B. Özel, H. Ucun Özel

189 An Investigation Of Lead Metal Pollution Along The Tem Motorway Agricultural Soils İn

Tekirdağ

S. Adiloğlu, M.T. Sağlam

190

Used The DPSIR Framework And Structural Equation Models To Applied To Environmental Risk Communication - As Emerging Contaminants In Wuxi River

Yu-Ting Su, Wei-Yea Chen , Wei-Lun Lin, Yu-An Yu

191 Some Inorganic Species In Groundwater Of Health Concern – A Global Overview

G. Jacks, P. Bhattacharya, M. Hossain

192 Lead Content In Local Paints In Pakistan

A.K. Durrani, M. Rehan Khan, M. Ahmad

193 Environmental Modeling Approaches For Exposure And Risk Assessment Of Prioritize

Chemicals In Industries

G. Bakan, S. Laçin

194 Multicriteria Analysis For Flood Vulnerable Areas In Southeastern Slovakia

M. Zeleňáková, P. Blišťan, P. Purcz

195

Implementation Of Watershed Sustainability Index On Turkey: Meriç-Ergene Specimen

C. Gök, S. L. Sanin

196 Enviromental Impacts Of Medical Drugs And Cosmetics Waste

Ç.F. Karafakı, L. Karafakı

197 Land Use Change In Izmit Bay Catchment

G. Önkal Engin, M. Çelen

198 Unplanned Urbanization Be Evaluation in Terms Of Landscape Architecture

(ICOCEE), Cappadocia 2015

G. Sandal Erzurumlu 199

Life Cycle Assessment Of Fossil Fuel-Fired Thermal Power Plant

E.Ü. Deveci, Ç.Ş. Sağlam, Ü.K. Çakir, K. Bayraktar

200 From Environmental Audit Of Land To Baseline Report: Polish Implementation Of The EU

Directive On Industrial Emissions In The Context Of Soil Protection

A. Kulig

201 Development Of Novel Cements With Optimized Carbon Capture Capabilities

C. Unluer

202 Different Climate Conditions Effect On Thermal Conductivity Coefficient And Indoor

Environment

D. Yilmaz, H. Bezci Zeren, C. Yilmaz, T. İnce

203 Some Physical And Chemical Properties Of The Building Structure Stones Used In Arapgir,

Malatya

S. Aksungur, T. Koca, A.T. Özgüler

204 Investigate Some Physical Properties Of The Structure Stones Located In Çemişgezek And

Analysis Of The Use As Building Element

A.T. Özgüler, T.Koca, S. Aksungur

205 Development Of Lightweight Cement Composites With Low Thermal Conductivity For

Energy Efficient Buildings

Min-Hong Zhang, Yunpeng Wu

206 A Study On Anisotropy Of Composites And Nanomaterials Used In Construction Industry

Ç. Dinçkal

207 Experimental Study On Stabilization Of Sand Soil By Cement And Marble Dust

A. Pekrioğlu Balkıs

208 The Moisture Damage Characteristic Of Polymer And Wax Modified Asphalt Mixtures

M. Bayazit, Y.Taşdemir, E. Kolay, G.Küçük

209 Mgo-Cement Based Matrix Composites Reinforced With Hemp Hurds

N. Stevulova, J. Cigasova, I. Schwarzova, J. Junak

210 Multi-Objective Decision Model Of Supplies Performed By Means Of Distribution Center

For Small And Medium Construction Enterprises

M.Tomczak, R. Bucoń

211 Thermal Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials In A Building For Better Energy

Efficiency In Summer Period

F. Boudali Errebai, S. Chikh, L. Derradji, M. Amara 212

Use Of Phase Change Materials In The Walls To Improve Thermal Comfort

L. Derradjı, A. Hamıd, M. Amara, F. Boudalı Errebaı, Y. Maoudj 213

Investigation Of Infill Wall Effect For The Seismic Performance Of RC Structures

S. Mert, Ö. Boztaş, G. Arslan 214

Contribution To The Amelioration Of Mechanical Behavior Of Mortar Based On Limestone Mineral Admixture Substitution At Curing Temperature

I. Aguida Bella, A. Asroun, N. Bella

215 Correlation Analysis As A Method For Concrete Deterioration Investigation

V. Ondrejka Harbulakova, A. Estokova, P. Purcz, A. Luptakova

216 The Effect Of Zeolite Additive As A Durability Improver Of Building Materials

A. Estokova, M. Kovalcikova, A. Sicakova

217 The Water Absorption By Capillarity In Structural Lightweight Concrete

J. Alexandre Bogas, M. Glória Gomes, S. Real

218 Chloride Migration Resistance Of Structural Lightweight Concrete

J. Alexandre Bogas, Sofia Real, M. Glória Gomes

219 Effect Of Sand Gradatıon On The Engıneerıng Propertıes Of Sand-Cement Mıxtures

(A Comparative Study)

S. H. Al-Hadama, A. Al Shenawy, T. Y. Elkady

220 Improvements In Folding And Tessellation As Plate Structures

M.M. Balkıs

221 Investigation Of Relation Of Between Compressive Strength And Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

In The Foam Concrete With Different Density

M. Davraz, Ş.Kılınçarslan

222 Investigation Of Salt Effect On Stability Of Warm Mix Asphalt

H. Köse, M. Bayazit, Y. Taşdemir

223 The Effects Of Different Plasticizers On The Behavior Of Mortars

E. Arıöz, Ö. Ariöz, Ö.M. Koçkar

224 An Investigation On Suitability Of Dredge Materials On Road Construction

G. Cevikbilen, B. Teymur, U. Karadogan, H. M. Basar, S. Dağlı, L. Tolun

225 Turkey’s Public-Private Partnership Model In The Health, Energy, And Educational

Sectors: An Overview And Critique Of The Issues With Recommendations For Improvement

G. Tunc, E. Ozsarac

226 Investigating The Relationships Between The Main Contractors And Subcontractors In

Turkey

G.Polat, E. Eray, E.M. Goktepe

227 The Barriers To Adoption Of Electronic Document Management Systems On Turkish

Construction Industry

S. Aydınlı, M. E. Öcal, E. Laptali Oral

228 Predicting Construction Project Duration For Bid Packages: A Case Study Of Pakistan

S.H. Khahro, T.H. Ali, M.A.A. Talpur

229 Supplier Selection In The Construction Industry: Evidence From Turkish Contractors

G.Polat, E. Eray

230 Multi-Criteria Decision Model For Supporting Residential Building Maintenance

R. Bucoń, M. Tomczak

231 Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Model For Measuring Performance Of Subcontractors

B.N. Bingol, G. Polat

232 5S Systematic Practice Steps On A Corporate Business

G. Gürsoy, A.E. Keleş

233 A Conceptual Perspective Via Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithms For Resource

Leveling Problem In Project Networks

Ş. Ebesek, H. Yaman

234 Application Of An Engineering Method For Preservation Of Cultural Heritage: Fuzzy Logic

M. Ulukan

235 The Structural Analysis And Design Of Buildings With Shear Wall And Rigid Basements

G. Tunc, Z. Khayyat

236 The Outsourced Design Coordination In Brazilian Civil Construction

P.S. Okamoto, S.B. Melhado

237 Impact Of Physical Treatment Of Hemp Hurds On The Biocomposites Properties

N. Stevulova, I. Schwarzova, E. Terpakova, J. Junak

238 Seismic Response Of Cylindrical Liquid Storage Tanks According To The Characteristics

Of Structure

D. Bae, C.K. Oh, J.H. Park

239 Construction Stage Analysis Of Prefabricated Structure

F. Sunca, M. Akköse

240 A Study On Concrete-FRP-Steel Composite Honeycomb Structure For Bridge Deck

M. Suh, D.H. Ha, J.F. Choo

241 Seismic Isolation Of Reinforced Concrete Structures «Nonlinear Dynamic Method»

N. Adjou, N. Haddadou

242 An Analysis Of The Influence Of Wall Stiffeners On The Fundamental Periods Of Steel Liquid

Storage Tanks

M. Hadj Brahim, M. Djermane

243 Determination Of The Importance Of Materials In Structural Cost Via Architectural Project

Examples

Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer, E. İlhan, D. Kırmızıgül, A. Akmeşe, E. Davutoğlu, A. Keskin, A. Can Koç, R. Gurbangeldiyev

244 A Sample Study Area For The Costs Of Arrangements Intended For Disabled People Erciyes

University

Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer, İ. Kuşkaya, Ç. İşbilir

245

The Study Of Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tunnel Design Construction System Based On Mass Construction Approach

A. Arefian, Z. Mohammadkhani, O. Moarrefianfard 246

Shape Optimization Of Sheeting Cross Section For Roof Subjected To Different Loading Combination

A. Janushevskis, A. Melnikovs

247

Design Of Roofing By Using: Tensile Structures

A.T. Al-Shareef, T. Ekmekyapar, D. Bakbak 248

Towards An Sustainable Architecture By Use Of Ancestral Knowledge  

O. Kadouri

249 Response Spectral Analysis Of Orthotropic Steel Deck As Per Turkish Local Design Spectrums

A. Fettahoglu, S. Bekiroglu, İ. E. Bal

250 A Case Study Of Green Building Design

E. Geçer, H. Büyükgüngör

251 Variation Of Poisson Ratio Depending On Different Tensile And Pressure Creep Moduli In

IDT Test

A. Fettahoglu

252 Producibility Of Cement-Based Lightweight Construction Material From Coal Bottom Ash

Of The Bor Sugar Factory (Turkey)

N. Doğan-Sağlamtimur, A. Bilgil, H. Akbulut, M. Dursun, S. Yıldırım

253 Stability Analysis For A Deep Landslide In Istanbul: A Case Study

S. A. Berilgen, G. Allamyradov

254 Optimum Design Of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Using Artificial Bee Colony

Algorithm

U. Dağdeviren, B. Kaymak

255 Real-Time Monitoring Of Pavement Structures For Geo-Environmental Purposes

B. Hatipoglu, C.H. Benson, T.B. Edil

256 Comparative Life Cycle Assessment Of Ground Improvement Techniques

M. Kucukvar, N. C. Onat, O.Tatari, A. Elgamal, K. Mackie

257 Influence Of Separation Gap On The Structural Response Of Colliding Structures Under

Earthquake Excitation

B. Sołtysik, R. Jankowski

258 Determining The Behavior Of Gravity Retaining Walls Under Dynamic Loads Constructed

In Saturated Clay

O. Yavan, M. İnanç Onur, A. Tuncan

259 Vertical Stress Isobars For Rectangular Foundations Under Different Loading Conditions

U. Dağdeviren, M.A.Salman

260 Effect The Lowering Ground Water Table On Behavior Of Piled Raft Under Vertical Load

On Dense Sandy Soil

A.O. Alshenawy, T.O. Al-Refeai, N.M. Al-Sanabani

261 Comparison Of Damage Criteria For Structures To Near-Field Blast-Induced Ground

Motion Damage Estimated By The Different Countries

D.M. Özcan, A. Bayraktar, A.C. Altunışık

262 Determination Of Horizontal Bulk Material Pressures In Rigid Cylindrical Slender Silos

Under Seismic Excitation Using FEM And EN1998-4

A. Durmuş, R. Livaoğlu

263 The Effects Of Local Soil Conditions On Structural Behaviour In Adapazarı

Z. Kaya, E. Uncuoğlu, A. Erol, A. Erken, H.B. Kara, Ş. Yaltır

264 Evaluation Of Seismic Performance Of Prefabricated Structures Using Push-Over Analysis

F. Sunca, M. Akköse, A. Türkay

265 Improving Seismic Behavior Of Vierendeel And X-Diagonal Stmfs By Their Configuration

Optimization

A. Badakhshan, F.A. Koloo

266 Experimental Behavior Of The 1/3 Scaled Composite Shear Wall Having L Shape Steel

Made-Up Sections As Longitudinal Reinforcement In Boundary Regions

S.B. Yüksel, A. Ünal

267 Experimental Behavior Of The 1/3 Scale Reinforced Shear Wall With Intensive Boundary

Reinforcement

A. Ünal, S.B. Yüksel

268 Investigation Of Bracing Performance On High Rise Circular Steel Buildings Under

Dynamic Loads

T. Ekmekyapar, M. Rashid

269

Dynamic Analysis Of A Cantilever Retaining Wall Including Soil-Structure Interaction

T. Cakir

270 Experimental And Analytical Investigation Of Modal Parameters Of A Historical Masonry

Arch Bridge

E. Alpaslan, K. Hacıefendioğlu, O. Köksal

271 Finite Element Based Investigation Of Backfill Effects On Seismic Behavior Of A Cantilever

Wall

T. Cakir

272 Evaluation Of Geotechnical Properties Of Soils With Geographic Information System (GIS):

A Case Study In Gürsu, Turkey

E. Seyrek, S. Topçu, A. Orhan

273 Performance Of A Conceptual Hydrological Model In Hydropower Generation For A

Mountainous Tropical Catchment In Costa Rica

M. Mendez

274 Uncertainty Analysis Of Open Channel Flow: Stochastic Approach To Advection–Diffusion

Equation H. Khorshidi, N. Talebbeydokhti, G. Rakhshandehroo

275 Frequency Analysis Of Low And High Flows In Climate Change

Y.S. Güçlü

276

Experimental And Numerical Investigation Of Flow Around A Pipeline With Spoiler A.A. Öner

277 Comparison Of Performance Of Labyrinth And Piano Key Weirs In Increasing The

Spillway Capacity Of Dams

D. Karaeren, Z. Bozkuş

278 Improving Design Storm Estimation By DAD Curves In Watershed Considering Non-

Uniform Rainfall. Case Study: Khersan Basin

M. Fazaee, A. Sourinejad, B. Jamshidieini 279

A New Area Based Parameter Estimation Methodology For Leaky Aquifer System

A.U. Şahin

280 Numerical Simulation Of Wave-Structure Interaction Using A Ghost-Cell Immersed

Boundary Method

E. Demirel 281

Assessment Of Diyarbakır Basalt Aquifer Hydrogeological Analyzed And Obtains Thematic Maps With GIS Geostatistical Analyst Tool.

R. Çelik

282 The Effect Of Some Aquifer Characteristics On Permeable Reactive Barriers Efficiency For

Groundwater Remediation

S. Atashin, A. Abrishamchi, M. Vossoughi

283 Potential Of Image Processing Methods Based On Intensity Values Captured By TLS For

Surface Condition Assessment

J. Zaczek-Peplinska, K. Osińska-Skotak, D. Wujanz, M.E. Kowalska 284

Selection Of Reference Fields For Statistical Analysis Of Point Clouds (TLS) In A Process Of Technical Condition Assessment Of Concrete Water Dam

J. Zaczek-Peplinska, M. E. Kowalska, E. Nowak

285 Flow Measurement Using One Point Method For The Rectangular And Triangular Free

Overfalls

E. Abrari, M. Ergil, M.K. Beirami

286 Assessing The Sensitivity Of SWMM Model To Variations In Hydrological And Land Use

Parameters

Z. Akdoğan, B. Güven, I. Balcıoğlu

287 Determination Of System Deficiencies With WDS Models

A. Uslu, G. Bakan

288

The İmpact Of The Soil Data Quality On The Effectivness Of Hydrological Modelling. Case Study: Upper Raba Catchment (Poland)

E. Wojtas, M. Sawczak, T. Bergier, W. Drzewiecki

289 Remote Sensing Based Impermeability Coefficient Estimation And Its Influence On

Hydrological Modelling Efficiency

E. Wojtas, T. Bergier, W. Drzewiecki, M. Sawczak

290 The Importance Of Land Use Changes And Data Quality For Hydrological Modelling

E. Wojtas, M. Sawczak, T. Bergier, W. Drzewiecki, M. Pierzchalski, P. Wężyk

291 Comparative Study For Discharge Coefficient Prediction Of Compound Broad Crested Weir

By Two Soft-Computing Techniques

G. Yıldırım

292 State-Of-The-Art Review On Explicit Approximations To The Implicit Colebrook-White

Friction Factor Equation

G. Yıldırım

293 Innovative Test Set Up On Shake Table To Assess Out-Of-Plane Behavior Of Infill Masonry

Walls

O. Onat, P.B. Lourenço, A. Koçak

294 Fabrication And Critical Decomposition Of High Resistance Interlocking Flooring With

Magnetically Treated Water From Iron-Boron-Neodymium Magnets

P.H.S. Queiroz, F.H.S. Sales, A. Lopes

295 Experimental Bearing And Abrasion Analysis Of Concrete Specimen Produced By Waste

Marble Dust And Waste Marble Particle

S. Cemalgil, O. Onat

296 Experimental And Numerical Analysis Of Flow Around Circular Pier

O. Şimşek, M.S. Aköz, N.G. Soydan, V. Gümüş

297 Structural Behavior Of RC And PSC Concrete Members With High Strength Shear

Reinforcement

B. Jun, S.J. Hong, J. Lee, J.-M. Kim, H.S. Lim, J.Y. Lee

298 Effects Of Soil Foundation Structure Interaction On Performance Based Seismic Design: A

Case Study

A. Abdelhamid, B. Tiliouine

299 A Simple Structural Evaluation Technique For Building Components

N. Djermane, N. Lahbari

300 Effect Of Curing Conditions On Fiber Concrete Roads

C. Karakurt. Y. Bayazıt, K. Kahveci

301 Effect Of Supplementary Cementing Materials On Fresh Properties And Stability Of Self-

Consolidating Rubberized Concrete

M.K. Ismail, A.A.A. Hassan

302 Mechanical Properties Of Self-Consolidating Rubberized Concrete With Different

Supplementary Cementing Materials

M.K. Ismail, M.T. De Grazia, A.A.A. Hassan 303

Seismic Fragility Of Weir Structures Due To Sliding Effect

W.Y. Jung, K.Y. Kim, B.S. Ju

304 Comparison Of Static Pushover And Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses Of Reinforced Concrete

Buildings

B. Yön, M.E. Öncü, Y. Calayır

305 A Parametric Study On The Response Of Cooling Towers Experiencing Various

Circumferential Distribution Of Wind Loading

A.İ. Karakaş, K. Ozgan, A.T. Daloğlu

306 Seismic Behavior Dependence On The Geometrical Characteristics Of Cooling Towers

A.İ. Karakaş, K. Ozgan, A.T. Daloğlu

307 Strength Performance Of Pervious Concrete Subjected To Acid Rain

C.R. Orozco, M.D.M. Ibanez, P.J.F. Robles

308 Utilization Through Immobilization Of Dredged Sediment Using Alkali-Activated Slag

Jae-Ho Shim, Joo-Yang Park

309 The Importance Of The Validation Of Numerical Models With The Experimental Modal

Analysis

F. Aras

310 Assessing The Seismic Performance Of Reinforcement Coupler Systems In Turkey

K. Taskin, K.Peker

311 Design Factors And Finite Element Modeling Of Cubic Type Voids In RC Slabs

K. Taskin, K.Peker

312 The Influence Of Fibers And Mineral Additives On Self Compacting Concrete

H. Naima, C. Rabah, A. Naima, B. Malik

313 Direction Effects Of Travelling Waves On Nonlinear Seismic Response Of Arch Dams

M. Akköse

314 Effects Of Mıx And Water/Cement Ratıo On Compressıve Strength And Modulus Of Elastıcıty

Of Laterızed Concrete

O.O. Deborah, A.A Akinpelu

315 Deterministic And Probabilistic Analysis Of The Fire Resistance Of The Technology

Support Structures In NPP

J. Králik, J. Králik, Jr.

316 Risk Assessment Of NPP Safety In Slovakia

J.Králik

317 Predicting The Performance Of Roadheaders From The Needle Penetration Resistance

S. Kahraman, A. S. Aloğlu

318 Analytical Evaluation Of Thermal Expansion Of Steel Construction İn Buildings Using Debye

Model

A.Yamçicier 319

Removal Of Zinc Via Chlorination Roasting From Steelmaking Byproduct

I. Jaafar, A. Griffths 320

Stabilization Of Clayey Soil By Waste Steel Pieces

Z. Karabash, A.F. Çabalar 321

Development Of Fragility Curves For Self-Supporting Trussed Towers In The Philippines Considering Severe Wind Loads

D.H.M. Aquino, J.Y. Hernandez, Jr., E.A.D. Robles

322 The Empirical Correlation Using Linear Regression Of Settlement Ratio Under

Embankment Load For Surabaya Compressible Soil

Putu Tantri KS, Yudhi Lastiasih

323 Influence Of Blast-İnduced Ground Motion On Dynamic Response Of Masonry Minaret Of

Yörgüç Paşa Mosque

K. Hacıefendioğlu, O. Köksal

324 Structural Performance Of Sheikh Suleiman Masjid And Its Strengthening

T. Tetik, Z. Celep

325 Effect Of Stress Increase On The Geotechnical Properties Of Sand

A. K. Hindu

326 Measurement Of Small Strains In Steel Samples Using Digital Imaging Technigues

Ş.Sözen, M.Güler

327 Investigation Of Design Criteria For The Type Of Gabion Walls

E. Uray, Ö. Tan

328 The Importance Of Tie-Rods In Masonry Arches

S. Tugrulelci, M. Kayabasi, F.K. Firat

329 Design Parameters And Special Features Of Next Generation Wind Energy Structures

E. Efthymiou

330 On The Buckling Analysis Of Steel Tubular Wind Turbine Towers With Vertical And

Horizontal Stiffeners

N. Stavridou, E. Efthymiou, C.C. Baniotopoulos

331 Compressive Strength Of Steel And Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Coal Ash Concrete

A. Akyıldız

332 Investigation Of Mode I Fracture Toughness And Fracture Process Zone Of Rock-Like Material With Continued Thermo-Induced Damage Under Semi-Circular Bend Using

Acoustic Emission Technique

H.W. Liu, L.H. Chen, Y.C. Chen, Y.C. Chang

333 Equilibrium Scour Depth Calculation With Artificial Neural Networks (Ann)

M.Ö.Yeleğen, A. Uyumaz

334 Reduction Of The Settlment Of A Collapsible Soil By The Addition Of Lime, Use Of The Double

Consolidation Methode.

N. Bakir, K. Abbeche, A. Lahmadi

335 Production Of Pumice-Based Geo-Polymer Concrete

A. Bilgil, E.Yeşilyurt, M.V. Gökçe

336 Mechanical, Dynamic And Durability Analysis Of Structural Concrete Reinforced With

Nano-Silica Particles

S.Erdem, E. Gürbüz

337 Buckling Restrained Braces With Different Casing Systems

R. Ozcelik, Y. Dikiciaşık

338 Nano-Scale Investigation Of Passive Layer For Corroding Steel Bars In Concrete Under

Severe Environmental Conditions

R.R. Hussain, A.M. Alhozaimy, A.I. Al-Negheimish, R.Z. Al-Zaid

339 Free Vibration Analysis Of Axially Accelerating Timoshenko Beams Using Differential

Transform Method

B. Bozyigit, Y. Yesilce

340 The Behavior Of Beam To Column Connections Which Contain Shape Memory Alloys In

Moment Steel Frame

S. Jamalpour, A. Akbarpour

341 Numerical Simulation Of Dynamic Load On Pavements

J. Melcer

342 Effect Of Aggregate Maximum Size On Properties Of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

G.İ. Sezer, Ş. Yazıcı

343 Unconfined Compressive Strength, Chloride-Ion Penetration And Freezing-Thawing Resistance

Of Cement Stabilized Clay

İ. Kalıpcılar, A. Mardani-Aghabaglou, A. Sezer, G.İ. Sezer, S. Altun

344 Mechanical Properties Of Heavy And Normal Weight Concretes Produced With Barite And

Limestone

H. Bozkurt, C. Karakurt, C. Kandemir

345 Investigating The Effect Of Joint Behaviour On The Optimum Design Of Semi-Rigid Steel

Frames

S. Şeker, E. Doğan, M.P. Saka, C. Kozanoğlu 346

The Effects Of Viscous Bulk Compressibility For Cantilevered Cylindrical Helices

M. Ermiş, H. Argeso, N. Eratlı, M.H. Omurtag

347 Influence Of Steel Fibers On The Shear Strength Of RC Beams Without Stirrups

M.İ. Birincioğlu, S. Ulusoy, G. Arslan

348 Study On Flow And Compressive Strength Properties Of Mortars Using Waste Slag

O. Karahan, C.D. Atiş, S. İlkentapar, Z.A. Özcan

349 CFRP Strengthening Of Solid Wood Under Bending Loads

A.W.E. Shahreen, J.M. Zamin, A.K.M.K. Alam

350 Dynamic Characterization Of Timber Beams Strengthened With CFRP Plate

A.W.E. Shahreen, J.M. Zamin

351 Use Of Fly Ash In The Design Of Controlled Low-Strength Material Mixture

Ma. D.E. Candelarıa, K.M.David S. Maurıllo, N.B. Dıola

352 Utilization Of Geopolymers In Self-Consolidating Concrete

K. Mermerdaş, S.M. Oleiwi

353 Strength And Durability Characteristics Of Soil Stabilized With Local Philippine Cements

For Slope Protection Applications

J.A.S. Victor, L.B. Martinez

354 The Use Of Fly Ash In Self Compacting Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pavements

Ş. Bilgiç, M. Canbaz, S. Mutyilmaz

355 A Delamination Modeling Based On Fracture And Contact Theories For Multilayered

Composite Plate

E. Kormaníková, K. Kotrasová

356 A Comparison Of The Effect Of Pre-Stressed Strand Diameters, Providing Beam-To-Column

Connection

M. Kaya 357

The Investigation Of Concrete Quality In Aksaray Region

C. Tanrıverdi, D. Koç, İ. Kayabaşı, İ. Çıtak

358 Applicability And Limitations Of 4th Power Law In Design Of Low Volume Roads Against

Rutting

V.E. Uz, M. Saltan, İ. Gökalp

359 Computerized Decision Tree For Anti-Icing/Pretreatment Applications As A Result Of

Laboratory And Field Testings

N. İkiz, E. Galip

360 The Aspects Of The Urban Transformation Process In Turkey

C. Avci Karatas

361 Alternative Signalized Intersection Design To Enhance Left Turn Efficiency

E. Radwan, H. Abou-Senna, S. Tabares

362 Effect Of Waiting Time, Flow And Speed On U-Turn Critical Gaps At Median Openings

Under Mixed Traffic

Suprabeet Datta, P.K. Bhuyan

363 Sustainable Landscape Maintanance For Highway Planning

H. Bozkurt, E.T. Bozkurt

364 The Effect Of Lane Discipline To Intersection Capacity: A Sample Study Of Isparta

E. Eriskin, B. Capali, S. Sargin Karahancer, S. Gokova, M.C. Bayrak, S. Terzi, M. Saltan

365 Examining The Effect Of Sustainable Traffic Control Of The Safety Belt And Helmet Use: A

Sample Study In Isparta

B. Capali, E. Eriskin, S. Sargin Karahancer, S. Gokova, M.C. Bayrak, S. Terzi, M. Saltan

366 Development Of Regression Based Trip Generation Models For Intercity Bus Journeys In

Turkey

Y. Vitosoglu

367 Why Are Trees Still Such A Major Hazard To Drivers In Poland?

M. Budzynski, K. Jamroz, L. Jelinski, M. Antoniuk

368 Road Safety Inspection As A Tool For Road Safety Management – The Polish Experience

M. Budzynski, M. Kiec

369 Polish District Heating Systems – Development Perspectives

K. Wojdyga

370 Establishment Of The Recycling Plants For Fresh Concrete Wastes: A Cost Management

Perspective

A. Kazaz, S. Ulubeyli, B. Er, V. Arslan, M. Atici , A. Arslan

371 Educational Experiments Performed On A Model Structure Made Up Of Balsa Wood.

A.Elif Özsoy, H.Özkaynak, M. Çağlar, M.Şenturk

372 The Structure Of Academic Surveying Programs In Nigeria As An Educational Pathway To

Land Surveyor Registration

A.A Akinpelu, A.O. Abisuga

373 Examination And Comparison Of Level For Radon Awareness At High School Institutions: A

Sample Of Nevşehir

D. Sarıtaş, M. Polat

374 An Investigation Into The Environmental Sensitivity In Sarayönü

M.K. Öden, S. Küçükçongar, Z. Gök

375 Education In The Field Of Sustainability Assessment Of Buildings

S. Vilcekova, E. Kridlova Burdova

376 Green Cıvılızatıon Strategy (Jakarta Coastal Management Of The Concept Based Mangrove

Forest Green Environment In The Future)

Hadiana, Akrom Muflih 377

Modeling Of Drying Kinetics Of Potatoes And Fresh Carrot In South Algeria.

S. Manaa, N. Moummi, D. Karlo 378

Effects Of Lining Concrete Cooling Towers On The Growth Of Legionella Pneumophila

K.R. Jaroor, M.A. Maraqa, K.A. El-Tarabily

379 Experimental Study Of Natural Sorbent For Oil Spill

J.A. Al-Najar, A.A. Alwassiti, Ş. Saçmacı

380 The Impact Of Different Growth Media On The Algae Development: An Association With

Atmospheric Dust

A. Rashidi, A. Akbulut, A.C.Saydam 381

An Opportunity For The Sustainable Ecological Renewal: European Green Capitals

N.S. Özcan 382

Compaction Mitigation Potential Of Biotillage And Subsurface Tillage In Dairy Pasture Soils

J.H. Görres, Rachel Gilker, J.J. Colby, K. Bellitürk

383 Environmental Contamination And Residential Exposure Of Mercury In Artisanal Gold

Mining Area In Benguet, Philippines

Ma. B.L.D. Diola, A.C. Resurreccion

384 Mathematical Modeling Of The Drying Kinetics In Thin Layers Of The Local Potato Of

Adrar S. Manaa, A. Beatrız, D. Karlo, N. Moummi

385 Detoxification Of Aflatoxin B1 In Various Foods By Nocardia Corynebacteriodes Nrrl B-184

B. Zorlugenç, İ.B. Evliya

386 Cypermethrin Induced Changes In Oxidative Stress Biomarkers In Paramecium Tetraurelia

And Elevation Effect Of Some Antioxidant

A. Rima, D.M. Reda, M. Ouissem, A. Zoubir, A. Amel, O. Hadjer, B. Marwa, Z. Ibtissem, A. Amira, B. Sana, B. Houria

387

Evaluation Of Two Ornamental Plants For Phytoremediation Of Cd-Contamined Soil

S. Çay, A. Uyanık

388 Chickpea Ascochyta Blight Disease Severity İn The Bosphorus Region Of Turkey

S.Bulgak, F.N. Kafadar, K. Sarpkaya, C. Can, S.Güneş

389 Elevated Salinity Effects On White Clover (Trifolium Repens L.) Growth

A. Karlsons, G. Cekstere

390 Application Of Artificial Neural Networks For Growth Forecasting Of Crayfish (Astacus

Leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823)

S. Benzer, R. Benzer, Ç. Karasu Benli

391 Comparison Between Traditional Methods And Artificial Neural Networks For Growth

Forecasting In Crayfish (Astacus Leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823)

S. Benzer, R. Benzer, Ç. Karasu Benli

392 Effects Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles On Hemocytes Of Galleria Mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera:

Pyralidae)

Z.U. Nurullahoğlu, A. Eskin, S. Kaya

393

Effects Of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles On Hemocytes Of Galleria Mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

T. Zorlu, Z.U. Nurullahoğlu, S. Kaya

394 Investigation Of Heavy Metals In Soil Transport Mechanism

M. Bilgin, Ş. Tulun

395 Separation And Purification Of Lipase Using Cu Nanoparticle Embedded Poly (HEMA-

Matrp) Cryogels

K. Erol, K. Köse, D.A. Köse, G. Alp Avcı, L. Uzun

396 Fe(II)-Co(II) Double Salt Incorporated Magnetic Hydrophobic

Microparticles For Invertase Adsorption

K. Köse, K. Erol, A.A. Emniyet, D.A. Köse, G. Alp Avcı, L. Uzun

397 The Determination Of Oxidative Stress Level Of Nano And Non-Nano Boron İn Chodatodesmus

Mucranulatus

B. Yilmaz Öztürk, Y. Özkan, B. Aşikkutlu, C. Akköz

398 Effect Of Agtio2 Nanoparticles On Chlorophyll-A, B And Carotenoids Of Desmedesmus

Multivariabilis

Y. Özkan, B. Yilmaz Öztürk, C. Akköz, B. Aşikkutlu 399

The Comparative Effects Acute Toxicity Of Nano And Non-Nano Boron Particles İn Artemia Salina (Brine Shrimp)

Y. Özkan, G. Kilinç

400 Determining The Effect Of The Bioaccumulations And Oxidative Stres Of Chodatodesmus

Mucranulatus Exposed To Zno-Tio2 Nanoparticles

Y. Özkan, B. Yilmaz Öztürk 401

The Comparative Determination Of Oxidative Stress Level Of Nano And Non-Nano Boron İn Desmodesmus Multivariabilis

Y. Özkan, B. Yilmaz Öztürk

402 Investigation Of The Effect On The Pigment Density Of Zno-Tio2 Nanoparticles On

Chodatodesmus Mucranulatus

B. Yilmaz Öztürk, Y. Özkan, B. Aşikkutlu 403

The Effects Of Levels Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) And Bioaccumulations Desmodesmus Multivariabilis Exposed To AgTiO2 Nanoparticles

B. Yilmaz Öztürk, Y. Özkan

404 A Study On Electrochemical Investigation Of Histamine In Bee Venom

A. Kekillioğlu, M. Çalışkan

405 Polen Analysis Of Regional Propolis Of Turkey

A. Kekillioğlu, Z. Koçal

406 Ecological Succession Of Arthropoda (Insecta) In Forensic Entomology

A. Kekillioğlu 407

The Importance Of Planting Open - Green Field: The Case Of Nigde

G. Sandal Erzurumlu, B. Kahveci

408 The Mixture Toxicity Of Synergistic Compounds Combined With Pesticides In Tuta

Absoluta

M. Yalcin, C. Turgut, P.B. Kurt-Karakus

409 The Acute Toxicity Of Mercury (II) Chloride Upon Pseudorasbora Parva

(Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)

M. Yılmaz, A.Gül, N. Uzel, S. Kubilay, Ö. Saylar, S. Benzer 410

The Acute Toxicity Of Fenitrothion Upon Pseudorasbora Parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)

A. Gül, M. Yılmaz, S. Kubilay, S. Benzer, Ö. Saylar

411 Effect Of Ph Level On Bacterial Induced Cementation Of Sands

A. Gurbuz, Y. Dursun Sarı, Z.N. Yuksekdag

412 Determination Of Pesticide Residual Levels Of Grapes Produced In Nevsehir

E. Kalıpcı, S. Şahinkaya, K. Şen

413 Physiological And Cytogenetic Effects Of Insecticide Korban 25 W On Allium Cepa L.

N. Gömürgen, G. Baysal Furtana, R. Tıpırdamaz

414 Paleoenvironment Setting And Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblage Of Çamardı (Niğde)

Eocene Sediments

F. Dinçer, N. Avşar

415 Phytoremediation Of Cadmium (Cd) From Agricultural Soils Using Dock (Rumex Patientia L.)

S. Adiloğlu, A. Adiloğlu F. Eryilmaz Açıkgöz T.Yeniaras, Y. Solmaz

416 Ammonia Removal From Chicken Manure

R.Ö. Surmeli, A. Bayrakdar, R. Molaey, B. Calli

417 Distribution Of Copepoda Species In The Southern Black Sea In 2006-2007

F. Üstün, L. Bat, Ş. Beşiktepe

418 Western Blot Analysis Used To Detect Van-Encoded D-Alanine-D-Lactate Ligase In Surface

Water Isolates M. Nakipoglu, F. Yilmaz, B. Icgen

419 The Effect Of Vitamin Supplement On Reproduction And Growth Of Guppy (Poecilia

Reticulata Peters, 1860)

D. Şahin, O. Aral

420 A Smart Solar Energy-Based Cooling System Design&Application For Sustainable Trout

Farming In Keban Dam Lake

G. Bayrak, M. Cebeci, A.A. Uslu, G. Karakaya, N. Örnekçi

421 Some Biochemical Blood Parameters In Mogan Lake Economic Fish Species

S. Benzer, Ö.Saylar, S. Düzel, G. Gül, M. Yılmaz, A. Gül

422 Capacity Building Key Issues On Integrated Coastal Zone Management For Turkey Black

Sea Coast

O. Gökkurt Baki, L. Bat

423 Water Quality Simulation Of Lakes Cernek And Balık At The Kızılırmak Delta Of The

Black Sea Region Of Turkey

K. Küçük, H. Cüce, G. Bakan 424

Monitoring The Thermal Stratification Of Lakes Using Simple And Current Single Point Temperature Measurement Equipment’s

S. Göncü

425 Effect Of Seasons On Fatty Acid Composition Of Carassius Carassius L. In Beysehir Lake,

Turkey

A.Aktumsek, G. Zengin, G.O. Guler, O.B. Citil, Y.S. Cakmak 426

Fatty Acid Composition Of Trout Species In Gezende Dam Lake

G. Zengin, A. Aktumsek, G.O. Guler, Y.S. Cakmak 427

The Negative Effects Of High Temperature And Low Moisture On Aftercrop Silage Maize

A. Beyhan Ucak, M.C. Bagdatli

428 Evaluation Of Agricultural Drought With GIS In Some Irrigation Areas: The Sample Of

Nevsehir Province In Turkey

M.C. Bagdatli, S. Savci, A.B. Ucak, O. Gokdogan 429

Trend Detection In Climatic Time Series Using Mann-Kendall

M. Zeleňáková, P. Purcz, H. Hlavatá 430

Drought Analysis In Konya Closed Basin

A. Bilgil, O. Arslan, E. Aras

431 An Investigation Of The Effect Of Climate On Global Solar Radiation Using The Satellite

Data For Nevşehir

S.E. Rusen

432 Do Cultural Differences Matter In Education On Environment?

D. Nedelcheva Bebenova-Nikolova

433 To Explore The Use Of Analysis Of Cognitive Hillside By Using SEM

– An Example Of Te-Chi Reservoir Watershed

Tzu-Yin Chen, Ho-Wen Chen , Wei-Lun Lin, Yao-Jhou Zeng 434

Use Of Unconventional Water With Sustainability Approach In Iran

J. Tabatabaei 435

Prospect Of Iran Natural Gas Export Projects

H. Omıdvar 436

Use Of The Wind Energy As A Renewable Energy İn Traditional Architecture Of Iran As Natural Ventilation

D. Rezaei, S. Rezaei 437

Advances Of Energy Tree Method In Calculation Of Gross Hydropower Potential

S. Alashan, Z.F. Toprak, Z. Şen

438 The Use Of Active Solar Energy Systems For Heating Greenhouse: Central Anatolia Case

Study

B.Kendirli, H.E.Polat, S.Avcı

439 Energy Effıcıncy Of A Residentıal Flate In Egypt

N.M. Guirguis

440 Prediction Of Basic Wind Speed For Oman

S.S.S. Al-Maawali

441 Biodiesel Feedstock Production From Mixed Culture Of Microalgae And Yeast Using

Fermented Rice Noodle Wastewater As Substrate

M. Puangbut, T. Papone, R. Leesing

442 Effect Of Trace Metal Supplementation In Anaerobic Digestion Of Chicken Manure

R. Molaey, A. Bayrakdar, R.Ö. Surmeli, B. Calli 443

New Chernobyl Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant

A.Altikat, S. Dogru, Y.A. Argun, T. Bayram

ICOCEE COMMITTEES

Honorable Chairs of ICOCEE

Prof. Dr. Filiz KILIC Rector of NevsehirHaciBektasVeliUniversity

Prof. Dr. Ali SURMEN Rector of BursaTechnicalUniversity

Chairs of ICOCEE

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serkan ŞAHİNKAYA Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University

Assist. Prof. Dr. Erkan KALIPCI Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University

Organizing Committee

Assist. Prof. Dr. Erkan KALIPCI Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serkan ŞAHİNKAYA Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University

Assist. Prof. Dr. Seval ARAS Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University

Assist. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin CUCE Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University

Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmet AYGÜN Bursa Technical University

Assoc. Prof. Dr. G. Özmen GÜLER Necmettin Erbakan University

Scientific Committee

Prof. Dr. Ali Fuat AYDIN Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Ayfer ERKEN Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Aynur KAZAZ Akdeniz University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Baolin DENG University of Missouri, USA

Prof. Dr. Bulent KESKINLER Gebze Institute of Technology, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Bulent TOPKAYA Akdeniz University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. F. Dilek SANIN Middle East Technical University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Fehiman CINER Nigde University, Turkey

Prof .Dr. Ferhan CECEN Bogazici University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Gülay ALTAY Bogazici University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Güleda ENGİN Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Gülfem BAKAN OndokuzMayıs University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Gülen GÜLLÜ Hacettepe University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Haydar OZTAS Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Hilmi ACAR Akdeniz University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Işık KABDAŞLI Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Iwona SKOCZKO BialystokUniversity of Technology, Poland

Prof. Dr. Jan Peter Van Der HOEK DelftUniversity of Technology, Holland

Prof. Dr Julia STEGEMANN London’s Global University, England

Prof. Dr. Kemal Önder ÇETİN Middle East Technical University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Kemalettin YILMAZ Sakarya University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Krzysztof WOJDYGA WarsawUniversity of Technology, Poland

Prof. Dr. Madalena ALVES University of Minho, Portugal

Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin AYDIN Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Mehmet Faik SEVİMLİ Selcuk University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Mete SÜMER Istanbul University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Mustafa ODABAŞI DokuzEylul University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Nadezda STEVULOVA Technical University of Kosice, SlovakRepublic

Prof. Dr. Neşe TÜFEKÇİ Istanbul University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Oral BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

Prof. Dr.PascaleCHAMPAGNE Queen's University, Canada

Prof. Dr. Rainer HELMIG University of Stuttgart, Germany

Prof. Dr. Rédey ÁKOS University of Pannonia, Hungary

Prof. Dr. Recep BONCUKÇUOĞLU Ataturk University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Robert DAMO University of Korça, Albania

Prof. Dr. Seval SÖZEN Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Shun-Cheng LEE Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China

Prof. Dr. Sureyya MERIC PAGANO Namık Kemal University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Tze Ling NG Hong KongUniversity of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.

Prof. Dr. Uwe STILLA Technical University of Munich, Germany

Prof. Dr. Yiannis G. MATSINOS University of the Aegean, Greece

Prof. Dr. Yücel TAŞDEMİR Uludag University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Yusuf CHISTI Massey University, New Zealand

Prof. Dr. Yuh-Shan HO Asia University, Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Zekai ŞEN Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Prof. Dr. Beatrice LE DESERT, University of Cergy-Pontoise, FRANCE.

Prof. Dr. Derin ORHON, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

Prof. Dr. Erdogan YUZER, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

Prof. Dr. F. Necati CATBAS, University of Central Florida, USA.

Prof. Dr. Mohamed ABDEL-ATY, University of Central Florida, USA.

Prof. Dr. Oral BUYUKOZTURK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.

Prof. Dr. Uwe STILLA, Technical University of Munich, GERMANY.

Prof. Dr. Zekai SEN, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

CONFERENCE INFORMATION

Conference Date

The ICOCEE – Cappadocia2015 conferencewill beheldbetween 20 – 23 May, 2015.

Conference Venue

The 5 star Dedeman Cappadocia Hotel & Convention Center in Nevşehir, Türkiye.

Conference Language

The official language of the conference is English.

Conference Web Site

Further information and updates about the conference can be found at http://www.icocee.org

CONFERENCE TOPICS

The ICOCEE - Cappadocia 2015 is an interdiciplinary scientific forum focusing on first Civil and

Environmental Engineering for the presentation of technological advances and scientific research

results in a wide spectrum. The ICOCEE - Cappadocia 2015 is soliciting state-of-the-art research

papers in the following areas of interest:

Air Pollution & Control

Noise Pollution & Control

Solid Waste Management

Water Technologies

Wastewater Technologies

Water Pollution

River Basin Management

Environmental Impact Analysis

Water Chemistry

Building Materials

Construction Management

Construction Technologies

Digital Methods

Geotechnical Engineering

Hydraulic Engineering

Structural Engineering

Structural Mechanics

Transportation Engineering

Engineering Economics

Engineering Law, Politics and Policy

Aquatic Livings

Ecology

Hydrobiology

Education on Environment

Engineering Education

Climate Change

Renewable Energy Sources

PRESENTATIONS

Oral Presentations

A slide projector and a computer will be available in the presentation rooms. Each presenter

will have 15 minutes for his/her presentation.

Poster Presentations

Poster should be prepared according to the poster template (80 cm widthand, 120 cm height).

The poster presenters are kindly requested to stand in front of the irown posters during the

poster sessions to answer arising questions. The posters should be hanged/withdrawn by the

presenters.

THE SOCIAL PROGRAMME

Welcome Lunch and Openning & Award Ceremony, 20 May 2015 from 11:00 to 13:30 The participants (delegates, students and listeners) warmly invited to join us for the Openning& Award

Ceremony that takes place in the main hall of the DedemanCapadocia Hotel and Convention Center,

after the conference registration. It will be an entertaining and eventful introduction to the meeting.

After the Opening Ceremony, the organization committee will give an award to the authors presenting

the best paper(s) and the invited speakers. After the award ceremony, the participants will go to the

lunch meeting.

Gala Dinner, Cappadocia Turkish Night Show, 22 May 2015 from 20:00 to 22:00. The gala dinner will take place in the Social Facilities of Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli

University. The participants (delegates, students and listeners) warmly invited to experience

Turkish culture, traditions and meals by the performers in a Turkish Night Show.

 

1

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Comparison of Exhaust Emissions of a DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Methyl Ester, Ethyl Ester,

Petro-diesel and Their Blends

H. Sanli*

1,3, M. Canakci

2,3, E. Alptekin

2,3, A. Turkcan

2,3, A. N. Ozsezen

2,3

1Golcuk Vocational School, Kocaeli University, 41650, Golcuk, Turkey.

(E-mail: hsanli1@hotmail.com)

2Department of Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Kocaeli University, 41380, Izmit, Turkey.

(E-mail: mustafacanakci@hotmail.com, ertanalp@mynet.com, aliturkcan@hotmail.com,

nozsezen@hotmail.com)

3Alternative Fuels R&D Center, Kocaeli University, 41275, Izmit, Turkey

ABSTRACT

Petroleum-based fuels are still the dominant energy sources for the road transportation sector. In 2035, the

amount of petroleum used in road transport is predicted to be 60% of total consumption which was 57% in

2010. As an expected result of this high usage, road transport is one of the main reasons of air pollution,

contributing to global warming, acid rains and ozone formation, etc. Among the petroleum-based fuels, the

largest usage belongs to diesel fuel and it is estimated to increase. For example, in Turkey, between 2009

and 2013, the number of gasoline engine cars decreased 14.38% while the number of diesel engine cars

increased 124.6%. When considering the increasing petro-diesel usage, it can be said that environmentally

friendly alternative diesel fuel is very important. In the literature, it is well known that biodiesel has better

emission profiles than petro-diesel. However, when the related literature is viewed, it is seen that the

number of engine emission tests performed with ethyl ester fuel is too stricted when compared to methyl

ester. Therefore, in this study, methyl and ethyl ester fuels were produced from waste frying oil. Bioethanol

was used in transesterification reaction to get a complete bio-fuel which is ethyl ester. And then, to

compare the exhaust emissions of the ester fuels, petro-diesel and their blends (20% ester fuel – 80% petro-

diesel), a six-cylinder, turbo-charged, intercooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine was used. The engine

tests were carried out at constant load of 600 Nm and three engine speeds of 1100 rpm, 1400 rpm, and 1700

rpm. When compared to petro-diesel, ester fuels emitted less CO and THC emissions but they caused to more

NOx. CO2 emissions were very close to each other. In general, ethyl ester released relatively less emissions than

methyl ester.

Keywords: Air Pollution, Diesel Engine, Exhaust Emissions,

2

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

PCBs in Ambient Air in Istanbul and Izmir-Turkey

Kurt-Karakus PB1,*

, Gungormus E2, Okten E

3, Celik H

4, Ugranlı T

5, Sofuoglu A

6, Gedik K

7, Sofuoglu S

8,

Alegria H9, Jones KC

10

1 EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, Bursa Technical University, Turkey.

(E-mail: perihan.kurt@btu.edu.tr)

2,5,6,8EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, İzmir Institute of Technology, Turkey.

(E-mail: elifgungormus@iyte.edu.tr, tugbaugranli@iyte.edu.tr, cemilsofuoglu@iyte.edu.tr, aysunsofuoglu@iyte.edu.tr)

3EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, BahcesehirUniversity, Turkey.

(E-mail: eser.okten@bahcesehir.edu.tr)

4,7EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, Akdeniz University, Turkey.

(E-mail: celikhalil@akdeniz.edu.tr, kgedik@akdeniz.edu.tr)

9 Chemistry Department, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, FL, USA.

(E-mail: halegria@usfsp.edu)

10 LancasterAcademicCentre, LancasterUniversity, UK.

(E-mail: k.c.jones@lancaster.ac.uk)

ABSTRACT

Levels and sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Turkey should be determined regularly due to the

requirements of Stockholm Convention that has been signed by Turkey in 2001. Polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs) are classified as one of the restricted/banned groups of POPs. In this study, the concentration profiles of

PCBs were obtained for the ambient air of Istanbul and Izmir. These metropolitan provinces in Turkey are

populated with industrial facilities in and around, thus have potential sources areas for PCBs.Atmospheric PCBs

collected from two background sites between December 2013-March 2014 on a weekly basis by using high

volume samplers and were measured individually in gas and particle phase. Gas chromatography–mass

spectrometry was used to detect and quantify PCB congeners in the collected samples after the preparation

procedure (extraction, cleanup, concentration). Results showed that the measured PCB concentrations in Izmir

were higher in some cases compared to those in Istanbul. This study was a preliminary assessment study to

extend the research for a long term monitoring starting in May 2014.

Keywords: Istanbul, Izmir, PCBs, POPs

Acknowledgment: This study is being conducted in frame of a TUBITAK Research Fund (TUBITAK Project #

112Y315). The authors would like to thank to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

(TUBITAK) for the financial support.

3

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Prediction of Surface Ozone Concentration by a Semi-empirical Photochemical Model

Kh .Ashrafi1, M. Zamani*

1 and Gh. R Nabi-Bid hendi

1

1 Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

(E-mail:khashrafi@ut.ac.ir, m_zamani@ut.ac.ir, ghhendi@ut.ac.ir)

ABSTRACT

Modelling of photochemical smog and the prediction of tropospheric ozone require utilization of a proper

chemical procedure. One of these procedures is the Generic Reaction Set (GRS) photochemical mechanism,

which consists of seven condensed reactions and is based on principal reactions of photochemical smog

production. This method has been developed by the Division of Energy Technology of Commonwealth

Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) and uses the smog chamber data. Unlike common

methods for chemical processes which are complicated and time consuming, the GRS method is simple and

requires a much less calculation time. The main concern of present work is to predict the surface ozone using

box model in Tehran, in 2010. Photochemical production of ozone is simulated by GRS. For this purpose, 14

days of summer days which were polluted by ozone have been selected, 10 days for calibration and four days for

prediction. An average correlation factor of 0.848 between modelling results and observations as well as a

Relative Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.43 indicate a good precision and accuracy for the model. Also,

an Index of Agreement (IOA) greater than 0.7 for all days is another verification of proper performance for the

model.

Keywords: tropospheric ozone, GRS mechanism, semi-empirical, box modeling, smog.

4

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Air quality modelling in Barcelona from the analysis of climate, territorial and traffic variables

Daniel Jato-Espino*1, Elena Castillo-Lopez

2, Susanne M. Charlesworth

3 and Jorge Rodriguez-

Hernandez4

1, 4 GITECO Research Group, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain

(E-mail: jatod@unican.es; rodrighj@unican.es)

2 Department of Geographical Engineering and Graphic Expression Techniques, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain

(E-mail: castille@unican.es)

3Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, United Kingdom.

(E-mail: apx119@coventry.ac.uk)

ABSTRACT

Air has become a key factor when assessing human welfare over the years, since its cleanliness is vital to

ensure the health and development of any living being. However, its quality is being progressively

compromised by population growth and environmentally harmful human activities, such as industrialization or

increased energy use and transportation. Big and crowded cities like Barcelona are particularly conducive to

the generation of this kind of effects and are therefore more sensitive to undergo dangerous decreases in air

quality. For this reason, this paper aims to model the air quality in such city by building regression models that

enable estimating the relationship between two air pollutants (NO2 and PM10), whose point measurements are

interpolated throughout the area enclosed by Barcelona’s boundaries using GIS techniques, and a series of

explanatory variables related to the climate (wind and proximity to coast and mountains), territory

(greenspaces and building density) and traffic volume. The results provided by these models are intended to

bring an improvement in urban planning, since they allow the detection of areas requiring of priority actions to

control air pollution.

Keywords: Air quality; Geographic information system; Regression analysis; Urban planning.

Acknowledgments: This paper was possible thanks to the research project RHIVU (Ref. BIA2012-32463),

financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness with funds from the State General Budget

(PGE) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The authors also wish to express their gratitude

to the Barcelona City Council for providing the data necessary to develop this study.

5

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

PBDEs in Ambient Air in Istanbul and Izmir-Turkey

Kurt-Karakus PB1,*

, Gungormus E2, Celik H

3, Okten E

4, Ugranlı T

5, Sofuoglu A

6, Gedik K

7, Sofuoglu S

8,

Alegria H9, Jones KC

10

1 EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, Bursa Technical University, Turkey.

(E-mail: perihan.kurt@btu.edu.tr)

2,5,6,8EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, İzmir Institute of Technology, Turkey.

(E-mail: elifgungormus@iyte.edu.tr, tugbaugranli@iyte.edu.tr, cemilsofuoglu@iyte.edu.tr, aysunsofuoglu@iyte.edu.tr)

3,7

EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, Akdeniz University, Turkey. (E-mail: celikhalil@akdeniz.edu.tr, kgedik@akdeniz.edu.tr)

4EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, BahcesehirUniversity, Turkey.

(E-mail: eser.okten@bahcesehir.edu.tr)

9 Chemistry Department, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, FL, USA.

(E-mail: halegria@usfsp.edu)

10 LancasterAcademicCentre, LancasterUniversity, UK.

(E-mail: k.c.jones@lancaster.ac.uk)

ABSTRACT

Taking into account that there is a lack of database on polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Turkey, PBDE

levels were investigated in air samples collected from background sites in Izmir and Istanbul between December

2013-March 2014 on a weekly basis. Particle and gas phase samples were collected on glass-fiber filters and

polyurethane foam, respectively, with a high volume sampler. The samples were extracted, cleaned up,

concentrated and then analyzed using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. PBDEs are at detectable levels

in ambient air of Istanbul and Izmir with concentration ranges of 2.53-18.77 pg/m3 and 15.12-458.29 pg/m

3,

respectively. These statistics showed that higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in Izmir, most probably

due to the sampling location which shows more semi-urban characteristics compared to that in Istanbul. Besides,

PBDEs tended to be more in gas phase in both locations. This was a preliminary assessment study to extend the

research for a long term monitoring at 32 different locations across Turkey starting in May 2014.

Keywords: Istanbul, Izmir, PBDEs Acknowledgment: This study is being conducted in frame of a TUBITAK Research Fund (TUBITAK Project #

112Y315). The authors would like to thank to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

(TUBITAK) for the financial support.

6

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The research of CO and NOx emissions revealed from linear sources in Kocaeli city Korfez district by

ISCST-3 and AERMOD Model Programs

Kazım Onur Demirarslan*1

, Şenay Çetin Doğruparmak2

1 Artvin Çoruh University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental

Engineering, TURKEY. (E-mail: onurdemirarslan@arvin.edu.tr)

2 Kocaeli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering,

TURKEY. (E-mail: senayc@kocaeli.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study the distributions of CO and NOx emissions occurring in Istanbul – Ankara highway 25 km of

which passes through Kocaeli city Korfez district and D-100 highway 20 km of which passes through Kocaeli

city Körfez district were examined by using AERMOD (American Meteorolojical Society/Environmental

Protection Agency Regulatory Model) and ISCST-3 (Industrial Source Complex Short Term) model

programs. These two highways on the area of study have very dense traffic. The reason of this can be shown

as these routes being a connection between Istanbul and Trachea region to Anatolia and as they are dense in

terms of industry. The daily numbers of vehicles passing from these routes were taken from the reports

prepared by Strategy Development Head of Department Transportation and Cost Researches Branch

Directorate in May 2009, while the CO and NOx emission rates used as a data in modelling were calculated

by task based emission factors of CORINAIR. As a result of the modeling study, daily and yearly distribution

maps were obtained. When the maps were examined, highest daily concentrations obtained for CO were

found respectively for AERMOD and ISCST-3 as 1031,66 µg/m3, 274,03 µg/m

3, while yearly calculated

concentrations were found to be 103,53 µg/m3, 55,13 µg/m

3 Highest concentration amounts forecasted for

NOx emission were found respectively for AERMOD and ISCST-3 as 1650,75 µg/m3, 438,91 µg/m

3, while

yearly calculated concentrations were calculated as 165,52 µg/m3, 88,16 µg/m

3 . When distribution maps

formed by using the programs were examined for both polluters, the most densely polluted section was found

to be Körfez district section of D-100 highway in terms of both daily and yearly time options. When the

results of programs were examined it was understood that two programs give different results from each

other. The reasons of this fact were interpreted after being supported by literature research.

Keywords: AERMOD, ISCST-3, Körfez District, Traffic Pollution

7

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Levels of bioaerosols in indoor environments in Ankara

Elham AGHLARA1*¹ ,Gülen GÜLLܹ

1.Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department

E-mail: e_aghlara@yahoo.com, ggullu@hacettepe.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Asthma and allergy has become more frequent worldwide during the past decades. Even though the air in

many cities is much cleaner than in the past, the prevalence of allergy and asthma has increased worldwide.

This study was undertaken in Ankara inorder to identify the effects of the indoor bio-aerosols and their effects

on indoor air quality. Air samples were collected from indoor and outdoor environments of 94 dwellings at

15 different districts of Ankara during the summer and winter of 2011. The concentration and type of

bacteria and fungi were measured by NIOSH Method-0800 with three types of agar plates (Plate -Count,

Sabourad-Antibiotic and Blood Agar) and one vacuum pump with a flowrate of 28.3 L/min for 4 minutes

duration. Throughout the study, environmental parameters such as temperature (°C), relative humidity (%)

and CO2 (ppm) concentrations were also recorded in in-and outdoor environments. It was found that,

bacteria and fungi levels were generally higher in the bedrooms compared to sitting room and outdoor

environments. The dominant bacteria species present in the air of examined dwellings are Staphylococcus

spp.(56%), Corynebacterium spp.(20%), Bacillus spp(15%). The fungi dominant in the air of examined

dwellings are Penicillium spp(52%), Sporothrix spp,(43%) and Stachybotrytis spp(15%).

Home characteristics as predictors of multiple microbial biomarkers were also taken in account. Air samples

that were taken from 15 sampling sites, located in Ankara showed that, concentration of bacteria were high in

Sincan (857 CFU/m³), Altındağ (496.4 CFU/m³), Etlik (435.3 CFU/m³) and for fungi, Akyurt (459 CFU/m³),

Çankaya(335.6 CFU/m³).

Keywords: Bio-aerosol, Bacteria, fungi, Indoor air pollution

8

ICOCEE –CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Bioaerosol removalby simultaneous adsorption and photo-oxidation of Ag-doped TiO2/PU under

visible irradiation

Thanh-Dong Pham, Byeong-Kyu Lee*

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-

749, Republic of Korea

E-mail: bklee@ulsan.ac.kr.

ABSTRACT

Ag doped TiO2 immobilized on polyurethane (Ag-TiO2/PU) was synthesized by a sol-gel method. Ag was

used as a doping agent to enhance photocatalytic activity of TiO2 to apply photocatalyst under visible light.

Polyurethane (PU), a porous honeycomb material, was used as a substrate to immobilize the Ag doped TiO2

in order to integrate the adsorption property to the photocatalysts.The prepared photocatalysts were

characterized usinga scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphology, a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)

isotherm for specific surface area, an UV-Visible absorption spectrometer (UV-Vis) for optical properties

and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) for elemental state determination. The synthesized materials

were used for removal of Candida famata(C. famata), a very common yeast in aerosols.Under dark

conditions, the removal capacities of C. famata in the aerosol by PU, TiO2/PU, and Ag-TiO2/PU were

1.6×105, 3.5×10

5, and 7.5.0×10

5 (CFU/Cm

3), respectively. The Ag-TiO2/PU exhibited much improved

removal capacity of C. famata in the aerosol because the photocatalyst had the highest specific surface area

and surface roughness. Under visible light irradiation, the removal capacities of C. famata in an aerosolby

PU, TiO2/PU, and Ag-TiO2/PU were 1.6×105, 3.5×10

5, and 2.1×10

6 (CFU/Cm

3), respectively. The main

reason for the greatly improved C. famata removal capacity by Ag-TiO2/PU under visible light was Ag

dopant effect.

Keywords: Bioaerosol removal, Ag doped, photo-oxidation, adsorption, removal capacity.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Research Foundationof Korea (NRF) grant,

funded by the Ministry of Education(2013R1A2A2A03013138).

9

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

An Overview of Chiral Pollutants as a Tracer of Cycling of POPs

Emine Can-Güven*1, Dilek Bolat

1, Kadir Gedik

1, Perihan B. Kurt-Karakuş

2

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, TURKEY.

(E-mail: eminecan@akdeniz.edu.tr, bolatdilek@gmail.com, kgedik@akdeniz.edu.tr)

2Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, TURKEY.

(E-mail: perihan.kurt@btu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The increase of pollution due to population growth, urbanization and industrial activities has led to a stress on

all living organisms and environment. Any undesirable and toxic chemicals present in the environment may

be considered as an environmental pollutant. Among these pollutants, especially synthetic organic chemicals

draw attention because of their toxic effects and have a feature of chirality. The term of chirality comes from

the Greek word “hand” and human hands are probably the most universally recognized example of chirality.

It is because the left hand is a non-superimposable mirror image of the right hand; no matter how the two

hands are oriented, it is impossible for all the major features of both hands to coincide. In this study, chirality

and the chiral chemicals which have significance for the determination of environmental cycling of persistent

organic pollutants were reviewed. Chirality exists everywhere in the universe from living organisms to

natural or synthetic organic materials. The most common chiral pollutants are pharmaceuticals, pesticides,

polycyclic musks, drugs, etc. The enantiomers have same physical and chemical properties but they show

different biological activities. The degradation of these chemicals is enantioselective which is a useful tool in

the assessment of fate of chiral chemicals in the environment. This means that the nature of pollution may be

interpreted as whether it is newly released or not. Enantiomer fraction is a tool to evaluate the enantiospecific

analysis of chiral pollutants. A deviation from 0.5 in samples is an indicator of bioactivity. In the literature,

there exist many studies that conducted to measure chiral pollutants in environmental mediums. On the other

hand, chiral pollutants have already become subject to environmental monitoring studies in Turkey.

Therefore, a general overview of potency of chiral pollutants in the Turkish environment and the needs for

future research trends were discussed.

Keywords: Achiral, Biodegradation, Chromatography, Enantiomer, Pesticides.

Acknowledgment: This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of

Turkey (TÜBİTAK: CAREER Project No. 112Y175).

10

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A Preliminary Investigation of Legacy Organochlorine Pesticides in the Atmosphere of an

Agricultural Area in Antalya

Emine Can-Güven*1, Dilek Bolat

1, Kadir Gedik

1, Perihan B. Kurt-Karakuş

2

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, TURKEY.

(E-mail: eminecan@akdeniz.edu.tr, bolatdilek@gmail.com, kgedik@akdeniz.edu.tr)

2Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, TURKEY.

(E-mail: perihan.kurt@btu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used for agricultural purposes until some were banned

globally due to their toxic characteristics. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence, levels and

distribution of these legacy OCPs in air in an agricultural region considered to be released from past

sources or illegal usage. The current work is a part of a larger scale project and the sampling was

conducted in Kumluca, a district of Antalya located in the Mediterranean coast and a region with intense

agricultural activities such as greenhouse facilities. Passive air samplers consisting of polyurethane

foam disks were used to collect atmospheric OCPs and located at three sampling points near greenhouse

facility areas that have a potential risk of contamination to represent an initial spatial distribution of

contamination in the region. In addition, a background point which is far from settlement and

agricultural activities was selected as reference site. Accordingly, 17 passive air samples (monthly (n=6)

and bimonthly (n=3) from one sampling point, and quarterly (n=2) from four sampling point) were

collected at four different sites from May to November 2013. Sampling rate and the amount of air

volumes collected were derived from the losses of depuration compounds. Soxhlet extraction method

was used to extract pollutants and the analyses were performed by using Shimadzu QP2010 Ultra GC-

MS. While the concentration of Ʃ29 OCPs ranged from 42.1 to 61.9 pg/m3

(45.9±6.76),

pentachlorobenzene and o,p'- DDE were the most abundant ones in samples. Total OCPs concentration

showed an increasing trend by increased temperature and these were comparable to studies conducted in

similar regions. Although the production and usage of OCPs has been banned, results show that some of

them could still be found in air. Their presence may be result of atmospheric transport or the

degradation of formerly used pesticides.

Keywords: Greenhouse area, Passive sampling, Persistent organic pollutants.

Acknowledgment: This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of

Turkey (TÜBİTAK: CAREER Project No. 112Y175).

11

ICOCEE –CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevşehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Analysis and Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Road Dust in Düzce, Turkey

F. Taşpınar1, M. Atasoy

1*, Z. Bozkurt

1, B. Poyraz

2, O. Uzun

3

1Düzce University,Engineering Faculty, Environmental Eng. Dept., Düzce, TURKEY

(E-mail: fatihtaspinar@duzce.edu.tr, merveatasoy@duzce.edu.tr)

2 Düzce University, Central Research Laboratory, Düzce, TURKEY

(E-mail: bayrampoyraz@duzce.edu.tr)

3 Düzce University, Faculty of Forestry, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Düzce, TURKEY

(E-mail: osmanuzun@duzce.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

An environmental monitoring survey on metal contamination in road dust was conducted to assessthe

extent of metal pollution due to dense vehicle traffic, collecting many samplesfrom the state roadD-100

passing through in Düzce, Turkey. According to characteristics of the road, more than twenty sampling

point were selected for characterizing the entire area, following a route alongfrom west to eastand to

north of the city. The concentrations of Fe, Ba, Al, Mo, Sr, Pb,Cu, Mn, Sn, Cr, V, Co, Sc, Ni, B, Sb, As

andCd in road dust samples have been determined using ICP-MS. The meanconcentrations with

standard deviations(mg/kg) of these heavy metals and metalloidsare in decreasing order as follows:

Fe (106527,46±40620,50), Ba (10023,77±6130,57), Al (6585,48±2917,55), Mo (4857,98±2407,09),

Sr (4498,13±2228,78), Pb (1007,54±826,2), Zn (842,96±331,88), Cu (531,1±318,4), Mn (528,82±259,26),

Sn (481,72±130,56), Cr (397,61±194,93), V (342,08±98,38), Co (337,95±147,18), Sc (288,47±114,05),

Ni (220,89±103,24), B (144,85±60,65), Sb (96,34±26,11), As (36,47±18,95) and Cd (3,75±1,13). The metal

contamination of road dust anddegree of enrichmenthave been assessed using enrichment factors (EFs),

geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution index (PI). Considering the values of Igeo per element

obtained fromthe mean concentrations, results showed that some sampling sites moderately polluted,

namely grade-2 pollution with respect to Pb, Fe, Cr, Cd, Cu and Mn, while most of the samplingpoints

were at grade-1 pollution level with respect to Al, Mo, Sn, Co, Ni and grade-0 with respect to the rest of

elements. Also, EFs give an insight of human influence degree of urban road dusts and PIs indicate

heavy metals of road dust polluted moderately high. High contents of the elements could be attributed to

anthropogenic effects clearly related to dense traffic volume of the state road studied.

Keywords:Road Dust, MetalPollution, Pollution Indices, Vehicle Traffic.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank toDüzce University, Scientific Research Project Funding (DÜBAP)

for their financial support [DÜBAP-2013.06.02.203].

12

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Compration of indoor and outdoor VOCs Levels at children homes

S. LAKESTANI1, B. KARAKAŞ

1, S. ACAR VAİZOĞLU

2, B. GÜÇİZ DOĞAN

2, Ç. GÜLER

2, B.

ŞEKEREL3, A. TANER

4, G. GÜLLÜ

1

1Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department; Hacettepe

University, Environmental Engineering Department, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara-TURKEY;

sanaz@hacettepe.edu.tr, bilgekarakas@hacettepe.edu.tr, ggullu@hacettepe.edu.tr

2Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health; Hacettepe University, Department

of Public Health, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara-TURKEY;sacar@hacettepe.edu.tr, bdogan@hacettepe.edu.tr,

cguler@hacettepe.edu.tr

3Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit; Hacettepe University,

Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit,06100 Sihhiye, Ankara-TURKEY; bsekerel@yahoo.com

4TOBB ETÜ Hospital, Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology; Yasam Caddesi No: 5 06510 Sögütözü,

Ankara-TURKEY; ataner@tobbetuhastanesi.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a large group of carbon-based chemicals that easily evaporate at

room temperature. Volatile Organic Compounds are chemicals that easily turn into gases and contaminate

indoor air.

Some of these chemicals cause developmental damage as well as damage to the liver and central nervous,

respiratory, and reproductive systems. Many products we have in our homes release VOCs. Some examples

of sources of VOCs are building materials, home and personal care products and behaviors. Indoor air VOCs

were collected simultaneously from variety of indoors (e.g. living rooms, baby’s rooms) and outdoor

environments which were voluntarily selected throughout Ankara. Studies have shown that the level of

indoors VOCs is generally higher than the level of outdoors. Babies spend about 95% of their time in indoor

environment, the time has been spent in indoor might be more during winter times. Their organs, immune

system and neurological system are still developing, and because of their lower body weight, they breathe in a

relatively greater volume of air than adults.

This is the first comprehensive study done in Turkey including prenatal and postnatal periods. VOCs levels

were measured over 74 homes. Average of total VOCs in the living rooms and baby’s rooms in winter varied

between 159.77 to 172.60 µg/m3

.According to the sampled indoor environments of the study, it was found

that the levels of indoor air volatile organic compounds in the baby’s rooms were higher than the living

rooms. Our findings suggest that there is a relationship between indoor VOCs levels and infants health. As

there are no standards for indoor residential air quality, additional researches are needed to assess the impacts

of indoor pollution exposure for infants.

Keywords: Indoor air, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Infant health, Living Rooms, Baby’s Rooms

Acknowledgment: This study was supported by grants obtained by The Scientific and Technological

Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, Project No: 110Y082). We are grateful to all the mothers who are

taking part in the Project, especially those who have allowed us access to their homes.

13

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Economic and Environmental Contributions of Declaration of the Marmara Region as Emission

Control Area (ECA).

D. Yıldırım Pekşen1, G. Bilen Alkan

2

1Maritime and Port Management, Yalova University, Yalova, TURKEY.

(E-mail: duygu.yildirim@yalova.edu.tr)

2Maritime Transportation Management Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, TURKEY

(E-mail: gbalkan@istanbul.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Nowadays maritime transport has become an essential part of the international trade due to the massive

capacity of carriage of cargoes overseas. In fact that it also impacts to global economy as positively by

providing to transport of almost 90 percent of total cargoes between countries. On the other hand, air

pollution caused by exhausts emissions of ship traffic which is increasing day by day has led to global

warming and health problems. This situation has forced the International Maritime Organization (IMO)

to bring new regulations. As a result, Annex VI ‘Prevention of air pollution from vessels’ has been

added to 73/78 MARPOL Convention and it brings global and regional limits on SO x and NOx

emissions. Turkey has also adopted above-mentioned annex on 26.02.2013 but not announce any

Emission Control Area (ECA) yet. Every year more than 50,000 ships are passing from the Sea of

Marmara and the Turkish Straits which are important seaways in international maritime transport and

surrounded by the crowded cities about 20 million people. Therefore, it is appear that how human

health and environment can be benefited by reducing ship emissions if such a cruci al important area as

Marmara Region has been announced as ECA.

In this study, amount of total emissions caused by ships will be estimated by comparing released

exhaust gases into air in a year before and after ECA proclamation on Marmara Region. In addition,

methods to reduce ship emissions according to ECA limits such as alternative fuels and new engine

technologies will be discussed. On the other hand, from an economic point of view, external costs of

ship emissions on human health and environment will be calculated by using EXIOPOL (A New

Environmental Accounting Framework Using Externality Data And Input-Output Tools For Policy

Analysis) formula.

Keywords: Air pollution, ECA, Marpol Annex VI, the Sea of Marmara, ship emissions.

14

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Airborne Particle Concentrations Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network

Ya-Chin Teng*1, Ho-Wen Chen

2, Wei-Yea Chen

3, Wei-Lun Lin

4

1,2,3,4 Department of environmental science and engineering, Tunghai University, Taiwan

(Address: No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan R.O.C.)

(E-mail: star66242000@gmail.com1, hwchen@thu.edu.tw

2, wychen@thu.edu.tw

3, wilunlin0526@gmail.com

4)

ABSTRACT

As the wind velocity is increased, it will increase the emission of airborne particles from bare

ground. In the dry season, the river dust has become an important emission source of PM10. To

avoid the damage from airborne particle, it is important for decision makers to develop a

reliable prediction model to control air quality. Thus, this study uses official monitoring data

around Da-Jia River and Ta-An River as database to build a prediction model by using

artificial neural network (ANN).

It was building three kinds of models with different time series, namely yesterday (t-1), two

days ago (t-2), three days ago (t-3) to predict today concentration of PM10(t). The best

architecture of artificial neural network has a hidden layer and nine neurons in hidden layer,

then the assessment of all the simulation results were reasonable. Delimit the PM10 > 75µg/m3

to be a standard of warning issued, then the current discriminant ratio were 70~85%.

Represents this model can be used as the basis warning mode of river dust for future.

Keywords: river dust, PM10, artificial neural networks (ANN)

15

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Illustration of Air Quality Change Using Innovative Trend Analysis Method

YavuzSelimGüçlü*1

, EyüpŞişman2, İsmail Dabanlı

3, Zekai Şen

4

1, 3Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Eng., Department of Hydraulics,TURKEY

(E-mail: gucluya@itu.edu.tr, dabanli@itu.edu.tr)

2Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Eng., Department of Hydraulics,TURKEY

(E-mail: esisman@erdemir.com.tr)

4Turkish Water Foundation, TURKEY

(E-mail: zekaisensu@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Insurance and protection of fresh air is necessary not only for people, but also for many species to survive

and maintain a healthy life. For this purpose, air pollution records in Turkey by fully automatic stations since

2005 provide a basis to control air pollutionandimproveair quality. In this study, different major Turkish

cities,namely, Nevşehir, Şanlıurfa, Antakya, Ereğli ve Zonguldakare selected for the application of

innovative trend analysis. Air pollutants’data such as SO2, NO2, NO, PM10 and COmeasured at these cities

provide the basic data setfor the model application. The methodology requires division of the available record

length into two parts as for the first and second halves. The ranked data in these two halves are plotted

against each other for the visual identification of the possible trend components in the low, medium and high

pollutant values.

Keywords: Air quality,air pollutants, analysis, innovation,trend.

16

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Clear-cut, easy and safe air purifying technique.

H. Habibazarfard1 and A. Cemal Saydam

1

1, Environmental Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, TURKEY.

(E-mail: hadi_civil_68@yahoo.com,acsaydam@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Indoor air quality is inevitably linked to ambient air quality. What controls ambient air quality also

affects indoor air quality. The desert belts and their respective dust plumes on a global basis regula te

ambient air quality. Each desert has its own exclusive extension zone and during the period of cyclonic

depressions millions of tones of dust is injected into the atmosphere. These dust particles having 10-

micron size or less can traverse long distances and are composed of clay minerals and embedded

bacteria fungus and viruses. It has been shown that when inhaled it may trigger genes that is responsible

from the production of specific proteins that results with the triggering of migraine. Basing on this work

we have developed simple water based air purifier system that can effectively removes 90 % of

particles in an hour and ultimate purification is reached within 120 minutes in one cubic meter

experimental chamber. Of course increase in air flux will inevitably shorten the time necessary for

ultimate purification for a given environment. The air purifying system consists of an aquarium pump

hose and air stone and simple 1.5 l water bottle. The basic principle behind the purification system

based on the fact that during the rise of air bubble the friction with water creates a vortex assisting the

transfer of clay particles and associated bacteria fungus and virus to water phase. With this simple

purification system the adverse effect of dust particles can effectively be removed from indoor.

Renewing the water is the only thing required for the continuation of effective purification. The water is

not wasted and can be used to irrigate the flowers lawns etc. Such systems also offer an ideal low cost

pre- cleaning filtering that can be used to extent the operational life of expensive filtering systems.

Keywords: Air quality, bacteria, dust, filtration,

17

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Atmospheric pollution monitoring using neural networks

Mounira Rouaïnia*1, Nadjet Djebri

2

1,

Department of petrochemistry and process engineering, University 20 août 1955- Skikda, Algeria

(m.rouainia@univ-skikda.dz, rouainia_m@yahoo.fr)

3 Department of electrical engineering, University 20 août 1955- Skikda, Algeria

(Djebri_n@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Air pollution is a global environmental challenge that receives more worldwide attention since last decades,

despite the recent declining concentration of atmospheric pollutants following stringent environmental

protection regulations. The major source of this pollution remains industrial emissions. The evolution of

pollutants in the atmosphere depends on varied a phenomenon, that is why it is necessary to follow these

pollutants and to predict the evolution of their concentrations in the atmosphere. In this study we consider

industrial emissions monitoring using neural networks.

After a review of the models applied in monitoring ambient air quality, we will focus on the application of

the MLP neural networks ( Multi-Layers Perceptron ) in the forecast of pollutants of air. Considering three

atmospheric pollutants in an industrial site (NO2, SO2 and O3) and after dispersion modelisation by the MLP,

we study the adaptation of neural networks to their concentrations evolution prediction. Then we develop

and assess neural network soft sensors for emission prediction based on simulated and reel emissions data

measurements. The performance of the proposed soft sensor is then evaluated using actual data from an

industrial boiler. The developed soft sensor achieves comparable accuracy to the continuous emission

monitor analyzer, however, with substantial reduction in the cost of equipment and maintenance

Keywords: Air quality monitoring, dispersion models, neural networks, Multi-Layer Perceptron

18

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Heavy Metal Concentration Of House Dust

Parisa.BABAEİ1, İlknur DURUKAN

2 and Gülen GÜLLÜ

3

1, 3

Hacettepe University, Environmental Engineering Department, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.

(E-mail:parisababaei@hacettepe.edu.tr; ggullu@hacettepe.edu.tr)

2 Hacettepe University, Chemistry Department, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.

(E-mail: ilknurdurukan@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Poor indoor air quality is widely regarded as a significant health, environment and economic problem. In this

study, house dust samples were collected from 47 dwellings in several spots of the Ankara during the period

April, 2012 to June, 2012 in order to investigate the occurrence of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg,

Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, V and Zn) and associated levels according with locations. All samples were analyzed

using AAS. According to the statistical analysis the highest arithmetic means were observed for the elements

Mg (8900.34 μgg-1), Fe (4408.57 μgg-1), Zn (449,983 μgg-1) and Cu (104,515 μgg-1). Results of heavy

metal analysis revealed that the concentrations change with the proximity to the main street of houses, to the

floor type of the houses, wall paint type, home heating source type, frequency of disinfectant use and smoking

in the house. Factor analysis (FA) model was used for source allocation and estimation of contributions from

specified sources to the concentration of each parameter. By factor analysis, five source types were identified

as the house wall paint type, frequency of disinfectant use, traffic and roadside soil, Coal burning and polluted

soil explaining about 63.27% of the total variance.

Keywords: Abstract, indoor air quality, house dust, Ankara, heavy metals, AAS, Factor analysis

Acknowledgment: We would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

(TÜBİTAK-CAYDAG-110Y082) for its financial support.

19

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Analysis of VOCs in the Indoor Air

L. Meciarova*1, S. Vilcekova

2

1, 2

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: ludmila.meciarova@tuke.sk, silvia.vilcekova@tuke.sk)

ABSTRACT

Volatile organic compounds have been studied over recent years in many countries . However,

construction processes, building materials, building types and the method used for the collection and

analysis of VOCs vary from one country to another. At the same time constant technical and scientific

progress has brought new materials that can emit completely different VOCs than older mater ials. A

similar type of study was carried out long time ago also in Slovakia. The results from this study already

do not provide representative data for today. Therefore, this study is focused to determine the current

state of occurrence and level of concentrations of VOCs. The studied building is located in east

Slovakia. Gas chromatography with surface acoustic wave technology was used for analysis of

individual VOCs in the indoor air. Total volatile organic compounds concentration was determined

with photoionization detector with UV lamp and expressed as concentration of toluene. Air temperature

and relative humidity was also set during measurements. The results were compared with the guide

values of other countries, because there are no guideline values for TVOC concentrations and limits are

set only for a small amount of VOCs in Slovakia.

Keywords: Emissions, GC/SAW, Indoor air, VOCs

Acknowledgment: This study was financially supported by Grant Agency of Slovak Republic to support of

projects No. 1/0405/13.

20

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015 Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Dispersion of the NOx emissions from chimneys and road traffic around industrial sites:

case study of the company Fantazia.

H. Gourgue123*

, A. Aharoune1, A. Ihlal Ahmed

2

1Laboratoire de ThermodynamiqueetEnergétique (LTE), FSA Agadir, Morocco

2Laboratoire de Matériauxet Energies Renouvelables (LMER), FSA Agadir, Morocco

3 Laboratoire de Procédés, Energieetenvironnement (P2E) Universiapolis, Agadir, Morocco

*Corresponding Author. E-mail: gourgue@e-polytechnique.ma; Tel: (+212660008349)

ABSTRACT

Urban areas are major sources of air pollution. This case is particularly serious close to industrial sites or

traffic, industrialization and energy consumption are remarkable. This work represents a combination, of a

model of emissions from road traffic, and a dispersion improved Gaussian model of pollutants from point

sources, in order to estimate emissions from point and line sources, and predict the dispersion of these

emissions.

In this work, we developed a new numerical model that combines the two approaches top-down and bottom-

up to quickly produce the inventory of road traffic emissions by calculating the total emissions and distribute

them in time and space. A first attempt was made using the model and the data available. The results and

analysis of their uncertainties have led to the development of strategies to improve the input parameters and

results of the second application of the model. We also used a Gaussian model that we had improved to

calculate the emissions generated by the chimneys (point sources) and the dispersion of these emissions in

the surrounding area of the industrial site.

We chose the industrial site of the company FANTAZIA in the industrial area of Agadir city-Morocco to

study the dispersion of NOx emissions generated by the company and those generated by road traffic around

the surrounding area. We also used the NOx analyzer to measure the concentrations of this pollutant in order

to compare them with the results obtained using numerical models.

The simulations performed by the models give encouraging results compared to measurements. This helps to

understand the physical and chemical phenomena related to the dispersion to well suggest emission reduction

scenarios, and improve the air quality in agglomerations.

Keywords:air pollution, industrial sites, road traffic, emission factors, dispersion.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank the leaders within the company Fantazia, for their collaboration in

this work.

21

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

IndoorAirQualityand Construction Specifications

Bahtiyar ÖZTÜR, Hülya AYKAÇ, Hasret ÇELEBİ

OndokuzMayisUniversity, EngineeringFaculty, Environ. Engng. Dept. 55200 Samsun

ABSTRACT

Indoor air pollution (IAP) is a case that pollutants such as gas, particulate and vapour exist in indoor

atmosphere at a level that affects health and comfort of people who live inside. Indoor air quality

(IAQ),which affects occupant health, comfort, and productivity, and in some cases even building usability,

may suffer due to any number of problems in design, materials and equipment selection or construction.

Preventing of air circulation between indoor and outdoor, wrong design or lack of ventilation and air

conditioning systems, existing of pollution sources in indoor and entering pollutants from outdoor create air

pollution inside the buildings. Also, construction materials cause health hazard for human. Therefore U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) developed new specifications to recognize new homes equipped

with a comprehensive set of indoor air quality features. Potential benefits of an improved IAQ include lower

healthcare costs, reduced sick leaves of occupants, better performance in work, lower turnover of employees,

and lower cost of building maintenance due to fewer complaints about indoor air quality.

People consider that energy efficient homes have poorer indoor air quality. Not necessarily, it is possible to

achieve both energy efficiency and healthy indoor air quality through (1) properly designed building

construction and technologies, and (2) proper home maintenance practices.Effective, properly designed

heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans, and a tight building

shell not only remove excessive moisture and cooking odors in the building, but also can ensure that most

outdoor pollutants do not enter the home in the first place.

Many design decisions that can lead to poor IAQ are made in the early phases of design and are difficult to

modify or correct later on. Early design missteps can be avoided if IAQ is put on the table as a key design

issue at the start. Examples are inadequate space for mechanical equipment, limiting access for inspection and

maintenance, and selection of interior finishes that can lead to high levels of volatile organic compound

(VOC) emissions or to moisture problems in the building envelope.There are two primary reasons to include

IAQ considerations in the earliest stages of project planning: avoiding problems that occur when IAQ is

treated as an afterthought and allowing consideration of alternative design concepts that involve decisions

made early in the design process.

Keywords: Indoor air quality, building design, construction

22

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Analysis of SO2 and PM Concentrations with Artificial Neural Network: A Case Study of

Erzurum City Center

F. Ekmekyapar Torun*1, Z. Bingül

2, M.Y. Çodur

3

1 Atatürk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Erzurum, TURKEY.

(E-mail: fyapar@atauni.edu.tr)

2 Erzurum Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization, Department Directorate of

Environmental Impact Assessment, Permit, Erzurum, TURKEY.

(E-mail: zuleyha.bingul@csb.gov.tr)

3 Erzurum Technical University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Civil Engineering,

Erzurum, TURKEY.

(Email: mycodur@erzurum.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Erzurum where is one of the highest and the coldest city of Turkey has a harsh continental climate. Climate

conditions usually last as freezing cold and snowy in winters and hot and dry in summers. For this reason in

Erzurum during the winter months air pollution originated from heating reaches high values by the effects of

city topography with bowl-shaped, irregular urbanization and meteorological factors. In this study, during

2014-2015 winter period, air pollution level in terms of SO2 and particle material parameters were studied in

the center of Erzurum city and the results were evaluted. Data for the period of 2014 October-2015 April

were taken from Ministry of Environmental and Urbanization Air Quality Monitoring Station which is located

at the city center and compared with the air quality values prescribed by Air Quality Assessment and

Management Regulation and the World Health Organization and Environmental Pollution Agency. The

relationship between air pollutants and climate elements such as temperature, wind speed and humidity is

determined by using artificial neural network.

Key Words: Erzurum, air pollution, artificial neural network, SO2 , particle material, meteorological factors

23

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigation of Air Pollution Parameter Variation on Between 2007-2014: The Case of Igdir (Turkey)

Dogru S.*1

, Bayram T.2, Argun Y.A.

3 and Altikat A.

4

1, 3

Environmental Helath Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Igdir University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sevtap.dogru@igdir.edu.tr, yusuf.argun@igdir.edu.tr)

2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: tubabayram@yyu.edu.tr)

4 Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: aysun.altikat@igdir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In the study it has been investigated the annual and winter’s season air pollution values of Igdir centrum

between the years 2007-2014 by means of the data obtained from the meteorological observation station

found in the same city. For this purpose, it has been used the values of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particle

substance (PM10) in Igdir city center between 2007 and 2014, which were obtained from the web site of the

Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. Measurement values have been analyzed in deference to Air

Quality Evaluation and Management Regulation and limit values determined by the European Union (EU).

When analysing the results of air qualities of Igdir between 01 January 2007 and 31 December 2014, the

average PM10 has been found out 118 µg/m3 and the average of SO2 has been determined as 11 µg/m

3. When

analysing the results of air qualities for heating season between 01 October 2006 and 31 March 2014, the

average PM10 has been found out 172 µg/m3 and the average of SO2 has been ascertained as 18 µg/m

3. The

annual PM10 and SO2 value averages have been found lower than the heating season averages. When the

obtained average values were compared with the Long-term Turkey Limit Value (LTL) it has been observed

that PM10 was above the expected limit values between 2007 and 2014 and SO2 did not exceed the expected

value limits within the same years. Simultaneously, when EU and LTL values were compared, annual PM10

values have been observed to be exceeded for all years and SO2 values have been observed to be acceptable

only in 2011. According to the results, measurements for the refinement of the air quality of Igdir must be

taken. The Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning must increase the air pollution inspections and take

the necessary precautions during the days when critical limit is exceeded.

Keywords: Air pollution, Igdir, Particulate matter 10 (PM10), SPSS, sulfur dioxide (SO2).

24

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

LEVEL AND SOURCES OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10, PM2.5) IN TURKEY

Gülen GÜLLÜ1, ZELİHA GEMİCİ

2, Betül KESKİN ÇATAL

2

1 Hacettepe University, Environmental Engineering Department, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.

(ggullu@hacettepe.edu.tr) 2 Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, General Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment,

Permit and Inspection, Department of Laboratory, Measurement and Monitoring, Ankara, Turkey

(zeliha.gemici@csb.gov.tr; bkeskin.catal@csb.gov.tr)

ABSTRACT

Spatial and temporal variations of PM and factors affecting these variations in Turkey from the year 2009 to

the end of 2014 are investigated in this study. The PM characteristics were identified according to three main

stations types; industry, curbside, residential and urban background stations.

The PM10 levels (anual mean) ranged from 11 to 120 µg/m3 at industry sites, 17 to 39 µg/m3 at urban

background sites, from 12 to 143 µg/m3 at residential sites and 44 to 106 µg/m3 at curbside sites. PM2.5

levels were ranging from 16 to 56 µg/m3 at residential sites and 27 to 55 µg/m3 at curbside sites. The

PM2.5/PM10 ratio is highly dependent on the types of site and season and varied from 0.28 to 0.50 with a

mean of 0.40. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio in European cities generally in the range of 0.6 to 0.8, indicating

majority of the particulate mass is in the fine fraction, whereas majority of particulate mass is in the coarse

fraction in Turkey.

State of PM levels of Turkey is determined through comparison with air quality data generated in other

countries and available air quality standards. Based on this comparison, although air quality has improved in

recent years, it is still not one of the clean cities around the world. Although measured concentrations of

pollutants mostly comply with standards in the Turkish Air Quality Regulation, further reduction in

concentrations will be necessary, when EU directives become effective in the country.

Keywords: Particulate matter, PM10, PM2.5, urban air quality, Turkey.

25

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Dynamic Stiffness of Resilient Materials for Reduction of Floor Impact Sound

Jung-Min Kim*1, Jung-Yoon Lee

2, Hye Sun Lim

3, ByungKoo Jun

4, and Seong Jun Hong

5

1, 2, 3

Department of Civil. Architectural, and Environmental System Engineering, Sunkyunkwan University,

Republic of Korea

(E-mail: jungyoon@skku.edu, kjm9363@naver.com, hyesssun@hanmail.net)

4, 5

Department of Global Construction Engineering, Sunkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea

(E-mail: jbghello@naver.com, junsil2000@nate.com)

ABSTRACT

High-rise apartment houses have advantages to use effectively relatively small land area, whereas they have

also disadvantages in housing environments. One of the big residential environment concerns in living

apartment houses is noise pollution induced by floor impact sounds caused by footsteps, falling objects,

moving furniture, etc. There are two types of floor soundproofing solutions to reduce impact noise, acoustic

matting or floating floors; both solutions can reduce impact noise transferring through wooden and concrete

floor structures. In case of floating floors, resilient materials are normally placed between concrete or wooden

slab and finishing materials. The resilient materials effectively reduce impact sound through a floor by

reducing the vibration caused as an item hits the floor. The dynamic stiffness of resilient material is strongly

influenced on the sound reduction level of resilient material which decreased as the increase of dynamic

stiffness. If resilient materials with low dynamic stiffness are layered on top of resilient materials with high

dynamic stiffness, the dynamic stiffness of the layered structure is similar to that of the resilient materials with

low dynamic stiffness. Many studies on the effects of types and density of resilient materials have been

performed to examine the sound insulation of buildings. On the other hand, few test results are currently

available regarding the long-term dynamic stiffness of resilient material for the floor sound insulation

systems. In this study, a total of 16 resilient material specimens subjected to long-term load for 270 days were

tested and the long-term dynamic stiffness was thus assessed. The experimental and analytical results indicate

that the dynamic stiffness of resilient material increased as the loading period increased. As a result, the sound

reduction level of resilient material subjected to long-term load was much smaller than that of resilient

material subjected to short-term load.

Keywords: Dynamic stiffness, Floating floors, Floor impact sound, Long-term load, Resilient materials.

26

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Thinking of Noise Control in a Positive Way: Soundscape Concept

Nilgün Akbulut-Çoban*1,2

and Kadir Gedik1

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: kgedik@akdeniz.edu.tr)

2 Provincial Directorate of Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Antalya, TURKEY.

(E-mail: nlgn.akbulut@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Noise pollution which is considered as the third most hazard environmental type of pollution after air and

water pollution has been increasing day by day due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. In this noisy

life situation, people try to access calm areas to take fresh breath. Directive 2002/49/EC implying the

assessment and management of environmental noise confirmed the need for preventing or reducing noise

levels that may negatively affect human health, including annoyance and sleep disturbance. In addition, it

emphasizes the need to preserve quiet areas. However, in spite of the attempts to develop the criteria for

identification of quiet areas, there is still no common guide. This leads “soundscape concept mainly focusing

on how people perceive the acoustic environment” as an alternative method to be able to use in defining quiet

areas in urban places. In this study, the point of soundscape concept in environmental noise control and

approaches used to determine the soundscape perception which is a hot topic in recent scientific researches

especially in European countries were reviewed. Moreover, the current situation of research trends in noise

pollution in Turkey was investigated by conducting bibliometric and content analysis. According to the

preliminary results based on Web of Knowledge and Scopus database, the percentage of studies resulting

from traffic, industrial plants, mechanical equipment and air conditioners is found as 24%, 13%, 10%, 8%,

respectively. Moreover, 48% of those were on sound level measurement and modeling, and approximately

%20 was related to the noise exposure and annoyance. The other point to be attracted is that researches are

not necessarily concentrate on soundscape concept. This shows that the soundscape concept will become a

potential study area especially on defining the quiet areas required to be determined also according to Turkish

Environmental Noise Regulation.

Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, Noise directive, Quiet area, Urban planning.

27

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Evaluation of Quiet Area Characteristics of an Educational Area: A case study of Akdeniz

University Campus, Antalya

Ahmet Gökhan Göküş1, Hasan Güleç

1, Zeynep Aslan

1, Nilgün Akbulut-Çoban*

1,2 and Kadir

Gedik1

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: kgedik@akdeniz.edu.tr)

2 Provincial Directorate of Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Antalya, TURKEY.

(E-mail: nlgn.akbulut@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Environmental noise pollution has been becoming an important issue to be solved in the last decades

especially for densely populated urban areas considering its negative impacts to human health and their well-

being. The present study provides an evaluation of environmental noise levels in Akdeniz University Campus

and also it provides an assessment of this campus in terms of “quiet area” characteristics according to the

Turkish Regulation on Environmental Noise (with an official number of 2011/27601). To determine the

environmental noise levels, 20 measurement points were selected and A-weighted equivalent noise levels

(LAeq) were obtained. Moreover, the questionnaire was held with 378 people in order to take the perception of

people on noise levels in the campus and to evaluate the “quiet area” characteristic of this area based on

people’s thought. According to results, the equivalent noise levels in the campus were in the range of 41,4

dB(A) -74,1 dB(A) with an arithmetic average of 55,4±6,03 dB(A). Although, there is no certain and

common guide for which areas should be considered as a quiet area, the approach mostly used for

identification of such areas in the first step is the use of noise mapping to conclude whether the noise levels

are below or equal to 55 dB(A) deciding that human beings are not affected negatively. Accordingly, this area

with some exemptions can be regarded as “quiet area” based on acoustic measurements. However, the results

of the study show that acoustic parameters alone are not enough to define the quiet areas. The data obtained

from questionnaires show that the environmental noise leading to change in natural sound balance in campus

has become a serious factor that affects the social life of people.

Keywords: Environmental noise, Noise perception, Noise pollution, Urbanization.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank to TUBITAK (Project: 2209-A) for their financial support.

28

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Determination of Noise Pollution in Main Arterial Roads of Nevsehir City Center

Erkan KALIPCI*1 and İsmet BİLGEN

2

Department of Environmental Engineering, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, 50300 Nevsehir, Turkey.

(E-mail:ekalipci@nevsehir.edu.tr, ismetbilgen@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In this study, the precautions that might be taken in order to determine the level of noise pollution caused by

traffic in main arterial roads of Nevsehir city center and to minimize negative effects of this experienced noise

pollution on people were indicated. Moreover, it was aimed to form a database by using the measurements via

authorized institutions in order to take precautions for the areas having high noise pollution caused by traffic.

Totally 20 measurement points were determined on main arterial roads in Nevsehir city center where traffic is

heavy. The noise measurements were carried out in accordance with TS ISO 3744, TS ISO 1996-1 and 1996-

2 standards. The coordinates of measurement points were determined by Magellan brand hand-held GPS

receiver. During measurements, temperature and wind measurements were carried out with anemometer

device. The noise levels at measurement levels were measured via Svantek brand Type I noise measurement

device. It was determined in noise measurements of totally 20 measurement points that equivalent noise

measurement levels of streets were in the range of 78-95 dBA in the afternoon and 65-85 dBA in the evening.

Since the results obtained were harmful in terms of human health, the precautions that should be taken are

mentioned briefly. Consequently, it was determined that equivalent noise measurement levels (Leq) of totally

20 measurement points on the main streets and arterial roads in Nevsehir city center were higher than limit

values mentioned in regulations, OSHA, ISO and WHO and were at such a level which threatens the health of

human beings.

Key Words: Noise pollution, Traffic, Nevsehir, Effects on human health.

Acknowledgment: The authors gratefully acknowledge the Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Scientific

Research Project Funding (NeU BAP) for financially supporting this work.

29

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Hydrogen peroxide aided sulphuric acid pre-treatment of electronic waste for improving gold recovery

by metabolically-engineered strain of Chromobacterium violaceum

Subhabrata Das and Yen-Peng Ting*

4 Engineering Drive 4, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,

National University of Singapore,

Singapore 117585.

(E-mail: subhabrata@u.nus.edu.sg, chetyp@nus.edu.sg)

ABSTRACT

Electronic waste (e-waste) contains higher concentration of gold than natural gold ores. The use of

bioleaching microbes for the extraction of gold from e-waste is a sustainable and environment-friendly

approach. However, the presence of a large amount of copper in e-waste competes with the gold extraction

process since copper also forms a stable complex with the cyanide lixiviant produced by the bioleaching

microbes. Hence, to mitigate the problem, pre-treatment of e-waste from printed circuit boards (PCBs) was

conducted in sulphuric acid solution using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant to remove copper from the

shredded particles. This work evaluated the effect of different system parameters on copper removal, such as

sulphuric acid concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, e-waste particle size, temperature and

treatment time. Sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide had a significant influence on the overall pre-treatment

process. The reaction orders of sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide were determined as 1.11 and 1.09,

respectively. Particle size also played an important role in the pre-treatment; the leaching rate was

proportional to the inverse of the square of the initial average particle diameter. The pre-treatment of e-waste

for copper removal was found to be diffusion-controlled and fitted the kinetic model: 1 - 2x/3 - (1-x)2/3

= kt.

A metabolically engineered strain of Chromobacterium violaceum pBAD was used for bioleaching

experiments to achieve greater cyanide production and enhanced gold recovery. As e-waste is toxic to the

microorganism, two-step bioleaching and spent medium leaching were adopted. At 0.5% (w/v) pulp density

of e-waste, spent medium bioleaching using bacterial cell free secondary metabolites achieved a gold

recovery of 36.4%, compared to 24.7% under two-step bioleaching for Chromobacterium violaceum pBAD

strain. Over all our results demonstrated the advantages of e-waste pre-treatment and metabolic engineering

of bioleaching microbes for improving the efficiency of gold recovery.

Keywords: e-waste; bioleaching; cyanide lixiviant; kinetic model; metabolically engineered strain.

30

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Düzce Potential Investigation of Domestic and Industrial Solid Waste Recoverable

G.Funda GÖKÇE*1, Nazire MAZLUM

2 and Pınar HASANOĞLU

3

1,

Environmental Protection and Control, Düzce University, TURKEY

(E-mail:dr_gumusfunda@hotmail.com)

2,3

Environmental Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, TURKEY.

(E-mail:pinar_hasanoglu@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In this thesis, Düzce City investigated the potential for domestic and industrial solid waste, recyclable waste.

Potential of domestic and recyclable waste was determined by survey, the views of the people. The

information was compiled from relevant authorities in determining the recoverable potential of industrial

waste. 56.07% of household waste in the province of Düzce and kitchen waste was determined as 43.93% of

recyclable waste. Industrial establishments operating in the province of Düzce First Organized Industrial

Zone consist of an annual 370 tonnes of packaging waste. Information on waste accumulation and disposal of

industrial organizations has been compiled.

In this study, the most important environmental problems of Düzce City, which is one source, separate

collection for household and industrial waste and recycling collection can be provided in large quantities have

been determined.

Keywords: Integrated waste management, Solid waste, Solid waste management, Solid waste recycling.

31

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

GROUND IMPROVEMENT VIA CHROME AND STEEL SLAGS

First M. Vekli*1, Second C.C. Çadır

2 and Third F. Şahinkaya

3

1, 2, 3

Civil Engineering, Bozok University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: mustafavekli@gmail.com, cenkcumacadir@gmail.com, ferhatsahinkaya86@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

There are many types of waste materials in Turkey. Unless these materials are recycled in different ways, they

will cause negative effects on environment and thus on nature. This damage will be minimized by reusing

these materials and ensuring their recycling. There have been many scientific studies conducted and still

being conducted on recycling of waste materials around the world and also in Turkey. In this study, the

exchange rate of the physical characteristics and strength features of the ground will be experimentally

examined as a result of Liquid limit, Plastic limit, Grain size curve, Permeability test, Compaction test,

Unconfined compression test and Shear box test practiced by separately adding chrome and steel slags onto

an argillaceous ground in the rates of 5%, 10% and 15% in terms of weight. As a result of this study, while

improvement will take place in the physical characteristics and strength features of argillaceous grounds, the

environmental damage of an industrial waste material will be minimized by ensuring recycling.

Keywords: Chrome slag, Extrinsic stabilization, Ground stabilization, Steel slag,

32

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A NewBitumen Geosynthetic Barrier Mainly Based on Boron Production Waste Clay for Landfill

Liner Systems

DeryaUlutaş*1, Zerrin Çokaygil

2, Aysun Özkan

3,Yücel Güney

4, Müfide Banar

5

*1

Anadolu University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Turkey

(Email: darikok@anadolu.edu.tr) 2,3,5

Anadolu University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey

(Email: zcokaygil@anadolu.edu.tr, aysunozkan@anadolu.edu.tr,mbanar@anadolu.edu.tr) 4Anadolu University, Research Institute of Earth and Space Sciences, Turkey

(Email: yguney64@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Geosyntheticbarriers are generally used for various construction applications and contain a broad range of

different materials. Among the geosynthetic barriers geomembranes and reinforced geosynthetic were usedas

an impermeable liner forsolid waste landfills. Bituminous geosynthetic barriers, one types of the reinforced

geosynthetics, include a molten mix of bituminous, an elastomeric polymer and mineral fillers. In this study,

unlike available applications, boron production waste clay (CW) was used to produce a geosynthetic barrier

with bitumen as a binder. CW/waste tire/bitumen mixtures were prepared by using a laboratory mixer at

150°C. Hot mixtures were extruded into strips by using a lab-scale co-rotating twin screw extruder (L/D:40)

at the screw speed of 20 rpm followed by die casting (2 mm x 100 mm). The temperatures of the various

barrel elements were set between 70°C (bitumen introduction) and 38°C (extruder exit). The extruded strips

were thenpassed on a conveyor belt at a speed of 1 rpm. The required main characteristics for geosynthetic

sampleswere determined as to be thickness, mass per unit area, water permeability and tensile properties

according to TS EN 13493.

According to analyses resultsthe optimum material was determinedas to be an impermeable liner for solid

waste landfill. As a conclusion, this study has an importance from the point of sustainable waste management

principles with its aim to product a new material by usingwaste materials.

Keywords: Boron waste clay,Bitumen,Geosynthetic, Landfill, Waste tire

Acknowledgement: This study was supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research

Council of Turkey) under the Grant No.: 113Y122 and Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects

Commission under the Grant No.: 1301F037.

33

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ERZURUM

Z. Bingül*1, F. Ekmekyapar Torun

2

1 Erzurum Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization, Department Directorate of

Environmental Impact Assessment, Permit, Erzurum, TURKEY.

(E-mail: zuleyha.bingul@csb.gov.tr) 2 Atatürk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Erzurum, TURKEY.

(E-mail: fyapar@atauni.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, the amount of municipal solid waste increased with the effects of the population growth,

technological development and industrialization. The solid waste, which is a major problem for the

environment and human health, should be collected and disposed to reduce the harmful effects. One of the

duties of the municipalities is to collect, transport and dispose of solid wastes. There are three district

municipalities within the boundaries of Erzurum Metropolitan Municipality, the total population of which is

380.000. The wastes are collected by district municipalities and are brought to the landfill that is operated by

Erzurum Metropolitan Municipality. “Erzurum Solid Waste Landfill” was established in Aziziye District,

Adaçay Neighborhood and it is 18 kilometers away from the city center. The landfill has three business stages

and its total area is 55 hectares. Lot 1 of the landfill which has the economic life of 20 years has almost been

completed and the construction of Lot 2 has started. The wastewater treatment in the plant, which has 280-

400 tons average daily rate of disposal solid waste, is performed by reverse osmosis which is one of the

advanced treatment systems. In this study, the quantity, collection, transportation and disposal and the

municipal management of solid wastes in Erzurum were examined.

Keywords: Erzurum, solid waste, solid waste management, collection, landfill

34

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of Soil Minerology on Electrokinetic Remediation

Gülçin Demirel Bayık*1, Ahmet Altın

2 and Ömer Faruk Çapar

3

1,2

Environmental Engineering Department, Bulent Ecevit University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: gulcindemirel7@gmail.com, a.altin16@gmail.com)

3 Civil Engineering Department, Bulent Ecevit University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ocapar@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

While remediating a polluted site, the physical and chemical properties of soil is very important just

because it affects the degree of the treatment and which method to choose. Electokinetic remediaton is

an emerging technology which relies on the application of direct current on soil. Use of electrokinetics

has been studied by several authors but there are few studies that reveals the effects of soil minerology

on electrokinetic remediation.

This study investigates the effect of soil minerology on electrokinetic heavy metal removal. A bench-

scale electrokinetic remediation set up which consist of an electrokinetic extraction cell, fluid and gas

volume measurement devices, a DC power supply and a multimeter was conducted. Cadmium polluted

soil samples were prepeared by mixing different amounts of dolomite (2.5%, 5%, 10%) in kaolin.

Throughout the experiment the current and fluid level change were continously monitored.

Results of the study shows that cadmium concentration is higher near the cathode due to accumulation,

while concentrations decrease close to the anode. Removal efficiency of %0 dolomite and %2,5

dolomite sample is smilar and higher, whereas efficiency decreases for %5 and %10 dolomite

concentrations. For %10 dolomite concentration very little accumulation was occured which supports

the adverse effects of minereological structure to electrokinetic remediation.

Keywords: Electrokinetics, Heavy Metal, Soil Remediation,

35

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Environmental Quality of Compost: Can Composting Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) Help Manage

Compost Nutrient Ratios?

Korkmaz Bellitürk*1 Josef H. Görres

2 H. Sevim Turan

3 Selçuk Göçmez

4

M. Cüneyt Bağdatlı5 Merve Eker

6 Sevinç Aslan

7

1 Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,

Tekirdağ/Turkey

(E-mail: kbelliturk@hotmail.com) 2 The University of Vermont, Plant and Soil Science, Burlington/Vermont/USA

(E-mail: josefuvm@gmail.com) 3 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Olive Research Institute,

Bornova/İzmir/Turkey

(E-mail: seturan@hotmail.com) 4 Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science an Plant Nutrition,

Tekirdağ/Turkey

(E-mail: sgocmez@gmail.com) 5 Nevşehir Haci Bektaş Veli University, The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of

Biosystem Engineering, Nevşehir/Turkey

(E-mail: cuneytbagdatli@gmail.com) 6 Yapı Kredi Bank, Head Office/ Retail Credits Management, İstanbul/Turkey

(E-mail: merve.eker@yapikredi.com.tr) 7 Agriculture Chamber, Tekirdağ/Turkey

(E-mail: sevinc_asln@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

While composts are important organic and conventional fertility amendments, the stoichiometry of mature

composts can affect environmental sustainability of organic food production. High P:N ratio wastes may

cause an over-application of P to cropland which can result in algal blooms and thus surface water

degradations in agricultural watersheds. This is of particular importance in watershed with high dairy

production where manure application enriches soil phosphorus content. Composting agro-industrial wastes,

such as manure and olive pruning wastes, may not affect the P:N ratio of the waste. In vermicomposting

however growing populations of earthworms may reduce the amount of P by bio-accumulation of P and thus

diminishing it in the final product. In this project, vermicompost was prepared under laboratory conditions

from olive prunings, cow manure and a mixture of the two with and without Red Wiggler earthworms

(Eisenia fetida). There were three replicates per treatment. All treatments were incubated for 180 days in the

laboratory. Samples were taken after 30, 60, 90 and 180 days. We tested the hypothesis that total P:total N

ratio will be significantly reduced by vermicomposting. After 180 days vermicompost had lower P:N ratios in

all treatments, probably due to accumulation in the earthworm biomass. There were strong inverse linear

relationships of P:N ratio (P< 0.001) with time for the earthworm treatments, but for the compost produced

without earthworms, P:N ratio increased or did not change over 180 days. Earthworms can thus be used to

engineer composts with lower P:N ratios and thus less impact on water quality. Vermicompost may become a

tool in the environmental management of sustainable soil fertility.

Keywords: Vermicompost, P:N Ratio, Environmental Management, Sustainable, Agriculture

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Namık Kemal University, Scientific Research Project Funding (NKU

BAP) for their financial support [Project number: NKU.BAP.00.24.AR.13.15].

36

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Evaluation of the Mechanical and Hydrological Characteristics of a Bioreactor Landfill using

Laboratory Simulators.

Lakshmikanthan P*1, Santhosh L. G

2, Sivakumar Babu G. L

3*

1 Research Scholar, Centre for Sustainable Technologies,

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, e-mail: lakshmikanth@astra.iisc.ernet.in

2 Research Scholar, Centre for Sustainable Technologies,

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, e-mail: lgsanthu2006@gmail.com

3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, e-mail: gls@civil.iisc.ernet.in

ABSTRACT

Municipal solid waste disposal has become a challenge to the engineers in the present world. Good pre-

treatment methods coupled with landfilling are looked as potential means of disposal of municipal solid

waste (MSW). Bioreactor landfill is a suitable option which increases the biodegradation rate of MSW

through leachate recirculation. Enhanced biodegradation affects the properties of MSW. In the present study

two bioreactor landfill simulators were used to investigate the effect of limited leachate recirculation and

enhanced leachate recirculation on the compressibility and strength characteristics of mechanically

biologically treated (MBT) municipal solid waste (MSW) at a laboratory scale. The setup was monitored for

a period 365 days. After one year of operation, the residues of the waste in the simulators were analysed.

Consolidation tests, creep tests and triaxial tests were performed on initial and final wastes. The variation in

the primary compression ratio, secondary compression ratio, cohesion and friction angle values are analysed

and the results are presented.

Keywords: Bioreactor landfill, Sustainability, stabilization, leachate recirculation

37

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Environmental research of old waste landfill “Vardariste”, Skopje, Macedonia

B. Kovachevikj*1, E. Raleva

2 , M.Markov

3, Z. Ilijoski

4

1Institute for Energy, Construction and Environment, Drezdenska 52, MACEDONIA

(E-mail: borka.kovacevic@gim.com.mk; borka@iege.edu.mk)

2,3,4

Geotechics Department, Civil Engineering Institute Macedonia, Drezdenska 52, MACEDONIA

(E-mail: elizabeta.raleva@gim.com.mk,marko.markov@gim.com.mk, geozlatko@gim.com.mk;)

ABSTRACT

The aim of the research study is determination of current state of the old landfill "Vardarište" in city of

Skopje, Macedonia, in order to develop strategy for remediation and redevelopment of the area.

The landfill "Vardarište" is located on the left bank of the river Vardar at about 7 km downstream from

the town center. Between 1976 and 1996 year landfill was operational as not engineered dump site. The

total surface of the landfill is 42ha and the thickness of the body of the landfill is about 10 - 12m. In the

landfill are deposited municipal waste, non-hazardous industrial waste, medical waste, construction waste,

etc.

Different tests of examination are carried out at “Vardariste” and are determined composition and

volume of the waste, morphology of the landfill, hydro-geological conditions and permeability, distance

from surface and underground water, and biogas detection. Also analysis of contamination of soil,

surface and underground water were performed. Waste from different depth was analyzed and

compared related to composition and leachate constituents.

Results from analysis of underground water indicate highly contaminated environment with different

pollutants. Parameters that are characteristic for organic species pollution have high values and are

typical for leachate from the landfill waste. Great content of organic components indicates a process of

fermentation that will last long, probably decades. Heavy metals are present in water samples, where

chromium and nickel exceed the limit values.

According to the results of analyzes of groundwater, waste and biogas can be concluded that the landfill

is in methanic (IV) or long time phase .

The Landfill “Vardariste” examined in this study, will be example for development of strategy for

remediation and redevelopment of contaminated areas and old landfills for municipal waste in

Macedonia.

Keywords: landfill, leachate quality, strategy for remediation, waste composition

Acknowledgment: The authors thank to City of Skopje , Macedonia for their support

38

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Bioconversion of Food Wastes for The Production of Value Added Products Bioconversion of Food

Industry Wastes

ZORLUGENÇ, Bülent*1,KIROĞLU ZORLUGENÇ, Feyza

1

1,

ZORLUGENÇ, B., KIROĞLU ZORLUGENÇ, F., Food Engineering Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş

Veli University Engineering and Architecture Faculty. TURKEY

(E-mail: bzorlugenc@nevsehir.edu.tr, fkzorlugenc@nevsehir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Food waste is a serious global problem. Currently, landfilling and incineration are the major practices for

managing these wastes in many countries. These practices, however, may cause severe environmental

pollutions and adds burden to the economy. Food industry produces a lot of waste products and these wastes

contain useful organic components such as carbohydrates, proteins, etc. Many efforts have been recently

made to exploit waste biomass through a biorefinery approach, for the production of value added products

such as single-cell protein, enzymes, animal feeds and feed additives, organic acids, pigments, ethanol,

biofuels and various other products.

This work is an overview of the value-added products that obtained by bioconversion of food industry wastes.

Keywords: Food, Waste, Industry, Microorganism, Biorefinery

39

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Utilization of Food Industry Wastes

KIROĞLU ZORLUGENÇ, Feyza*1, ZORLUGENÇ, Bülent

1

1,

KIROĞLU ZORLUGENÇ, F., ZORLUGENÇ,B., Food Engineering Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş

Veli University Engineering and Architecture Faculty. TURKEY

(E-mail: fkzorlugenc@nevsehir.edu.tr, bzorlugenc@nevsehir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Food wastes represent a serious environmental problem. Currently, the animal and plant origin wastes are

treated in traditional ways, such as land filling, incineration, composting, low quality animal feed and land

spreading. Recent years, there is an increasing global trend towards the efficient utilization of natural

resources. Sustainable food production and value-addition of wastes is the most important issue in the food

processing industries. At present, the European Union legislation encourages the exploitation of by-products.

This valorization can be achieved through the extraction of high-value components such as proteins,

polysaccharides, pectins, fibers, flavor compounds, and phytochemicals, which can be re-used as nutritionally

and pharmacologically functional ingredients.

This work is an overview of the value-added products that only obtained by various extraction techniques

from food industry wastes.

Keywords: Food, Waste, Industry, High Value Product

40

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effects of Different Barn Planning System on Waste Characteristics – Case Study of

Turkey

Havva Eylem Polat*

*Assist.Prof.Dr., Department of Farm Structures and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University,

TURKEY.

(E-mail: epolat@ankara.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Determining the daily amount of manure produced and which characteristics of manure are important

issues in designing the livestock waste management systems. In this study, the amounts of solid and

liquid manure from 140 barns were measured daily period for two years. Total nitrogen, total

phosphorus, unit volume weight, moisture content and total solids parameters were determined by th e

standard methods on waste samples taken each 15 days from barns. According to the results, 28.0 kg ±

4.2 kg/day of solid manure and 10.2 ± 1.08 kg/day liquid manure were obtained as average from the

live weight of 452 kg of cattle. The total amount of waste derived from a cattle average of 38.4 kg /

day, this value was calculated as 35.0 kg/day in tie-stall systems, 33.0 kg/day in free-stall systems, 36.3

kg/day closed and loose housing system, 32.4/day kg in closed and grid -based systems, 42.1 kg/day in

semi-open system and 39.8 kg/day in open the systems. According to the calculations, solid waste was

obtained from 6.7% of barns, semi-solid waste from 73.3% of barns and liquid waste from 20% of

barns. These changes are seen in barn to barn were found statistically significant (P<0.01). Total

nitrogen ratio, total phosphorus ratio, unit volume weight, total solids and moisture content are varies

in the range of orderly 5.0% - 1.9%, 5.6% - 2.3%, 888 kg / m3 - 1286 kg / m

3, 53.0% - 1.7% and are

also 98.3% -% 47.0. These changes in different planning systems were found statistically significant

(P<0.01). It was determined that solid waste is obtained from open systems, liquid waste from closed -

free-stall system and closed -grid-based systems and semi-solid waste from closed-tie-stall systems,

loose housing systems and semi-open systems. Briefly, it was concluded that the different planning

systems have important effects on amount of waste produced, waste characteristics and so waste

management system design.

Keywords: Cattle, Manure, Moisture, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Total Solids, Waste Amount

41

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Constraints of Local Waste Management System in Lagos, Nigeria

A.O Abisuga1, A.A Akinpelu

2*, D.O Olanrewaju

3

1,2,3

Department of Building Technology, Lagos State Polytechnic, Nigeria.

(1 abisuga_olatunji@yahoo.com,

2aaakinpelu@ yahoo.com,

3 Kemiolan@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Lapses in the waste management system in Nigeria are causing serious societal, environmental menace,

especially in highly populated cities like Lagos State in the country. Stakeholder participation in waste

management, administration at the local district level have not been effective and efficient. These local waste

administrators deserve more attention from researchers and government to improve service delivery. The

factors that hinder the effective performance of the local waste management administrators in Lagos State

were assessed in this study. A systematic and simple random sampling methods were employed in the

sample survey across the local government areas (LGAs) and local council development areas (LCDAs) in

the State . A descriptive research approach was adopted for the analysis of collected data. The results of the

study show that a lack of organizational structure, professional competence and education, funding and

incentives, non cooperation of the residents, accessibility to residence and disposal locations, high level of

illiteracy of home users were identified as significant constraints on the local waste management system. If a

corrective measure can be driven along these outcomes, an environmentally sound waste management system

will be achieved.

Keywords: Lagos State, Local waste administrator, stakeholder, waste management

42

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

California Bearing Ratio of a Clay with Waste Carpet Jute

Murat Öztürk1, Ali Fırat Çabalar

*,2

1, 2

Civil Engineering Department, University of Gaziantep, TURKEY.

(e-mail: cabalar@gantep.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Proper management of waste carpet jutes is an environmental problem in many regions of the world. Instead

of disposal in landfills, waste carpet jutes can be used in some engineering applications, thereby reducing

their potential impact on the environment. The goal of this study is to investigate the behaviour of a clay

using waste carpet jutes. We prepared various mixtures of clay containing 0, 1, 3 and 5% waste carpet jutes

by weight, and determined their California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values. The test results indicate that the CBR

value of specimens increases with the addition of waste carpet jute.

Keywords: CBR, clay, waste carpet jute.

43

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Porosity analysis of ceramic wall tile derived from blast furnace slag

Elif Eren Gultekin*1, Zahide Bayer Ozturk

2

1 Department of Ceramic and Glass Design , Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevsehir, TURKEY.

(E-mail: eeren@nevsehir.edu.tr)

2 Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevsehir,

TURKEY.

(E-mail: z.ozturk@nevsehir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Recycling of industrial wastes for production of building material and cement is very important for preventing

environmental pollution, reducing production costs and saving of energy, storage. In production of iron-steel

process, great amounts of solid wastes are produced especially in the flotation. These wastes have consisted

of oxides of silicon, calcium, aluminium and magnesium which may be a good source for building ceramic

production. The production of building materials is still based mainly conventional raw materials such as

clay-quartz-feldspar. In this research the possibility of using a blast furnace slag as a raw material for

production of ceramic wall tile is studied. A basic mixture, almost suitable for producing ceramic wall tiles

with raw materials provided from Yurtbay Ceramic Company (Eskişehir/Turkey), with the same composition

as that used in industry was prepared. The compositions were prepared where the waste replaces limestone

and kaolin in the basic mixture, either partially or totally. The physical (color parameters of body, water

absorption, and linear shrinkage) and mechanical properties of tiles were analyzed. The crystallinity of the

obtained samples was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). In order to determine porosity measurement

mercury porosimetry is performed. The results showed that the new wall tile samples with waste showed low

water absorption. The mechanical properties measured according to ISO 10545-4. When observed samples

were compared with standard, the samples with waste showed high strength due to amount of crystalline

phases. The results indicate that there is a potential secondary raw material for production of wall tile from

this blast furnace slag

Keywords: Blast furnace slag, Ceramic wall tiles, Recycling, Waste.

44

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Selective Sodium Hydroxide Leaching of Zinc from Waste Zinc-Carbon and Alkaline Battery

Mixture

Bayram Andak*1, Ahmet N. Bulutcu

2

1 Chemistry Institute, TUBITAK Marmara Research Centre, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey

(E-mail: bayram.andak@tubitak.gov.tr)

2 Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.

(E-mail: bulutcu@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the multi-staged sodium hydroxide leaching behavior of zinc, manganese and iron

from waste zinc-carbon and alkaline battery mixture. For experimental studies, a 250-kg-sample was

randomly collected from waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries at such a ratio that it could simulate

the waste battery characteristics in Turkey. A physical procedure which includes crushing, sieving and

magnetic separation was applied to this mixture. All fractions of non-magnetic materials were collected

and ground under 250 microns. The ground black mass with a metal composition of 23,26 % Zn,

27,53% Mn, 2,60 K and 1.93% Fe was used for multi-staged leaching experiments under different

temperatures. The concentration of sodium hydroxide, agitation speed and pulp density were kept

constant as 30 % w/w, 250 rpm and 1/5 respectively. The black mass was washed with distillated water

three times at 25°C before leaching experiments.

Potassium extraction of 92,8% was achieved after 3-staged washing at 25°C and with 1/5 pulp density.

Zinc concentrations of the first stage leachates were analyzed as 2,98 %, 2,97 % and 2,98 % at 40 °C,

60°C and 80°C respectively. It is determined as 5,59 %, 5,48 % and 5,56 % at 40 °C, 60°C and 80°C

respectively for second stage. At final stage, zinc concentrations were 6,29 %, 6,47 % and 6,96 % at 40

°C, 60°C and 80°C respectively. It was observed that temperature does not have a serious effect on the

zinc concentration obtained expect for the one at third stage. This is due to the fact that at third stage

the solubility limit is reached and solubility is a function of temperature.

Keywords: Alkaline, battery, selective leaching, zinc-carbon.

Acknowledgment: Most of the work reported in this paper was performed within a continued project funded

by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey) through its 1007 Support Programme

for Research Projects of Public Institutions (1007). The financial support is gratefully acknowledged.

45

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Evaluation of performance of MSW landfill barrier systems at laboratory scale and using HELP

model simulations

Santhosh L. G*1, Lakshmikanthan P

2, Sivakumar Babu G. L

3*

1 Research Scholar, Centre for Sustainable Technologies,

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, e-mail: santhosh@astra.iisc.ernet.in

2 Research Scholar, Centre for Sustainable Technologies,

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, e-mail lakshmikanth@astra.iisc.ernet.in

3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, e-mail: gls@civil.iisc.ernet.in

ABSTRACT

Municipal Solid Waste landfills are one of the significant sources of environmental pollution. This has

become a challenge to the engineers to design landfills to avoid threat to the environment. A typical

engineered MSW landfill includes cover system and liner system which act as barriers between waste and

environment. Evaluations of these components are essential to check its performance at local climatic

conditions prior construction of landfills. In the presented study, a MSW landfill cover system was

monitored 90 days during the monsoon season in an open field to estimate the head accumulated above the

liner system. The studies conducted at laboratory scale were validated and simulated in HELP model for a

period of five years. The accuracy of the model predictions by HELP model was found to be more than 94%.

Therefore the HELP model, though a simple model was able to predict the results appropriately for

Bangalore, India.

Keywords: Cover system, HELP model, Landfill, Liner system, Municipal solid waste

46

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Solid Waste Management and Recycling in Igdir

Argun Y.A.*1

, Altikat A.2, Dogru S.

3 and Bayram T.

4

1, 3

Environmental Helath Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Igdir University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sevtap.dogru@igdir.edu.tr, yusuf.argun@igdir.edu.tr)

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: aysun.altikat@igdir.edu.tr)

4 Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: tubabayram@yyu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Iğdır, was raised to the status of the province in 1992 by splitting up Kars, is a settlement of 190.409 people

according to 2013 census and has four municipalities of the districts named Center, Aralık, Karakoyunlu and

Tuzluca and four municipalities of the towns named Taşburun, Halfeli, Hoşhaber and Melekli. Because of the

province experience and history limited as a local management, some problems have been encountered about

the fulfillment of the responsibilities required of urbanization by understanding, planning and bureaucratic.

Solid waste and recycling are the most important of the ongoing problems.

It was given information about solid waste type and quantities of Iğdır, its districts and towns, existing storage

methods and locations and landfill which was come into operation in 2013 and packaging waste collection

separation facility that have been designed. Landfill is constructed and operated to solve problem about solid

waste of Municipality of Iğdır, its four districts and its four towns and Iğdır Special Provincial

Administration, Municipality of Doğubayazıt and Diyadin. Solid Waste Management Project made by these

10 municipalities and Iğdır Special Provincial Administration is a plant required for disposal and recycle

complying with National Solid Waste Regulations and EU Directives.

A project about collecting and recycling of packaging wastes has been presented and accepted to SERKA by

Igdir province of Environmental Services Association. Area that planned as a garage in solid waste landfills

has been transformed to Collecting and Separation of Packaging Wastes facility (TAT) within the project but

could not operate due to the cancellation of the procurement. It has been assessed current status of the

landfill, the problems about packaging waste collection and separation facilities, TAT facilities in terms of

cost.

Keywords: Igdir, Local management, Landfill, Recycling, Solid waste.

47

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Management of Solid Waste in the Sample of a Small Sized Turkish Town, Erzurum

Bayram T. *1

, Argun Y.A.2, Altikat A.

3 and Dogru S.

4

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: tubabayram@yyu.edu.tr)

2, 4

Environmental Helath Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Igdir University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: yusuf.argun@igdir.edu.tr, sevtap.dogru@igdir.edu.tr)

3 Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: aysun.altikat@igdir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Rapid and consistent growth of human population has caused a considerable increase in the total

amount of solid waste disposed to nature all over the world, which has turned out to be a great threat

for public health and environment. Ever increasing threat of solid waste on humans and their

environment forced nations to seek for efficient and suitable technologies and make effective

regulations to eliminate this threat and control waste at least at its source. Until recently, solid wastes

were disposed without considering possible consequences of disposal techniques in this process.

Turkey is a country at the edge of accessing the European Union, therefore; it must regulate its legal

frames conveniently with those of the Union in every sector and subject including environmental

matters. The city of Erzurum is small sized and nearly unindustrialised city in the north -eastern part of

Turkey, which suffers less from any type of pollution than the western part of the country; however

among main environmental problems of which is solid waste. The aim of this study is to present a road

map on legal basis for developing countries like Turkey considering and comparing the current legal

frames for environment and giving an application example for the management of solid waste in a

Turkish city.

Keywords: Environmental laws, Environmental matter, Erzurum, Solid waste, Solid waste management.

48

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Industrial Waste – Red Mud as Catalyst for Hydro-Dealkylation

Á. Rédey*1, T. Juzsakova

2, T. Fráter

3, A. Csavdari

4, L. Ráduly

5 and I. Ráduly

6

1, 2

Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, HUNGARY.

(E-mail: redey.akos@gmail.com, yuzhakova@almos.uni-pannon.hu)

3 Introduction of the National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO), Pesticide Residue Analytical Laboratory,

Velence, HUNGARY (E-mail: tamasfrater@gmail.com)

4 Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Babes-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA (E-

mail: acsavdari@yahoo.com)

5,6

Faculty of Economics and Business Management, University of Babes-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA.

(E-mail: radulyistvan@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Red mud is a waste of the bauxite processing industry obtained during the alkaline extraction of

alumina from bauxite ore. The worldwide aluminum production in large scale has generated huge

amounts of red mud for decades. Red mud is a caustic material having pH=11-13. Thus its storage has

potential threats to environment, to flora, fauna and human beings. Several suggestions/trials for the

comprehensive utilization of the red mud were made such as recovery of metal components from the red mud,

utilization as construction material. Unfortunately, these technologies have not been used in wide scale. The

red mud is a mixture of metal oxides/metals such as Fe2O3, Al2O3, ZnO, MgO, Ni, Ga etc. which have

catalytic feature. Therefore the red mud can be utilized as cheap catalyst as well. The aim of this work was to

investigate the Hungarian red mud catalytic activity in hydro-dealkylation of toluene. The acidic treatments of

red mud were applied in order to reduce its pH value. The toluene hydro-dealkylation reactions were carried

out in batch reactor in the temperature range from 250 to 450°C. For all runs the starting hydrogen pressure of

the reaction was 30 bar. The main products of reaction were cyclohexane in the liquid phase and methane in

the gas phase. The conversion of toluene to cyclohexane was below 1-6 % up to 400°C and increased to 15-

20 % at 450°C depending on pretreatment of red mud. Influence of the acidic treatment of the red mud on the

catalytic activity was studied and it was compared with earlier work on ethyl-benzene hydro-dealkylation

where conversion was up to 58%. The specific surface areas of the samples were determined by BET method.

The acidity of the samples was determined using the pulse chemisorption with ammonia as acid probe

molecule. The catalytic activity of the red mud samples were correlated with their morphology and surface

properties.

Keywords: BET, Hydro-dealkylation, Toluene, Red mud as catalyst.

49

ICOCEE –CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

GIS application on disposal of Dredge Materials

S. Dağlı*1, A.Dönertaş

2,H. M. Basar

3, İ.Yolcubal

4, E.Sangu

5 , L. Tolun

6

4,5

Department of Geology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kocaeli University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: yolcubal@kocaeli.edu.tr)

1,2,3,6

TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sonmez.dagli@tubitak.gov.tr, asli.donertas@tubitak.gov.tr, leyla.tolun@tubitak.gov.tr)

ABSTRACT

Uncontrolled dumping of dredged material in coastal and marine areas had been a common practice for

a long time in Turkey. However, some of the dredged material is contaminated to an extent that major

environmental constraints need to be applied when developing management options. Considering the

possible adverse environmental effects, contaminated sediments need to beneficially used or be

disposed on land if it is categorized as hazardous waste. In other words, regulations ban dumping of

these sediments if they behave as hazardous waste. Turkish Regulation on landfilling of wastes describe

the technical requirements on landfill facilities such as distance to surface water, depth to the wa ter

table, permeability, geological, geomorphologic and geotechnical conditions, natural risks (flood,

landslide, avalanche, erosion and earthquake) etc. It is important to use GIS (Geographical Information

Systems) software by sort of the criteria as precedence factors as a tool of multiple decision support

system. This study illustrates the preliminary results of the selection of possible landfill sites placed at

pilot locations at Black Sea, Marmara Sea, Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea of Turkey. The ma in

parameters processed by GIS are as follows; regular-irregular storage location (distance-availability),

the current-abandoned mine sites, geological structure of current storage sites, local hydrological - hydro

geological systems, transportation infrastructure, land use, water basins and protected sites, existing

local restrictions, current environmental territorial plans etc. The findings as an output of GIS were

evaluated and selected sites were inspected on site respectively. All the sites were evalua ted according

to Turkish Master Plan on Waste Management.

Keywords:GIS, dredge materials, landfillingAcknowledgment: The work is a part of DİPTAR Project,

financially supported by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK)

1007Programme [Project Number 111G036]. We specially acknowledge the Ministry of Environment and

Urbanization, Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications and Highways 1st Regional

Directorate for their supports in the ports. The authors would like to thank, BarışGüzel,PembeErdoğan and

RecepKarademirfor their helps in the field.

50

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Preventative Medicine for the Environment: Developing and Implementing

Environmental Programs that Work

Dr.Fulya Oztas

Selçuk University, Vocational Health School, Campus, Konta

e-mail:fullyoztas@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Hospitals are the largest sector that operating, continuously twenty-four hours per day. The medical

waste products contribute to a wide variety of environmental and related health concerns. It is well known

that the use and disposal of medical materials are threatening the availability of clean air, water, and

ecosystems.

Medical waste materials generate in hospitals are in tremendous variety and quantity which thus

waste matters may represent real occupational and environmental health threats. Also hospitals are

consistently within the top water users that their waste water products mostly contain toxic lab and cleaning

chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds, many of which are not broken down in sewage treatment plants

and are disposed of in landfills, result in sewage sludge applied to farmland, or are released in rivers and

streams. In the past it has been largely ignored by the environmental regulators. However, it has been known

that medical wastes was the largest source of dioxin emissions, The hospital waste contamination sourced

by the way may cause the acid rain and heavy metal particulate emissions mostly cause to asthma and other

health problems.

In this study we intend to work out how hospital managing their hazardous chemicals identifies and

disposing of them properly? The goal of this paper is also to suggest steps in moving from the theoretical

aspects of why hospital facilities should adopt acceptable environmental principles and to how to do it.

Key words: Hospital waste, environment, education, medical waste

51

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A PROPOSED DESIGNED OF COMPOST PILE FACILITY IN BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

MAIN CAMPUS I

Joeylyn A. Almarez1, Sarah Jane R. Driz

*2 and Roxette Joy I. Jumangito

3

Civil and Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Department, Batangas State University, Philippines.

( ojou10_08@yahoo.com, sj_mia02@yahoo.com)

Civil and Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Department, Batangas State University, Philippines.

(missxeju@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

The compost pile facility is designed to accommodate compostable wastes to be converted into compost as

fertilizer. This facility has significant positive impact to the environment, benefits to the management such as

hygienic surrounding and income generation for sold fertilizer.

The study focused on the design of the compost pile facility in Batangas State University Main Campus I,

including the calculation of the compostable waste, preparation of the facility layout plans, detailed drawings of

the compost pile structures, and detailed estimate of the total project. Project management plan for the

implementation of the proposed design and construction were presented in the study. Quantitive method was

used in the data collection that developed the questions and hypothetis distinctively.

The average daily generation of compostable wastes collected during one week in the summer was 265.5 kg. The

total volume generation in a week was 1547.5 kg. With this, there would be 90 percent of compostable wastes

that can be turned into compost as a fertilizer. From the bill of materials and cost estimation of the compost pile

facility, the cost of construction of the facility is sustainable due to availability of the fund from the

Environmental Management Unit, and cost-effective due to standard materials available at mínimum cost. The

Environmental Management Plan for the operation and maintenance of the compost pile facility with five

elements that induces positive impact to the environment, health and property.

Keywords: Compostable, Fertilizer, Pile, Structure, Waste

52

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Recycling Ways of Waste Bread Crumbs

Selçuk Mustafa SEÇEN *1 and Kamil Emre GERÇEKASLAN

2

1,2

Nevşehir Nevşehir Hacıbektaş Veli University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of

Food Engineering, Nevşehir/TURKEY

(e-mail: mustafa-secen@hotmail.com, emre@nevsehir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Bread is the most basic foodstuffs of people from all walks. Bread production technology is simple and

cheap, and bread can be stored easily, it plays an important role in daily nourishment consumption.

However, there is considerable amount of bread loss and waste in our country. The bread waste is the

difference between production and consumption amount of bread and this waste leads to an ineffective

use of resources of the country. Approximately 6% of the bread produced in our country’s is wasted.

We can approach to this matter from two aspects. Firstly, there are too many bakeries and their

capacities are higher than those needed in big villages, and because of competition, bread production is

beyond the consumption. Secondly, consumers are buying bread more than their need.

Improvements can be considered important were achieved as a result of sustained campaigns about

daily bread waste since the beginning of 2013. In 2012, 5.9% of the daily bread production was being

wasted; in 2013, this rate has dropped to 5.4%. Therefore, more than 1 million daily bread has been

saving and the total amount of waste has been reduced from 5.9 million to about 4.9 million units.

According to the researches, the stale bread has had many ways of using it again. Foremost, in order to

make bread fresh, water is sprinkled on them and put in the oven wrapped in foil t o heat or convert to

completely dried bread flour by drying them. One of the largest customers of stale bread are the feed

mills. Another way to recycle the stale bread is drying sliced bread and using it as bread -shaped pizza

base.

Keywords: Bread, economic loss, staling, recycling.

53

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTEWATERS FROM ESKİŞEHİR STATE HOSPITAL

Pınar GÜLTEKİN*

Technology and Production Command, Department of Quality Assurance, 1. Air Supply and

Maintenance Center Command, Eskişehir, Turkey

(pinargulte@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Medicines for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes are used on patients both in hospitals and at homes

after prescribed by doctors. While some of the medical substances are used with metabolisms, some of

them excreted by the patients after administration and therefore reach the municipal sewage and

wastewater treatment plants with the excretion. If they are not biodegraded or eliminated in the

wastewater treatment plants, they are emitted into surface water and finally they may reach drinking

water. Hospital wastewaters include wastewaters having household characteristics and wastewaters

coming from different departments such as services, laboratories, morgue, blood bank and laundry.

Waters from each department have a high concentration of contamination but they seem to be dissolved

in the waters having household characteristics. In this project, the wastewaters from Eskişehir State

Hospital were analyzed to define their characteristics. Therefore, chemical and bacteriological analyses

were done. Furthermore, anion and cation analyses of the hospital wastewaters were also performed.

According to the results of these analyses, the wastewater of the hospital was found to be very

contaminated.

Key words: Eskişehir, hospital, wastewaters.

54

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Key Environmental Challenge of Seawater Desalination

Farzin Saffarimiandoab*1, Ismail Koyuncu

1 and Hanna Kilzer

2

1 Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey.

(E-mail: saffarimiandoab@itu.edu.tr, koyuncu@itu.edu.tr)

2 Mechanical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.

(E-mail: hanna.kilzer@rwth-aachen.de)

ABSTRACT

Earth as a water rich planet contains 71% water. Freshwater makes only 3.5% of this abundant water

resource and occurs in glaciers, ground waters, rivers and lakes; on the other hand, rapid growth of

population, industrial, agricultural activities, and diminishing fresh water resources make it necessary

to provide alternative water resource. Desalination of sea water as alternative way becomes prevalent

chiefly in arid countries. Desalination plants generate highly saline byproduct as well as chemicals from

pre-treatment and post-treatment side-streams which dumped back into the ocean. This discharge has

unavoidable potential of adverse effect on marine environment and life, so in order to debarment any

negative chronic and acute effect on aquatic life and environment, discharge has to be managed and

disposed in sustainable way. In this paper, composition and characteristics of byproducts as well as

their potential impacts on marine environment and life were studied. Concentration management,

disposal options based on regulatory organization limits beside their advantages and drawbacks were

investigated in order to evaluate these methods from cost profitability and effectiveness perspectives.

Keywords: Seawater desalination, concentrate management, disposal methods, environmental effects.

55

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Identification of a Potential Isolate for Degradation of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Wastewater

Systems

H. Ulusoy*1, F. Yilmaz

2, A. Ergene

3 and B. Icgen

4

1,3

Department of Biology, Kırıkkale University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: huulusoy06@gmail.com, ergene@kku.edu.tr)

2,4

Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: yfadime@metu.edu.tr, bicgen@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is one of the most widely used anionic detergent in households and industry. It

is mostly discharged in large quantities into the water bodies like lakes and rivers. The toxicity of SDS to the

health and survival of aquatic organisms in these water bodies is well-documented. Therefore, the bacteria

efficient in SDS degradation are of great importance due to their potential in the biological removal of these

anionic detergents from the contaminated waters. Current study aimed at isolating and identifying SDS

degrading bacteria from the detergent contaminated river water. Initial selection of SDS degraders from the

collected water samples was done by the use of enrichment culture technique with a minimal medium

containing 1% SDS as a sole source of carbon. After enrichment method, the efficient isolates were

determined by using maximum tolerable SDS concentration and degradation capabilities of the isolates

selected. Out of four, one SDS degrading isolate showed significantly (p<0.05) high SDS degradation

capability with 88% after two days incubation. This isolate was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens

through phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene. The results indicated that P. fluorescens might be a

potential isolates for the treatment of SDS-contaminated wastewaters.

Keywords: Anionic detergents, SDS-contamination, SDS degraders

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Middle East Technical University Research Fund Project

for their financial support.

56

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Isolation of Bacteria Efficient in the Removal of Anionic Detergents

S. B. Salik*1, F. Yilmaz

2, A. Ergene

3 and B. Icgen

4

1,3

Department of Biology, Kırıkkale University, TURKEY

(E-mail:batuhansalik@gmail.com, ergene@kku.edu.tr)

2,4

Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY

(E-mail:yfadime@metu.edu.tr, bicgen@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The anionic detergents remain chemically unchanged during the washing process and they are discharged

down the drain with the dirty wash water. In the vast majority of cases, the drain is connected to a sewer and

ultimately to a wastewater treatment plant; where the detergents present in the sewage can be removed by

biological and physical-chemical processes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is one of the anionic detergents

with high industrial usage. Therefore, its biodegradation by potential microorganisms has taken greater

attention for the biological processes. In this study, out of fifty, four SDS-degrading bacteria designated as

SDS4, SDS7, SDS10-2, and SDS10-3 were isolated from SDS-contaminated surface waters and searched for

their ability to degrade SDS. The isolates exhibited optimum growth at an SDS concentration of 1 g/L, but

tolerated up to 55-75 g/L SDS. The isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis as Pseudomanas

corrugate, P. resinovorans, Aeromonas veronii, and P. koreensis with SDS degrading abilities of 52, 55, 74

and 87%, respectively. Preliminary experiments showed that four isolates obtained in this study were strong

gratuitous degraders of SDS. However, their relative importance in soil, sewage, and wastewater treatment

plants remains to be assessed.

Keywords: Anionic detergents, SDS-degrading bacteria, surface waters

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Middle East Technical University Research Fund Project

for their financial support.

57

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Potential of Pseudomonas Species for the Treatment of Heavily Detergent-Polluted Waters

L. Goksu*1, F. Yilmaz

2, A. Ergene

3 and B. Icgen

4

1,3

Department of Biology , Kırıkkale University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: lale.goksu32@gmail.com, ergene@kku.edu.tr)

2,4

Department of Environmental Engineering , Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: yfadime@metu.edu.tr, bicgen@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Detergents, originating from domestic-industrial discharges, reach to the aquatic environments, accumulate

and cause negative effects on the aquatic life. Due to their high foaming capabilities, they also cause serious

problems in wastewater treatment plants. Efficient biological treatment of detergent-contaminated waters at

the wastewater treatment plants help decreasing these problems. Thus, isolation and identification of bacteria

efficient in the biological treatment of detergent like sodiım dodecyl sulfate are a big challenge. In this study,

detergent-degrading bacteria were screened for their efficiency in the detergent-polluted waters. Detergent

degradation ability of the screened isolates was varied in between 88-94%. These isolates were found to be

the species of Pseudomonas after 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The distance matrix generated highlighted the

distances among the sequences aligned. These distances were used for the phylogenetic analysis at species

level. The 16S rRNA gene sequences were deposited to GenBank using Bank It submission tool. Based on

the phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as P. migulae, P. kilonensis, P. koreensis and P.

baetica. The result revealed that Pseudomonas species could be the potential candidates to decrease the

problems in wastewater treatment plants under the pressure of detergent-contaminated waters.

Keywords: SDS pollution, SDS treatment, wastewater treatment plants

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Middle East Technical University Research Fund Project

for their financial support.

58

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Halonitromethanes formation in Drinking Water: Occurrence and Precursors

Sebnem GENISOGLU*1, Zehra OZTURK

1, B. İlker HARMAN

1, S. Sule KAPLAN

BEKAROGLU1

1,

Department of Enviromental Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University

(E-mail: sebnemgenisoglu@gmail.com, zehraozturkk2705@gmail.com, ilkerharman@sdu.edu.tr,

sulebekaroglu@sdu.edu.tr,)

ABSTRACT

Drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) result from the reaction of disinfectants, such as chlorine or

chloramines, with natural organic matter (NOM) and/or bromide/iodide present in drinking water supplies.

Over the last 30 years, significant amount of research efforts have been directed towards improving our

understanding of DBPs, and to date it is estimated that 600–700 DBPs have been reported from the use of

chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide and chloramines. Characteristic functional group is nitrogen for nitrogenous

DBPs (N -DBPs) such as haloacetonitriles (HANs), cyanogen halides (CH), and halonitromethanes (HNMs).

Among these N-DBPs, HNMs received special attention because of their potential hightoxicity and their

occurrence in finished waters at some treatment facilities. There are a total of 9 species of chorine and

bromine substituted HNMs including chloro-(CNM), dichloro- (DCNM), trichloro- (TCNM), bromo-

(BNM), dibromo- (DBNM), tribromo-(TBNM), bromochloro- (BCNM), bromodichloro-(BDCNM), and

dibromochloronitromethane (DBCNM). The concentrations of N-DBPs are generally at a lower level (ng/L to

μg/L) than those of carbonaceous-DBPs, but are more toxic. The recent toxicology studies conducted on

emerging DBPs showed that HNMs are one of the most cyto- and genotoxic classes among the emerging

DBPs, having orders of magnitude higher toxicity than trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).

Especially brominated halonitromethanes (HNM) is expected to be regulated by U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency (USEPA). For the sum of HNMs, median and maximum levels of 1 and 10 µg/L were

recorded during the 2000-2002 US survey. Chloropicrin is the most frequently reported HNM and was

quantified at 0.2–0.5 µg/L in the US 2000–2002 and 2006–2007 surveys, respectively. Recent studies

showed that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) that could be a source of precursors for nitrogenous DBPs

such as HNMs. Laboratory FP tests showing that various disinfection protocols produced HNMs in the

following order: ozonation −chlorination ˃˃ ozonation − chloramination > chlorination > chloramination.

Ozonation before chlorination can dramatically enhance HNM formation. Meanwhile, UV and ozone

disinfection of the same effluents formed insignificant levels of HNMs. This paper aims to review the state of

research on HNM formation in drinking water including with their types and occurence, possible health

effects and precursors. up to date information on HNMs in drinking water available in the literatures have

been reviewed in this paper.

Keywords:, Disinfection, Disinfection by products (DBPs), Drinking Water, Halonitromethanes (HNMs),

Toxicity.

59

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Chlorine Dosing Management Strategies for Water Utilities Using GIS, SCADA and Modelling Tools:

Case Study of Yeşilbayir-Antalya

Tuğba AKDENİZ 1 & Habib MUHAMMETOĞLU

2

(1) Antalya Metropolitan Municipality, Antalya Water and Waste Water Authority (ASAT), Antalya, Türkiye

(E-mail: tugba_ozden@yahoo.com)

(2)Dept. of Env. Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye.

(E-mail: muhammetoglu@usa.net)

ABSTRACT

Antalya City is one of the most preferred touristic destinations of Turkey. Antalya Water and Wastewater

Administration (ASAT) of Antalya Metropolitan Municipality is responsible to provide water and wastewater

services all over Antalya Province. Municipal water demand of Antalya city is supplied from Duraliler,

Gürkavak, Boğaçay and Termessos groundwater resources. Termossos drinking water distribution network

(WDN) consists of three sub-zones namely Yeşilbayır, Odabaşı-Kirişçiler and Duacı.

In 2005, SCADA system was put into use by ASAT to monitor water distribution networks in Antalya City.

ASAT SCADA System, that cost approximately 4 million Euros, provides online surveillance of water quality

and hydraulics in many monitoring stations throughout the current WDN. The system comprises 9 pumping

stations, 17 reservoirs and several groundwater wells. SCADA Stations collect continuous on-line data on

energy consumption of pumps, flow rate, pressure, and many water quality parameters including chlorine

concentration in WDN in order to increase the system efficiency.

The aim of the current study is to emphasize the importance of SCADA, GIS and modelling tools for water

quality management. For this purpose, EPANET hydraulic and water quality model has been applied to a

certain section of Antalya drinking WDN. The study was carried out on Yeşilbayır sub-zone of Termessos

WDN using data obtained from SCADA and GIS. The model calibration and verification were carried out

using both on-site manual and online measurements of water pressures and free residual chlorine

concentrations.

Comparison of modelling results to field measurements in the study area of Yeşilbayır showed that model

predictions agrees with field measurements. The average prediction errors of water pressures, chlorine

concentrations and flow rates were 0.16 bar, 0.06 mg L-1

and 1m3 h

-1, respectively.

It was possible to determine the required suitable chlorine dosage at the chlorine feeding station and chlorine

concentrations throughout the WDN using the SCADA, GIS and modeling tools. Based on this study, the

developed system can be defined as a useful tool for local authorities, planners and decision makers for

similar applications in other regions.

Keywords: Chlorine, Drinking Water Distrubition Network, GIS, Modelling, SCADA.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Akdeniz University, Scientific Research Project Funding for their

financial support, ASAT and Antalya Metropolitan Municipality.

60

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Influence of characteristic of butterfly valve closing on water hammer run.

Apoloniusz Kodura

Warsaw University of Technology, Environmental Engineering Faculty, POLAND.

(E-mail: apoloniusz.kodura@is.pw.edu.pl

ABSTRACT

Water hammer is the most common example of transient flow in pressure pipelines. During this

phenomenon, transformation of kinetic energy to pressure energy makes significant changes of pressure,

which can lead to significant problems in management of pressure networks. The phenomenon is very

complex and a large number of different components has influence on its run. In the case of water hammer

determined by valve closing, the characteristic of gate operating is one of very important issues. However,

this factor is rarely investigated. In this paper, the results of physical experiments of water hammer run in

steel and PE pipelines were described and analyzed. For each water hammer run, characteristic of pressure

change and butterfly valve closing were stored. The results were compared with calculations by using

common methods, applied by engineers - Michaud's and Wood and Jones.

As the result, very significant differences between calculations and results of experiments were observed. In

addition, characteristic of butterfly valve closing has significant influence on water hammer run, what should

be taken under consideration by analyzing the phenomenon. The analysis of comparison of experiments with

theoretical methods of calculations leads to indicating the necessity of improving methods of calculations and

ways of searching for new solutions.

Keywords: butterfly valve, pressure characteristic, transient flow, water hammer.

61

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Utilization Chitosan As A Color Absorbent On Textile Industry Liquid Waste

Hamasyah Hamzah Mumtaza*1

1 Department of Aquatic Product Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA

(E-mail: hamasyahhm@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Textile industry is one of the major industries in Indonesia. The industry produces a lot of waste as a result of

looking side. Liquid waste generated in the form of color components that will pollute the

environment.Textile industry is one of the producers of wastewater from dying processes which have a high

pigment content. If this Textile wastewater flowed directly into the aquatic environment without any prior

management of the environment will degrade the quality of these waters. a wide variety of aquatic

environments polluted by color components generated from textile iindustri. This study was expected to

reduce the adverse effects of wastewater from textile industry. Textile wastewater treatment may be done

using chitosan as absorbent material. Chitosan can be used as an absorbent in Textile wastewater treatment

industry. The research was conducted using the method of deposition and fluidation. The success of this study

was to analyze the water quality, including measurement of levels of color substance use chromameter, pH

value and turbidity measurement use a multimeter, DO and BOD measurement use DO-meter and

measurement of metal content use Atomic Absorbent Spectrophotometry (AAS). Study the effectiveness of

the use of chitosan as an absorbent material in the Textile wastewater by the method of deposition and

fluidation performed with various concentrations of chitosan, namely 1.5 ppm, 15 ppm, 150 ppm and 1500

ppm. pH value result is between 8.07 to 8.43. Turbidity value result is between 0 to 14.8 NTU. Brightness

value result is between 53.14 to 74.86. DO value result is between 4.10 to 6.03. BOD value result is between

1.93 to 4.4 Textile mg / l. COD value result is between 700-1000 mg / l. The results of the analysis of metal

content of Textile wastewater shows that wastewater Textile are still in a safe condition for its metal content

is less than the standard.

Keywords: Textile, chitosan, wastewater, BOD, COD.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Bogor Agricultural University

62

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Biosorption of Commercial Yellow 2G and Indigo Textile Dyes by Powder Hawaiian Spirulina

pacifica

Gamze Dogdu*1, Arda Yalcuk

2

1,2Department of Environmental Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering and

Architecture, Gölköy Campus-Bolu, Turkey

(E-mail: dogdu.gamze@gmail.com, ayalcuk@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Approximately 10,000 different dyes and pigments are used industrially and over 7x tons are produced

annually worldwide. Two out of three of these dyes are azo dyes. Considerable amount of dyestuff that are

used in textile industry are discharged to natural environment after production and it leads to many hazards

about environment and people health. As a result of the degredation of many azo dyes produce aromatic

amines that are carcinogenic. Hence, dyestuffs in textile wastewaters must be removed before discharge to the

environment. Pollution causing these dyestuffs is possible to reduce with biological methods. Today,

biosorption process is very popular due to its efficiency and cost. Low-cost and effective biomaterials used

for dyes removal from wastewater have been of great concerns for environmental scientists. Until now, new,

economical, locally available and highly effective dye biosorbents are still under development and using

certain low-cost biosorbents for dye removal has been extensively reviewed.

On the basis of this concern, the objective of our study is biosorption of commercial Yellow 2G and

Indigo dyes using of new, commercially available, low cost as regards to production processes and

completely ecological powder Hawaiian Spirulina pacifica biosorbent. For these dyes, biosorption

potential of powder Hawaiian Spirulina pacifica investigated variation in parameters of pH, agitation

time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent concentration, contact time and temperature to estimate

equilibrium conditions at batch mode within 120 minutes. Optimum conditions were found as 100 rpm,

60 min pH 2, 25 °C, 100 ppm dye concentration, 3 g/L adsorbent concentration for Indigo and 150 rpm,

10 min, pH 2, 25 The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm

models. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm model for commercial Yellow 2G and

Indigo dyes. Moreover, adsorption of dyes on the cell surface was proved by SEM (scanning electron

microscope) of biomass before and after of dye loading.

Keywords: Biosorption, Commercial Hawaiian Spirulina pacifica, Dyestuff, Indigo, Yellow 2G.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Abant İzzet Baysal University, Scientific Research Project Funding

(İBU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: 2013.09.04.677].

63

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Efficiency of UV and UVH2O2 Processes for Amoxicillin Treatment

Şifa DOĞAN*1, Rana KIDAK

2

1, 2

Environmental Engineering Department, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, North Cyprus.

(E-mail: rkidak@ciu.edu.tr, sdogan@ciu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are the powerful oxidation techniques to apply in such

conditions where conventional treatment processes are inefficient to treat organic pollutants such as

pharmaceuticals. Nowadays, pharmaceutical compounds are concerned to cause various adverse effects

on living organisms including, development of resistant microorganisms to pharmaceutical compounds

in ecosystems and endocrine disruptive effects. UV and UV/H2O2 techniques are the mostly applied

advanced oxidation technologies in large scale treatment plants therefore; investigation of the

elimination of these “newly discovered compounds” is a serious task to provide complete treatment of

wastewaters.

In this study removal efficiency, byproduct profile, mineralization and toxicity of the model compound,

amoxicillin, were discussed and compared for the UV and UV/H2O2 techniques. The UV dose has been

calculated by chemical actinometry and it was found as 2.3 W.m-2

. Three different concentration of H2O2

(2.85, 5.70 and 17.03 mM) was used to find the optimum dose. The maximum removal was recorded as 27 %

(UV) and 43 % (UV/H2O2) amoxicillin after the optimum residence time (25.6 minutes). Carbon

mineralization was measured as COD in mg O2.L-1

and found as 14 % after UV and 30 % after UV/H2O2

processes. Sixteen byproducts were identified after UV treatment and eight products were observed after

UV/H2O2. Phenol, aminophenol, pyridine, benzene, aliphatic and heterocyclic organic compounds have been

formed after UV based treatment of amoxicillin. UVH2O2 treatment showed different aliphatic and

heterocyclic structures.

Generally treated effluents showed toxic nature (EC50% < 15) for each process. For total elimination more

reaction time was needed such as 150 minutes (UV/H2O2) and 270 minutes (UV). Further investigations

should be done to reduce toxicity. This might be achieved by using more UV lamps in a reactor or increasing

the total reaction time to cause more elimination.

Keywords: Amoxicillin, UV, UV/H2O2, removal, toxicity.

Acknowledgment: Cyprus International University, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory.

64

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Ceramic Membrane Applications in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Mesut GENISOGLU*1, Hasan KOSEOGLU

2 and Bilgehan Ilker HARMAN

3

1, 2, 3

Department of Environmental Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University

(E-mail: mesutgenisoglu@gmail.com, hasankoseoglu@sdu.edu.tr, ilkerharman@sdu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Industrial pollution is a major threat on aqueous environment. Specific treatment necessity of industrial

wastewaters is another challenge for treatment plant operators and decision makers. The concern to

control the environmental impact lead to the European Directive 2008/1/EC on integrated pollution

prevention and pollution control (IPPC), which sets out measures to prevent or reduce emissions of

defined industrial activities. It is essential to select appropriate techniques, especially when an

operating company is functioning in an environmentally sensitive area. The character of industrial

wastewater depends on the type of industry. Some industrial wastewaters may contain toxic substances or

high percentages of organic materials or solids which make treatment difficult via conventional treatment

processes. Membrane filtration is a powerful alternative for the treatment of industrial effluents. Both

organic and inorganic membranes have been applied for the treatment ofindustrial effluents; however,

ceramic membranes offer several advantages over polymeric ones such as superior thermal,

chemical,mechanical stabilities and long lifetime. They work wellwithin a pH range of 1 to 14 and

can be operated at temperatures ashigh as 500 °C. They can also operate under high pressure

differentials. These characteristics make them particularly appropriate for the treatment of industrial

effluents. Nevertheless, ceramic membranes are substantially more expensive though this may be

compensated by higher fluxes and extended lifetime. Moreover, the cost of ceramic membranes has

been continuously reduced during the last years. As a result, several authors have proven the feasibility

of bringing this technology to the industrial wastewater management systems. In thiscontext, the

application of ceramic membranes has been proposed as a promisingtechnology for treatment of

industrial wastewater. In this paper; innovative technologies in ceramic membranes and success stories

in industrial wastewater treatment have been discussed in detail.

Keywords: Ceramic Membrane, Heavy Metal, Industrial Wastewater, Separation

65

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

EVALUATION OF THE DISPERSIVE COMPONENT OF THE SURFACE ENERGY OF AL-

PILLARED SEPIOLITE AND AL-PILLARED MONTMORILLONITE AS DETERMINED BY

INVERSE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

Ceyda Bilgiç*, Naile Karakehya

+

* Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Eskişehir Osmangazi

University, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey

cbilgic@ogu.edu.tr + Environmental Control and Protection Programme, Eskişehir Vocational School, Eskişehir Osmangazi

University, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey

nkarakehya@ogu.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) is a derivation of conventional gas chromatography but, unlike

analytical chromatography, the material being evaluated is in the stationary phase in the gas chromatography

column. The retention volume of mobile phase (probe) indicates the interaction between the probe and the

surface of the material in the column. IGC provides an excellent method to measure the surface energy of

rough and porous powders [1,2].

According to the IUPAC definition of pillared clays (enlarged to pillared layered solids): pillaring is

a process by which a layered compound is transformed in a thermally stable micro- and/or mesoporous

material with retention of the layer structure [3]. Pillared clays are a new class of materials, in which large

surface and pore volumes can be obtained according to the type of pillars [4]. These solids have enormous

potential for application in adsorption and catalytic processes [5].

In this study, two kinds of pillared clays were investigated. Al-pillared sepiolite was prepared from

meerschaum processing wastes and Al-pillared montmorillonite was purchased from commercial supplier.

Pillared clays were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and IGC. For IGC

studies, retention time of n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane and n-nonane were measured at infinite dilution

conditions, between 300 and 330 °C. Dispersive component of the surface energy of pillared clays were

calculated. The dispersive component of the surface free energy for the Al-pillared montmorillonite was

higher than the Al-pillared sepiolite. FTIR spectra of Al-pillared sepiolite and Al-pillared montmorillonite

were compared.

Keywords: Sepiolite; Montmorillonite; Pillared-clay; Inverse gas chromatography; Waste utilization

66

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Occurrence of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater and possibilities for their

removal

I. Bodík*1, T. Mackuľak

2, M. Fáberová

3 and M. Mosný

4

1, 2,3,4

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak

University of Technology, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: igor.bodik@stuba.sk, mackulakt@azet.sk, milota.faberova@stuba.sk, michal.mosny@stuba.sk)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to analyse illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in

wastewater from Slovak wastewater treatment plants. Urinary bio-markers of Methamphetamine

(pervitine), Cocaine, Cannabis (marihuana) and Ecstasy use were analysed by LC-MS/MS. More than

300 wastewater samples from all larger Slovak towns were analysed between March 2013 and

November 2014. Based on the concentrations of drugs in wastewater and the corresponding daily flow

rate of wastewater in the treatment plant, daily quantities of drugs in wastewater were obtained. These

values were specifically related to 1000 inhabitants of the city connected to the WWTP. The

information thus obtained represents the specific presence of the drug in relation to the population on a

given day (mg/day/1000 inhabitants). Thus obtained drug consumption values can be compared with the

results achieved by other researchers.

It was found that Methamphetamine and Cannabis have a relatively constant consumption rate during the

week, and only a slight increase was observed over the weekend. Ecstasy is used mainly during the weekend

in Bratislava (9 mg/day/1000 inhabitants) and in Petržalka (8 mg/day/1000 inhabitants). In large cities, the

loads of Ecstasy during weekends were doubled or even quadrupled (Bratislava on Wednesday - 2

mg/day/1000 inhabitants, Sunday - 9 mg/day/1000 inhabitants), this was not observed in Piešťany.

Important part of presented study was also to define the removal efficiency of target illicit drugs and

pharmaceuticals on treatment processes on WWTPs. Some of analysed drugs are removed under very low

removal efficiency, on the other hands, some of drugs are successfully removed from wastewater.

Keywords: illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals, removal processes, Slovak WWTPs, wastewater.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the

contract No. APVV-0122-12

67

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A Clean Technology For Tanneries Unhairing Waste Waters : Neutralization By CO2 , Water

Recycling And Free Amino Acids Recovery

Sabrina.TAMERSIT*1 ,Kamel-eddine.BOUHIDEL

2,

1,2

Laboratory of Chemistry & Environmental Chemistry LCCE , Team : Water Chemistry , Environment &

Desalination . Faculty of Sciences , University Hadj Lakhdar Batna 05000 Batna Algeria

(t-sabrina-batna@hotmail.fr, bouhidel@lycos.com)

ABSTRACT

This research work proposes a clean technology application for CO2 direct capture . This gas is used to

neutralize unhairing alkaline waste waters , effluent of the tanning industry .

Contrarily to the nowadays expensive capture technologies , the present application has given excellent

economical and environmental experimental results :

The treated waste waters are totally recyclable : The pH ( from 13 to 4.5 ) , conductivity ( from 8000 to

2000 μS ) and COD ( 20000-80000 to 3000 mg O2/l ) , are drastically reduced .

The injected CO2 has permitted to precipitate selectively CaCO3 , then different proteins according to

their pKa ; These precipitated proteins are an excellent bioressource ( agriculture , …) .

The neutralization by CO2 permits a smooth pH decrease ;

The treated water contains free valuable and recoverable identified collagen amino acids ;

Briefly , It is really a clean technology : Water economy , polluting by products (COD) recovery and

environment protection .

This original applied study is completed by a deep theoretical chemical study : optimal pH of CaCO3

precipitation , sulphide and calcium speciation ( evolution , complex formation with proteins , …) ,

neutralization curves study ( comparison of CO2 , HCl and H2SO4, …) , free amino acids identification and

CO2 consumption …

This laboratory pilot scale study has used synthetic CO2 and , both , synthetic and industrial waste waters

from an industrial large plant .

Keywords: Amino acids, COD, tanning industry, CO2 neutralisation

68

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Isolation of Efficient Diesel Oil Degraders Harbouring alkb and C23O Genes

G. Onur*1, F.Yilmaz

2 and B. Icgen

3

1,2,3

Middle East Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, TURKEY

(E-mail: gzdeonur@gmail.com, yfadime@metu.edu.tr, bicgen@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Hydrocarbon contamination can be as a result of various sources such as; accidents during fuel transportation

by trucks and ships; leaking of oil from underground storage tanks, extraction and processing oil. Interests

about the possibility of water and soil contamination by oil and oil byproducts gains importance since they are

one of the major pollutants in the environment. Petroleum hydrocarbon polluted areas can be treated through

physical, chemical and biological methods. During cleaning up, microbial degradation processes aid the

elimination of spilled oil from the environment after critical removal of large amounts of the oil by different

physical and chemical methods. Therefore, this study aimed at isolating bacteria from diesel oil contaminated

surface waters and measuring their degradation ability to use in the remediation processes. The catabolic

genes and enzymes responsible for diesel oil degradation were also investigated in the bacteria. Presence of

the enzymes alkane monooxygenase encoded by alkb and catechol 2, 3- dioxygenase encoded by C23O were

confirmed in the bacteria isolated. 61-92% diesel oil degradation by two bacteria harbouring both alkb and

C23O genes was determined through gas choromatographic analysis.

Key words: Diesel oil, alkb, C23O, alkane monooxygenase, catechol 2, 3- dioxygenase

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Middle East Technical University Research Fund Project

for their financial support and Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department of Middle East Technical

University for their helps in gas chromatographic analyses.

69

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of some pharmaceuticals on the production of biogas at anaerobic digestion process

M. Fáberová*1, L. Ivanová

2, I. Bodík

3, and T. Mackuľak

4

1, 2,3,4

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak

University of Technology, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: milota.faberova@stuba.sk, xivanoval@stuba.sk, igor.bodik@stuba.sk, mackulakt@azet.sk)

ABSTRACT

Many of the current pharmaceuticals are not completely removed by the natural decomposition, or they are

resistant to degradation at all. This means that they are ever-present in the water sources and the land areas.

Their biodegradation may take months, particularly in anaerobic conditions. The aim of this study was to

determine the biodegradability of selected pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, tramadol, ibuprofen, carbamazepine

and amoxicillin) in the waste water in the process of mesophilic (37oC) and thermophilic (55

oC) anaerobic

fermentation and monitoring of their inhibitory effect. The pharmaceuticals concentration in the tested sludge

was 10 mg / l and 500 mg / l, respectively.

The results have shown that the pharmaceuticals have an influence on the amount of biogas produced in the

case of the same therapeutic group. Higher temperatures in the thermophilic reactor caused a reduction in

production of biogas compared to mesophilic process.

Keywords: pharmaceuticals, wastewater, anaerobic biodegradation, biogas production

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the

contract No. APVV-0122-12

70

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Study on the Sorption-Desorption-Recovery Performance of Ion Exchange Resin for Removing

Phosphate From Aqueous Solutions

T. E. Köse*, B. Kıvanç

Chemical Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ennilb@ogu.edu.tr, bkivanc@etigida@com.tr)

ABSTRACT

Phosphate anions concentration exceeding about 2 µM in water reservoirs can negatively impact aquatic

ecosystems and human health. Therefore, extra phosphate in water should be removed with an

appropriate method. To obtain low phosphate concentration, advanced treatment methods such as

adsorption and ion exchange must be used. In this study, phosphate removal from aqueous solutions was

examined using Lewatit Monoplus M600 anion exchange resin. The sorption behaviour of resin was

investigated as a function of contact-time and temperature, resin dosage, initial phosphate concentration

of solution, initial pH of the solution and effect of the other ions. The maximum sorption (99%) value

for phosphate from 100 mg/L phosphate solution was observed at pH 10 and 25 oC for 3 hours. Poor

effect of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium ions on phosphate removal was observed. Desorption (with

NaOH or NaCl) and recovery (with CaO) of phosphate studies were carried out. The ion exchange

mechanism was determined as the Ash Layer Control according to Unreacted Core Model and the

Particular Diffusion Control according to Infinite Solution Volume Model. In the isotherm studies, the

Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR) isotherm models were applied. The results

indicate that Freundlich equation is well described with the phosphate sorption. The thermodynamic

parameters such as ΔG◦, ΔH◦ and ΔS◦ were calculated to estimate the nature of sorption.

Keywords: Ion exchange, Isotherm, Kinetic model, Lewatit Monoplus M600, Phosphate

71

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Flow Reactor Model for UV Treatment of Amoxicillin

Rana KIDAK*1, Şifa DOĞAN

1

1, Environmental Engineering Department, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, North Cyprus.

(E-mail: rkidak@ciu.edu.tr, sdogan@ciu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Based on the worldwide surveys, antibiotics are reported to be the mostly used pharmaceutical

compounds. This extreme consumption and production of the drug pose great threat for the safety of

drinking and consumable water standards. Researchers have been marked pharmaceutical compounds as

an endocrine disruptive due to their adverse effects may cause disorder in common functio ns of

endocrine systems in living organisms.

Several studies including European Union projects selected “Advanced Oxidation Techniques” to be

the best option to treat pharmaceutical compounds because they are not easily biodegradable and they

are mostly high soluble in water matrices which provides their escape in conventional treatment

facilities without being decomposed.

In this study UV treatment process was experimented to remove 25mg.L-1

model antibiotic compound,

amoxicillin, from aqueous media. A cylindrical flow reactor was used to carry out the UV process. UV

lamp and the quartz protection glass were place in the middle of the reactor. The dimensions of the

cylindrical flow reactor were as follows: 3.55 cm radius, 33 cm length, 550 cm2 surface area of

irradiation, 1.75 cm radius of the quartz tube, and the path length was 1.8 cm. Total reaction volume

was 650 ml and various pumping rates (30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 rpm) were applied to the system by using

a peristaltic pump to optimize the residence time. UV dose was calculated by chemical actinometric

method and found as 4.86×10-6

Einstein.m-2

.s-1

.

The maximum removal rate was observed when the system was operated under 30 rpm conditions and

the residence time was calculated as 25.6 minutes. According to the results 27 % removal of

amoxicillin and 14% COD mineralization were occurred after the optimum residence time. Under 60

and 90 rpm pump rate conditions no removal was achieved. Kinetics studies were showed in order to

totally eliminate amoxicillin, 270 minutes is needed. Phenol, aminophenol, pyridine, benzene, aliphatic

and heterocyclic organic compounds have been formed after UV based treatment of amoxicillin. This study

provides information for a flow reactor model which has not been studied in literature up to date.

Keywords: Amoxicillin, UV treatment, Flow reactor, byproduct, removal.

Acknowledgment: Cyprus International University Instrumental Analysis Laboratory.

72

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Template for Abstracts of the International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering

(ICOCEE), Cappadocia 2015

Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by photooxidation to Nano-ZnO-Bentonite Composite and

Recovery of OMW

Merve Balaban*1 and Delia Teresa Sponza

2

1, 2 Dokuz Eylül University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 35160, İzmir;

TURKEY (merve.balaban21@gmail.com; delya.sponza@deu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) has a COD value of 220 g/L and also contain large amounts of

suspended solids (190 g/L) and high phenolic compounds (10 g/L) exhibiting hard non-biodegradable

and quite phytotoxic properties. In this study, Bentonite was immobilized to Nano-ZnO to treat the OMW

by photodegradation of the pollutants with Nano-ZnO-bentonite composite. Magnetite minerals, is an

excellent filter for Nano-metal composites. Economic advantages of the magnetite are their low cost and they

are widely distributed around the world. Magnetites have specific surface area, high chemical and mechanical

stability and variety of surface and structural properties. Magnetite’s swelling and adsorption properties make

them supporting materials for nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles also are stable, recyclable and easily

separable and have many advantages, such as low price and high initial rates.

In this study the removals of COD, total phenol and total solids (TS) in OMW were investigated by

photocatalytic oxidation on the Nano-ZnO-Bentonite at concentrations varying between 0,5 g/L, 2, 3,

4, 8 and 16 g/L. The effects of irridation times, nanocomposite concentrations and pH on photocatalytic

oxidation were investigated.

The photocatalytic oxidations were performed under sun light and UV irradiation. The effects of sun

and UV lamp powers and irradiation time on photocatalitic oxidation were investigated.

The maximum pollutant removal efficiencies for COD, total phenol and TS were obtained as 78%,

63% and 61% , respectively, under sunlight at 8 g/L Nano-ZnO-Bentonite for 24 hours, while the

removals for COD, total phenol and total solids were 80%, 56% and 71%, respectively, under UV as

under throughout photocatalysis at 8 g/L Nano-ZnO-Bentonite after 24 hours retention time in OMW.

It was continued to the removal of OMW were steps three and four sequential times to research the

recovery of the treated OMW as quenching of soils and washing subjects.

Keywords: Bentonite, Nanoparticles, Photocatalytic degradation, Sunlight, UV Irradiation, ZnO.

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to express appreciation for the support of the sponsors;

(TUBİTAK PROJECT NUMBER: TOV 113O558).

73

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Template for Abstracts of the International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering

(ICOCEE), Cappadocia 2015

Removal of Olive Mill Wastewater Pollutants by UV and Sunlight Irradition with Nano- SiO2/Fe3O4

Composite and Reuse Properties

Çağlar Ulusoy *1, Delia Sponza

*2

1, 2 Dokuz Eylül University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department ,Buca- Izmir,

Turkey. (e-mail:ulusoycaglar@gmail.com, delya.sponza@deu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) are found primarily to process olives for the extraction of olive oil, but they

produce olive kernel residue and olive mill effluent wastewater as by-products. OMW can be a serious

nuisance when disposed of untreated, due to its significantly high organic load, its phototoxic properties and

its relatively low biodegradability. SiO2 microcrystal showed also good photocatalytic activity for

wastewater containing phenol. One of the most promising methods to increase the photocatalytic

efficiency is the surface modification of SiO2, with the addition of metal oxides such as Fe3O4 and

doping into the of SiO2 catalyst.

This work aims to treatment of OMW with photooxidation under UV and sunlights with using nano- SiO2/

Fe3O4 synthesized under laboratory conditions for the removal of COD, total phenol and total solids

present in the olive mill wastewaters. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nano- SiO2/ Fe3O4

nanoparticles was evaluated by degradation possibilities of phenol, COD and total solids in batch

reactor made in kuvars glasses under UV and sun lights. The effects of irradiation time and light power

were investigated on the photocatalytic activity of nano- SiO2/ Fe3O4 nanoparticles and COD, total

solids and phenol removals.

The maximum removal yields of COD, total phenol and total solids were obtained as 76 %, 66 %, 43%,

respectively, at 8 g/L nano- SiO2/ Fe3O4 under sunlight irradiation after 24 hours retention time while

COD, total phenol and total solids treatment efficiencies of OMW under UV irradiation were detected

as 80%, 61%, 73%, respectively, at 8 g/L nano- SiO2/ Fe3O4 for 24 hours retention time. These

treatments were sequentially three and four times to detect the utilizability of the treated OMW as

irrigation or as refrigeration waters.

Keywords: Nano- SiO2/ Fe3O4 , Olive Mill Wastewater, Photooxidation, Sunlight, UV

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to express appreciation for the support of the sponsors;

(TUBİTAK PROJECT NUMBER: TOV 113O558).

74

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A New Approach for Sludge Disintegration & Stabilization: Solid TiO2 Thin Films

T. TUNÇAL1, D. İ. CİFCİ1, O. USLU

3

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu Engineering Faculty, Namık Kemal university, 59860,

Çorlu, Tekirdağ, Turkey 2Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Yeditepe University, 34755, Kayışdağı, İSTANBUL

E-mail of the corresponding author: ttuncal@nku.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Disintegration of mechanically dewatered sludge (MDS) using thin film (TF) method was

investigated scientifically. MDS samples were placed between two TF coated glass substrates and

irradiated by four different UV sources emitting around 240 nm, 310 nm, 380 nm and 450 nm.

Obtained TF(s) were annealed at 550°C for 1h and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),

scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron

spectroscopy (XPS). The effectiveness of the applied method was assessed observing the changes in

physicochemical structure of the sludge. In addition to the direct mass distortion (MD), variations in

several critical parameters including, lost on ignition (LOI), drying rate (SDR), and sludge bound

water content sludge (BWC) were also investigated through the experimental study. Economics of

the method were also discussed considering the energy demands of current dewatering/drying

equipment. After 3-hour irradiation period under the wavelengths shorter than 400 nm, average

decrease in volatile solids (VS) level was 40%±5. Average BWC(s) of raw and photo-catalytically

treated MDS samples were %52±1 and %30.6±1 respectively. The average light energies used

through photocatalytic and drying experiments were 1,142±10 Joule g-1

VSremoved and 861±28 Joule

g-1

H2Oevaporated respectively. Following the advanced oxidation period (λ<400 nm), sludge was

irradiated at 450 nm for 2 hours and sludge moisture content decreased from 60±1% to 10±0.6%.

Keywords: Sludge minimization, disintegration, TiO2 thin film, nano-technology, dewatering, drying

Acknowledgment: This work is founded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

TÜBİTAK (Project 111Y209) and Çerkezköy Organized Industrial Zone Management.

75

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Wastewater Treatment in Poland Taking into Special Consideration Anaerobic Reactors

Katarzyna Umiejewska*

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Division of Water Supply and

Sewage Disposal, Poland

e-mail:katarzyna.umiejewska@is.pw.edu.pl

ABSTRACT

Poland has been European Union’s member since May 1st 2004. Therefore, EU regulations including

The Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban wastewater treatment, became obligatory in our

country. According to the Directive, the National Program for Municipal Wastewater Treatment was

endorsed in December 2003. It states that all of the agglomerations above 2000 PE (Population Equivalent)

should be equipped with sewage network and municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP).

The aim of the article is to indicate changes in Polish wastewater treatment in 2000-2014, including the

progress in the usage of anaerobic reactors.

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater has become priority in the National Program for

Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Hence, a new Decree was introduced on July 24th

2006 by the

Environment Minister. It concerns the conditions of discharging sewage into water and ground. As a

consequence of the Decree, the number of wastewater plants, removing biogen compounds has risen

significantly. From 2005 to 2012 the percentage of municipal wastewater plants with biogen removal

increased from 55,9% to 80,4%.

According to the Directive, discharges from food-processing industry shall be treated biologically

(aerobically or anaerobically) as well. First anaerobic reactor in Poland was built in 1997. At present, there

are 33 anaerobic reactors treating 75400 m3d

-1 and 399,4 tons COD per day which is equivalent to the

population of 6,65 milion PE. These represent 2,04% of industrial wastewater treated biologically. The

reactors IC (11), EGSB (8) and UASB (6) are most frequently used.

As an effect of European and Polish legislation, capacity of aerobic plants with increased biogen removal has

been rising. Also, anaerobic reactors has been used for the treatment of high strength industrial effluents most

frequently .

Key words: anaerobic reactors, Poland, wastewater

76

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The cycle of pharmaceuticals, drugs and their metabolites in four dominant treatment plant in

Slovakia and the Czech Republic

T. Mackuľak*1, L.Birošova

2, I. Bodík

3 and M. Fáberová

4

1,,3,4

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak

University of Technology, SLOVAKIA. 2 Department of Nutrition and Food Assesment, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak

University of Technology, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: mackulakt@azet.sk, lucia. birosova@stuba.sk, igor.bodik@stuba.sk, milota.faberova@stuba.sk,

michal.mosny@stuba.sk)

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, the attention of experts in the analysis of environmental micropollutants is predominately

aimed on the incidence, fate and the impact of drugs and their metabolites on the aquatic organisms.

In our study, we have analyzed and compared the incidence of 30 frequently prescribed pharmaceuticals,

illicit drugs and their metabolites in Slovak and Czech wastewater. We were also interested in their fate in

various technological stages of WWTP. Using LC-MS / MS analysis, we have found that antibiotics

(ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin) and beta blockers (metoprolol) are the most concentrated

pharmaceuticals in wastewater of both countries. Concentration of illicit drugs and psychoactive

pharmaceuticals has not exceeded micrograms per liter. In case of these micropolutants, tramadol,

methamphetamine and venlafaxine have dominated in wastewater.

Fate of pharmaceuticals and drugs in WWTP differs; some of them only partially undergo biodegradation,

photodegradation, oxidation or sorption. Many of them pass into recipient. This was confirmed especially

for tramadol, venlafaxine and certain types of antibiotics such as clarithromycin or azithromycin. According

to analysis of sludge water, we have also found that certain types of pharmaceuticals and drugs are capable to

concentrate itself in the anaerobic process. Analysis of sludge water revealed the presence of clarithromycin,

azythromycin, tramadol, or methamphetamine in the concentration higher than microgram per liter. However

sludge water is returned to the water line of WWTP, micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals and drugs are

circulating in different technological parts of WWTP.

Keywords: illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals, WWTPs, sewage water, wastewater.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the

contract No. APVV-0122-12

77

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Biodegradation of the Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Pharmaceutical Flurbiprofen

Kadir Yanaç1 and Robert W. Murdoch

2*

1 Environmental Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: kadiryanac@gmail.com)

2 Environmental Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: murdoch@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

2-(3-fluoro-4-phenyl-phenyl)propanoic acid, or flurbiprofen, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

(NSAID) pharmaceutical popularly sold in Turkey under the brand-name Majezik®. Approximately

22% of consumed flurbiprofen (flb) is excreted unmodified or as an easily hydrolysable conjugate. In

Turkey, flb is the most popular NSAID and the third most popular pharmaceutical overall. However,

the fate of flb in the environment is entirely unknown. In order to begin to understand how bacteria

metabolize flb, flb was spiked into activated sludge samples at concentrations of 50 and 500 ppm. Flb

was quantified by reverse phase HPLC with detection at 247nm. Only ~30% of spiked flb was removed

from the 500ppm treatment after 76 days while an average of ~80% was removed from 50 ppm

treatments after 76 days, indicating that flb is recalcitrant and potentially toxic. During degradation, a

novel peak was detected that appeared as flb was disappeared and in proportion to the amount of

disappearance. The novel peak was fractionated by HPLC and subjected to GC/MS structural

characterization. Spiked activated sludge was also used as a source of enrichment cultures with the

goal of isolating bacteria able to use flb as sole carbon and energy source. Enrichments on 100 ppm flb

in minimal medium were monitored for flb concentration and culture density. After three rounds of

serial enrichment, which took three weeks each, cultures were streaked onto 100 ppm flb solid medium

with 20 ppm yeast extract and twelve unique isolates were recovered. Isolates were grouped by RFLP

analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and unique strains were sequenced in order to characterize their

phylogenies. This work represents the first investigation of the bacterial metabolism of the NSAID

pharmaceutical flurbiprofen.

Keywords: Emerging contaminants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, non-steroidal anti-

inflammatory, biodegradation

Acknowledgment: This project was funded by Middle East Technical University BAP [Project number:

20130080].

78

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of Impregnation Ratio on Properties of Activated Carbon Prepared from Biochar by

Chemical Activation

D. Angın*1, S. Güneş

2, S. Şensöz

3

1, 2

Department of Food Engineering , Sakarya University, Sakarya, TURKEY.

(angin@sakarya.edu.tr, sinemgunes.61@gmail.com)

3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, TURKEY.

(ssensoz@ogu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Activated carbon is a black solid substance resembling granular or powder charcoal and are carbonaceous

material that have highly developed porosity, internal surface area and relatively high mechanical strength.

They have been used for a long time as adsorbents in many applications. The properties of biochar are

different from activated carbon, though both of them are carbon-rich material. Generally, biochar is a

not fully carbonized product because its production by pyrolysis is often operated under low

temperatures. However, after physical or chemical activation, the surface areas and internal pore

structures of activated carbon are greatly enhanced and improved compared to biochar that only

experiences the carbonization treatment. Thus, biochar may act as a precursor matter to manufacture

activated carbon. The most important characteristics of an activated carbon is its surface area and adsorption

capacity, which are highly influenced by the activated carbon preparation conditions, such as activation

temperature, impregnation ratio and activation time. In this study, the influence of impregnation ratio on the

product yield, chemical and surface properties of the activated carbons were investigated. This purpose,

activated carbons were prepared by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) of the biochar

obtained through pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake. The biochar were activated at KOH:biochar

impregnation ratio ranging from 1:1 to 4:1, heating rate of 10 °C min-1

and 900 °C activation temperature

under nitrogen atmosphere. The chemical and surface properties of the activated carbons were investigated by

elemental analysis, BET surface area, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The highest BET

surface area was achieved as 1652 m2

g-1

at 4:1 of KOH:biochar impregnation ratio. The results showed that

both chemical and surface properties of the activated carbon were significantly affected by the impregnation

ratio.

Keywords: Activated carbon, Biochar, Characterization, Impregnation ratio.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Sakarya University, Scientific Research Project Funding (BAP) for

their financial support [Project number: 2010-01-16-003].

79

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Adsorption of Orange 13 from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Orange (Citrus

sinensis L.) Pulp

D. Angın*1, G. Demir

2, S. Güneş

2, A. Ilci

2

1, 2

Department of Food Engineering , Sakarya University, Sakarya, TURKEY.

(angin@sakarya.edu.tr, gulden.demir@acibadem.com.tr, sinemgunes.61@gmail.com,

a.ilci@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, dyes have created serious environmental problems with the rapid development of various

industries, such as paper, plastic, textile, cosmetic, leather, and coating. Colored dye effluents have mainly the

complex nature and most of them are toxic to aquatic life, mutagenic and carcinogenic and can cause some

health problems. The adsorption method was proven to be more sophisticated and efficient compared to

traditional physico-chemical methods such as coagulation, ultrafiltration, ozonation, oxidation, sedimentation,

reverse osmosis, flotation etc. for dye removal from wastewater, due to its low-cost, easy availability,

simplicity of design and ease of operation. Activated carbon can be produced from any carbonaceous solid

precursor, which is largely dependent on its availability, cost and purity. Activated carbon is the most widely

used adsorbent for the removal of dyestuff from wastewater because it has an excellent high surface area and

high adsorption capacity for organic compounds, but its use is usually limited due to its high cost. For this

reason, many researchers have investigated more cheaper and efficient activated carbons for the removal of

dyes from wastewater. In this study, activated carbon was produced from orange (Citrus sinensis L.) pulp by

chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and an adsorption capacity of activated carbon for removal of

reactive dyestuff (Orange 13) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The characteristics of activated

carbon were examined by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption isotherm and elemental analysis.

In the batch mode adsorption studies, the effects of initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of

solution were examined. Equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich

(DR) isotherm equations. Also, this study has demonstrated that high surface area activated carbons can be

prepared from the chemical activation of orange pulp with zinc chloride as activating agents.

Keywords: Activated carbon, Adsorption, Characterization, Orange 13, Orange pulp.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Sakarya University, Scientific Research Project Funding (BAP) for

their financial support [Project number: 2013-01-16-014].

80

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Biogas Production by Anaerobic Digester Exposed to AmmoniaChangedwith Changing Bacterial

Population Dynamics

M. S.Ak*1, F. Yilmaz

2and B. Icgen

3

1,2,3

Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY

(E-mail: mselcen@metu.edu.tr, yfadime@metu.edu.tr, bicgen@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Anaerobic treatment is more favorable process than other unit operations due to its high loading rate capacity

and low sludge production rate. In addition to these advantages, biogas (methane) production makes this

process more attractive. The sensitivity of the process towardschanging concentrations of inhibitors like

ammoniaisone of the main drawbacks. For the efficient biogas production, the knowledge about the changes

in the microbial population within the digester exposed to varying concentrations of ammonia needs to

berevealed. However, up to now, this requirement is mostly predicted without revealing the real population

dynamics. Therefore, in this study, the effect of ammoniaon microbial population of anaerobic sludge

digester and its biogas productionwere investigated. For this purpose, total gas production, methane

percentage in the off-gas, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS)of the

sludge, and changes in bacterial population were followed during digestion process with lab-scale bioreactors

exposed tovaryingconcentrations of ammonia. The changes in microbial population were followed by using

fluorescence in situ hybridization technique with oligonucleotide probes specific for each anaerobic

consortium.

Keywords:Biogas production, anaerobic digestion, ammonia, population dynamics

Acknowledgment: The authors thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey for their

financial support through a 1001 project.

81

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye on Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) - A Response

Surface Methodology (RSM) approach

Veyis Selen1*

, Şeyda Taşar1, Meltem Çakmak

1, Dursun Özer

1 and Ahmet Özer

1

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Firat University, 23279 Elazig, Turkey.

(E-mail: vselen@firat.edu.tr*; sydtasar@firat.edu.tr; mcakmak@firat.edu.tr; dozer@firat.edu.tr;

aozer@firat.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Dyes may be defined as organic compounds used to color other substances, and usually may be found in

effluent water from many sectors of industry. These colored compounds are widely used in the textile, food,

cosmetic, pharmaceutical, tanneries, electroplating factories and other industries. Adsorption techniques have

been proved to be an excellent way to treat effluents, offering advantages over conventional process,

especially from the environmental point of view.

In this study, the adsorption potential of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated for

removal of Methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes used in this

study were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR and pHzpc. Adsorption of MB in aqueous solution by

MWCNTs was studied by using Placket–Burman (PB) and Central Composite Design (CCD). Adsorption

process was described mathematically by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Initial MB

concentration, initial pH of solution, adsorbent dosage, temperature, particle size, shaking speed and contact

time were selected as independent variables and the adsorption yield was chosen to be response for the

adsorption process in the PB design. The adsorption experiments were conducted in 12 runs to study the

effect of the selected variables. All of the experiments were repeated twice, ie a total of 24 experiments were

performed for adsorption of MB. Based on the results of PB and the combined effect of contact time, initial

pH of solution, MB concentration and adsorbent dosage on the MB adsorption was studied using CCD. Other

parameters for adsorption process were kept constant at a temperature of 298 K; particle size of -200 mesh,

shaking speed of 150 rpm. Each factor in the design was studied at five different levels. Data obtained from

experimental runs were analyzed using the “Design Expert” software (version 6.0, Stat-Ease, Inc.,

Minneapolis, USA) statistical package. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of

determination value (R2 = 0.94). It was observed that the linear and quadratic effects of the adsorbent dosage,

initial pH of solution and initial concentration of MB, additionally linear effect of contact time were very

significant (P<0.05) for adsorption of MB. The interaction between initial MB concentration and contact time

showed remarkable effect on adsorption process. This study showed that MWCNTs particles can effectively

remove MB from wastewater.

Keywords: adsorption, central composite design (CCD), methylene blue (MB), multi-walled carbon

nanotubes (MWCNTs) and placket–burman (PB) and.

82

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal of Astrazon Golden Yellow 7GL from Colored Wastewater Using Activated Clay

Meltem Çakmak1, Şeyda Taşar

1*, Veyis Selen

1, Ahmet Özer

1, Dursun Özer

1

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Firat University, 23279 Elazig, Turkey.

(E-mail: mcakmak@firat.edu.tr; sydtasar@firat.edu.tr; vselen@firat.edu.tr; aozer@firat.edu.tr;

dozer@firat.edu.tr) ABSTRACT

The dyes and pigments which are generally complex aromatic molecular structure and synthetic origin are

contain more double bonds and various functional groups. The wastewaters polluted by dyes and pigments

impairs the aesthetic nature of the receiving environment, reduces the light penetration through the water’s

surface and the solubility of gases. This pollution affects the photosynthetic activity of aquatic life. It is

known that discharging the untreated wastewater containing organic dyes into natural water reserve can cause

a serious environmental hazard. For that reason the removal of synthetic organic dyestuffs from waste

effluents is becoming important for water ecosystem. In this study, chemically modified clay (CMC) was

used as an adsorbent for the removal of Astrazon Golden Yellow 7GL (AGY-7GL), which is a basic

dye, from wastewater. For this purpose, firstly the chemically modified clay was characterized by

determining zero point of charge (pHzpc), and using BET, SEM and FTIR. Then effects of operational

parameters on adsorption of AGY-7GL were studied in a batch system. The efficiency and capacity of

adsorption were investigated under various parameters such as contact time (0 -180 min), pH (2-8),

temperature (293-323 K), CMC dosage (0.075-0.5 mg/g) and initial AGL-7GL concentration (75-250

mg/L) for the removal of AGY-7GL. The adsorption experimental result revealed that pH was not

significant effect on uptake of dye, whereas adsorption capacity was increased when contact time,

temperature and initial dye concentration were increased. As a result of evaluation of the research

data’s was concluded that the adsorption process was endothermic. Optimum conditions for the removal

process were found to be contact time of 105 min, initial dye concentration 250 mg/L, initial pH 6 and

adsorbent concentration 0.25 g/L at 323 K. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined to be

about 370 mg/g at the optimum condition. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were calculated from

the results of the adsorption experiment. The pseudo first order and the pseudo second order kinetic

model equations were used to predict the adsorption parameters. The evaluation of kinetic models

showed that data were best fitted by the pseudo second order model. The adsorption data were

evaluated with linear and nonlinear Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models equations and compare

with each other. It was determined that the adsorption equilibrium data showed an excellent description

to the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters such as ∆H° (19.0 kj/mole), ∆G° (-

28.8 kj/mole) and ∆S° (0.148 kj/mole) were also determined. These parameters showed that the

adsorption mechanism was physical and spontaneous. According to experimental results, it was

concluded that CMC could be used as an alternative and low cost potential adsorbent for the removal of

AGY-7GL from wastewater.

Keywords: adsorption, astrazon golden yellow 7GL (AGY-7GL), chemically modified clay (CMC),

thermodynamic and kinetic parameters.

83

ICOCEE –CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Assessment of Anaerobic Microbial Community Structure in the Presence of

NonylphenolDiethoxylateUsing Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Fadime Kara Murdoch*1 and F.Dilek Sanin

2

1,

Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail:fkara@metu.edu.tr)

2,

Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: dsanin@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Due to their properties such as being lipophilic, toxic and endocrine -disruptor,

Nonylphenol(poly)ethoxylates (NPnEO) received special attention during the last years for their ability

to accumulate in sludge. Nonylphenols can be degraded to a certain extent in wastewater treatment

plants especially in activated sludge units; however since they accumulate in sludge, understanding of

their fate during sludge treatment and determination of microbial community structure becomes

important. In this respect, the aim of this research was to monitor degradation of NP2EO into

degradation products (nonylphenolmonoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol (NP)) in lab -scale semi-

continuous anaerobic digesters with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and to assess

microbial community structure at taxonomic level by using Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH)

method.

Lab scale semi-continuous anaerobic digesters having 2L working volume were operated as replica at

35oC. 3 mg/L NP2EO was dosed and then degradation products were monitored for 145 days of digester

operation period. Extraction of NP compounds from sludge samples was carried out by sonication -

assisted extraction for 5 min. The biogas composition of the anaerobic digesters was determined with a

Gas Chromatography equipped with Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD). For in situ identification

and quantification of the relative abundances of five different phylogenetic groups (alpha, beta and gamma

proteobacteria, archaea and methanogens) in anaerobic digesters, taxon-specific fluorescently-labeled

oligonucleotide probes were used. Samples were examined with a Carl Zeiss Axio Scope.A1 epifluorescence

microscope equipped with a 100 W high pressure mercury lamp and a charged coupled device (CCD)

camera.The results indicated that following NP2EO spike into semi-continuous anaerobic digesters, there

were changes in the relative abundances of major phylogenetic groups.

Keywords:anaerobic digester, fluorescence in situ hybridization, nonylphenol, nonylphenoldiethoxylate,

phylogenetic groups.

84

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Comparison Of Methylene Blue Removal Efficiency From Aqueous Solutions By Walnut Shell

And Activated Walnut Shell

Giray, S.N*1, Aktaş D.

2, Kozak, M.

3, Kaymaz T

3., and Dolaz M.

4

1,2,3,4

Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of

Environmental Engineering, TURKEY

(E-mail: snur_giray@hotmail.com, dogaaktas66@gmail.com, melike.kzk@hotmail.com,

talatkaymaz@gmail.com, ddolaz@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Methylen blue (MB) removal from aqueous solution by adsorption using walnut shell (WS) and

activated walnut shell (AWS) was aimed in this study, Dyes are released into the environment and lead to

the acute toxic effects on the flora and fauna of the ecosystem. In addition to being aesthetically displeasing,

the release of colored effluents in water bodies reduces the photosynthesis as it impedes penetration of light in

water. Thus, dye-containing wastewaters should be treated before their discharge. Adsorption is an effective

and cheap method for treatment of this kind of wastewaters. In this study, waste WS were used as adsorbent.

All experiments were carried out with the adsorbent sample in 200 mL flasks at the jar test to optimize the

experimental parameters including pH, MB concentration, adsorbent concentration, contact time, agitation

speed. In the first part of this study, waste WS were collected locally, washed, dried, grinded and stored in an

airtight container until use. The optimum MB removal was found 86,37% under the optimum conditions as

pH 2, 5 ppm of MB concentration, 10 g/L of adsorbent concentration, 90 minutes of contact time, 150 rpm of

agitation speed at room temperature. by adsorption using WS. In the second part of this study, washed, dried

and grinded WS was treated with HCl for 24 hours. pH of the WS was arranged to 7 by NaOH, washed by

dilute water, dried and placed into a muffule furnace at 550 oC for 2 h. Prepared adsorbent was stored in an

airtight container until use. The optimum MB removal was found 86,37% under the optimum conditions as

pH 6.2, 5 ppm of MB concentration, 5 g/L of adsorbent concentration, 9 minutes of contact time, 150 rpm of

agitation speed at room temperature by adsorption using AWS.

Keywords: activated, dye removal, Methylen blue, walnut shell

85

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Separation of Emulsified Oils from Wastewater by the Application of Electric Field

C. Eryılmaz*1, A. Genç

2

1,2

Department of Environmental Engineering, Bülent Ecevit University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: candankose@outlook.com, aytengenc@yahoo.com,)

ABSTRACT

Emulsified oils (cutting fluids) are widely used in metal working industries and usually composed of a

mineral oil (40-80 %), a surfactant, and some additives such as biocides, anti-degrading and anti-corrosive

chemicals. Cutting fluids lose their properties and effectiveness because of thermal degradation and the

production of suspended metal particles during their usage. Therefore, cutting fluids have to be replaced

periodically. But their treatment from wastewaters can be problematic because they form stable emulsions.

Coagulation, flotation and membrane technologies are generally used for the treatment of wastewaters

containing metal cutting fluids. Biological processes can also be used for the treatment since cutting oils can

contain biocides to prevent their degradation. In addition, the electrokinetic treatment methods have been

attracting great attention recently for the treatment of oily wastewaters. It has been shown in the literature that

as high as 99% cutting oil removal efficiencies can be reached in electrocoagulation using aluminum/iron

electrodes.

In this study, the synthetic wastewaters were prepared by using two metal cutting fluids and their separation

was investigated by electroflotation/electrosedimentation using stainless steel electrodes. The experiments

were performed by using horizontal and vertical electrokinetic units. Turbidity, pH, conductivity, current and

voltage were monitored during the experiments. In addition, chemical oxygen demands (COD) were

measured at 15 minutes intervals. The oil removal efficiency shows a trend of increasing with electric field

strength. In addition, the attained removal efficiencies at the vertical electrokinetic unit were higher in

comparison to the horizontal ones.

Keywords: Electrokinetic methods, electrosedimentation, emulsified oils, cutting fluids.

Acknowledgment: The financial support by Bulent Ecevit University [BAP: 2014-YDK-77047330-02] is

gratefully appreciated.

86

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

An Economic Analysis of Sewage Sludge Management Methods in Kocaeli

Özgür Kaplan*1, Mustafa Gündüz

2, Gülcan Turan

3 and Kadri S. Yiğit

4

1, 4

Mechanical Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ozgurkaplan1@gmail.com, kyigit@hotmail.com)

2 BRG Energy, Kocaeli University Technology Development Zone , TURKEY.

(E-mail: mustafa.gunduz@brgenerji.com)

3

42Evler WWTP, Kocaeli Water and Sewage Administration, TURKEY

(E-mail: gulcanturan54@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Sewage sludge is produced continuously by the waste water treatment facilities (WWTPs). Sewage

sludge management includes transportation, treatment and disposal of the sludge. 35000 m3/day waste

water is treated in ISU 42Evler WWTP in İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey and sewage sludge is produced as

byproduct. Currently this sludge is dewatered and 35 tons/day dewatered sludge is transferred by trucks

to either cement factories or landfill sites for final disposal. In this study two cases are investigated

under economic terms which are current disposal method and anaerobic digestion of the sewage sludge.

Monthly electricity, polymer, truck renting and sludge disposal costs and monthly sludge production

are considered in the economic analysis. It’s found out that under current disposal method and

anaerobic digestion process total costs are 1,101,606 $ and 470,155 $ respect ively. It is determined that

with anaerobic digestion process, sludge disposal is 57% cheaper than current method.

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Sewage Sludge, WWTP.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank ISU 42Evler WWTP for providing data.

87

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Effect of Different pH at Constant Temperature on Biohydrogen Production from Sewage Sludge

I. Senturk* and H. Buyukgungor

Ondokuz Mayis University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Samsun,

TURKEY.

(E-mail: ilknurg@omu.edu.tr*, hbuyukg@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to investigate the usability of sewage sludge, a waste from waste water treatment

facility, at constant temperature and different pH conditions in the biohydrogen production by dark

fermentation.

Activated sludge used in the study was obtained from return sludge pumping station of a sewage treatment

plant located in Bafra, Samsun. In order to product hydrogen from sludge, a 2 liter bioreactor operating in

batch system was used. Before fermentation, the internal part of the reactor was purged with nitrogen gas for

3 minutes to provide anaerobic conditions. After sealing, the reactor was placed into an incubator operating at

35±1 °C and 150 rpm and operated at pH values ranging from 4 to 8. Gas production and gas contents of

each reactor were measured at certain intervals daily. H2 and CH4 concentrations in the biogas produced were

measured using a gas chromatography equipped with a thermal conductivity detector and the measured

values were expressed as mL/m3 (ppmv = gas / gas). With the samples obtained at

different times (before and after fermentation), characteristics of the sludge in the fermentor was identified.

All experiments continued until hydrogen production stopped or decreased.

It was understood from the results that biohydrogen production varies according to the characterization of

activated sludge. In the experiments performed at different pH values at 35±1 °C, maximum hydrogen

production was achieved within the first 24 hours. Except for one performed at pH 8, H2 gas release was

observed at other pH values within 2 hours. However, according to the results obtained at the 24th hour,

maximum H2 production (2489 mL/m3H2) was observed at pH 8. With the increase in methane bacteria in the

medium, hydrogen producing ability and hydrogen content of the sludge gradually decreased. In general,

hydrogen production after the second day was less. In addition, there was a relationship between protein,

carbohydrates and chemical oxygen demand concentration in the medium and hydrogen production.

Keywords: Biohydrogen production, Dark fermentation, Renewable energy sources, Sewage sludge.

88

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Biodegradation of Various Azo Dyes in Anaerobic Batch Reactors

Ö. Aktaş*, Y. Toker and E. Şahinkaya

Istanbul Medeniyet University, Bioengineering Department, Goztepe, Istanbul, TURKEY

(E-mail: ozgur.aktas@medeniyet.edu.tr, yasemin.toker@medeniyet.edu.tr,

erkan.sahinkaya@medeniyet.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In the treatment of textile wastewaters, classical activated sludge process usually cannot remove color

sufficiently and the discharge limits are exceeded because of the toxic effects of dyes on aerobic

microorganisms. Particularly successive anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment is mandatory for azo

dyes which are very difficult to be biodegraded in aerobic conditions. Anaerobic treatment serves as

pretreatment for color removal and also has the advantages such as the production of methane gas for

energy recovery and less sludge production. The azo bond (-N=N-), which is the chromophore group in

the chemical structure of these dyes, can be much more easily broken down in anaerobic conditions

compared to aerobic. Anaerobic degradation of various azo dyes was examined in this study. Remova l

of organic matter and color as well as biogas production were tested in batch reactors fed with azo dyes

at various concentrations. For this purpose, anaerobic sludge, synthetic wastewater involving glucose

and dye within a total volume of 100 mL were placed in 200 mL bottles fixed with aluminum screw

caps to prevent air intake. The azo dyes used were Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R (λmax: 560 nm), Acid

Orange 8 (λmax: 488 nm), Naphtalene Blue Black (λmax: 610 nm) and Remazol Black B (λmax: 595

nm), which have different colors and chemical structures. These batch studies showed that significant

biogas production was obtained in the presence of azo dyes at concentrations ranging between 10 -500

mg/L. This showed that azo dyes did not inhibit the anaerobic process even at high concentrations.

Besides, color removal reaching up to 98% showed that azo dyes were degraded almost completely.

However, removal of COD with an initial concentration of about 2000 mg/L remained usually below

50% and this was attributed to inhibition caused by aromatic amines produced as a result of anaerobic

degradation of azo dyes.

Keywords: anaerobic process, azo dyes, biological methane potential, textile wastewater.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Istanbul Medeniyet University, Scientific Research Project Funding

(IMU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: FBA-2013-354].

89

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015 Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Simultaneous nitrate and perchlorate reduction in elemental sulfur based autotrophic and

heterotrophic processes

D. Ucar*1, Cokgor E2, E. Sahinkaya3 A. Yurtsever

4

1, 2

Environmental Biotechnology Department, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey.

(deniz@denizucar.com, ubay@itu.edu.tr)

3 Bioengineering Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey.

(erkansahinkaya@yahoo.com)

4 Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey.

(erkansahinkaya@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Perchlorate is a persistent inorganic pollutant often used in its salt form. It has been used an oxidizer in

rocked propellants, explosives, road flares and air bags. It also found in some fertilizers together with nitrate

and commonly found in groundwater together with nitrate. Perchlorate competitively inhibits the iodine

uptake by the thyroid which results a decrease in thyroid hormones. Two elemental sulfur based autotrophic

processes with different alkalinity sources (NaHCO3 and limestone fed) and a methanol based heterotrophic

process were investigated to simultaneous nitrate and perchlorate reduction in ground water. In batch assays,

excellent nitrate reduction with NaHCO3 fed autotrophic and heterotrophic processes was obtained under 25

mg/L NO3--N and various (100–1500 µg/L) initial perchlorate concentrations. Average nitrate reduction for

limestone fed reactor was between 95% in the end of 90h. Complete perchlorate reduction was observed in

72h for heterotrophic reactor whereas NaHCO3 fed autotrophic reactor showed 97% perchlorate removal in

the end of 90h. The perchlorate reduction performance of limestone fed reactor was varied between 51.8 and

92% depending on the influent perchlorate concentration. Sulfate was produced as a result of elemental sulfur

based autotrophic denitrification and 257.20±12.50 and 238.90±28.9 mg/L SO42-

were produced for NaHCO3

and limestone fed reactors respectively. Organic electron donors are of concern due to risks for bacterial

growth in distribution systems and disinfection byproducts. Study shows that simultaneous nitrate and

perchlorate reduction is possible with elemental sulfur without using organic electron donors.

Keywords: Autotrophic Denitrification, Heterotrophic Denitrification, Nitrate Reduction, Perchlorate

Reduction

Acknowledgment: This research was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of

Turkey (TUBITAK/Project no: 113Y023).

90

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Aerobic Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by Batch Reactor: a Kinetic Study

Sinan KUL*1, Alper NUHOĞLU

2 and Erdinç ALADAĞ

3

1, 2 Atatürk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sinankul@atauni.edu.tr, anuhoglu@atauni.edu.tr) 3 Yüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Environmental Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail: erdincaladag@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Olive oil production has a economic and social importance in Mediterranean countries. This study includes

the investigation of olive mill wastewater treatment, which is a significant contaminant, under aerobic

conditions in a batch reactor and calculation of its kinetic parameters and values. Treatment of olive mill

wastewater concentration within 50-1000 mg COD/L has been examined. 42,63 % removal rate was achieved

for 12.44 mg COD/L for initial concentration, for 130.34 mg COD/L initial concentration that reached

maximum reproduction rate, the removal rate was 57.18 %. In other attempts as initial concentration has

increased, microorganisms’ adaptation time has lengthened, and concordantly COD relief time has increased.

Finally, in the attempts with 927 mg COD/L initial concentration, removal rate has receded up to 8.88%.

Specific growth rate has been calculated for each test through taking the logarithm of division of initial

microorganism concentration by microorganism concentration at the t time and through drawing a graph

between found values and time and using the slope of linear part. Initial COD concentrations (S0) and

specific growth rate (µ) has been subjected nonlinear regression and µmax, Ks and Ki values included in

Haldane equation have been calculated. For nonlinear regression nonlinear estimation module has been used

in STATISTICA 6.0 software by using Statistica 6.0 Userguide. For the relation between initial olive mill

wastewater concentration and specific growth rate Haldane bio-kinetic equation has been preferred, and in

this equation, the values belong to µmax, Ks and Ki parameters has been calculated as 0.44 h-1

, 56.69 mg/L and

497.14 mg/L, respectively.

Keywords: Biological treatment, chemical oxygen demand (COD), Haldane, Kinetic parameters, Olive Mill

Wastewater.

91

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Synthesis of carboxymethyl starch from food industry waste

Sümeyye Akarsu*1, Cengiz A. Zıba

2, Ferhat Dincer

3 and Mustafa Dolaz

4

1,4

Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Dept. of Environmental

Engineering, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

(E-mail: sakarsu@ksu.edu.tr, mdolaz@ksu.edu.tr)

2 Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Vocational School of Goksun, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

(E-mail: caziba@ksu.edu.tr)

3Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Vocational School of Afsin, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

(E-mail: ferhatdincer@ksu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Using the potential of raw materials in our country, to increase our competitiveness in the industry, should be

given great importance to technological, research and development activities. Increasing population and

technological developments have resulted reduction of the raw materials and growing need for renewable

energy sources. The effects of oil and its derivatives are harmful to human health. As a result of this, the

increase in demand for biomaterials and modified biomaterials for various industrial applications in recent

times is caused by their qualities such as low cost, biocompatibility, biodegradability and non -toxicity. Among

these materials, carboxymethyl starch (CMS) is one of the most important starch ether derivatives. CMS is a

biodegradable and non-toxic natural polymer. It has popular applications in the oil drilling industry,

pharmaceutics, cosmetics, nutrients, pesticides, foodstuff, and capsulation of cell (Fedorova ve Bordarenco,

1985). CMS is also used in recovery of materials from waste water (Kim ve Tim, 1999; Xu ve ark., 2005).

The purpose of this work is to synthesize CMS samples from waste potato. Waste potato starch is obtained from

potato chips production while slicing, peeling and cleaning water. Before carboxymethylation waste potato

purified with H2O2 and NaOH at desired temperature. Carboxymethyl reaction of potato starch was carried out

in a aqueous-isopropanol (IPA) media. Potato starch, IPA and sodium hydroxide were added in into a flask with

a mechanical stirrer. The temperature was raised to 35oC and the mixture was constantly stirred for 45 min. The

reaction was started by adding sodium monochloro acetic acid (SMCA). At the desired reaction time the

reaction was stopped. The sample was cooled, neutralized, filtrated and washed a few times with 80% alcohol.

CMS was characterized by FT-IR, 1H-,

13C-NMR and X-ray diffraction. The morphology of these composites

was studied by SEM.

Keywords: Starch, carboxymethylation, waste, potato, SEM

References

Kim, B.S., Lim, S.T. Removal of heavy metal ions from water by cross-linked carboxymethyl corn starch.

Carbohydr. Polym. 1999, 39,

217–223.

Fedorova, G.A., Bordarenco, N.T. Preparation and study of carboxymethyl starch. Chem. Nat. Comp. 1985, 20

(6), 653–657.

Xu,S., Feng, S., Peng, G., Wang, J., Yushan, A. Removal of Pb (II) by crosslinked amphoteric starch containing

the carboxymethyl

group. Carbohydr. Polym. 2005, 60, 301–305.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Scientific Research Project Funding

(BAP) for their financial support [Project number: 2014/3-12 YLS].

92

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Evaluation of The Adsorption Capacity of The Expanded Perlite to Remove Linear Alkyl Benzene

Sulphonic Acid(LABSA) from Aqueous Solution

D. Akin Sahbaz*1, S. Balbay

2, C. Acikgoz

3

1 Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail:denizakin@aku.edu.tr)

2, 3

Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Process

Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail: senay.balbay@bilecik.edu.tr, caglayan.acikgoz@bilecik.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (LABSA) is the major anionic surfactant material used in detergent

formulations so that it is frequently present in domestic and civil wastewater. In this study, removal of

LABSA has been carried out from its aqueous solutions by using the expanded perlite (EP) as potential

adsorbent. Perlite products are made from an amorphous alumino-silicate rock, which has some very special

properties: it contains water, which expands into steam on heating, producing a foamed structure. The EP

particles used for adsorption process were in the range of 0.85-1.6 mm. Optimum parameters for the

adsorption of LABSA over EP have been determined by studying the effect of pH, temperature,

concentration of LABSA, amount of adsorbent and contact time. LABSA has been adsorbed over under

batch measurements and adsorption process is monitored using UV spectrophotometer. The optimum pH

value for adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of LABSA were 9.00 by (EP). The contact time of 3

hours was found to be sufficient to reach equilibrium, and so it was selected in further experiments.

Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (∆H°), free energy change (∆G°) and entropy

change (∆S°) were estimated. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir and

Freundlich isotherm models. Experimental data were also evaluated in terms of kinetic characteristics of

adsorption and it was found that the adsorption process obeyed the pseudo second order kinetic model.

The present study has demonstrated that PE can be employed for the removal of LABSA from

wastewater and potential as a cheap alternative to commercial adsorbents.

Keywords: Adsorption, Expanded perlite, LABSA.

93

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigating Color Removal of Textile Wastewater using Constructed Wetlands

E. Karaçetin*1, Sevim, O.

1 Erciyes University, Environmental Engineering Department, Kayseri, Turkey.

(E-mail: ekaracetin@erciyes.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Constructed wetlands are designed systems to treat wastewater in a semi-controlled environment, imitating

the natural processes. Currently, these systems are being adapted to different purposes from treating

municipal wastewater to agricultural runoff and one of these purposes is the treatment of textile wastewater.

This study concentrated on the color removal of textile wastewater. Because of the recent and increasing

trend in natural dyeing, especially in rural areas, we concentrated on natural dyeing. We prepared our textile

wastewater using walnut extract, one of the most commonly used natural dye.

We prepared a laboratory scale hybrid constructed wetland composed of two reactors; a vertical flow

cylindrical reactor combined to a horizontal flow rectangular pool. To test the influence of plants, two

systems with plants and without plants were constructed. The plants in the “with plant system” were Typha

latifolia in the vertical flow reactor and Phragmites australis in the horizontal flow reactor. The system was

fed with wastewater continuously for a month and color removal was recorded. COD efficiency was

approximately 90% and color removal was between 71% and 96%.

This study shows that constructed wetlands are quite effective in removal of color and can be very

practical especially in small residential areas where natural dying methods are readily applied.

Keywords: color removal; constructed wetlands, textile wastewater.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Erciyes Universtiy, Scientific Research Project Funding (ERÜ BAP)

for their financial support [Project number: 4596].

94

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Adsorption and Kinetic Studies of Molecular Size Fractions of Humic Acid onto Anion-Doped TiO2

Specimens

P. Akan*1

and M. Bekbolet2

1Hacettepe University, Environmental Engineering Department, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.

*(apakan@hacettepe.edu.tr).

2Bogazici University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.

(bekbolet@boun.edu.tr).

ABSTRACT

Natural organic matter mainly composed of humic substances react with various oxidants and disinfectants

used during purification of drinking water produces disinfection by-products (DBPs) namely trihalomethanes

and haloacetic acids. Due to various toxic effects, fromation of DBPs cause serious public health problems

primarily related to central nervous system and bladder cancer. Photocatalysis occurring through a surface

oriented mechanism is one of the novel methods applied for the removal of humic substances from water in

treatment facilities. Currently, visible light activated TiO2 specimens are developed by modifications through

the use of various dopants. In the assessment of the degradation of humic substances during photocatalysis,

understanding of the surface interactions prevailing between doped oxide surface and humic subfractions is

required. The objective of this study was to explore equilibrium and kinetic studies of surface interactions

between diverse humic molecular size fractions and TiO2 namely bare TiO2 and anion doped TiO2 (C-doped,

N-doped, S-doped and N-S co-doped) Hombikat UV-100 specimens used as adsorbents in the range of 0.1-

1.0 mg mL-1

. Batch adsorption experiments were implemented with humic acid solutions having different

molecular size fractions (0.45 µm filtered fraction, 100 kDa fraction and 30 kDa fraction). In equilibrium

studies, the data obtained by adsorption experiments were evaluated by Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-

Radushkevich isotherm models. The results representing the relationship between decreasing humic

molecular size fractions and dopents on TiO2 specimens exhibited significant differences in relation to the

respective morphological properties of TiO2 specimens. Kinetic data were further evaluated by various kinetic

models.

Keywords: Adsorption, kinetic studies, anion doped TiO2 specimens, humic acid

Acknowledgment: The support provided by the Research Fund of Bogazici University [Project number:

6750]. The authors thanks to Prof. Z. Cinar from Yildiz Technical University for the preparation of the anion

doped TiO2 specimens.

95

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Comparision of Biological and Advanced Treatment Processes for Ciprofloxacin Removal in Raw

Hospital Wastewaters

G. Guney*1 and D.T. Sponza

2

1, 2

Dokuz Eylul University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Tinaztepe

Campus, 35160, Buca/Izmir/TURKEY.

(E-mail: gokce.pehlivaner@deu.edu.tr, delia.sponza@deu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This study presents the comparision of biological and advanced treatment of ciprofloxacin antibiotic which is

an important micropollutant from hospital effluents. The treatability of this antibiotic was investigated using

an anaerobic/aerobic sequential reactor system, sonicator, and a photocatalytic reactor with titanium (IV)

oxide nanoparticle in a raw hospital wastewater. Effect of temperature, sonifiction time and sonicator

frequency were chosen for operating parameters of the sonicator. UV light power, effect of retention time

and effect of nanoparticle concentration on the micropollutant yield were determined for the operating

parameters of photocatalytic process. COD and ciprofloxacin yields were determined. Methane gas

productions and VFA concentrations were also monitored in anaerobic reactor. pH changes, dissolved

oxygen variations, and redox potentials were monitored in anaerobic and aerobic reactors. Furthermore, the

effects of HRT on the pollutant yields was researched in both reactors. For the mentioned reactors, it was

found that the high treatment yields for COD (90%) and ciprofloxacin (95%) pollutants were obtained with

sonication and photocatalytic processes.

Keywords: Biological treatment, Ciprofloxacin, Photocatalytic, Sonication, Titanium (IV) oxide

nanoparticle.

96

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015 Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Integrating Storage Sizing and Slow Sand Filtration for Residential Rainwater Harvesting

Applications in the Philippines

Engr. Maxell P. Lumbera*1, Engr. Rodgie Ello P. Cabungcal

2

1, 2

Institute of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines – Diliman, PHILIPPINES.

(E-mail: mplumbera@gmail.com, rodgie_cabungcal@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

With the increase in population coupled with the inadequacy of water supply, rainwater harvesting

technology plays a vital role. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) technologies refer to methods employed to

collect and store rainwater to supplement the demand of the population. The design of its components,

specifically the storage component, is highly dependent on the rainfall pattern for a given locality. The main

objective of the study is to develop guidelines that for rainwater harvesting that will provide water for

residential non-potable applications. In this study, the researchers analyzed the rainfall patterns of each

climatic region by considering representative areas such as Sangley (Cavite), Daet (Camarines Norte), Tanay

(Rizal), and Davao City (Davao del Sur) to determine the recommended tank size for each region. Using the

Yield-After-Spill Algorithm, we found out that rainwater harvesting systems are more reliable in Daet in

Camarines Norte Province (Type II Climate) and least for Sangley in Cavite Province (Type I Climate).

Reliability curves, showing the portion of the time that the demand is being met by the RWH system, are

made to aid in decision making. To improve the quality of harvested rainwater, the study proposed to

incorporate the following treatment technologies: leaf guards, first flush diverters and slow sand filtration.

Actual rainwater harvesting and treatment systems were incorporated to the UP BRS Model House. Finally,

ways to promote RWH technology were also discussed such as education and awareness programs,

demonstration projects, and networking between government and non-government institutions.

Keywords: Rainwater harvesting, Reliability, Slow sand filtration, Yield-after-spill algorithm

Acknowledgment: To be filled up soon

97

Removal of Color From Textile Wastewater By Adsorption On Sunflower Seed Shell , Cappadocia

2015

Elif B. Duran*1, Sumeyye Akarsu

2, Yakup Cuci

3 and Mustafa Dolaz

4

1,2,3,4

Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Dept. of Environmental

Engineering, Kahramanmaras, TURKEY

(E-mail: eduran@ksu.edu.tr, sakarsu@ksu.edu.tr, cuci@ksu.edu.tr, mdolaz@ksu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Carbon prepared from waste plants for the treatment of dyeing industry effluents has high significance

in environmental sustainability and economic viability. There are five main methods used for the

treatment of dye-containing effluents: adsorption, oxidation–ozonation, biological treatment,

coagulation–flocculation and membrane process [1]. Adsorption process is noted to be superior to other

removal techniques because it is more economical, simpler and it is capable to efficiently treat dyes in a

more concentrated form. Activated carbon is the most popular and widely used dye absorbent. Because ;

its surface area is very large.

In this paper, the potentional of low-cost adsorbent such as sunflower seed shells in the removal of the

synthetic dye from aqueous solutions was investigated. Sunflower seed shells were preferred because it

has a rich content of organic angle.

In this study, it was carried out that two different types of activated carbon were produced and

characterized from sunflower seed shell with chemical and physical activation. Optimum conditions for

the adsorption process were determined by using of resulting activated carbons for removal of methylene

blue and Mn from aqueous solution, investigating adsorption properties under various conditions (pH,

temperature, adsorbent dosage, contact time, methylene blue and Mn concentrations). Adsorption kinetics,

isoterms and thermodynamic (ΔH0, ΔS

0, ΔG

0) parameters were examined.

Results obtained indicate that the removal efficiency of Methylene Blue varies from 88 to 91,3% by rising

the temperature from 30 to 60°C at pH from 6 to 8. The removal efficiency of Mn varies from 83 to 83,7%

by rising the temperature from 30 to 60 °C at pH from 6 to 8. With reference to the values obtained in the

study result shows that the chemical adsorption occurs . The results fit the Freundlich model for adsorption of

Methylene Blue and Mn on sunflower seed shell carbon.

Keywords: Adsorption , Methylene Blue , Sunflower Seed , Activation , Textile Wastewater

References

[1] G.M. Walker, L. Hansen, J.A. Hana, S.J. Allen. Kinetics of a reactive dye adsorption onto dolomitic

sorbents. Water Res., 37 (2003), pp. 2081–208.

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

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ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Do Personal Care Detergents Pose Risk in the Aquatic Environment: Characterization and

Ecotoxicity Investigation

Kizek O.1, Çiftçi İ. D.

2, Ekmekyapar F.

*3, Sicigliano A.4 and Meriç, S5.

1, 2, 3, 5 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Çorlu Engineering, Namık Kemal University,

TURKEY.

(E-mail: oguzkizek@hotmail.com; dicifci@nku.edu.tr; fekmekyapar@nku.edu.tr, smeric@nku.edu.tr)

4 Department of Biology, Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Naples University, ITALY (E-mail:

antonia.sicigliano@libero.it).

ABSTRACT

Micro-pollutants (MPs) are mainly known to originate from human activities and discharged to aquatic

environment. Most of MP are harmful to aquatic organisms. Acute and chronic toxicity tests have been

reported that some of MPs displayed different end points of corresponding aquatic organisms even at

low concentrations. Personal care products, composed of various chemicals as comp lex mixture nature,

are evaluated among those MPs found often in treated sewage or grey water. Among personal care

products, detergents are forming specific complex mixtures containing various endocrine disruptor

chemicals, to be handled accurately. Hence, in this study, acute toxicity of seven personal care

detergents was investigated.

Two main groups of personal care detergents including shampoo (4) and shower gel (3) collected from

different Hotels located in different countries were studied. Chemical characterization (Chemical

oxygen demand, Total organic carbon) and pH were performed according to Standard Methods. TOC was

measured using a Shimadzu TOC analyzer (6KVA model) at Center Laboratory of Namık Kemal University

(NABILTEM). Acute toxicity of synthetic solutions prepared by dissolving personal care detergents in

distilled water was assessed on two freshwater crustaceans Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia

according to ISO 6341 Method. New born daphnids (<24 h) were exposed to the solutions at various dilution

ratios after adjusting pH at 8.0. Experiments were performed as four replicate and 5 daphnids were tested in

each replicate. Acute toxicity was assessed for 24 and 48 h of exposure time by dividing the number of

immobile organisms by total tested organisms (20) and immobilization percentiles were scored for each

sample tested. By this way it was possible to calculate the concentration which gave rise to a 50% population

immobilization, indicated as EC50 using PROBIT program.

The results of chemical characterization showed that the biodegradability by means of TOC/COD ratio of

personal care detergents was low. Ceriodaphnia dubia was observed to be more sensitive than Daphnia

magna regarding lower EC50. All tested chemicals were found to be harmful according to EC toxic

chemical’s evaluation scoring system.

Keywords: Acute toxicity, characterization, personal care detergents, risk evaluation

99

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Adsorption of dyestuff from wastewater using calcined waste eggshell

T. E. Köse

Chemical Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ennilb@ogu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Many industries like the textile industry used dyes to color their products and thus produce wastewater

containing organics with a strong color. The removal of color from waste effluents becomes

environmentally important because even a small quantity of dye in water can be toxic and highly visible

[1]. In this study, removal of dyestuff (Reactive Levafix Rot, 543 nm) from wastewater was examined

using calcined waste eggshell (CWE). The pore properties including the BET surface area, pore volume,

pore size distributions of waste eggshell (WE) and calcined waste eggshell (CWE) were characterized.

After calcinations, the major inorganic composition was identified as CaO (95.91%) and MgO (1.5%) , C

(2.5%) was the minor compositions. Calcination increased the pore structure of the eggshell. In the

batch mode adsorption studies, the effects of calcinations temperature of eggshell, contact time, initial

dyestuff concentration of solution, adsorbent dosage, on the dyestuff adsorption by the CWE have been

studied. The maximum sorption (100%) value for dyestuff from 50 mg/L dyesstuff solution with 0,5 g

CWE with calcination temperature of 800oC was observed at 25

oC for 4 hours. A comparison of kinetic

models applied to the adsorption of dyestuff onto CWE was evaluated for the pseudo -second order

kinetic model. In the isotherm studies, the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR)

isotherm models were applied. The results indicate that Langmuir equation is well described with the

dyestuff adsorption.

Keywords: Dyestuff, Adsorption, Eggshell, Kinetic, Isotherm.

Reference

[1] A.Y. Zahrim, C. Tizaoui, N. Hilal. “Coagulation with polymers for nanofiltration pre-treatment of highly

concentrated dyes: A review” Desalination, 266, 1-16 (2011).

Acknowledgements

I thank to my diploma project students.

100

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Comparative photocatalyticdegradation, detoxification and demineralization of a biologically

treated textile effluent using TiO2 and ZnOnanoparticles

DenizİzlenÇifçi1*

, Sema Terzi 1, SüreyyaMeriç

1

Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu Engineering Faculty,Namık Kemal University, Çorlu

59860- Tekirdağ, TURKEY.

(E-mail:dicifci@nku.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Textile industry wastewater treatment effluent generally contains large volume of colored effluents, and

contain various textile chemicals which are assessed to be toxic,carcinogenic posing harmful effect to aquatic

environment.Besides, soluble or particulate COD in the effluent in the biologically treated effluents general

cause a need to search advanced treatment technologies to comply with the strict discharge limits. Advanced

Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been studied as innovative and emerging alternativesin this manner.AOPs

provides a high or complete removal of color, COD and toxicity in the effluents. However these processes

always need a toxicity based optimization to obtain safe effluent for the environment.

The present study aimed to compare the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and ZnO in textile wastewater

treatment effluents and to investigate the effect of catalyst concentration and pH on the rate of photocatalytic

degradation. Tretated textile wastewater effluents were collected by three different times from a dyeing

and finishingtextile industry biological wastewater treatment plant. Chemical oxygen demand (COD),

Total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended and volatile solids (TSS and VSS), conductivity, total

khejdahlnitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, alkalinty, and pH parameters of the effluents were determined

according to Standard Methods.Photocatalytic treated samples using ZnO and TiO2 namoparticles (Sigma

Aldrich) were analyzed by means of COD, TOC (Shimadzu TOC analyzer (6KVA model)), color (UV436-

UV525 and UV620), and aromaticity (UV254) (Shimadzu UV-2401).Acute toxicity of the oxidized samples was

assessed on freshwater crustaceans Daphnia magna(new born daphnids <24 h)according to ISO 6341

Method. All analyses and treatment studies were performed at NKU Environmental Engineering Department

and Central Laboratory (NABİLTEM).

Photocatalytic experiments displayed a complete decolorization within 3 hoursfor both TiO2 and ZnO catalyst

treated samples.The oxidation results indicate that removal rates of TOC, COD and color are severely

dependent on catalyst concentration and pH. Photocatalytic oxidation rate in TiO2treated samples were

obseved to be higher than the ZnO treated samples. This is attributed to the lower nanoparticle size of TiO2

than ZnO. Acute toxicity significatly decreasedin both TiO2 and ZnO treated samples after 3 hours

ofoxidation. It is concluded that photocatalytic process is promising for reuse of treated textile wastewaters.

Keywords:Acute toxicity, textile wastewater, photocatalytic degradation

101

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

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Role of plant biomass structures on performance of engineered wetland for treating boron (B)

mine effluents

Onur Can TÜRKER*1, Cengiz TÜRE

2, Harun BÖCÜK

2, Arzu ÇİÇEK

3 and Anıl YAKAR

2

1 Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and letters, Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: octurker@aksaray.edu.tr) 2 Anadolu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, TURKEY (E-mail: cture@anadolu.edu.tr,

hbocuk@anadolu.edu.tr, ayakar@anadolu.edu.tr) 3 Anadolu University, Center for Applied Environmental Research, TURKEY (E-mail:

acicek@anadolu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Engineered or constructed wetlands (CWs) are designed for different type of wastewaters such as mine

effluent due to their simple operation, low cost construction and maintenance. In recent years, several

studies corresponded to determine how constructed wetlands can be applied for boron (B) removal in

laboratory and field conditions. However, effect of plant biomass on B treatment process in constructed

wetlands is still lacking. The objection of this research was to investigate effect of plant biomass

structures on performance of CWs for B mine effluents. The study was performed for 154 days in

Kırka-Eskisehir where the largest borax reserves in all over the world. Totally, ten subsurface CWs

with different plant biomass structure have been established in research area for treating B mine

effluent. The constructed wetlands were to: 1 unplanted, 4 monocultures (15 plants/CW) of Typha

latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Phragmites australis and Juncus gerarrdii, and 5 polycultures of four

species mixtures (5 plants/species/CWs). The CWs were operated under controlled by environment and

influent and effluent from each CWs were sampled every 2 weeks and physico-chemical parameters

(pH, EC and Temperature) and B concentration were analyzed. The results of this study indicated that

monoculture CWs have shown better B removal performance compare to polyculture CW systems. On

average, we found that monoculture CW planted by T. latifolia has greater B removal capacity among

the monocultures CWs. Consequently, the study had shown that B removal performance of CWs could

be affected by presence of plants in CWs, plant community structure and wetland type in terms of

monoculture or polyculture.

Keywords: Constructed wetland, Boron (B) removal, B mine effluent, plant structure.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank the scientific and technological research council of Turkey

(TÜBİTAK) [Project number: 113Y335] and Anadolu University, Scientific Research Project Funding

(AUBAP) for their financial support [Project number: AUBAP 1403F098].

102

Removal of Eriochrome Black-T from aqueous solutions using nZVI and S. cerevisiae modified with

nZVI

U. A. Guler*1, O. Kundakci

1

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140,

TURKEY

(E-mail: ulkerasli@gmail.com; ozge_kundakci@mynet.com)

ABSTRACT

Azo dyes are the major group of dyestuffs and have been extensively used in textile, printing, cosmetics and

leather industries. The azo dyes such as Eriochrome black-T (EBT) is hazardous and its degradation products

are stil more carcinogenic. In the present study, nZVI and S. cerevisiae modified with nZVI (S.cerevisiae-

nZVI) have been synthesized and used as adsorbents for removal of EBT from aqueous solutions.

S.cerevisiae-nZVI was used to enhance reactivity of nZVI and prevent aggregation. The nZVI and

S.cerevisiae-nZVI were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The specific surface areas (SBET) of nZVI

and S.cerevisiae-nZVI were found as 12.41 m2/g and 21.01 m

2/g, respectively. The adsorption studies were

carried out under various parameters, such as pH, composite amount, contact time, initial EBT concentration,

temperature and different cations (Cu2+

and Na+). The maximum removal efficiency of EBT by nZVI and

S.cerevisiae-nZVI was found as 45% and 85%, respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-

Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The maximum adsorption

capacities for EBT of nZVI and S.cerevisiae-nZVI were determined as 5.38 mg/g and 30.27 mg/g from

Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The kinetic and thermodynamic studies were done. As a result,

S.cerevisiae-nZVI have better removal efficiency compared with nZVI and it plays an important role in the

treatment process of EBT wastewaters.

Keywords: Eriochrome Black T, S. cerevisiae, nZVI, characterization, removal

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Cumhuriyet University, Scientific Research Project Funding (CUBAP)

for their financial support [Project number: M-547].

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

103

Removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions by nanostructured Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide

U. A. Guler*1, H. Celik

1

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140,

TURKEY

(E-mail: ulkerasli@gmail.com; traumhelin85@windowslive.com)

ABSTRACT

Antibiotics are widely used therapeutically for humans and animals and disease control. Significant concerns

have been raised over the presence of antibiotics including tetracyclines (TCs) in aquatic environments. In

the present study, a novel nanostructured Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide has been synthesized with basic co-

precipitation method and used as adsorbent for removal of TC from aqueous solutions. The Fe(III)-Cu(II)

binary oxide was characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The experimental studies were carried out under

various parameters, such as pH (2-4-6-8-10), initial TC concentration (25-50-75-100-150-200-300-500

mg/L), amount of Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide (1-2.5-5 g/L), contact time (5-10-15-30-60-120-180 min), and

temperature (298-308-318 K). The maximum removal efficiency of TC by Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide was %

93 at pH 4. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were applied to the

equilibrium data. The maximum adsorption capacities for TC of Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide was found as

157.48 mg/g from Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic and thermodynamic studies were done. As a result,

Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide could be a very promising material in the removal process of TC from wastewater

because of its a good performance and simple and low-cost synthesis process.

Keywords: Tetracycline, Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide, characterization, removal

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

104

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Decolorication of Reactive Black 5 by Potassium Ferrate (K2FeO4)

Serkan Şahinkaya*, Erkan Kalipci and Huseyin Cüce

Department of Environmental Engineering, Nevsehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: serkansahinkaya@gmail.com, ekalipci@nevsehir.edu.tr, huseyincuce@nevsehir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, the color removal from the solution containing Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) dye and polyvinyl

alcohol (PVA) was investigated by potassium ferrate (K2FeO4). K2FeO4 is an environmentally-friendly

chemical reagent containing iron in the + 6 oxidation state and can be used for color removal from the

wastewaters as an oxidant. The effects of the oxidant concentration, initial solution pH, dye concentration and

temperature on color removal were studied, and the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD)

and total organic carbon (TOC) were also examined at room temperature. While approximately 90%

decolorizing efficiency was achieved by K2FeO4, the removal of COD and TOC removal were 55,4% and

18,6%, respectively.

Keywords: COD, color removal, potassium ferrate, PVA, RB 5.

105

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Recovery Of Acid And Heavy Metal In Surface Coating Industry By Best Available Techniques

Tarık Kotan a, Gülfem Bakan

b

A Yeşilyurt Demir Çelik Vocational School of Higher Education, 19 Mayıs University, 55300 Tekkeköy,

Samsun, Turkey, e-mail: tarik.kotan@omu.edu.tr

B Department of Environmental Engineering, 19 Mayıs University, 55215 Atakum, Samsun, Turkey,

e-mail: gbakan@omu.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on improvements in process and acid (H2SO4) and metal (Cu) recovery with recovery

technologies through use of Best Available Techniques in metal plating industry. Chances of recovery during

activation stage and plating stage have been evaluated. Administrative and technological measures to

minimize the losses resulting from drag out in system have been reviewed. Concerning this, it was noted that

an acid and metal recovery of 25-30% could be obtained if the shaking duration was between 15 and 20

seconds. However, activation and plating baths have been handled separately and especially technologies on

acid and metal recovery from the wash water within these processes have been reviewed. Acid retardation

system has been used for activation process and this system has been designed to work as a closed system

with the addition to water. As a result of the laboratory scaled applications, it was noted that an acid (H2SO4)

recovery of 75-80% could be obtained. By this means, it was noted that S04-2

concentration to wastewater

treatment plant has been reduced by 80%. However, Best Available Techniques for metal recovery in plating

system have been reviewed and two different processes for cyanide and acidic plating have been designed.

This system has been added to the end of washing baths at the end of the plating baths. Here, ion exchange

system and nanofiltration (NF) have been used and thanks to this, 70-80% of copper has been recovered. In

addition 80-85% of water has also been recovered. It was estimated that copper concentration to wastewater

treatment plant may have been reduced by 75-80%. With regard to this study, it was determined that

evaluation of recovery chances would be more economic and the investment would pay for itself in a shorter

period. Besides, waste production may be prevented substantially by first taking administrative measures in

best technique practices.

Keywords:Sustainable production, Best Available Techniques, Surface Coating Industry

106

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal of Acid Violet 90, Basic Yellow 28 and Direct Blue 86 by Fe3O4 Embedded Polymer

C.S. Keskin*1

1 Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ckeskin@sakarya.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Dyes are extensively used in many fields such as textile, leather, paper, food industries. These

extensive applications of synthetic dyes create environmental pollution and the ir toxic properties cause

health risk. In recent years, nanomaterials are also commonly used for the removal of dyes. The non -

modified and modified magnetic nanoparticles are also used for removal processes. The iron oxide

based magnetic nanomaterials are preferred due to small size, high surface area, easy separation and

reusability features of these nanoparticles.

The objective of the present work was to find out the dye removal capability of Fe 3O4 embedded

polymer. For this purpose, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized and added to the polymer network

while polymerization. The synthesized Fe3O4 embedded polymer is treated with aqueous solution

containing Acid Violet 90 (AV 90), Basic Yellow 28 (BY 28) and Direct Blue 56 (DB 56) by batch

system. The dye concentrations in treated solutions were analyzed in UV-VIS spectrometer after

centrifugation. The treated and non-treated Fe3O4 embedded polymer were analyzed by fourier

transform infrared spectroscopy to prove the adsorption.

The obtained results showed that BY 28 can be fully adsorbed by Fe3O4 embedded polymer. The color

removal efficiencies for AV 90, BY 28 and DB 56 were 33.5%, 100% and 22% respectively under the

conditions of adsorption time 150 min, agitation rate 150 rpm, temperature 25°C, initial dye

concentration 50 mg/L and the Fe3O4 embedded polymer dosage 0.2 g.

Keywords: Fe3O4, Dye, Removal.

107

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Decolorization of Disperse Blue 56 and Reactive Yellow 145 by Acrylamide Based Polymer

C.S. Keskin*1

1 Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry , Sakarya University , TURKEY.

(E-mail: ckeskin@sakarya.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Increasing international demand for textile materials has led to increasing demands for dyes. As more

dye is used, huge amounts of polluted water is discharged into rivers. If those pollutants are not

removed from the water, they affect the ecological system. Acrylamide is a monomer used to produce

copolymers of polyacrylamide. Triazine derivatives have found widespread applications in the

pharmaceutical, textile, plastic, rubber industries and also used as copolymer agent.

This study aims to investigate the decolorization of Disperse Blue 56 (DB 56) and Reactive Yellow 145

(RY 145) from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 embedded acrylamide based polymer. The acrylamide-

triazine polymer was synthesized by UV photo initiation radical polymerization method. The synthesized

polymer was washed with double distilled water and vacuum drying at 25°C. The removal experiments were

carried out by adding 0.2 g acrylamide based polymer with rotary shaker. In order to measure dye

concentrations, the solutions were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrometer. A single wavelength used to calculate

the amount of dyes in solutions. The functional groups of acrylamide-triazine polymer were characterized by

fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

According to the results, it is observed that the Fe3O4 embedded acrylamide based polymer is useful for

the decolarization of DB 56. The color removal efficiencies for DB 56 and RY 145 were 100% and

41.1% respectively under the conditions of adsorption time 150 min, agitation rate 150 rpm,

temperature 25°C, initial dye concentration 50 mg/L and acrylamide based polymer dosage 0.2 g.

Keywords: Acrylamide, Decolorization, Polymer.

108

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Biosorption of Disperse Blue 56, Basic Yellow 28 and Acid Violet 90 by Aspergillus Tamarii

S. Yılmazer Keskin*1 and A. Güler

1

1 Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: syilmazer@sakarya.edu.tr, agüler@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Biosorption is one of the widely used methods for the removal of dye pollutants from dye contaminat ed

effluents. Low cost, high efficiency, minimization, no additional chemical, regeneration are some

advantages of biosorption. Mechanism of biosorptions is classified as extracellular accumulation, cell

surface sorption, and intercellular accumulation. Fungi, yeast and algae are some of biomass materials

used for biosorption studies. Aspergillus is a fungus widely used for most of removal of organic and

inorganic pollutants. Several Aspergillus species have been used for biosorption such as niger,

fumigatus, niveus, versicolor, flavus, terreus, cristatus and tamarii.

This study aims to investigate the potential of dye adsorption capability of A. tamarii. For this purpose,

A. tamarii is treated with aqueous solution containing Disperse Blue 56 (DB 56), Basic Yellow 28 (BY

28) and Acid Violet 90 (AV 90) by batch system. In order to measure dye concentrations, the solutions

were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrometer. A single wavelength used to calculate the amount of dyes in

solutions. The treated and non-treated biomass were analyzed by fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy to prove the adsorption.

According to the results, it is observed that AV 90 is more powerfully adsorbed dye among the studied

dyes by dead A. tamarii biomass. The color removal efficiencies for DB 56, BY 28 and AV 90 were

69.5%, 8.2% and 95.5% respectively under the conditions of biosorption time 150 min, agitation rate

150 rpm, temperature 25°C, initial dye concentration 100 mg/L and biomass dosage 0.5 g.

Keywords: Aspergillus tamari, Biosorption, Dye.

109

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal of Direct Blue 86 and Reactive Yellow 145 by Dead Biomass

S. Yılmazer Keskin*1 and A. Güler

1

1 Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: syilmazer@sakarya.edu.tr, agüler@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Dyes are common pollutants in a large variety of industrial wastewaters and the treatment of these

wastes has been extensively studied by adsorption. The greatest environmental concern with dyes is

their absorption in water and reflection of sunlight, which interferes with the growth of bacteria,

limiting it to levels which are insufficient to biologically degrade impurities in the water. For the

removal of pollutants from the wastewaters, many chemical and physical methods different techniques

have been used and adsorption have gained considerable importance in recent years because of their

proven efficiency.

The objective of the present study is to investigate the removal of Direct Blue 86 (DB 86) and Reactive

Yellow 145 (RY 145) from aqueous solution via adsorption using dead biomass. The fungus A. tamarii

Kita MRC 72400 was autoclaved to obtain dead biomass and filtered off and washed with double distilled

water. UV-VIS spectrometers are used for concentration calculations which based on measurement at a

wavelength corresponding to maximum absorbance of dye. The calibration procedure was carried out

by using 9 calibration standards prepared using different concentration of each dye. DB 86 and RY 145

concentrations were varied between 0.1 to 100 mg/L. The functional groups of dead biomass were

characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

The color removal efficiencies for DB 86 and RY 145 were 93.5% and 84.6% respectively under the

conditions of adsorption time 150 min, agitation rate 150 rpm, temperature 25°C, initial dye

concentration 100 mg/L and dead biomass dosage 0.5 g.

Keywords: Adsorption, Dye, Dead biomass.

110

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of Anions on Arsenic Removal from Groundwater by Air Feed Electrocoagulation Reactor

Using Iron Ball Anodes

E. Şık1, E. Gengeç

2, M. Kobya

3, E. Demirbas

1 and M.S. Oncel

3

1 Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, Tübitak Marmara Research Center, TURKEY.

(E-mail: emrah.s@tubitak.gov.tr)

2 Department of Environmental Protection, Kocaeli University, Arslanbey-Kocaeli,TURKEY.

(E-mail: erhan.gengec@kocaeli.edu.tr)

3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: kobya@gtu.edu.tr, soncel@gtu.edu.tr)

4 Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: erhan@gtu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Removal of arsenic from groundwater by the air-injected electrocoagulation (EC) reactor using Fe ball anodes

was investigated and the operating conditions were optimized. Effects of anions such as CPO4-P (1-10 mg/L), CSiO3-Si (20-80 mg/L), CHCO3 (130-670 mg/L), CF (2-10 mg/L), CB (5-10 mg/L), CNO3-N (5-35 mg/L) on the

removal efficiency of arsenic at 0.15 A, Fe ball size of 7.5 mm, pH 7.5 and air flow rate of 6.0 L/min in the

EC reactor were evaluated with Box-Behnken statistical experiment design. The model program provided

with responses such as effluent arsenic concentration, removal efficiency, and operating cost of the EC

process. Analysis of variance for all variables had confirmed the predicted models by the experimental design

within 95% confidence level (R2: 0.92, Adj-R

2: 0.83), which ensured a satisfactory adjustment of the

quadratic model with the experimental data. Removal efficiency of arsenic was reduced with increasing

concentrations of CSiO3-Si from 50 to 80 mg/L and CPO4-P from 5.5 to 10 mg/L while its removal efficiency is

increased with increase in operating time. The rest of the anions show hardly noticable effect on the removal

effciency of arsenic. The maximum removal efficiency of arsenic and minimum operating cost at the

optimized conditions (CPO4-P = 1.80 mg/L, CSiO3-Si = 22.95 mg/L, CHCO3 = 623.6 mg/L, CF = 2.07 mg/L CB =

7.88 mg/L, CNO3-N = 23.12 mg/L ve tEC = 6.9 min for As concentration of 200 μg/L were obtained as 99.4%,

0.0384 $/m3, 9.0 μgAs/mg Fe (removed capacity of arsenic per mg) and effluent concentration of 0.4 μg/L,

respectively.

Keywords: Arsenic removal, Anion, Electrocoagulation, Operating cost, Optimization

Acknowledgment: The authors thank TUBITAK for their financial support [Project number: 111Y103].

111

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile Ion exchange fibre (PAN-IEF) for the removal of arsenic

Khadija Qureshi*1, Inamullah Bhatti

2 and Zulfiqar Solangi

3

1, 2

Department of Chemical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology

Jamshoro,PAKISTAN.

(E-mail:qureshi.khadija@yahoo.com Bhatti_inam@yahoo.com 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro,

PAKISTAN

(E-mail: zulfiqarsolangi@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Efficient Ion exchange fiber was produced from semi-carbonized polyacrylonitrile fiber using

diethylenetriamine as crosslinking agent and hydrolyzed to develop the carboxyl and amine groups. .

Different techniques such as Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

were used for modification of the PAN fiber The FTIR showed the adsorption peaks in the range of 2220 cm-

1, nitrile group 1700-1750 cm

-1 carboxyl group and 500-900 cm

-1 amines groups. The SEM showed that the

surface of ion exchange fiber got rougher due to hydrooxlation of nitrile group. GA/TGA study indicated

lowest degradation temperature 40 C and highest degradation temperature of 525 C. With the reduction in

time the Tenacity 90% and elongation rate reduced to 70 %. The average stretching resistance of 0.9 N was

detected. The column study was also conducted which revealed arsenic adsorption capacity of 9mg/gm.

Keywords: Crosslinking, Column, Fiber, FTIR, SEM,

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Pak-US Science and Technology Program for providing the research

project to conduct this study.

112

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

APPLICATIONS OF HYBRID SYSTEM IN WATER AND WASTEWATER- REVİEW

1Gülizar K. Akkaya,

2M. Sinan Bilgili

1,2

Gülizar Kurtoğlu Akkaya, Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering,

Deparment of Enviromental Engineering, İstanbul.

(E-mail: gulizar@yildiz.edu.tr, mbilgili@yildiz.edu.tr )

ABSTRACT

One of the major challenges facing many countries around the world with incresing population is to provide

clean water for various human activities such as agricultural, industrial and drinking. Recently, the available

conventional wastewater treatment tecnologies are no longer responding to new standarts in conjuction with

thightened wastewater discharge standards. Therefore, there is an increasing desire for the development of

innovative, more effective and inexpensive techniques for wastewater treatment. The aim of this work was to

review studies, conducted with submerged electro-membrane bioreactor “seMBR” system which is a new

treatment method. “seMBR system”. seMBR system is one hybrid system which comprise of the three main

processes in only unit: biological treatment, electrocoagulation and membrane filtration. Their combination

would produce an excellent quality effluent. There are a lot of studies related to waste water and water

recovery with this system and these studies showed that this method realized better a biological treatment and

it is well good in developing floc formation compared to convantional systems. Also, when it is looked at the

recent researches related to this system, the problems in membrane fouling is observed in much less quantities

as opposed to conventional systems. Reseaches on the treatment of real and synthetic wastewater which have

different and specific properties are still continuing. The obtained data showed that seMBR system is a

promising method in water and wastewater treatment owing to advantages such as a system containing many

processes together, remediation of the sludge characteristics and decreasing of problems in membrane

fouling.

Keywords: Wastewater, seMBR, Biological, Membrane, Electrocoagulation.

113

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal of Nickel (II) Pollution in Water by Diatomite

Melayib BİLGİN1, Şevket Tulun*

2

1, 2

M. Bilgin, Ş.Tulun’ Faculty of Engineering, Aksaray University, AKSARAY.

(E-mail: melayib@gmail.com, sevkettulun@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In our industry one of the biggest environmental problem is the water which is mixed nickel and its

compounds. In this study the nickel which is the reason of pollution was tried to be eliminated by the

absorption method using diatoma. In this study NiCl2 * 6H2O solution was used and firstly discontinuous

system optimization was made. In the first step specifications of the sorbent was determined for this reason

proper quantity and 4 different amount of sorbent was used. After then contact time to effect of absorption

was determined. The effect of the pH to absorption was evaluated with using 5 different pH value.

As a result of experiments Nickel was removed % 81, 47 from the waste water in conditions of using 5 gr

material at pH 5 for 60 minutes.

Figure 1. Effect of pH on the removal of Ni(II) (initial concentration of Ni(II), 100 mg/L; diatomite

concentration, 5g/L; shaking speed, 250 rpm; contact time, 60min.; temperature, 293 K).

Key words: Nickel, Diatomite, Adsorption, Water Pollution.

114

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Adsorption kinetic studies for the removal of NH4-N from landfill leachate by natural adsorbent

Fulya Aydın Temel*1, Ayşe Kuleyin

2

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: fulya.temel@giresun.edu.tr) 2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ondokuz May University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: akuleyin@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to investigate the removal of NH4-N from landfill leachate using natural Turkish

zeolite by adsorption process. The effects of pH (2-8), contact time (5-1440 min), adsorbent dosage (30-150 g

L-1

), agitation speed (100-300 rpm), initial concentration (263.2-1363.6 mg L-1

) and particle size (10-65

mesh) were examined on the adsorption process. The optimum conditions in the adsorption process were

established as follows: pH (no significant in this study), 60 min of contact time, 100 g L-1

of adsorbent

dosage, 200 rpm of agitation speed, 263.2 mg L-1

of initial concentration, and -20+35 mesh of particle size.

The adsorption kinetics was used to understand the adsorption mechanism using three kinetic models, i.e.,

Elovich, intraparticle diffusion, the pseudo second order reaction kinetic models. Correlation coefficients of

kinetic parameters were calculated. It is shown that the best conformity kinetic model is the pseudo second

order reaction kinetic model (R2>0.99) for present study. The results indicate that zeolite was the most

efficient cation-exchanger for NH4-N removal from landfill leachate.

Keywords: landfill leachate, zeolite, kinetic, NH4-N, adsorption

Acknowledgment: This work was financed by a scholarship of the Ondokuz May University for support of

Scientific/Technological Research (Project MF-054). I thank the Ondokuz May University for providing the

opportunity to research.

115

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Preparation of the poly(glycidyl methacrylate) Grafted onto Crosslinked poly(3 -Chloro-2-

Hydroxypropyl-Co-EGDMA) with Sorbitol Group and Use for Removing Boron from Water

Gulcin Torunoglu Turan*1, Bahire Filiz Senkal

1

1 Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY

(E-mail: torunoglug@itu.edu.tr, bsenkal@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Although boron is an important micronutrient for plants, animals, and humans, its range between

deficiency and excess is very narrow [1].

Molecules with three or more hydroxyl functions tend to bind boric acid tightly by forming either

neutral boron ester or borate complex anion with a proton as counter ion. Since hydroxyl functions are

non-reactive for common metal ions and other species in ordinary conditions complexation of these

types of compounds produces a means of specific boron binding.

In aqueous environments (neutral pH), boron is mainly present as boric acid, which cannot be easily

removed by desalination membranes and conventional water treatment processes due to its high

solubility mostly in an undissociated form. Up to the present, the most efficient adsorbent for

separating boron from aqueous media is the

boron-specific resin, typically the polystyrene-based resin with N-methyl-D-glucamine functional group

[2-4].

In this study, crosslinked poly(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-co-EGDMA) was synthesized and

poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was grafted onto the prepared resin. PGMA grafted resin was

reacted with excess of sorbitol to give sorbitol modified polymeric sorbent.

The resulting polymeric sorbent has been demonstrated to be an efficient and regenerable specific

sorbent for removal of boron in parts per million (ppm) levels. Kinetics of boron sorption and

regeneration of the polymer were also investigated.

Keywords: Boron removal, polymeric sorbent, sorbitol, glycidyl methacrylate

References:

[1] I. Novozamsky, V.J.G. Houba, J.J. van der Lee, R. van Eck, M.D. Mignorance (1993). A convenient wet

digestion procedure for multielement analysis of plant materials. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 24,

pp. 2595–2605.

[2]. W.R. Lyman, A.F. Preuss (1957). Boron adsorbing resin and process for removing boron compounds

from fluids. US Patent 2813838, Rohm & Haas Company, 1957.

[3]. R. Kunin, A.F. Preuss (1964). Characterization of a boron specific ion exchange resin. Ind. Eng. Chem.:

Prod. Res. Dev. 3, pp.304–306.

[4]. S. Sahin (1996). Mathematical model of boron adsorption by ion exchange, ACH: Models Chem. 133,

pp.143–150, 1996.

116

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal of Maxilon Red GRL from Aqueous Solutions Using Niğde (Bor) Grape Molasses Soil as

a Low-cost Adsorbent

F. Çiner*1, S. Şahin

2, S. Battal

3, E. Sezer

4 and A. Dumlu

5

1, 2,3,4,5

Environmental Engineering Department, Niğde University, TURKEY.

(E-mail:fciner@nigde.edu.tr, s_sena_1907@hotmail.com, suat_battal@hotmail.com,

accult_06_06@hotmail.com, dumlukadir@hotmail.com )

ABSTRACT

Dyes are widely used in industries such as textiles, dyestuff, leather, paper, cosmetics, plastics, foods,

etc., to color their products. Because many organic dyestuffs are harmful to human beings and

hazardous to aquatic organisms, removal of dyestuffs from wastewater has received considerable

attention over the past decades. Various methods such as adsorption, coagulation, advanced oxidation,

aerobic and anaerobic degradation, membrane separation process, and reverse osmosis are used in the

removal of dyes from wastewater. Adsorption is one of the most effective processes of advanced

wastewater treatment which industries employ to reduce hazardous inorganic/organic pol lutants present

in the effluent.

In this study, the removal of Maxilon Red GRL from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto raw soil sample

known as Niğde (Bor) grape molasses soil was studied. This soil which constituted of mostly calcite was used

for sedimentation for making grape molasses.

The effects of various experimental parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, initial adsorbent dose,

and initial dye concentration on adsorption efficiency were investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm

models were applied to the equilibrium data. The experimental data were modeled by Langmuir and

Freundlich isotherm models. Langmuir model resulted in the best fit of the adsorption data. This study

indicated that the Niğde (Bor) grape molasses soil can be used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of a

textile dye Maxilon Red GRL from its aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Adsorption, Color, Isotherm, Grape molasses soil, Maxilon Red GRL.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

(TÜBİTAK), for their financial support [TÜBİTAK 2209-A Project].

117

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal of total nitrogen by Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana from domestic wastewater in

horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland

Fulya Aydın Temel*1, Yüksel Ardalı

2, Esin Avcı

3

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: fulya.temel@giresun.edu.tr) 2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ondokuz May University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: yuksel.ardali@omu.edu.tr) 3Department of Statistics, Science and Art Faculty, Giresun University, TURKEY

(E-mail: esin.avci@giresun.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSFCW) system was designed and built to

treat domestic wastewater in Kızılcaören village. The treatment bed was divided into two equal parts using

curtain walls to evaluate the efficiencies of two different plant species (Juncus acutus and Cortaderia

selloana) during the construction. Total nitrogen was evaluated during the operation period of 7 months. The

average removal efficiencies of Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana plants were found as % 24 and % 40

for TN, respectively. However, two-way ANOVA between groups was applied to determine any difference

for the removal of TN parameter between the plant types and months on the mean values of pollutant

removal. As a result of the performed studies, it is seen that the subsurface flow constructed wetlands are

quite efficient in the treatment of domestic wastewater. Moreover, it is proved that these systems are much

more economical in terms of establishment and maintenance costs in comparison with the conventional

treatment systems.

Keywords: Juncus acutus; Cortaderia selloana; wastewater; constructed wetland, statistic

Acknowledgment: This work was financed by a scholarship of the Ondokuz May University for support of

Scientific/Technological Research (PYO.1904.11.017). I thank the Ondokuz May University for providing

the opportunity to research.

118

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal of Nitrate from Domestic Wastewaters Using Algae

Mohammad Izhar, Dr. Selim L. Sanin, Aydın Akbulut

Hacettepe University, Department of Environmental Engineering, ANKARA, TURKEY.

(E-mail: Izhar_zaheer@yahoo.com, sanin@hacettepe.edu.tr, akbulut@hacettepe.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen is the most widely occurring element in our environment forming many inorganic ionic species, such

as nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions.The main anthropogenic sources of nitrates in the environment are

domestic and industrial wastes and artificial fertilizers. The reactive form of N is nitrate, is the prominent

form of nitrogen impurities in surface and groundwater. As like other world in Afghanistan also most

communities rely on groundwater and surface water for their drinking needs. Nitrate is sensible in

groundwater in Afghanistan and it has significant human health concern. Drinking water with high levels of

nitrates may lead to health issues, including methemoglobinemia (also called blue-baby syndrome). Nitrate

cause to many more negative effects including: euthrophication, turbidity, odor, taste and color etc. In this

study three type of microalgae are investigated including spirulina platensis, chlorella vulgaris and

scenedesmus obliquus in two medium, normal culture medium (BG11 and BBM) and the second one

domestic wastewater (DWW) medium. The method of culture was batch reactor, in 600ml of culture medium

(BG11, BBM and DWW) 60ml of microalgae was added From our laboratory stock by 1/10 part. 24 hours

after cultivation the chlorophyll-a and COD has measured. The chlorophyll-a and COD of spirulina

platensis, chlorella vulgaris and scenedesmus obliquus were measure for 8days, 26day and 26days

respectively and the filtered sample have kept in refrigerator for further analysis by ion chromatography at

next coming days. During the examinations COD shows decreases in early days, but increases by end of

experiments. Some part of chlorella vulgaris in DWW medium has examined and shows the predominant

decrease in nitrate that consumed by chlorella vulgaris.

Keywords: COD, Nitrate, DWW, BG11,BBM

DWW: domestic wastewater

119

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Heavy Metals Contamination and Chemical Speciation of water and Soils in the Vicinity of Sungun

Porphyry Copper Deposit, NW Iran

Kobra Esmaeili1, Naser Pirouznia

2 and Farid Moore

3

1: Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

esmaeili.mgeo@yahoo.com

2: superintendent in geology at sungun copper mine,ahar,iran

n_pirouznia@yahoo.com

3:professor of department earth science,shiraz university,shiraz,iran

moor@geology.susc.ac.ir

ABSTRACT

In recent decades, attentions to preservation of environment have increased which affected the mining plans and

activities. In this way, the Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit which is located in the east Azerbaijan province,

northwest of Iran was studied in this paper from the environmental point of view. It seems that river water and

soils (pasture land) of this area are exposed to heavy metals contamination due to the geological condition and

mining activates.

The contamination degree of selected heavy metals (Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn and Ni) in water samples (44 samples) was

calculated by the ratio of metal concentration to local background and global standards. Also, the relation

between the elements in water and sediment samples was investigated using correlation coefficients analysis and

factor analysis. The results show that concentration of selected heavy metals (Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn and Ni) exceeds

the maximum allowable concentrations in water. Also, the results of multivariate analyses indicate that heavy

metals in the water samples have similar behavior (except for Mo) during transportation in the riverine

environment.

The mean concentrations of Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cd in the soil samples (39 samples) are above the critical

levels of these elements in the soils. The results of sequential extraction (Tessier's method) of the above metals

indicate that the most percentages of Cd and Mo are associated with the exchangeable fraction and have high

environmental risk. According to risk assessment code, the soils of the Sungun area show medium environmental

risk with respect to Zn. Also Cu, Pb and Ni contents in the third fraction are imperceptible in most of the samples

which are posing a low environmental risk.

Key words: Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit, Environmental Assessment, Heavy Metal Contamination, Factor

Analysis, Sequential Extraction, Risk Assessment Code.

120

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

European Market for Decentralized Waste Water Systems

Dr.-Ing. Elmar Dorgeloh, Daniel Verschitz

Development and Assessment Institute in Waste Water Technology at RWTH Aachen University, Germany

E-mail: dorgeloh@pia.rwth-aachen.de

PIA GmbH, Testing Institute for Wastewater Technology, Germany (NB 1739)

E-mail: d.verschitz@pia-gmbh.com

ABSTRACT

In terms of decentralized wastewater treatment, small wastewater treatment plants are suitable and state of the

art. In Europe there is a need of approximately 20 million plants. A successful CE-marking and a correct

declaration of performance is necessary to enter this market. To ensure a functional product all requirements

regarding to construction and environmental aspects must be fulfilled. These requirements are defined in the

European Construction Products Regulation and they are implemented in detail in EN 12566. This

harmonized standard describes the different tests applicable to small waste water treatment plants. These are

as follows:

Proof of structural behaviour

Treatment efficiency

Test of watertightness

Release assessment of dangerous substances

Reaction to fire

Determination of durability

Power consumption

Beside the activated sludge method, sequencing batch technology and fixed bed systems are common

treatment processes among others. Beyond that small wastewater treatment plants can consist of different

materials like concrete, plastic or steel and they can be deployed underground or in the basement of a house.

The diversity and complexness leads to a significant number of applicable tests which shall be carried out by

a notified testing laboratory. This procedure of assessment and verification of constancy of performance is the

basic prerequisite of unimpeded access to the European single market.

Keywords: CE-marking, Construction Products Regulation, Declaration of Performance, European

Harmonized Standard, Notified Body, Small Wastewater Treatment Plants

121

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Comparison of Wastewater Treatment Potential between Arthrospira platensis and Chlorella

vulgaris

Reza Rezaei, Aydın Akbulut and Selim L. Sanin

Hacettepe University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ankara, TURKEY.

(E-mail: rezarezaei2008@gmail.com, akbulut@hacettepe.edu.tr, sanin@hacettepe.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Nutrient removal is one of the major challenges in the urban wastewater treatment. Excess

concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in the wastewater can lead to algal bloom which is one of the

main causes of fish deaths. Also some subsequent effects of algal bloom include release of toxins and

its further health and environmental problems, depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water, intensive

biomass accumulation and economic losses in some sectors like fishing and tourism.

This study investigates the ability of nutrient removal in optimum pH and temperature in the artificial

wastewater via two microalgae species Arthrospira platensis and Chlorella vulgaris. Achievement

results show that more than 90% of nitrogenous compound (nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) and 70% of

phosphate are removed over a short time from incubation. Because of the fluctuation in urban

wastewater circumstance, the ability of adaptation is probed in two algae species and the removal

amount of nutrient is measured in high nutrient concentration. To best of our knowledge the effect of

algae acclimation to wastewater over the removal rate has been less regarded in the literature, thus we

consider this issue in this study.

Keywords: Algal acclimation, Microalgae, Nutrient removal.

122

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Bioelectricity Generation from Wastewater Sludge Using Microbial Fuel Cells

Seçil ÖMEROĞLU*1 and F. Dilek SANİN

2

1, 2

Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: omeroglu@metu.edu.tr, dsanin@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Today, the energy of the global community is met using fossil fuels. The exploitation of oil and coal

reserves resulted in a global energy crisis, raising questions about the future energy supply. Besides,

current energy practices emit large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere, polluting

the air we breathe in and contributing to global warming. As a result, within the last decade, countries

have devoted significant efforts to investigate renewable energy technologies and bioenergy is one of the

examples. Bioenergy is the conversion of biomass resources (i.e. agricultural residues, wastes, sludge) into

useful energy forms through different technologies. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are one of the bioenergy

technologies converting the chemical energy in organic wastes into electricity through the biocatalytic

reactions of microorganisms. The fact that energy can be produced via degradation of organic wastes has

been known for a century, but the use of this information to generate energy via MFCs has started to draw

attention recently. MFCs can serve multiple purposes, not solely energy production. The microorganisms

degrade the organic waste while generating electricity and this makes MFCs not only a renewable energy

alternative but a perfect candidate for wastewater and sludge treatment. Especially, considering the energy

consumption of conventional wastewater and sludge treatment systems, MFCs offer a sustainable solution that

supply the energy required while achieving high levels of treatment. In addition to these, MFCs can be used in

sensors, biohydrogen production and bioremediation. However, the technologic and economic problems with

MFCs and their solutions have not been very well understood, limiting their large scale applications. The

purpose of this study is to investigate the energy production and efficiency in MFCs fed with different types

of wastewater sludges. The effect of key operational parameters will be identified and optimized to achieve

high energy conversion efficiencies.

Keywords: Bioenergy, Electricity Generation, Microbial Fuel Cell, Wastewater Sludge, Sludge Stabilization

123

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Treatment of anaerobic batch reactor of an automotive industry wastewater: Influence of substrate-

inoculum ratio and wastewater co-substrate ratio

M.Sarioglu(Cebeci) *1, Ö.B. Gökçek

2

1,

Environmental Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TÜRKİYE.

(E-mail: sarioglumeltem@gmail.com) *2

Environmental Engineering, Niğde University, TÜRKİYE.

(E-mail: bbabacan@nigde.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

A study of the anaerobic treatment of an automotive industry wastewater was conducted at mesophilic

temperature in batch mode. In this study, molasses was used as a co-substrate. The batch experiments were

carried out with sample prepared as 500 ml bottles using a shaker in 35 ◦C temperature conditions. The

concentration of inoculum was prepared to be 5000 mg/l VSS. Substrate-inoculum ratios (SIR) was

determined as 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 and also molasses-waste water ratio was 1/3, 1.00 and 3. All tests were

carried out against controls of inoculum without substrate. Speed of 150 rpm for the sample bottles was

applied and in experiments were examined COD, pH, alkalinity, total solid, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and total

gas analysis.

Keywords: anaerobic batch reactor, ınoculum, substrate, co-substrate ,automotive industry.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Cumhuriyet University, Scientific Research Project Funding (CUBAP)

for their financial support [Project number: CUBAP M-542].

124

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Laboratory Scale Submerged Membrane Bioreactors (SMBR)

for the Treatment of Rural Areas Wastewater

O. Özkan1, M. Oğuz

1, Ö. Özdemir

2, Ş. T. Azgın

1, A. Solmaz

3, İ. Uyanık*

1

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ozkan@erciyes.edu.tr, merveoguz@erciyes.edu.tr, stazgin@erciyes.edu.tr, iuyanik@erciyes.edu.tr) 2 Malatya Water and Sewerage Administration, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ozgurozdemir@maski.gov.tr) 3 Kayseri Organize Industrial Zone Treatment Plant, TURKEY.

(E-mail: alper038@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Membrane systems have advantages over conventional treatment methods as they are small, easy to

operate and low investment costs. Rural areas like small villages and towns have the capacity of

pollution because their wastewater is not treated in most of the developing countries. Although they

have small volumes of wastewater their potential to pollute water sources are huge. This study

investigated the operation of a lab scale Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (SMBR) treating synthetic

domestic wastewater. We set 2 polyethylene reactors (1 for primary settling, 1 for membrane filtration)

as shown in Figure 1. Effective volume of the SMBR was 600 L and the flowrate was 50 L/h in two

different recycle rates 100% and 200 % in a constant hydraulic retention time of 15 hours (HRT). 140

days of operation of the SMBR reactor was successfully finished in two phases: 90 days of constant

influent COD concentration, (1090 mg/L), and 2 fold of this concentration for the rest of the study.

COD removal efficiencies of the reactor were always more than 97,2% which indicated a good removal

efficiency. The removal rates of the SMBR system for Total Nitrogen (TN) was between 60-70% as the

recycle rate was 100 %. It was increased to 76-84 % when the recycle rate was 200%. This difference

was arise from the increase of the denitrification potential. When the COD of the wastewater were

doubled, there was almost no difference in TN removal rates (between 52 % and 73 %) .

Keywords: Membrane, Removal, Rural areas, Submerged

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Erciyes University, Scientific Research Project Funding (ERU BAP)

for their financial support [Project number: FBA-09-557

125

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of Influent COD/TAN Ratio on Carbon and Nitrogen Removal Efficiency and Stability of

Aerobic Granules

Irem Kocaturk, Tuba H Erguder*

Environmental Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, TURKEY

(E-mail: etubahan@metu.edu.tr, iremkocaturk@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Granular sludge is advantageous over the conventional activated sludge due to its high biomass content,

settleability and tolerance for shock loadings. Aerobic granules eliminate the drawbacks of anaerobic granules

such as long start-up period, relatively high operation temperature and inability to remove N. In particular,

aerobic biogranulation is a suitable and up-to-date technology for N removal.

There are many factors affecting the aerobic granulation and treatment efficiency. One of these is the

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) to Total Ammonifiable Nitrogen (TAN) ratio. Relative amounts of N and

COD in the substrate are also known to affect the composition and characteristics of the granules. The aim of

this study was, therefore, set as to determine the optimum influent COD/TAN ratio and concentration range

that provides the maximum TAN and COD removal efficiencies and stable aerobic granules.

Two identical sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) seeded with aerobic granules were operated with varying

COD/TAN ratios (1-30). R1 was operated at increasing COD/TAN ratios (7.5, 10, 20, 30), while R2 was

operated at decreasing COD/TAN ratios (7.5, 5, 3.5, 2, 1). The results indicated that high COD/TAN ratios

(7.5-30) provided high COD removal efficiency (around 92%) and low TAN removal (33%), favoring

heterotrophs that form white, fluffy flocs and large granules. Maintenance of high treatment efficiency and

granular stability is hard due to high growth rate of heterotrophs. On the other hand, low COD/TAN ratios (2-

5) provided high TAN removal efficiency up to 100%, while COD removal was relatively low (60%); leading

to small, dense, orange granules enriched in nitrifiers with slow-growing but stable characteristics. The

optimum COD/TAN ratio in terms of high COD and TAN removal and granular stability was found as 7.5. It

was found out that bacterial population distribution among nitrifiers and heterotrophs can be adjusted by

changing influent COD/TAN ratios.

Keywords: COD/TAN ratio, granulation, nitrification, SBR, simultaneous denitrification

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)

for their financial support [Project number: 111Y176].

126

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Monitoring of molecular weight distribution by HPSEC with ultraviolet diode array and refractive

index detectors in biologically treated bakery yeast wastewater

Erhan Gengeç*1, Mehmet Kobya

2

1 University of Kocaeli, Department of Environmental Protection, 41275, Kartepe, Kocaeli, Turkey

2 Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41400, Gebze, Turkey

ABSTRACT

Treatment of Baker’s yeast wastewater (BYW) is a necessary operation in order to recycle water and to meet

discharge limits for the natural water environment. Effluents generated from Baker’s yeast manufacturing

plants contain numerous organic matters as well as dark brown colored components (melanoidins). Several

treatment processes such as chemical oxidation, adsorption, membrane processes, chemical coagulation,

biological oxidation such as anaerobic-aerobic and electrocoagulation have been used in treatment of the

BYW. Generally, anaerobic – aerobic treatment systems are used for removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD). However, they are not effective for complete removal of color. The different removal efficiencies of

COD and color intensity show that components causing COD and the color intensity are different from each

other. Therefore, it is important to monitor the molecular weight distributions (MWDs) to understand the

removal mechanism during anaerobic – aerobic stages. In this study, MWDs during anaerobic – aerobic

stages is investigated by High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC) with ultraviolet diode

array (DAD) and refractive index detectors (RID). The chromatograms results show that there are three main

fractions; high molecular weight components (HMWCs), intermediate molecular weight components

(IMWCs) and low molecular weight components (LMWCs). IMWCs and LMWCs are biodegradable

compounds in BYW. IMWCs have high amount of COD and low color intensity whereas LMWCs have low

amount of COD and high color intensity. On the other hand the HMWCs are hardly biodegradable

compounds which have low amount of COD and high color intensity in BYW. So conventional biological

treatment systems are effective in removing COD from BYW; however, they are not sufficient for the

removal of color. Probably the insufficient color removal in biological treatment systems is due to the

aromaticity of components. The removal mechanism depends on the biodegradation of LMWC and

biotransformation from HMWCs to LMWCs in the biological treatment.

Keywords; Baker’s yeast wastewater, Molecular weight distribution, HPSEC

127

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Nickel Removal from Aqueous Solution by Iron Oxide Coated Sepiolite

İ. Kıpçak* and C. Gürakan Akın

Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, TURKEY

(E-mail: ikipcak@ogu.edu.tr, cerengurakan@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Industrial wastewater very often contains nickel because it is widely used in a large number of

industries such as electroplating, batteries manufacturing, mining, metal finishing , porcelain enameling

and paint formulations. Nickel and its compounds are carcinogenic and may pose danger to human

health and other life forms. Therefore, the concentration of nickel ions in wastewater should meet the

applicable water quality criteria. Many conventional methods including adsorption, ion exchange,

membrane filtration, flotation and precipitation have been reported in the literature to remove nickel

ions from waste water. Adsorption can be considered as one of the most popular methods due to its low

cost, simplicity of design and high removal efficiency. Iron, aluminum and manganese oxides are

frequently used for coating of adsorbents, because these oxides usually have a large surface area, porous

structure and an abundance of binding site metal ions are easily bound to them.

The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of nickel ions from aqueous solution by adsorption

using iron oxide coated sepiolite. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using synthetic

aqueous solution of nickel ions and the effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, initial metal

concentration and temperature were investigated. The kinetics of adsorption has been studied, and

various kinetic models, such as pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion

models were tested with experimental data for their validity. The pseudo second order kinetic model

was determined to correlate well to the experimental data. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms

were utilized for the analysis of adsorption equilibrium. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to

describe adequately the adsortion process. Maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity was found as 46.95

mg/g for 25°C. Thermodynamics of the adsorption process has also been studied and the changes in

Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and the entropy have been determined.

Keywords: Adsorption, Iron oxide, Nickel removal, Sepiolite.

128

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effects of operational parameters on the removal of Acid Blue 161 dye from aqueous solutions by

electrocoagulation with aluminum and stainless steel electrodes

Sevde USTUN*1, Nevzat BEYAZIT

2 and Hanife BUYUKGUNGOR

3

1,2,3

Ondokuz Mayis University Environmental Engineering Department, 55200, Samsun,TURKEY.

(E-mail: sevde.ustun@omu.edu.tr, nbeyazit@omu.edu.tr, hbuyukg@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Pollutants such as dyes are harmful to humans and the environment. Therefore, it must be properly

treated so that it does not cause more damage to the environment. Electrocoagulation (EC) is based

on creating metallic ions and hydroxide flocks within the water by electrodissolution of the anode,

usually made of iron or aluminum. The resulting metal ions and hydroxides have the ability to break

emulsions and colloidal solution and to remove metal ions and organic pollutants, such as dyes by

adsorption.

The aim of this study is to investigate removal of Acid Blue 161 of 100 mg/L (color index number:

15706; anhydrated molecular weight: 1353.2; molecular formula: C 20H13N2O5SNaCrx; dye content:

45%; a commercial mono-azo dye, Sigma-Aldrich catalog number A4770) from synthetic solution by

EC in a batch mode using aluminum (Al) and stainless steel (SS) electrodes. For this aim, effects of

operating parameters such as electrocoagulation time (5-100 min), initial pH (3-9), current density (50-

150 A/m2), presence of NaCl as electrolyte (500-2000 mg/L) on the removal efficiencies and electrical

energy consumptions have been investigated.

For EC experiments, a rectangular Plexiglas reactor with dimensions of 9x9x8.5 cm was used.

Aluminum and stainless steel electrodes were used as anode and cathode, respectively. The electrodes

(grade 304 with 4.35 cm width x 5.70 cm length x 0.3 cm thickness) were placed in the reactor in

monopolar parallel mode and vertical position, and connected to a direct current power source. In ea ch

stage of the experiment, 2 anode and 2 cathode electrodes with 94.64 cm2 total active anode surface

area were used. The distance between the anode and cathode were set to 9 mm. In order to determine

the changes in dye concentrations in the EC cell, 6 ml samples taken periodically from the EC reactor

were filtered through a micro-porous membrane filter with 0.45 µm pores, then dye concentrations

remaining in aqueous solutions were measured colorimetrically using a spectrophotometer.

Keywords: Acid Blue 161, Aluminum and Stainless Steel Electrodes, Electrocoagulation

129

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

EVALUTION OF NON-CATALYTIC WET AIR OXIDATION VARIABLES FOR REMOVAL OF

ORGONOPHOSPHROUS PESTICIDE MALATHION USING BOX-BEHNKEN

M. Isgoren*1, E. Gengec

2 , S. Veli

3

1,2

University of Kocaeli, Department of Environmental Protection,41275 Izmit, Kocaeli,Turkey

e-mail: melike.isgoren@kocaeli.edu.tr, erhan.gengec@kocaeli.edu.tr

3Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41380 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey

e-mail: sevilv@kocaeli.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with finding optimum reaction conditions for wet air oxidation (WAO) of malathion aqueous

solution (organo phosphorous pesticide) by Box-Behnken. Malathion is an insecticide widely used in

agricultural areas and observable in environmental samples and food chain. They are reported to be genotoxic

and endocrine disrupter that entail infertility. Treatment of malathion with different techniques are subjected

to many researches such as fotocatalytic and radiolytic degradation, nanofiltration, photo-fenton oxidation

etc. Efficiency of WAO process is based upon the proportion of dissolved oxygen in the aqueous media at

different reaction conditions. The reaction conditions; temperature (60-120 0C), pressure of the system (20-40

bar), pH value of solution (3-7) and reaction time (0-120 min), were chosen as independent parameters in

this study. The interactions of parameters were evaluated by Box-Behnken, and the quadratic model fitted

well with the experimental data (29 runs). R2 correlation coefficients (>95%) for the removal efficiencies

showed a high significance of the model. 600ml hestelloy reactor filled with 400 ml of synthetic wastewater

(20ppm malathion) and then the heater was opened and awaited until the internal temperature of the reactor

reach to the desired level. After that, the reactor was filled by dry air allowing to reach the reaction pressure

value that was determined before. This point was the beginning of the reaction. Malathion concentrations

were determined by HPLC (UV detector; 202 nm, C18 column; 1 mL/min of flow rate). And also, toxicity

tests were performed according to the BiotoxTM flash method based on the bioluminescent response of

Vibrio fischeri bacteria, which is probably the most widely applied bacterial test. The completely removal

efficiencies were obtained at pH of 3, 120 min, 20 bar and 120 0C. The toxicity results show that the WAO is

an important alternative for treatment of toxic materials.

Keywords: wet air oxidation, pesticide, malathion, optimization, Box-Behnken.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Kocaeli University, Scientific Research Project Funding (KOUBAP)

for their financial support [Project number: 2013-073].

130

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Partial Nitrification of Domestic Wastewater under Oxygen Limited Conditions

Bilge ALPASLAN KOCAMEMİ1*, Esra ÇİÇEK

2

1, *

Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul Turkey

(E-mail: bilge.alpaslan@marmara.edu.tr)

2,

Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul Turkey

ABSTRACT

Recently developed novel biological nitrogen removal processes (e.g., Anammox, Canon, Oland) seem

attractive alternatives to the conventional nitrification-denitrification process considering their potential for

minimization of oxygen and external carbon consumption in nitrogen removal. One of the main limitation in

the application of these processes is partial nitrification requirement as preliminary treatment. However, in

case of low ammonium containing wastewaters (e.g., domestic wastewater) it is very difficult to maintain

stable partial nitrification under normal operating conditions. The possibility of achieving partial nitrification

by modifying the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (i.e., aeration patterns) seems to be an attractive

solution considering energy consumption in air supply accounts for a high percentage of the total energy

consumption in wastewater treatment systems.

In the present study, partial nitrification of domestic wastewater was studied under limited DO conditions.

The effect of the DO level on ammonium oxidation and nitrite accumulation were investigated in the long

term through 365-days continuous-flow experiments in a suspended-growth sequential batch reactor (SBR)

and a submerged packed bed biofilm reactor. The results showed that in both systems limited DO conditions

caused ammonium and nitrite accumulation. In the SBR system, ammonium and nitrite accumulations were

initially observed upon decrease of DO from 1 to 0.54 mg/L, whereas in the biofilm system they were initially

observed upon decrease of DO from 3.64 mg/L to 1.21 mg/L. In both systems, nitrite accumulation and

ammonium accumulation occurred in parallel with each other, indicating that free ammonia concentration

partially effective on nitrite accumulation. In the biofilm system limited DO conditions caused higher nitrite

accumulation than in the SBR system and higher nitrite accumulation/ammonium accumulation ratio was

observed with respect to the SBR system. In the biofilm system, the stable ammonium and nitrite

accumulations observed under limited DOconditions exhibited changes in the long term due to increasing

population of bacteria in the system.

Keywords: Activated sludge, biological treatment, nitritification, partial nitrification, wastewater

Acknowledgment: The financial support of this study by the Scientific and Technological Research Council

of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) (1001-107Y117) is gratefully acknowledged.

131

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

TETRACYCLİNE REMOVAL VİA WASTE TURKISH COFFEE

Chemical Engineering (ICOCEE), Cappadocia 2015

Mehtap Erşan1,FerideDüğenci

2and Ülker Aslı Güler

3

1, 2

Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Engineering,Chemical Engineering Department, 58140, Sivas , Turkey 3Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Engineering,Environmental Engineering Department, 58140, Sivas ,

Turkey

(E-mail:gorgun7@hotmail.com,feridedgnci@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Antibiotics are substances of widespread use, frequently detected in natural surface water. They are excreted

via urine and feces. Hence, substantial quantities of antibiotics are detected in wastewaters from hospitals,

residential, aquaculture, as well as waste from drug production facilities. Effluents containing antibiotics are

of concern as there is potential to promote or maintain bacterial resistance and disrupt key cycles/processes

critical to aquatic ecology or crop and animal production. Tetracyline is a wide spectrum antibiotic. In this

study the removal of tetracycline (TC) from aqueous environment by organic waste material, Turkish coffee,

was studied in a batch system. The experimental parameters (pH, Cinitial, time (min), temperature, ionic

strength) that affect the sorption of TC were optimized to achieve maximum removal yield. Coffee plant is a

genus of the family Rubiaceae. Coffee contains a lot of caffeine. Caffeine has an impact inhaler andit is good

for asthma patients. The stimulating effect has improves concentration. Therefore, quite a lot is consumed

and the waste Turkish coffee reusable for removal tetracycline can lead cheap adsorbent usage. The

Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were conducted to deduce the mechanism of the tetracycline

removal process. The kinetics of TC adsorption was moderately fast and almost reached equilibrium in 150

min. The assessment results were obtained with the Freundlich isotherm. It was observed consistent with

Langmuir (R2 = 0.9 551). Examining the adsorption kinetics ΔH, ΔS and ΔG values were calculated. NaCl

was used to investigate the effect of ionic strength on the adsorption efficiency. The ionic strength was

observed to reduce the efficiency of adsorption. The results show that waste Turkish coffee can use removal

antibiotics, tetracycline.

Keywords:Waste Turkish coffee, tetracycline, adsorption, waste water, thermodynamic parameters.

132

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Adsorption of Basic Yellow 2 from aqueous solutions onto Montmorillonite

Onur Sözüdoğru1 , Baybars Ali Fil

2, Recep Boncukcuoğlu

3, Erdinç Aladağ*

4, Sinan Kul

5

1, 3, 5 Ataturk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey

(E-mail: cm.onursozudogru@gmail.com, rboncuk@atauni.edu.tr, sinankul@atauni.edu.tr) 2 Balikesir University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey

(E-mail: baybarsalifil2@gmail.com) 4 Yüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey

(E-mail: erdincaladag@gmail.com)

corresponding author: Erdinç Aladağ

corresponding author e-mail: erdincaladag@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The removal of Basic Yellow 2 (BY2), a cationic dye, from aqueous solution by using montmorillonite as

adsorbent was studied in batch experiments. Basic Yellow 2 (BY2) is generally used in textile mills, paper

mills, leather and carpet production. Basic Yellow 2 (BY2), Auramine, (4,4’-

dimethylaminobenzophenonimide), and its hydrochloride salt are used in the coloring of paper, textiles and

leather; and also as food dye. The effect of agitation speed, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration on

the removal of BY2 was also investigated. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were applied to fit

the adsorption data of BY2 dye. Equilibrium data were well described by the typical Langmuir adsorption

isotherm. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was calculated as 434.196 mg·g-1

from the Langmuir

isotherm model. The adsorption data was fitted to both the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich

and intra-particle kinetic models and calculated values of amount adsorbed at equilibrium (qe) by pseudo-

second-order equations were found to be in good agreement with the experimental values.

Keywords: Adsorption; kinetic; isotherm; Montmorillonite

133

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigation of Nitrate Treatment Potential of Tea Waste

Ayla Bilgin*1,

1 Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü

(ayla.bilgin@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT,

Tea plants are commonly grown in the Eastern Black Sea/Turkey. Tea plants are s produce about 30.000

t/year in the Eastern Black Sea region/Turkey. Tea plants wastes are generally used as a fuel in the tea

production process. However, some small tea factory deposits them in depository area or occasionly

discharge in small bay in the Black Sea. In this study, tea waste was taken from tea factory. Studies were

conducted in batch reactors. Removal studies was made initial concentration 50 mg/L nitrate with 1,2,3,4,5

gram tea waste and pH=3,6,9. The contact time was kept constant for 1 hour. Chemicals were used as NaNO3

(Merck). pH adjustment are made with H2SO4/NaOH. As a result of work; Nitrate is desorbed from tea

waste acidic conditions at pH=3. Desoprtion rate varies according to tea waste amount. The rate of

desorption is for 1g tea waste 2%, 2g tea waste %6 and 3 gr tea waste %14. However, the desorption rate

decreases in the nitrate alkaline conditions (pH=9). The rate of desorption at pH=9 is for 1g tea waste 0%, 2g

tea waste %4, 3 and 4 gr tea waste %4 and 5 gr tea waste % 0. This study show that tea waste is not

removal nitrate.

Keywords: Nitrate, tea waste, water pollution

134

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Preparation of the Poly (styrene) Based Quaternary Chloroacetamide Modified Sorbent for

Removal of Phenol

E.Yavuz*, F.Bildik and B.F. Şenkal

Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey.

(E-mail: yavuzerd@itu.edu.tr, bildikfatih@itu.edu.tr, bsenkal@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Phenols are generally considered to be one of the most important organic pollutants discharged into the

environment causing unpleasant taste and odor of drinking wáter. Among several methods used in wastewater

treatment, adsorption is a convenient and effective technique to remove low concentrations of chemicals from

water. Various adsorbents such as zeolites, polymeric sorbents, carbon nanotubes and clay have been

investigated for the removal of phenol and phenolic pollutants from wastewater.

In this study crosslinked copolymer beads were prepared by suspension polymerization of 4-vinylbenzyl

chloride (VBC) and ethyleneglycole dimethacrylate (EGDMA) mixtures as a sorbent. The resulting

copolymer beads with quaternary amide functions were prepared in two steps: (1) modification of N,N-

dimethylethylenediamine (DMEA) with PVBC and (2) quaternization of (PVBC-DMEA ) resin with

chloroacetamide (PVBC-DMEA-CAM). The phenol sorption capacity was around 0.22 g phenol / g resin in

non-buffered conditions.

The adsorption conditions (initial phenol concentration and pH) were varied to evaluate the mechanism of

adsorption of phenol on the prepared resin. This resin is also able to remove phenol completely even from

highly diluted aqueous phenol solutions.

Keywords: Adsorption, phenol removal, polymeric beads.

135

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Transport of heavy metals through the supported liquid membrane

B. T. Gemici*1., S. Altin

2

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Bartın University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: btakcay@bartin.edu.tr, secondauthorsname@aaaa.bbb)

2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Bülent Ecevit University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: saltin@karaelmas.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Supported liquid membrane process has been developed to transport heavy metals such as Ag(I), Co(II) and

Cr(III) from various resources. The supported liquid membrane is soaked with the solution of a specific

extractant which facilitates the transfer of permeate from the feed to stripping solution in organic diluent. In

this paper the use of different extractants to transport Ag(I), Co(II) and Cr(III) in SLM has been discussed.

The recent literature data published in last 8 years showed that the special extractants were used for each

metal and in some cases two extractant mixture used such as the mixture DP8R and Acorga M5640 for

transport of Cobalt. Also for these metals, various parameters such as carrier concentration, initial metal

concentration, the stirring speed in the feed and stripping phases and flow rates effect transport of heavy

metals directly. Thus the effect of these parameters have been seperately discussed for each metal in detail.

Keywords: Supported liquid membrane, extractant, Silver (I), Cobalt (II), Chromium (III)

136

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution by non-modified clinoptilolite in fixed-bed

system

Magdalena Balintova*1 and Marian Holub

2

1, 2

Institute of Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Faculty, Technical University of Kosice,

SLOVAKIA

(E-mail: magdalena.balintova@tuke.sk, marian.holub@tuke.sk)

ABSTRACT

The mining activities represent considerable negative effect to the country. According to stringent effluent

discharge regulations it is necessary to look into innovative technologies to remove considerable amount of

effluent rather than discharging into surface water. Effluents from mines containing large amount of pollutants

(heavy metals, sulphates) give rise to aesthetic unpleasantness as well as adverse effects on fauna, flora or

human beings. To prevent or minimize the negative impacts of contaminated effluent, cheap and effective

methods have to be applied. Sorption onto natural materials represents high efficient, low cost and easily

useable process. High degree of modifiability and regenerability of the sorbents predetermines their

utilization in various conditions and different setups.

The present study is aimed at evaluating the adsorption behaviour of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) in order to

determine its applicability for heavy metals removal from model sulphuric acid solutions (pH 4) with the aim

of AMD treatment in the real condition. For the purpose of determination of pollutants removal efficiencies

using zeolite, adsorption experiments in fixed-bed column system were carried out.

Keywords: heavy metals, sorption, zeolite, column.

Acknowledgment: This work has been supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science (Grant No.

1/0563/15).

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Cluster analysis of water quality in Water Reservoir Ruzin I., Slovakia

Eva Singovszka*1 and Magdalena Balintova

2

1, 2

Technical University of Kosice, Civil engineering faculty, Institute of environmental engineering,

SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: eva.singovszka@tuke.sk, magdalna.balintova@tuke.sk)

ABSTRACT

Water quality monitoring has one of the highest priorities in environmental protection policy. The main

objectives are to control and minimise the incidence of pollutant-oriented problems, and to provide water of

appropriate quality to serve various purposes such as drinking water supply, irrigation water, etc. Multivariate

statistical methods including cluster analysis have been used successfully in hydrochemistry for many years.

Surface water, groundwater quality assessment and environmental research employing multi-component

techniques are well described in the literature. Multivariate statistical approaches allow deriving hidden

information from the data set about the possible influences of the environment on water quality. Cluster

analysis attempts to explain the correlations between the observations in terms of the underlying clusters,

which are not directly observable.

In the present study, cluster analysis is applied to physico-chemical parameters of Water Reservoir Ruzin I.,

Slovakia, with the aim to classify and summarize data as well as segmentation of large heterogeneous data

sets into smaller homogeneous subsets that can be easily managed, separately modelled and analysed. Twelve

parameters (pH, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and SO42-

) were measured. This paper illustrates the

usefulness of using statistical techniques in analysing environmental data for better understanding of the

behaviour of different parameters.

Keywords: acid mine drainage, cluster analysis, heavy metals.

Acknowledgment: This work has been supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science (Grant No.

1/0563/15).

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Decolorization of Brillant Blue R Contaminated Solutions by Chitosan-Eggshell Modified

Products

İlknur Tosun Satır*1and Buket Bulut Kocabaş

2

1, 2

Chemistry Department, Hitit University, Turkey

(E-mail: ilknurtosun@gmail.com, buketbulut1990@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Dyes and pigments are gradually being used in many industrial appl ications such as textile, paper,

cosmetics, plastics, food etc. The removal of dyes that are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, from

contaminated effluents, is a major environmental problem due to the difficulty in treating such

wastewaters by conventional treatment methods. The practical applications of this conventional

treatment processes are sometimes restricted because of technical and/or economical draw back.

Adsorption technology has emerged as promising alternative method with the advantages of low-cost,

greater profitability, easy of operation and greater efficiency.

In this study, batch adsorption study was carried out using chitosan-eggshell modified products for the

removal of Brillant Blue R (BBR) dye from aqueous solutions. Adsorption conditions were examined

with respect to initial pH, adsorbent amount, contact time, initial dye concentration, ionic strength

effect. The results showed that the highest BBR adsorption capacity was found at pH 2 and the

equilibrium time was 40 min. with adsorbent concentration of 2.0 g L-1

. Adsorption process was better

described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. All results found

concluded that chitosan-eggsell modified products could be effectively employed as an effective new

low cost adsorbent for the removal of BBR textile dyes from aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Adsorption, Dye, Modification, Eggshell, Chitosan.

139

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Role of Water in Recycling the Physicochemical Treatment Sludge As Concrete Admixture

Merve Sogancioglua, Ulku Sultan Keskin

b, Esra Yel

a

aSelcuk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya, Turkey

(merves@selcuk.edu.tr, etarlan@sekcuk.edu.tr) bSelcuk University, Department of Civil Engineering, Konya/Turkey

(usyilmaz@selcuk.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, the andesite processing wastewater physico-chemical treatment sludge was directly used as

concrete admixture either in dried powder form or in suspension form (liquid sludge). The dried and liquid

sludges, obtained with alum, sepiolite and FeCl3 coagulants, were used as concrete admixture (250 kg/m3

cement dosage) at different cement replacement ratios. The effects of the presence and absence of extra water

coming with the liquid admixture on the concrete consistency and compressive strength were also

investigated. The significance of the differences between compressive strengths of the samples at warying

admixture conditions were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Admixture sludges produced with

alum resulted in the highest compressive strength, followed by the FeCl3 and sepiolite. All the concretes with

these PCS admixtures can be characterized as medium-strength concretes according to resultant compressive

strengths. There are two advantages of utilizing the sludge in liquid form. First, the drying cost in terms of

time, energy, area, effort requirement could be saved. Second, the quantity water to be used in the mixture

could be reduced since some of the required water will directly come from liquid admixture.

Keywords: Admixture, concrete, consistency, compressive strength, excess water.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Selcuk University, Scientific Research Project Funding (SU BAP) for

their financial support [Project number: 11101008].

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal of Oil-Grease from Dairy Industry Wastewater Using an Adsorbent Obtained from Waste

Material

Nihan Canan İskender

a , Merve Sogancioglu

a Esra Yel

a, Naciye Yilmaz

b,

aSelcuk University Environmental Engineering Department, Konya, Turkey

(etarlan@selcuk.edu.tr, merves@selcuk.edu.tr) bKonya Seker Company, Konya, Turkey

ABSTRACT

Industrial milk processing wastewater contains high concentrations of oil-grease, organic carbon and

nutrients that lead to eutrophication and deterioration of aquatic ecosystems. Direct discharge of these

wastewaters into the environment will have considerable adverse effects.

Municipal solid wastes (MSW) have increasing quantity, dependingly disposal problem and cost. About 35%

by weight of MSW by weight is paper and paper products that a potential new material source for recycle.

In this study, waste newspapers were converted into adsorbent (WNA), with citric acid modification and

performence of this material in oil-grease adsorption from dairy industry wastewater was invastigated. Batch

adsorption experiments were carried out in batch reactors under continuous stirring at 200 rpm and of 40-70 0C. The WNA obtained with waste newspaper was used at between 1920 mg/L-15385 mg/L dosage. The oil

concentration of wastewater samples were 10000-25000 mg/L. Maximum adsorbent capacity of 2500 mg/g

was achieved. Ultimate, oil adsorption performence of WNA were 96.7% and 85.2% for initial oil-grease

concentrations of 10000 and 25000 mg/L. Isotherm studies indicated that oil adsorption by these WNA

adsorbents can be characterized by Freundlich model for optimum temperature (50°C). The adsorption

sludge was dried and its utilization as alternative energy resource was evaluated.

Keywords: Adsorption, dairy wastewater, waste newspaper.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank TUBITAK for their financial support within the scope of 2241B-2014

projects.

141

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Reduction of Nitrate by Combined Ultrasound and Zero-valent Magnesium under pH Uncontrolled

Conditions

Onder Ayyildiz1*

, Burcu Ileri1, and Omer Apaydin

2

1Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering,

Çanakkale, TURKEY

(E-mail: burcuileri@comu.edu.tr, oayyildiz@comu.edu.tr)

2Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul,

TURKEY

(E-mail: apaydin@yildiz.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Zero-valent magnesium (ZVMg) was activated by ultrasound (US) in an aim to promote its potential use in

water treatment. Nitrate reduction was studied at batch conditions without controlling pH and using various

doses of magnesium powder ranging from 1.25 to 10 g/L, ultrasound powers of 25–100 watts, and

frequencies of 20–1144 kHz. Ultrasound alone did not appear to be effective in reducing nitrate, in that the

initial nitrate concentration remained almost constant throughout the treatment. Zero-valent magnesium itself

was not also effective for nitrate reduction providing only 10% removal after 60 min even at the highest dose

of magnesium powder (10 g/L) used. However, a combined use of US and ZVMg involved synergistic effects

in which the nitrate reduction by the combined method increased significantly beyond the additive effect of

individual treatments. For example, the sum of percent nitrate removal by individual US and ZVMg

treatments was less than 15%, but more than 90% reduction was attained by the combined method. The rate

of nitrate reduction by US/ZVMg enhanced with increasing ultrasonic power and magnesium dose, but

decreased with increasing acoustic frequency. Nitrogen gas (N2), nitrite (NO2-), and ammonia (NH3) were

detected as the major denitrification by-products. The proportion of nitrogen gas to the total amount of

denitrification by-products increased with increasing ultrasonic power and magnesium dose. The synergistic

effect of combined ultrasound and zero-valent magnesium treatment has been attributed to the surface

cleaning effect of ultrasonic mechanical forces. SEM-EDS results revealed that the surface oxide level

decreased significantly when the samples of ZVMg particles were exposed to high intense acoustic waves.

The surface passivation of magnesium particles was successfully minimized by mechanical forces of

ultrasound, which in turn paved the way to sustain the catalyst activity toward nitrate reduction.

Keywords: ultrasound, zero-valent magnesium, nitrate, denitrification, pH

142

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Degradation of Synthetic Textile Dyes using Fungal Bioreactor and Photocatalytic Reactor

E.Ü. Deveci 1*, N. Dizge

2, H.C. Yatmaz

3, Y.Aytepe

4

1 Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Nigde University, TURKEY

(E-mail: ecedeveci@gmail.com) 2 Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Mersin University, TURKEY

(E-mail: nadirdizge@gmail.com) 3 Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, TURKEY (E-mail:

yatmaz@gyte.com) 4 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Niğde University , TURKEY

ABSTRACT

The ligninolytic white-rot fungi are capable of breaking phenolic components of lignin and lignin

derivatives. They have been extremely used for biodecolourisation of textile effluents and conventional

dyes.

Especially bacteria and fungi, have gained great attention for the treatment of effluents from textile

industry. The present study was conducted using a white rot fungus, namely Phanerochaete

chrysosporium, for the decolorization of Reactive Red 180 and Acid Red 88 dye. The decolourisation of

these two dyes was investigated for using innovative hybrid process of fungal membrane bioreactor and

photocatalytic membrane reactors. Photocatalytic oxidation was conducted with semiconductor catalysts

(ZnO and TiO2) under UVA irradiation.

Hybrid design of fungal membrane bioreactor and photocatalytic processes was performed sequentially.

Initially the fungal membrane bioreactor was conducted and optimum pH value was found as 4.5 for

Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Applying photocatalysis after fungal membrane process improved the COD

degradation efficiency values and it reached 98% and 96% for Reactive Red 180 and Acid Red 88,

respectively. However, color removal values after degradation were 99.9% for both dyes.

Keywords: Photocatalytic fungal membrane bioreactor (PFMBR), Acid Red 88, Reactive Red 180, ZnO,

TiO2, UVA, Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Acknowledgment: The authors thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

(TUBITAK) for their financial support [Project number: 113Y334].

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Batch and Column Removal of Textile Dye from Aqueous Solution using Activated Carbon

Prepared from Olive Stone

Ö.Gerçel1*

and H.F. Gerçel2

1Environmental Engineering Department, Anadolu University, 26555, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ogercel@anadolu.edu.tr)

2Chemical Engineering Department, Anadolu University, 26555, TURKEY.

(E-mail: hfgercel@anadolu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The present research deals with the production of activated carbon by chemical activation using olive

stones and its adsorption behavior. Olive stone was chemically activated using potassium carbonate.

Carbonization was performed under inert atmosphere to avoid oxidation of the carbonaceous material

with air. The prepared activated carbon was used for the adsorption of textile dye from aqueous

solution. Burderm Orange II was used as textile dye. In the batch and continuously adsorption study, granular

activated carbon prepared from olive stone is chosen as an adsorbent to understand the adsorption of dye

from aqueous system. Although batch adsorption studies provide useful information on the application of

adsorption to the removal of dye, continuous column studies provide the most practical application of this

process in wastewater treatment. In batch studies, the effects of initial pH, adsorption time and initial

concentration on Burderm Orange II adsorption onto olive stone based activated carbon. The adsorption

equilibrium parameters were determined from the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm equations.

The experimental equilibrium data were found to be well represented by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm

model. The calculated adsorption capacity for Burderm Orange II onto activated carbon was 500 mg/g at 25 oC. The result of this study indicated the feasibility of fixed- bed adsorber for removing Burderm Orange II

from aqueous solution.

Keywords: Activated carbon, Adsorption, Chemical activation, Dye removal, Olive stone

144

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Adsorption of Remazol Blue RN from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared from

Black Cumin Residue

U.Selengil*1, H.Demiral

2

1, 2

Chemical Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: uselen@ogu.edu.tr, hdemiral@ogu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Activated carbon is an effective adsorbent for the separation and removal of unwanted matters from industrial

effluents. Agricultural wastes are very important starting materials for preparing activated carbon. Activated

carbons can be produced basically by two methods: physical activation or chemical activation. Chemical

activation is known as a single step method of preparation of activated carbon in the presence of chemical

agents which are normally alkali and alkaline earth metal containing substances and some acid such as KOH,

K2CO3, NaOH, Na2CO3, ZnCl2 and H3PO4. In this study, activated carbons were prepared from black cumin

residue by chemical activation and the prepared activated carbons were used to remove dyestuff (Remazol

Blue RN) from aqueous solutions. Chemical activation of black cumin residue was carried out using H3PO4.

H3PO4 were dissolved in water then impregnated into the black cumin residue with the ratios of 1:1 and 3:1.

The impregnation ratio was calculated as the ratio of the weight of H3PO4 in solution to the weight of the

used waste. Chemical impregnated residue was carbonized in a vertical furnace at 500 and 600 oC under the

nitrogen flow of 100 ml/min. Samples were held at the final temperature for 60 min. The resultant activated

carbons were washed with distilled water.

The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of the activated carbons were measured using an automatic

adsorption instrument at 77 K (Quantachrome, Autosorb 1C) in order to determine the surface areas, pore

volumes and pore size distribution. The maximum specific surface area of the activated carbon was about

1168 m2/g at 500

oC and at an impregnation ratio of 3:1.

The resulting activated carbon was used for removal of Remazol Blue RN from aqueous solution. The effects

of pH, initial concentration and contact time were investigated. Isotherm studies were carried out and the data

were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Langmuir equation was found to fit the equilibrium

data for Remazol Blue RN adsorption.

Keywords: Activated carbon, Adsorption, Black Cumin, Remazol Blue RN

145

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal of natural organic matter by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron-coated pumice

particles

Alper Alver*, Mihrican Karaarslan and Ahmet Kılıç

Aksaray University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Aksaray, TURKEY

(E-mail: alperalver@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Over the past 10–20 years the amount of the natural organic matter (NOM) has been increased in raw

water supplies on several areas. The presence of NOM causes many problems in drinking water

treatment processes, including: (i) negative effect on water quality by colour, taste and odor problems,

(ii) increased coagulant and disinfectant dose requirements (which in turn results increased sludge and

potential harmful disinfection by-product formation), (iii) promoted biological growth in distribution

system, and (iv) increased levels of complexed heavy metals and adsorbed organic pollutants.

In this study, removal of natural organic matter from water was investigated by catalytic oxidation

process which is an advanced oxidation process. Removal of THM precursors which is formed by the

reaction of natural organic matters with chloride, was performed with the hydroxyl radicals that is

produced in catalytic oxidation process.

The studies were carried out in three sections. In the first section, decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

in pure water with the catalysis of iron coated pumice, in the second section decomposition of hydrogen

peroxide in the humic acid medium with the catalysis of iron coated pumice, in the third section

removal of humic acid by hydrogen peroxide with the catalysis of iron coated pumice. Removal of

humic acid and total organic carbon content in water, and the variation of formation pot entials of THM

was followed. At the end of this study it was observed that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in

the pure water and in the humic acid medium with the catalysis of iron coated pumice.

Keywords: Catalytic oxidation process, Fenton-like process, Iron-coated pumice, Natural organic matter,

Trihalomethane.

Acknowledgment: We thank the Environmental Engineering Department of Aksaray University for

providing laboratory equipment of the work described in this paper.

146

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal Process of Chloroform in Treatment Wetlands: From Mass Balance to Microbial

Analysis

Yi Chen*1, Jan Vymazal

1

1 Department of Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences

Prague,16521, Czech Republic.

(E-mail: chenyi8574@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Chloroform is one of the common disinfection byproducts, which is not susceptible to degradation and

poses great health concern. In this study, the chloroform removal efficiencies and contributions of

sorption, microbial degradation, plant uptake, and volatilization were evaluated in six model

constructed wetlands (CWs). The highest chloroform removal efficiency was achieved in litter -added

CWs (99%), followed by planted (46%–54%) and unplanted CWs (39%). Mass balance study revealed

that sorption (73.5%–81.2%) and microbial degradation (17.6%–26.2%) were the main chloroform

removal processes in litter-added CWs, and that sorption (53.6%–66.1%) and plant uptake (25.3%–

36.2%) were the primary contributors to chloroform removal in planted CWs. Around 60% of

chloroform got accumulated in the roots after plant uptake, and both transpiration and gas -phase

transport were expected to be the drivers for the plant uptake. Sulfate-reducing bacteria and

methanogenetic microorganisms were found to be the key microorganisms for chloroform

biodegradation through co-metabolic dechlorination, and positive correlations were observed between

functional genes (dsrA, mcrA) and biodegradation rates. Overall, this study suggests that wetland is an

efficient ecosystem for sustainable chloroform removal, and that plant and litter can enhance the

removal performance through root uptake and microbial degradation stimulation, re spectively.

Keywords: Constructed wetlands; Plant biomass; Chloroform; Mass balance; Cometabolism.

Acknowledgment: This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China

(51378372), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20113139) and Czech University

of Life Sciences and ESF & MEYS (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0040).

147

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The effect of mixing time on rate for ammonium removal from waters by emulsion liquid

membrane technique

İsmail Şimşek* and Levent Altaş

Aksaray University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Aksaray, TURKEY

(e-mail: ismailsimsek@aksaray.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The present study deals with the removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions by using the emulsion liquid

membranes (ELM) technique. ELM treatment process represents an efficient advanced separation technique

for the removal of ammonium from fertilizer and other industrial wastewaters, which contains high

ammonium. Mixing rate and time are also important parameters for ammonium removal due to interaction

between amonium and emulsion globules.

The components to prepare emulsion are mineral oil and toluene as solvent, span 80 as surfactant and H2SO4

as an internal reagent. In experimental study for ammonium removal, effect of mixing time and rate were

investigated. The optimum mixing rate was found 250 rpm at samples which are taken different time

intervals. It was observed that 72 % removal efficiency occurred at these conditions. In addition, shortness of

retention time presents an advantage rather than other treatment methods.

Keywords: Ammonium, Emulsion Liquid Membran, Mixing Rate

Acknowledgment: This study was supported by 2013-37 numbered project of Aksaray University Scientific

Research Project Department

148

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

EFFECTS OF WINEMAKING PRACTICES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER

ORIGINATED FROM WINERIES

Kemal ŞEN*1

and Feyza KIROĞLU ZORLUGENÇ2

1, 2

Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Engineering Architecture Faculty, Department of Food

Engineering, Nevsehir 50300, Turkey

(E-mail: kemalsen@nevsehir.edu.tr, fkzorlugenc@nevsehir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

As long as it is not occured with an accurate engineering approach, winemaking industry produces high

volume of wastewater which threatens the environment. As the number of wineries is increased in the last

decade in Turkey, the adverse environmental effects of wastewater are deepened. Winemaking process

includes entire steps from harvesting to bottling. It is important to have comprehensive knowledge of

winemaking process to generate solutions for wastewater issue stemming from wineries. There are different

production practices in many wineries which produces wastewater with different characteristics. Taking into

account all of these, detailed characterization for every individual winery to manage wastewater has a great

importance. However, popularizing winemaking practices which decreases wastewater volume in order to

reduce work load of treatment systems and increase the effectiveness of solutions would be the primary step

to resolve this problem. For this reason, it is important that production engineers and environmental engineers

cooperate effectively in wineries. In this study, there have been made a general assessment by making a

compilation of the studies regarding the effects of winemaking practices on wastewater composition and

decreasing the volume of wastewater produced from wine industry.

Key Words: winemaking processes, process wastewater, characteristics of wastewater

149

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Monitoring of Antibiotics in Urban Wastewater in Tekirdag City: a comparison with predicted

environmental concentrations

Gamze Varol Saraçoğlu 1, Can Burak Özkal

2, Selcen Göçmez

3 , Füsun Ekmekyapar

2, Aslihan

Koruyucu 4,

Süreyya Meriç *2

1 Faculty of Medicine, Public Health Division, Namık Kemal Univesity, Tekirdağ, Turkey;

2 Çorlu Engineering

Faculty, Environmental Eng. Depart., Namık Kemal University, Çorlu Tekirdağ, Turkey; 3 Faculty of Medicine,

Pharmacology Department, Namık Kemal Univesity, Tekirdağ, Turkey; 4 Çorlu Engineering Faculty, Textile

Eng. Depart., Namık Kemal University, Çorlu, Tekirdağ, Turkey (*E-mail: smeric@nku.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Antibiotics as the most common consumed group of pharmaceuticals, have been demonstrated to be

present in the effluent of urban wastewater treatment plants since they are not either adsorbable on

activated sludge or hardly biodegradable. There has also been evidence that antibiotics can promote the

resistance of certain bacteria versus specific for antibiotic groups. Monitoring of pharmaceuticals, in

particular, antibiotics have widely become emerging in the scientific literature during recent years while

there are a few studies yet in Turkey for the survey of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters. This study

attempts to determine spatial distribution of antibiotics in urban wastewater containing a major

component of the effluents of hospitals within the project NKUBAP.00.20.BAP.13.08. Grab raw sewage

samples were collected from 5 points through the main collector system in Tekirdağ city in June 2014

during morning hours (10:00-12:00 am). Antibiotics (Erithromycin (ERY), Clarithromycin (CLAR),

Levofloxacin (LVF), Ampicillin (AMP)) (Sigma Aldrich) were measured in the NKU Center Laboratory

(NABİLTEM) using LC-MS/MS (AB SCIEX, 300 QTRAP, USA) according to well described scientific

literature. MEC of antibiotics were defined with a high linearity approval (>99 %) and a very good ion

independency (80-95%) yielding high recoveries (>85%). Measured environmental concentrations (MEC)

were compared with predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) defined by European Medicine

Agency (EMEA) model, to assess the accuracy of sampling and sample handling procedures. Antibiotics

consumption data derived from main two hospitals and central pharmacies were used to predict

environmental concentrations after convertion to defined daily doses (DDD) value as described elsewhere.

MEC results were found at g/L levels in accordance with the PEC values. These concentrations were noted

to be suspected to antibiotic resistance. MEC values of antibiotics were defined versus sampling points as

from 0 to 55,5 g/L of ERY, 0 to 9.5 g/L of CLAR, 0 to 0.4 g/L of AMP which were varied significantly

among sampling points except LVF (2,6-2.7 g/L). The fluctuation of MECs were explained due to the

dilutions on basis of flow rates from sewage collecting areas.

Keywords: Antibiotics, Antibiotic resistance, LC-MS/MS, MEC, PEC, Urban Wastewater.

150

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Energy and pH Dependency Optimization of Degradation, Mineralization and Detoxification of

Ampicilline by Photocatalysis

Can Burak Ozkal *1, Aslihan Koruyucu

2, Sureyya Meric

1

1, Envrionmental Engineering, Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering, Tekirdag, Turkey;

2 Textile

Engineering, Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering, Tekirdag, Turkey (E-mail: cbozkal@nk.edu.tr,

smeric@nku.edu.tr, adelituna@nku.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Recent advances on safe re-use of treated wastewater effluents are globally progressing and legislations

and regulations are being updated accordingly. Since most of antibiotics have been demonstrated to be

low degradable in biological treatment systems, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs, particularly solar

photocatalytic (PC) oxidation) have gained an essential attraction to oxidize them. Between suspended

(SS) and immobilized photocatalysis processes, thin film (TF) has been reported being far less

competitive with SS since a relatively smaller total surface area is available for the adsorption of

organics which cause a reduced oxidation potential than. Unit ratio between quantities of catalyst and

compound is important for providing a larger surface area for the adsorption as well as the higher

potency of pairing of electrons to produce hydroxyl radicals for a higher oxidation effciency.

This study attempts to optimize suspended PC oxidation using TiO2 of two initial concentrations (50

and 100 mg/L) of ampicilline (AMP) by means of energy dependency and pH influence to system

efficiency that was followed by degradation and mineralizaton rates as well as toxicity. The PC

experiments were performed under varying energy levels but a final value of 49,4 W/m2 of UV-A

irradiation at 315-400 nm wavelength in heterogenous conditions to maintain most efficient total

degradation (UV- vis Lamda 1800, Schimadzu, Japan), mineralization (TOC, 6KVA model, Schimadzu,

Japan) as well as oxidation by-products (LC-MS/MS, AB SCIEX, 300 QTRAP, USA). Daphnia magna

acute toxicity test was performed according to ISO 6341 method using 24 h new born daphnids for 24

and 48 h exposure times.

Toxicity results and increasing TOC removal (30 to 60 min) for both initial AMP concentratio ns using

0.5 g/L TiO2 indicated that simultaneous mineralization and degradation are essential to assure safe

effluent with reduced and stabilized toxicity. As a key factor affecting the oxidation efficiency, ratio of

TiO2/AMP was higher for the 50 mg/L AMP oxidation. That ratio was assumed to promote increased

formation of by-products while surface sites were assessed to be mostly occupied by parent compounds

rather than degradation by-products for the oxidation of 100 mg/L AMP.

Keywords: AOPs, ampicilline, Daphnia magna, photocatalysis, TiO2

Acknowledgment: This research was funded by Namik Kemal University (NKU.BAP.00.17.AR.13.13).

151

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Anion Selectivity of Sepiolite and its Surface Active Agents-Modified Forms

S. Dikmen*1, H. Bircan

2 and G. Yılmaz

3

1 Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, TURKEY.

(sdikmen@anadolu.edu.tr)

2 Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, TURKEY.

(hasan.bircan@dpu.edu.tr)

3 Physics Department, Department of Constructions Division, Program in Building Inspection, Anadolu

University, TURKEY.

(gulgunyilmaz@anadolu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this research, firstly the a natural clay mineral, which is sepiolite, was transformed into Na-sepiolite forms

and then Na-sepiolite were modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide

[CH3(CH2)15N(CH3)3Br]. The effect of adsorban dosage, contact time and pH on the adsorption of HDTMA-

Br onto Na-sepiolite surface was modified in order to produce organo-sepiolite (HDTMA-sepiolite). The

characterization studies by using different methods (BET, XRF, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TG/DTA, immersion

heat and zeta potential measurement) were also carried out to identify the modification of natural sepiolite

with HDTMA-Br and its adsorption behavior. Then, the adsorption of hazardous anions, which are present in

wastewater or underground water with HDTMA-sepiolite were investigated in batch technique. In this

manner, the effects of adsorban dosage, contact time and pH were investigated for the adsorption of nitrate,

sulphate and phosphate onto HDTMA-sepiolite. Anion concentrations were determined by ion

chromatography of the solutions. Adsorption kinetic and isotherm parameters were deduced by using

experimental data. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Weber-Morris models and Langmuir and

Freundlich isotherms were applied to the experimental data to obtain adsorption kinetics and adsorption

equilibrium, respectively. According to this, the adsorption of phosphate data fit well with the pseudo-second

order kinetic model (with high correlation coefficients)

Keywords: Adsorption; Anion; HDTMA-sepiolite; Isotherm; Kinetic; Sepiolite

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Anadolu University, Scientific Research Project Funding (AU BAP)

for their financial support [Project number: 1001F58].

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Optimization of electrocoagulation process to treat young landfill leachate using response surface

methodology

Aygun Ahmet1, Nas Bilgehan

2, Berktay Ali

3

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, TURKEY

(E-mail: ahmet.aygun@btu.edu.tr) 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Selcuk University, TURKEY

(E-mail: bnas@selcuk.edu.tr) 3Department of Civil Engineering, Usak University, TURKEY

(E-mail: ali.berktay@usak.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In the present study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of

different operating conditions such as initial pH, applied electric current and electrolysis time on the removal

of COD by the Electrocoagulation Process (EP) with iron and aluminum electrodes. Experiments were

performed according to the Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental plan. A three factor-five coded

level CCD consisting of 17 experimental runs was performed including three replicates at the center points.

The statistical analysis of the results showed that the operating parameters had a significant effect on COD

removal efficiency. The model adequacy was checked and confirmed using ANOVA method. The RSM

results indicated that the fitted model could be appropriate to predict COD removal efficiency. Proposed

models to estimate the COD removal efficiency was independent of the electrode materials and modified

quadratic model was found to be suitable. The optimum conditions for COD removal (52.7 %) were

established as 2.6 A applied electric current, initial pH of 8.58 and 45 min electrolysis time for Al electrodes.

When using iron electrodes lower COD removal efficiency (46.5%) was achieved. At the optimum

conditions, the operating costs for Al and Fe electrodes in terms of €/m3 were 3.08 and 3.98, respectively.

From economic point of view, aluminum electrode is clearly preferable. A preliminary economic study shows

that electrocoagulation may be competitive with current treatment technologies.

Keywords: Electrocoagulation; Landfill; Leachate; Operating Cost; Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Selcuk University, Scientific Research Project Funding (SU BAP) for

their financial support [Project number: 09401049].

153

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Adsorption of Cationic Dye (Methylene Blue) from aqueous solution by eggshells

Z. Hattab*1, Y. Berredjem

1, R. Mazouz

1, N. Filali

1 and K. Guerfi

1.

1Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux et Valorisation des Déchets Industriels, Département de Chimie, Faculté

des Sciences, Université Badji-Mokhtar, Annaba 23000, Algérie.

(E-mail: zoumourouda20012000@yahoo.fr jihen2002@hotmail.com, filali_naima@yahoo.com,

k_guerfi@yahoo.fr )

2Centre Universitaire de Souk_Ahras 41000. Algérie

(E-mail: y_berredjem@yahoo.fr)

ABSTRACT

The adsorption of methylene blue by the eggshells was performed in static conditions. The study of the

influence of parameters (contact time, stirring speed, pH, initial concentration and temperature), were used to

determine the contact time which is equal to 10 minutes with a good removal efficiency for Initial substrate

concentration of 20 ppm. The equilibrium adsorbate / adsorbent were well described by the kinetic model of

pseudo-first order and the Freundlich adsorption model. The kinetic data led us to calculate some

thermodynamic parameters (ΔH0, ΔS ° and ΔG

0) that inform us about the nature of the conservation process.

The negative value of ΔH° shows that the adsorption reaction is exothermic. The free energy Δ.G° is positive,

indicating that the adsorption process of methylene blue on eggshells is not that imply a spontaneous chemical

adsorption. The eggshells adsorbs better especially stirring speed = 50 rev / min, T = 25 °C and pH = 6.9 to

7.2.

Keywords: adsorption; dye; eggshells; isotherm; kinetic model.

154

ICOCEE –CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

AnExploitation Evaluation OfPimuce Stone For Water And Wastewater Treatment Use

DenizİzlenÇifçi1*

, Mustafa Yıldırım1, BülentBirden

2, SüreyyaMeriç

1

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu Engineering Faculty,Namık Kemal University, Çorlu

59860- Tekirdağ, TURKEY(E-mail:dicifci@nku.edu.tr; smericnku.edu.tr 2 SOYLU Group Raw Materials, İzmir, Turkey (bulent.birden@superonline.com)

ABSTRACT

Pumice is a porousand amorphous material which mainly consists of

SiO2,havinglargesurfaceareaandskeletonstructure,

whichcontainsopenchannelsfollowingwaterandionstotravelintoandout of thecrystalstructure.It is

formedwhenvolcanicgasesexsolvingfromviscous magma nucleatebubbles,

whichcannotreadilydecouplefromtheviscous magma priortochillingtoglass. It is a commonproduct of

explosiveeruptions (plinianandignimbrite-forming) andcommonlyformszones in upperparts of siliciclavas.

Pumice has an averageporosity of 90%, andinitiallyfloats on water. Pumice surface ends with OH groups and

oxygen bridges, which would perform as adsorption spots. In adsorption methods, it is vital to identify the

features of these various adsorption spots or sites and gain a better understanding of their role in the

adsorption process. Its surface principally comprises oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, halogen, etc.

Pumice is a valuablescouring, scrubbing, andpolishingmaterialboth in powdered form and as pumicestone.It

has been traditionally used in the construction industry and bio-medicine. Besides traditional applications,

pumice has been also investigated in the field of water, wastewater and air treatment.

The present study aimed to revise the use of pimuce stone for the treatment of water and wastewater. An

essential revision of the scientific publications showed that most of the number of scientific publications

from 1995 to 2014 deal with the construction materials and treatment use. Among 137 papers in the field of

water and wastewater treatment for the removal of cadmium, dyes, color, the catalytic degradation of p-

chloronitrobenzene in the presence of ozone, phenol and 4-chlorophenol, water softening and so on, a 50%

was dedicated on adsoption process while a 27% was used in biological treatment as a carrier media. Besides,

a 20% was used as filtration media. During recent years there have been some studies on intgerating pumice

with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) too (15%). The use of pimuce in AOPs is expected to atract more

scientists, in particular, integration with nanotechnology which will be evealuated in this study in detail.

Keywords:Adsorption, micro materials, Pimuce stone, nanotechnology,water and wastewater treatment

155

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Organic pollutants in the groundwaters used for irrigation purpose within a coal-bearing basin of

northern Greece

Andreas Iordanidis1*

, Jan Schwarzbauer2 and Konstantinos Gudulas

1

1 Department of Geotechnology and Environmental Engineering, Technological Educational Institute (TEI)

of Western Macedonia, Kila, 50100 Kozani, GREECE

(E-mail: aiordanidis@yahoo.co.uk, kgudulas@teikoz.gr)

2 Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstrasse

4-20, 52056 Aachen, GERMANY

(E-mail: jan.schwarzbauer@emr.rwth-aachen.de)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to identify potential toxic or environmentally relevant organic compounds in the aquifers

of the Amynteo hydrogeological basin and to investigate a possible link of the identified organic contaminants

with the Pliocene Amynteo lignites. For these purposes ten groundwater samples were collected from this area.

A sequential liquid-liquid extraction procedure was applied to approximately 1000 mL aliquots of the

groundwater samples using dichloromethane as extractant. All extracts were analysed by Gas Chromatography

(GC) and Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) by means of a non-target screening approach. The

results of the GC-MS analyses of the extracts are presented and discussed in this work. The identified organic

compounds with a potential environmental relevance are: 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB),

triacetine, isopropyl palminate, isopropyl myristate, tributyl-, triethyl- and trioctylphosphates, N,N-dibutyl

formamide, methyl dihydrojasmonate, nonylphenols and bumetrizole. However, all these organic micro-

pollutants can derive either by anthropogenic emissions (plasticizers, industrial pollutants, pesticides etc.) or by

contaminations from the pump and the borehole structure itself. Noteworthy, coal derived organic molecules

(such as anthracene, fluorene, pyrene, phenanthrene etc.) have not been detected. Hence, an influence of coal

deposits to the groundwater quality is considered negligible.

Keywords: Amynteo, GC-MS, liquid-liquid extraction, organics

156

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Methicillin-Resistant Surface Water Isolates Monitored by mecA-Specific DNA Probes

E. Seyedmonir*1, F.Yilmaz

2 and B. Icgen

3

1,3

Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY

(E-mail: elnaz.seyedmonir@metu.edu.tr, bicgen@metu.edu.tr)

2,3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY

(E-mail: yfadime@metu.edu.tr, bicgen@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to methicillin (MRSA) are a major cause of nosocomial infections

worldwide. Resistance to methicillin is caused by the mecA gene, which encodes the low-affinity penicillin-

binding protein PB2A. The mecA gene is part of a 40- to 60-kb staphylococcal chromosome cassette

SCCmec, a mobile genetic element that may also contain genetic structures such as Tn554, pUB110, and

pT181, which encode resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics. Although the origins of the mecA gene are

unknown, mecA homologues with high similarity are also ubiquitous in the methicillin-resistant surface water

isolates other than staphylococci. Our previous studies also revealed that the transfer of mecA from

staphylococcal to non-staphylococcal might frequently occur in surface water isolates. These findings make

the mecA gene a biomarker molecule for the monitoring of methicillin-resistant isolates. Therefore, this study

aimed at monitoring of mecA harboring surface water isolates by using mecA-specific DNA probes. For that

purpose, water samples collected from a river during the period of a year was monitored with mecA-specfic

DNA probe through in situ fluorescent hybridization technique and image-analyzed microscopy. The

oligonucleotide probe targeting mecA was labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate at the 5’ end and was used

to calibrate the optimal hybridization stringency for mecA harboring isolate. Strong linear relationships

between the signal intensity and the target mecA gene was also observed (R2

= 0.91). Our results indicated

that the mecA-specific DNA probe might be a potential analytical tool in selecting and in situ monitoring of

methicillin resistant isolates in surface waters.

Key words: MRSA, mecA, mecA probe, methicillin resistant, surface waters

Acknowledgment: The authors thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey for their

financial support through a 1001 project. [Project No.113Z198].

157

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Numerical Modelling and Monitoring of Coastal Water Quality

Kağan CEBE*1

and Prof. Dr. Lale BALAS*2

1 PhD Student at Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara.

(E-mail: kcebe@nevsehir.edu.tr) 2 Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara.

(E-mail: lalebal@gazi.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, water quality parameters have been modeled in enclosed coastal waters of inner Fethiye

Bay by HYDROTAM-3D. The model simulations are compared with the site measurements.

HYDROTAM-3D is a three-dimensional (3-D) baroclinic numerical model developed to simulate the water

quality parameters as well as the hydrodynamic and transport mechanisms in coastal waters. The model

predictions have been calibrated and tested by several field and laboratory measurements since 20 years.

HYDROTAM-3D has been applied successfully to the bays along the Turkish coastline like Bay of Fethiye,

İzmir, Marmaris, Bodrum, Mersin, İskenderun, İzmit, Antalya, Cardiff, Gökova and Göksu Lagoon and

Ölüdeniz Lagoon. The water quality component of HYDROTAM -3D is based on a marine ecological

submodel, aiming to simulate an idealized marine ecosystem. By using the gene ral conservation

equations the nitrogen, phosphorus and the oxygen cycles have been simulated in the ecological

submodel as well as the dominant aquatic life forms, namely phytoplankton, zooplankton and the

pelagic bacteria.

In this study, the physical and chemical parameters at -0,5m and -10m water depth (e.g. temperature,

salinity, density, pH, concentration of dissolved oxygen DO, nitrite NO2-, nitrate NO3-, turbidity,

alkalinity and total dissolved solid TDS) are monitored by monthly field and laboratory measurements

for 6 months in Fethiye Bay. The measurements for nitrite, nitrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations

have been compared with the simulations of the water quality model. Measurements will be evaluated

in accordance with the Surface Water Quality Management Regulation (2012) of Turkey.

Keywords: water quality, ecological model, phytoplankton, zooplankton, pelagic bacteria

Acknowledgement: This study is supported by DLTM Software Technologies Industry and Trade Co.Ltd.

158

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Assessment of the cations and anions concentration distribution in underground potable waters, pH

solution analysis subject to the temperature and content of technogenic sodium chloride.

Z. Maymekov1, D. Sambaeva

2, J. Izakov

3, A. Isaev

4, J. Sydykov

5

1,3,4, Kyrgyzstan Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (z.maymekov@mail.ru);

2,5 Institute of Mining and Mining Technologies KGTU, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (d.sambaeva@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Research and evaluation of salts’ technogenic influence on concentrated scattering of charged particles

(cations and anions) in underground potable waters, as well as effects on the environments are vital from the

perspective of environmental and economic value now days, since the chlorides of alkaline and alkaline earth

metals are widely used in various fields of human activities. For instance, dry salts are used often for the

snow and ice melting on the roads in Kyrgyzstan in a winter time aiming to ensure a higher efficiency of the

frost gritting. However, those salts are imbibed by water and then diffuse in environment while water

evaporates in the air gradually. In this case the chloride salts concentration in the components of the

environment varies from 10-15 ppm to 130 -140 ppm.

In this work, formation of the physico-chemical model implemented by the search of potential phases in

equilibrium, dependent components and composition of the independent components of the system while

minimizing the isobaric-isothermal potential.

As a result of the research, for the first time is drawn up chemical matrix of groundwater according to the

data of 235 wells (in moles): Na (0.00179), Ca (0.00107), Mg (0.00055), C (0.00251), Cl (0.00068), S

(0.00085), N (0.00016), K (0.00006), H (111.02), O (55.52) and based on them performed simulations with a

minimum Gibbs energy.

Model takes into account the average chemical composition of groundwater and determined following pH

and Eh of solution, water pH changed from 7.48 to 7.94, an average pH of 7.74. This implies, that the pH

value of underground drinking water according to the data of 235 wells slightly alkaline (pH =7.74),

apparently due to the fact that the water contains low concentrations of salt CaMg(CO3)2 (1.15e-04 mol) и

KNO3 (4.53e-05 mol).

In this work the concentration distribution of charged particles in an aqueous solution was found that can be

used as the initial parameters for assessing the concentrations of cations and anions in water in the case of

potential changes caused by the techno genic impact to the environment.

There was studied content of technogenic sodium chloride in underground water model and based on them

were obtained working formula to express evaluation of solution pH and the concentration of chloride ion in

different waters: рН=29,17 ССl-0,44

(in the case of increasing the concentration of chloride ion in water,

mg/l); рН=8,49 CCl -0,015

(in the case of decreasing the concentration of chloride ion in water, mg/l).

Keywords: Anion, Cation, Sodium Chloride, pH value, Underground Water.

159

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Monitoring of Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Marine Water Quality at the Mid-Black Sea Coast of

Turkey

I. Senturk*, S. Ustun, M. Oztel, H. Ozkaynak, E. Akcam, E. Gecer, F. Akbal, G. Bakan, H.

Buyukgungor

Ondokuz Mayis University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Samsun,

TURKEY.

(E-mail: ilknurg@omu.edu.tr*, sevde.ustun@gmail.com, merve.donmez@omu.edu.tr,

ozkaynak104@hotmail.com, eakcam555@gmail.com, elifgecer.04@gmail.com, fakbal@omu.edu.tr,

gbakan@omu.edu.tr, hbuyukg@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations in marine water quality at the

Mid-Black Sea coast (Sinop, Samsun, Ordu) of Turkey. Marine water samples were collected from 39

stations at 3 different distances from the coast (500 m, 3 miles and 20 miles) during the winter (January),

spring (April), autumn (November) and summer (July) seasons between 2013 and 2014.

In this study, water quality data of several physical and chemical parameters for samples of shore, near-shore

and off-shore stations along the mid-Black sea coast of Turkey were analyzed. Phenol, methylene blue active

substances (MBAS), ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3

--N) concentrations of the samples were

measured with proper analytical kits using a PG-T70 UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Dissolved oxygen (DO),

pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity and, redox potential (Eh)

were measured on site using a field multi-probe (Consort C535). Nutrients (NH4+-N and NO3

--N), dissolved

salts (EC, TDS and, salinity), physical parameters (pH, Eh, DO and temperature) were the most important

parameters in contribution to seawater quality variations. Results would provide useful technical supports for

coastal pollution controls and environmental management works.

When the results are evaluated in terms of marine water general quality criteria’s given in the water pollution

control regulations of Turkey, it is seen that phenol concentration exceed 0,001 mg/L limit value. However,

pH and DO values are usually convenient. Phenol concentrations in collected marine water samples is

exceeded standard value (0,005 mg/L) required to provide of the coastal and marine waters used for

recreational purposes.

The highest concentrations of MBAS may be mainly due to domestic wastewater discharges. The highest

concentrations of phenol were found which may be attributed to the industrial wastewater discharges. The

result showed that contamination of coastal waters occurred mainly from domestic and industrial wastewater

discharges and agricultural runoff.

Keywords: Black Sea, Marine water quality, Monitoring, Physicochemical parameters.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Spatial Variation and Heavy Metal Concentration in Sediments of Bued River: A Preliminary

Assessment of a River nearby Small-Scale Mining Sites in the Philippines

Christian R. Orozco*1, Reygie Q. Macasieb

2, Ben Joseph M. Tapales

3 and Augustus C.

Resurreccion4

1, 2, 3, 4

Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, PHILIPPINES

(E-mail: crorozco@up.edu.ph, rqmacasieb@gmail.com, bentapales@gmail.com, acresurreccion@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Water bodies nearby mining sites like the Bued river are especially at risk of heavy metal contamination. In

this study, preliminary assessment of Bued river in the Philippines was carried out by assessing heavy metal

concentration in its river sediments. Bed sediment samples were obtained along ten sampling locations from

upstream to downstream of Bued river. Concentrations of Hg, Pb and As in sediment samples were

determined in the laboratory using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), flame AAS and

hydride generation AAS respectively. Physico-chemical characteristics of sediment samples such as specific

gravity, particle size distribution and pH were determined and correlated with the measured heavy metal

concentrations. Strong correlation (r = 0.859; p<0.01) was observed between As and Pb which may be

indicative of common sources for these two metals. Unlike As and Pb, mercury is found to be loosely

correlated with the particle size. Significantly higher concentrations of Hg, Pb and As were observed in areas

near mining operations. Maximum measured values of Pb (2646.24 mg/kg) and As (30.47 mg/kg) in

sediments exceeded that of the toxic effects threshold of the Canada sediment quality guidelines while

maximum Hg (0.373 mg/kg) measurement exceeded that of the minimal effects threshold. This indicates that

heavy metals in Bued River may pose low to medium risk to the environment.

Keywords: Assessment, Bued river, Contamination, Heavy metal, Mining

Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) of the Philippine

government for funding this study through the project Mineral Extraction with Responsibility and

Sustainability (MinERS) B: Modeling of Fate and Transport of Heavy Metals in Surface Water From Source

at Mining Site to Downstream Receiving Water

161

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Evaluation of Uncertainty for Trace Elements Measurement in Drinking Water with ICP-MS

Ozlem TUNC DEDE, Asst. Prof. Dr.

Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, TURKEY

(E-mail: ozlem@tuncdede.com)

ABSTRACT

The estimation of uncertainty in the analytical measurements is a critical part of any quantitative analysis and

it indicates the confidence of the produced results in the laboratories. It is also requirement of ISO/IEC

17025:2005 standard which is generally using as a guide for the accreditation of the laboratories. This study

covers the evaluation of measurement uncertainty related with the analysis of eight trace elements (Pb, Zn, Cr,

Mn, Cu, Cd, Hg and As) in drinking water by using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-

MS) technique. Certified high purity standards were used for the preparation of the calibration solutions. All

measurements were carried out according to EPA 200.8 method. The EURACHEM guide for quantifying

uncertainty in analytical measurement was the main reference material for the estimation of uncertainty.

Uncertainty evaluation involved three steps. First, uncertainty components (purity of calibration standards,

volume, precision, recovery and calibration curve) were identified. In the second step, components were

assembled to get total uncertainty. The last step involved the calculation of expanded uncertainties by using

coverage factor of two (for an approximate level of confidence of 95%). The expanded uncertainties for eight

trace elements were between ±0.6 and ±0.1 µg/L. Calibration curve and recovery are the major contributions

to the measurement uncertainty.

Keywords: Uncertainty, analytical measurement, ICP-MS, drinking water.

Acknowledgement: The experimental part of this study has been conducted by the author during her

professional working life in General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI), The Technical

Research&Quality Control Department, Chemistry Laboratory (Turkey). The author would like to thank to

those who contributed to laboratory analysis in DSI Laboratories.

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Eastern Black Sea Region Of Domestic Water Capacity: The Case Of Artvin

Beste Yalçın Çelik1, Kazım Onur Demirarslan*

2

1 Artvin Çoruh University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental

Engineering, TURKEY. (E-mail: beste@artvin.edu.tr)

2 Artvin Çoruh University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental

Engineering, TURKEY. (E-mail: onurdemirarslan@artvin.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Water resources consist of the total of superficial resources such as a lake or river in a basin, a region or in a

country and the underground water resources. Humans satisfy their water needs from superficial waters and

underground water resources. The usable water potential of Turkey is 110 billion m3. Of this potential, 16% is

used as drinking and tap water, 72% is used in agricultural watering, and 12% is used in industry.

The mean annual superficial water amount in eastern Black Sea Region is 25,741 million m3, and this equals

with 13% of that of entire country. This indicates that eastern Black Sea cities are rich for superficial waters.

Despite that eastern Black Sea region is the region receiving the most precipitation, due to its excessively

sloping topography and volcanic character of its geologic structure, it is one of the poorest regions of our

country in terms of resource and underground water potential. Since topographical and geological structure

properties of southern part of eastern Black Sea region are different from that of northern part, this part is

richer for resource and underground water even though it receives less precipitation. Due to high calcium

carbonate content of geological units in southern part of Eastern Black Sea region and their aquifer character,

the amount of resource and underground water is higher. Artvin city is located in easternmost point of Eastern

Black Sea region. Its mean annual superficial water amount is 6.799 million m3, and it is the highest value

among the eastern Black Sea region cities. The reason of this is River Çoruh constituting 88% of mean

annual superficial water. Artvin city’s superficial water potential is 6,799.40 hm3/year. The largest river in the

city is River Çoruh, and its mean flow rate is 154 m3/sec. This corresponds with averagely 5.9 billion m

3 flow

annually. Total securely withdraw able underground water potential of the city is 25 million m3/year. Total

water potential of the city is 6.83 billion m3’tür. Artvin is a city having a water potential higher than Turkey’s

average.

In this study, by revealing the water potential of Artvin city, the regulations and investments required for

evaluating this potential in best way are discussed.

Keywords: Artvin, Eastern Black Sea, Water Potential

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Assessing the mobility and bioavailability of metals in an aquatic environment

Gunnar Jacks*1, Xhume Kumanova

2 and Gjovalin Leka

2

1 Div. of Land and Water Resources Engineering, KTH, SE-100 44 Stockholm, SWEDEN.

2 Albanian Geological Survey, Rruga e Kavajes 153, Tirana, ALBANIA

(E-mail: gunnjack@kth.se; xhkumanova@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Metals released and transported in streams, rivers and lakes may be transported as suspended, colloidal and

more or less dissolved. Assessing the fractions of metals will give measures of mobility and bioavailability.

There are experimental methods like filtration, ultrafiltration and dialysis. These methods can be

complemented by speciation through geochemical modelling with PHREEQC and MINTEQ.

This study has used filtration and dialysis in a river in Albania and in some streams in northern Sweden. The

rivers Fani and Mati in northern Albania host large amounts of waste from mining and metallurgy in their

catchments. The concerns in this connection is biotoxicity in the river itself, risk of spreading heavy metals

into a large coastal aquifer (Kumanova et al. 2014) and uptake of heavy metals in blue mussels offshore. By

analysing unfiltered, filtered (0.2 m), and dialysed (10 and 1 kDa pore size) in the river water is has been

found that close to point sources, a large portion of notably copper is present in suspended form, thus less

mobile and bioavailable. More mobile were zinc and nickel. The levels of the heavy metal decreased rapidly

downstream point sources mirroring rapid settling of the suspended and colloidal fractions. Sequential

extraction of river sediments indicates that chromium and nickel are abundant in silicate minerals, olivine and

spinel, from the ophiolitic host rock of the ores. This is also evident from sequential extractions on sediments

offshore the Drin and Mati rivers at the Adriatic coast (Rivaro et al. 2007).Total elemental analysis of

sediments do overestimate the risk of notably chromium and nickel pollution. The study indicates that the

bioavailability of the metals is low. Arsenic is high in sediments close to point sources but the ferric

oxyhydroxides provide a very efficient sink for the arsenic at oxidising conditions (Jacks et al. 2013)

Provision of sedimentation dams close to the point sources would decrease the transport which is likely to

occur to a larger extent only during high flow occasions. An important factor in deceasing the mobility and

bioavailability is the good buffering in the river water provided by carbonate rocks and not least the ophiolitic

rocks that dominate the bedrock in the catchment.

References

Jacks G, et al. (2013) Appl. Geochem. 35:35-43.

Kumanova Xh, et al. (2014) Hydrogeol. J. 22:883-892.

Rivaro P, et al. (2007) Toxicol. & Environ. Chem. 87(4)481-498.

164

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015 Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Numerical Prediction of the Efficacy of Treated Wastewater Recharge to Impede Seawater Intrusion

in the Coastal Aquifer of Gaza- Palestine

Hasan Sirhan*1, Manfred Koch

1 and Khalid Qahman

2

1,2

Authors’ Department of Geohydraulics and Engineering Hydrology, Institute of Geotechnology and

Geohydraulics, Kassel University, Germany.

(E-mail: hsirhan_99@yahoo.com, manfred_kochde@yahoo.de)

2Author’s Department of Water Resources, Gaza University, Palestine.

(E-mail: kqahman@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The ongoing depletion of the coastal aquifer in the Gaza Strip due to overexploitation has led to the process

of seawater intrusion, which has continually becoming a serious problem in Gaza over recent decades, as the

seawater has invaded deeply inland at many sections along the coastal shoreline.

In this context, prediction of the future behavior of the seawater intrusion process in the Gaza aquifer is thus

of crucial importance to safeguard the already scarce groundwater resources in the region. To that avail, the

coupled three-dimensional density-dependent groundwater flow and solute transport SEAWAT- model, as

implemented in Visual MODFLOW, is applied to the Gaza coastal aquifer system to simulate the location

and the dynamics of the saltwater–freshwater interface in the aquifer between the periods 2000-2010. After

successful calibration of the solute transport model, various future groundwater management scenarios for

the Gaza aquifer are studied.

In the first, pessimistic scenario, it is assumed that pumping from the Gazaaquifer continues to increase in the

near future to meet the rising water demands, and there is not further recharge to the aquifer than what is

provided by natural precipitation. The second, optimistic scenario assumes that treated surficial wastewater

can be used as a source of additional, artificial recharge to the aquifer which, in principle, could revert even

some of the adverse present-day conditions in the aquifer (i.e. seawater intrusion). This scenario has been

simulated using three distinct variants of the artificial recharge implementation that differ by the way of

injection and located across the Gaza strip.

The results obtained with the first (do-nothing) scenario indicate that there will ongoing negative impacts on

the aquifer, which induced the propensity for strong seawater intrusion into the aquifer, where the amount of

saltwater intrusion into the aquifer coastal part increases by about 35 %, meanwhile the saltwater-polluted

(salinity) will be increased by 34 %.In contrast, all three cases of the second (artificial recharge) scenario

group can partly revert the present seawater intrusion, as the artificial recharge option reduces the amount of

water entering the aquifer by seawater intrusion by 81 %, 77 and 72 %, for the three recharge cases,

respectively. Meanwhile, the saltwater-polluted (salinity) reduces by 15%, 32% and 26% for the three cases,

respectively.

Finally, one may note that the results of the various artificial recharge scenarios indicate that there is some

success of aquifer recovery, as the presently existing saltwater intrusion is partly been reverted by the end of

simulation period in year 2040.

Keywords: Gaza aquifer, seawater intrusion, SEAWAT, recharge.

165

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The knowledge of the residents from the blackfoot disease (BFD) area concerning the health risk

of arsenic (As) pollution

Ming-Chao Lin*1, Jen-Chun Ou

2, Ting-You Liu

2 , Bo-Sen Huang

2 and Ying-Tai Hsu

3

1 General Education Center, Nanhua University, TAIWAN.

(E-mail: mingchaoliin@mail.nhu.edu.tw)

2 Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,

TAIWAN.

(E-mail: timmy0726@pchome.com.tw; jenny000333@yahoo.com.tw; smart15172@yahoo.com.tw)

3 Department of Ethnology, National ChengChi University, TAIWAN.

(E-mail: aaa903@pchome.com.tw)

ABSTRACT

Arsenic (As) has been well documented as a carcinogen. A significant exposure-response between As

concentration and blackfoot disease (BFD) has been reported. Blackfoot disease, first observed in the

1930s and peaking in the 1950s, is correlated with the consumption of groundwater by local inhabitants

living in the coastal area, southwestern Taiwan. Nowadays most of the people living in this area do not

use groundwater as potable water, but the groundwater is still used for aquaculture. The groundwater -

cultured fish from this area have been evidenced contaminated with As. Ingestion of As-contaminated

fish could result in As accumulation in inhabitants and lead to adverse health effects; h owever, if the

residents from the BFD area realize this risk remains unknown until now. In this study, questionnaire

was conducted to interview 102 residents from the BFD area. The resulting data show that the residents

from the BDF area have lack of the knowledge concerning BDF and As contamination. There are 74%

of the residents from the BDF area do not know that BFD is caused by As; 72% of the residents have

never even heard of As. More environmental education concerning As pollution and the risk in human

health needs to be undertaken.

Keywords: Arsenic (As); Blackfoot disease (BFD); Environmental education; Groundwater; Water Pollution

Acknowledgment: This work was financially supported by the National Science Council (NSC) of Republic

of China [Project number: NSC101-2511-S-343-002]. The earlier draft of this manuscript benefited from the

comments of Mr. Rudolf Regout.

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Determination of Diyarbakır Basalt Aquifer Water Quality parameters and obtain thematic maps

with using GIS technique

Recep ÇELİK*1

1,

Authors’ Asst. Proff. Dr. Dicle University Engineering Faculty.

Civil Engineering Department, Diyarbakır/TURKEY.

(E-mail: recep.celik@dicle.edu.tr, recebcelik@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In this study, groundwater quality and water features of Diyarbakır urban basalt aquifer which contains

Bağlar, Kayapınar, Sur and Yenişehir residential areas, aimed to determine. At this location, water wells

opened for drinking water as well as irrigation water is used in the agricultural field. Therefore in the study

area which opened in water samples taken from water wells were examined. It was reformed in the field,

water samples were taken from the predrilled water wells. Water wells in the same coordinates are determined

by Garmin etrex 30 handheld Gps system. Chemical analysis of water samples taken in the laboratory was

made. Some of the wells water’s pH, EC, and TDS features were acquired by Portable Hanna HI 98125

PH/EC/TDS/0C meter device at the field.

At this study, basalt aquifer features are considered and water quality and water chemical properties

determined in Diyarbakır City centre. PH, EC, TDS values of the water samples taken on site as well those

water chemical analyses measured in the laboratory. Then they were modelled by using ARC INFO GIS

programme and Geostatistical analyst extension tool. At the end of this process, thematic map of Diyarbakır’s

basalt aquifer PH, EC, TDS were produced.

Keywords: Groundwater, GIS, Water Quality, Diyarbakır City Center

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Dicle University, Scientific Research Project Funding (DUBAP) for

their financial support [Project number: MYO 147].

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Occurence and Precursors of Haloacetonitriles in Drinking Water –A Review

Cihan OZGUR*1, and S. Sule KAPLAN BEKAROGLU*

2

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Suleyman Demirel,

TURKEY.

(E-mail: en.cihanozgur@gmail.com)

2 Water Institute, University of Suleyman Demirel, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sulebekaroglu@sdu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Over the last 30 years, many academic studies, more than 700 disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been

identified in drinking waters. However, only a small fraction of those DBPs are currently regulated.

Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloaceticacids (HAAs) are two major groups of DBPs commonly found in

chlorinated water. Characteristic functional group is nitrogen for nitrogenous DBPs (N -DBPs) such as

haloacetonitriles (HANs), cyanogen halides (CH), and halonitromethanes (HNMs). (N-DBPs) have been

reported to be much more cytotoxic and genotoxic than the regulated THMs and HAAs. HANs are an

unregulated class of N-DBPs. HANs are a group of emerging halogenated N-DBPs that can be formed as by-

products from the reactions between chlorine, chloramines or bromine disinfectants and organic nitrogen

present in source water. From previous studies, specific HANs were determined including bromoacetonitrile

(BAN), chloroacetonitrile (CAN), dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN), dichloroacetonitrile

(DCAN),trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), and bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN). Although the total HANs

levels in finished drinking water are about 10% of the THMs concentrations, the cytotoxicity and

genotoxicity of some HANs are significantly higher than those of the regulated THMs or HAAs. The impact

of human activity upon drinking water sources is increasingly being felt in the form of wastewater effluent

and algal activity. Since these are both enriched in dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), their presence is likely

to lead to raised concentrations of N-DBPs. Of the components of DON, amino acids are known to act as

precursors of HANs. This paper aims to review the state of research on HANs formation in drinking water

including with their types and occurence, possible health effects and precursors.

Keywords: Disinfection, Disinfection by products (DBPs), Drinking Water, Haloacetonitriles

(HAN),Toxicity.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for their financial

support [Project number: 113Y416].

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Mogan Lake (Ankara) Water Quality

Ömer Saylar1, Semra Benzer*

1, Sezin Düzel

2, Göktuğ Gül

3, Ali Gül

2and Mehmet Yılmaz

2

1 Science Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sbenzer@gazi.edu.tr, osaylar@gazi.edu.tr)

2 Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sezinduzel@hotmail.com, myilmaz@gazi.edu.tr, aligul@gazi.edu.tr)

3 Health Services Vocational School, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.

(E-mail: goktuggul@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Environmental pressures on aquatic ecosystems are increasing rapidly in aquatic ecosystems and available

water resources are dwindling. Park, residential areas and agricultural lands cause some negative impact on

the lake water around Mogan Lake. Therefore, it is an aquatic system and ecological changes in terms of

research. This study has been aimed to determine and evaluate the water quality and physico chemical

parameters of Mogan Lake between September 2013 and June 2014. Physico-chemical parameters of water

were measured by YSI Oxygenmeters and Palintest Photometer. The significance of differences between

monthly values of water quality parameters t test (p <0.05) was determined. The obtained results of water

quality parameters were evaluated in comparison with national and international standards. Monthly average

annual value of the measured water quality parameters and maximum and minimum intervals were

determined. The average value the water temperature (12.67 ºC), pH (6.81), dissolved oxygen (7.76 mg/L),

conductivity (1665.55 µs/cm), SPC (2132.56 µs/cm), salinity (1.05 ppt), Total solids (1256.47 mg/L),

pressure (691.70 mm/Hg), NH3 (0.17 mg/L), NO2 (0.02 mg/L); NO3 (0.589 mg/L), PO4 (45.63 mg/L), SO4

(182.44 mg/L), alkalinity (362.78 mg/L), hardness (223.89 mg/L), F (1.42 mg/L), Ca (36.89 mg/L), Cl

(86.83 mg/L), Mg (80.778 mg/L), Si (3.22 mg/L), Mn (0.0005 mg/L); Fe (0.22 mg/L), Al (0.0001 mg/L), Cu

(0.007 mg/L), Br (0.06 mg/L), Zn (0.014 mg/L), H2O2 (0.22 mg/L); Cr (0.027 mg/L) and Ni (0.11 mg/L)

were determined. The average hardness (223,89 mg/L), magnesium (80.78 mg/L) and nickel (0.11 mg/L) is

higher than the national (YSKYY, 2012; TSE 266, 2005) and international (WHO, 1996) referance values.

Conductivity (1665.55 S/cm) , sulfate (182.44 mg /L) and fluorine (1.42 mg/L) was found to be very close to

the maximum value is the reference range. Lake water was determined to be in close feature to limit threats to

some physico-chemical parameters. This should be based on the results of Mogan Lake continuous

monitoring of water quality parameters and take the necessary measures for environmental threats are

recommended.

Keywords: Mogan Lake, physico-chemical parameters, water quality.

169

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Sediment and Water Pollution Status of the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey

E. AKÇAM*1, G. BAKAN

1

1, Authors’ , Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, OMÜ, TURKEY.

(E-mail: elifakcam555@gmail.com, gbakan@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The Black Sea is the world’s largest land-locked sea and has an area of 4.2*105 km

2 with average depth

of 1,240 m. Ninety percent of its water mass is anoxic, thus it contains the world’s largest anoxic water

mass. The Black Sea has suffered from extensive pollution over the last few years due to unrestricted

shipping, mineral exploitation, dumping of toxic wastes, discharge of domestic wastes from coas tal

cities and pollutants carried by rivers. Chemical and microbiological pollution, synthetic organic

contaminants, heavy metals, radionuclides and oil pollution have caused the environment of the Black

Sea to deteriorate dramatically in terms of biodiversity, habitats, fisheries resources, aesthetic and

recreational value and water quality.

The Black Sea has been increasingly threatened by pollutants over the past decades as a result of

accidental crude oil spills, dumping of toxic industrial wastes, discharge of domestic wastes from

coastal settlements and industrial and domestic pollutants carried by rivers. Some industrial areas,

rivers, and coastal cities in the Black Sea have a tendency to create local pollution.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the surface water and sediment quality of the Yesilırmak,

Kızılırmak, Engiz, Kürtün, Mert rivers, discharged to Black Sea from the mid -Black Sea coast of

Turkey. In addition to this study was to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations in surface water

quality at the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey.

The samples were collected from five stations. Investigated parameters were total organic carbon

(TOC), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, chl-a and electrical conductivity (EC) in water samples and

sediment samples.

The determine the trophic state and ecotoxicological potential of the streams, heavy metal analysis (Cr,

Cu) were also performed.

Keywords: Black Sea, Ecotoxicology, Sediment Pollution, Trophic State, Water Pollution

170

ICOCEE –CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A RESEARCH OF THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT LAYER ON TROPHIC LEVEL IN

SHALLOW LAKES;

THE CASE OF CERNEK LAKE

Hüseyin CÜCE1 Gülfem BAKAN

2

1,NevsehirHacıBektasVeli University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of

Environmental Engineering, Turkey(E-mail: huseyincuce@nevsehir.edu.tr)

2,OndokuzMayıs University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey(E-

mail: gbakan@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this investigation is to examine and to evaluate the effects of sediment layeron trophic

level of shallow lakes. Cernek Lake, one of the shallow lake ecosystems, is selected for the area and the

periodic changes on trophic level have been evaluated with geographic information systems by

identifying existing water and sediment quality of the lake. Physico-chemical analyzes were carried out

for the lake surface water/sediment samples taken from 6 stations periodically(for three seasons, 2010 -

2011). The trophic state of the lake was over eutrophic after the autumn turnover while it was

mesotrophic during the spring turnover with regard to lake surface water quality. It was also found that

there are increases in the nutrient levels of the southeastern coast of the lake close to the sea when

compared to inland.The results obtained from surface sediments in the field studies showed that there

was an increase in amounts of organic and inorganic pollution. The results also revealed that there were

high-phosphate (annual average of 541 mg / kg PO4-P, dry weight) and high-organic carbon contents

(annual average 22.4 g / kg TOC, dry weight) in the lake sediments. Findings, periodically monitored

distribution maps created with ArcGIS exposed that the contaminated lake sediment layer would be

higly effective in trophic level of the lake therefore it has revealed the necessity of taking measures for

eutrophication.

Keywords:lake sediment, lake eutrophication, trophic state, geographic information system (GIS), Cernek

Lake

171

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigation of relationship between water pollutants: A case study from Istanbul

Ali Osman Pektas*1, Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit

2, Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin

1, Nese Yilmaz

3 and Goksel

Demir1

1 Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Environmental

Engineering, 34353, Besiktas / Istanbul – Turkey

(*Correspondent author mail:

aliosman.pektas@eng.bahcesehir.edu.tr,

ibrahimertugrul.yalcin@eng.bahcesehir.edu.tr, goksel.demir@eng.bahcesehir.edu.tr)

2 Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 34722, Goztepe / Istanbul –

Turkey

(ilkozyigit@marmara.edu.tr)

3

Istanbul University, Fisheries Faculty, Freshwater Biology Department, 34470, Laleli / Istanbul –

Turkey

(nyilmaz@istanbul.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Water is one of the most important resources on the earth required by all living organisms for

continuation of vital activities. However, water reservoirs are limited and anthropogenic factors have

adverse effects on water quality and quantity. Therefore, scientific studies regarding water pollution are

highly valuable. These studies mainly focus on the dynamic structure of pollutants, the origin of

pollution, the effects and results of pollutants, and pollution or time based analysis of pollution levels.

In the present study, interrelationship of water pollutants in three main water supplies of Istanbul,

which is one of the most crowded cities of Turkey as well as Europe, was investigated by cluster

analysis. A total of 560 water samples collected from three main water supplies in 18 different sub-

regions (these sub-regions were labeled with numbers 1 to 18) have been analyzed for their heavy metal

and mineral nutrient concentrations, and pH values. For this, concentrations of Al, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu,

Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn in 560 samples were measured. In this study, we aimed to investigate the

relationship between heavy metal concentration, mineral nutrient level and pH value as well as effects

of the location on pollution level and type.

Keywords: Cluster Analysis, Heavy Metal, Istanbul, Mineral Element, Pearson Moment, Water Pollution.

172

Microcosm Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emission Potentials ofAan

Eutrophic Lake

E. Ogun*1, A. Aksoy

2 and S. L. Sanin

1

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ogunezgi@gmail.com, sanin@hacettepe.edu.tr)

2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: aaksoy@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Eutrophic lakes are important source of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) as a result of increased

primary production CH4 emission in lakes is occurred under anaerobic conditions with easily degradable

nutrients and consumed in aerobic conditions N2O, can produced as an intermediate product during

nitrification and denitrification. Sediment is an important production and gas releasing zone of lake

ecosystems. Conditions like temperature, oxygen concentration, nutrients, organic matter and redox potential

are important factors which effect the mineralization and gas release from sediments. The main objective of

this study to investigate the effects of temperature and light intensity on CH4 and N2O emissions from the

different zones of a hypereutrophic lake and determine the behaviour of a natural ecosystem with using a

closed and controllable media. Moreover gas production potential is calculated per gram sediment and water.

Sediment and water samples were collected and mixed from the five sampling points of eutrophic Lake

Eymir. Microcosms were prepare with 110±2 ml of colorless glass bottles. Suitable incubators were used to

obtain 4, 10 and 25°C temperatures with day-light fluorescent lamps. GC-µECD-FID system and was used to

measure CH4 and N2O gases. Microcosm bottles which shows the highest gas emission were used to isolate

pure microorganism cultures and 16S rRNA analysis were used to identify the bacteria species.

According to our results CH4 production was higher in dark and 25°C conditions than the others. However the

highest N2O production was observed both 25°C and 10°C temperature with dark conditions. The maximum

gas production per gram of sediment and water was measured from the bottles which contains water and

sediment together. The microcosm bottles under the dark conditions were used to identify dominant species

which responsible for gas production. Dominant species under anaerobic conditions were Clostridium

difficile, Bacillus amyloliguefaciens subsp. Plantarum, Paenibacillus apiaries, Achromobacter spanius.

Keywords: Microcosm experiment; Eutrophic lake; Greenhouse gas

Acknowledgment: This project is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of

Turkey (TUBITAK) [Project number: 108Y116].

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

173

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Using a Field Column

E. Ogun*1, A. Aksoy

2 and S. L. Sanin

1

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ogunezgi@gmail.com, sanin@hacettepe.edu.tr)

2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University,TURKEY.

(E-mail: aaksoy@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Freshwater ecosystems especially shallow lakes relative to their surface area are very important zones for

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CH4, N2O, CO2) and they are typically supersaturated with these gases.

Ammonia is the very important alkaline particle in the atmosphere and neutralizes acidic compounds. To fill

this gap, our aim in this study to investigate the GHG emission rates and calculates the gas flux from air-water

interface with using suitable equations.

Data was collected each month until September 2011 to December 2011, and once in June 2012 in a shallow

hypereutrophic and dimictic Lake Eymir. In this study, a constructed water column is placed in sampling

points and held overnight. Accumulated gas in the column was collected tedlar bags. This method is

performed at least more than one time in a day to show daily changes. GC-ECD-FID system is used to

evaluate greenhouse gases. Flux rates were calculated using two approaches, ideal gas and two film theory.

According to the three years of field measurements, advection of organic compounds to the Lake Eymir’s

surface water is changed between 19 – 157 mg/L (COD). Maximum and minimum ammonium and nitrate

concentrations were measured between 0.02 - 3.87 mg/L and 0.01 – 9.70 mg/L respectively. Average total

phosphorus (624 µg/L), chlorophyll-a (38 µg/L) concentrations, annual average (1,38 m) and minimum (0.25

m) secchi disk depths show that Lake Eymir is a hypereutrophic lake. Although CH4 flux results which were

calculated by IGT and two film theory (TFT) show significant relationship with R2 value of 0.6, we couldn’t

find the same relationship for N2O and NH3 gases. N2O, CH4 and NH3 fluxes were calculated with ideal gas

theory (IGT) change between 68.40 - 4872.24 µmol.m-2

day-1

, 0.24 to 12.24 mmol.m-2

day-1

3.84 to 102.96

µmol.m-2

day-1

respectively. These results shows that Lake Eymir’s average annual GHG fluxes equals to

annual electricity utilization of 577 houses for N2O and 118 houses for CH4 gases.

Keywords: Methane, Nitrous oxide, Ammonia, gas flux; eutrophic lake

Acknowledgment: This project is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of

Turkey (TUBITAK) [Project number: 108Y116].

174

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Water Management Policies in the European Union: Finnish Integrated Water Management

Example

Karafakı Ç. F.1

1 Niğde Univercity, Faculity of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, TURKEY.

(E-mail: filizcetinkaya@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Sustainable water management requires an equilibrium between the amount of water at our disposal and

the amount at demand. The water management policies of the EU aims to guarantee sufficient supply of

water even under the pressures of a rising population. The EU water management regulations recognize

the vital importance of water and thus focus on the prevention of wasteful use of it. The EU app roach to

water management is an important guidance to Turkey which has been able to develop only 36% of its

existing water resources.

Finland, which is among the water rich countries of the EU, was ranked number one on the 2003 water

development report published by UNESCO. Furthermore, Finland ranked amongst the richest of the

147 countries listed in a joint Water Poverty Index prepared by the World Water Council and the UK

Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Finland has developed many successful approaches to water

management ranging from wastewater management to the development of local water resources for

communities.

The aim of this study is to analyze the water management strategies of Finland within the framework of

water management regulations presiding in the EU. The findings derived from this analysis will be

matched against the Turkish example and an effort will be made to investigate as to how the attainment,

usage, recycling and sustainability of water in Turkey compares to what is currently prevalent in

Finland.

Keywords: EU water management, Finland water management, Hydro-politics, Integrated water

management, Water regulations

175

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Application of low intensity ultrasound to enhance biological phosphorus removal

Bilge ALPASLAN KOCAMEMİ1*, Nazenin GURE

2, Feraye SARIALIOGLU

3, Cansu KUZEY

4,

Ahmet Mete SAATCI5

1, *

Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Marmara University,Istanbul Turkey

(E-mail: bilge.alpaslan@marmara.edu.tr)

2,3,4

Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Marmara University,Istanbul Turkey

5Turkish Water Institute (SUEN), Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, Turkey

(E-mail: ahmet.saatci@suen.gov.tr)

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus is a pollutant in water bodies since it causes diminished water quality, oxygen depletion,

eutrophication, which ends up with loss of aquatic life. Among the various kinds of phosphorus removal

technologies, chemical precipitation and biological phosphorus removal (BPR) are the most common

technologies. However, chemical precipitation is costly and BPR has difficulties to meet the discharge

standards. Recent studies have shown that the application of low intensity ultrasound to wastewater may

stimulate enzyme activity, cell growth and biosynthesis. In view of these findings, low intensity ultrasound

appeared as a possible effective tool that may increase the efficiency biological phosphorus removal by

stimulating cell metabolism and hence phosphorus release and uptake rates. In this study, the effect of the

ultrasound application on phosphorus release and phosphorous uptake were evaluated under oxic conditions

for ultrasound level ranging between 11.1 -86.2 W/L and exposure time ranging between 1 - 10 minute

through batch experiments. From the experimental results, optimum level and exposure time were determined

as 15.3 W/L and 2.8 min for PO4 – P release, 15.6 W/L and 2.3 min for PO4 – P uptake processes. For both

release and uptake processes, optimum level and exposure time were defined as 14.7 W/L and 3 min.

Keywords: Wastewater, biological treatment, biological phosphorus removal, ultrasound

Acknowledgment: The financial support of Marmara University (Project number: FEN-A- 090512-01569) is

acknowledged.

176

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effects of Forest Fires on Water Sources

Ayla Bilgin*1, Mustafa Aybar

2 and Bülent Sağlam

3

1 Artvin Çoruh University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Artvin, Turkey

(ayla.bilgin@gmail.com)

2 Artvin Çoruh University, Artvin Vocational School, Forestry and Forest Products, Artvin, Turkey

mustafaaybar@artvin.edu.tr

3 Artvin Çoruh University, Forestry Faculty, Department of Forestry Engineering, Artvin, Turkey

bsaglam@artvin.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Environmental pollution is the most important factor concerning destruction of water, soil and air ecosystems

in the world. Water sources are one of the areas mostly affected by environmental pollution. It is required to

obtain sustainable and accurate data concerning water quality so that qualifications, areal and temporal

change of water sources can be understood. Quality of water sources from water basins consisting of forest

lands might deteriorate due to natural disasters, forestry activities and use of forest lands for recreation

purposes. Quality of water from forests which are not destructed or deteriorated due to natural disasters is

generally quite high. Even though forest fires are favorable for the health of forests in the long term, they

affect water quality of streams, lakes and rivers in water basins negatively. Researches reveal that forest fires

or incineration of production waste in forests result in increase of chemical element amount on the soil

surface. Certain amount of such elements remain dissolved, while others reach water sources through

sediments. It is identified that N, P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Mn, Cl and HCO3 concentrations increase 2 to 100 times

in these sources. According to statistical data of the last 25 years, 2070 (on the average) forest fires break out

and 11245 ha forest area is damaged every year in our country. These forest fires result in pollution of water

sources in addition to major environmental effects.

Key words:Water quality, water pollution, forest fire

177

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

CHARACTERISTICS AND PHOSPHORUS RELEASE RATES OF SEDIMENTS IN TWO

SHALLOW LAKES (Kızılırmak Delta, Turkey)

Hüseyin CÜCE1 Gülfem BAKAN

2

1, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of

Environmental Engineering, Turkey (E-mail: huseyincuce@nevsehir.edu.tr)

2, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey

(E-mail: gbakan@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The sediment plays an important role in the overall nutrient dynamics of shallow lakes. The pollutants

may be released from the sediments if the overlying water quality changes. Shallow lakes typically act as a

phosphorus (P) sink during spring and winter whereas they become a P source for the downstream surface

waters during summer. Because phosphorus release occurs predominantly during late spring and early

summer. The release of P from lake sediments is a highly complex phenomenon which involves a number of

physical, chemical, and biological processes.

The study site, Kızılırmak Delta, is located at the Mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey. Within the delta area

(about 56 000 ha) can be found many shallow lakes, the surroundings wetlands are unique biological

resources and highly important for sustaining biodiversity. The site is interesting in that several

anthropogenic factors simultaneously have a marked effect on the quality of the wetland system. Two lakes

situated in the east of the Kızılırmak Delta, Balık Lake and Cernek Lake were chosen for this study. Cernek

Lake is one of the most important shallow water of the Delta coastline, with the average depth of about

1,5m and has an area of 4,1 km2. The whole lake has suffered serious eutrophication. Balık Lake is a

meso-to-eutrophic lake, an average depth of about 2,3 m and has a much larger watershed of 13,8 km2. The

water quality is much better than Cernek Lake; it is one of the better fishing lakes in the Delta area.

Main objective of this study was to investigate the sediment qualities of this shallow lakes based on

phsico-chemical parameters on seasonally basis. Secondary objectives were to (a) spatially characterize

surface sediments of lakes, (b) determine the sediment P release rates, (c) estimate the relationship

between P release and trophic state change as well as eutrophication in the lakes. A total of 6 surface

sediment samples were collected periodically in 2010-2011 to describe the seasonal and spatial variation in

sediments taken from Lakes Balık and Cernek. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of

the rates of P release in lake sediments on trophic state change of that lakes. It was found that the sediments

from Cernek Lake have P release rates ranging from 2.63 to 4.10 mg P/m2/d. Balık Lake exhibits lower P

release rates (average 3,10 mg P/m2/d) than Lake Cernek. However both lake sediment types had relatively

low P release rates compared with published values for eutrophic systems. These findings could contribute to

more effective management of the studied lakes.

Keywords: shallow lake, lake sediment, phosphorus release, Cernek Lake, Balık Lake

178

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Water quality of the river to the Kızılırmak River in the province of Nevsehir

Aras Seval*1, Fındık Özlem

2 , Kalıpcı Erkan

3 and Şahinkaya Serkan

3

1, 3

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Nevşehir Hacı

Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, TURKEY.

(saras@nevsehir.edu.tr, ekalipci@nevsehir.edu.tr, serkansahinkaya@nevsehir.edu.tr)

2 Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University,

Nevşehir, TURKEY.

(ofindik74@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

The Physico-chemical parameters (Water temperature, BOD, COD, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO),

conductivity, suspended solids, nitrite (NO3), ammonium (NH4), ammonia (NH3), phospate (PO4), sulphate

(SO4)) and some metal concentrations (Zn, Cu, B, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, As, Se, Cd and Al) were measured in the

water samples to determine the water quality of the Kızılırmak river. Kızılırmak is the length river of Turkey.

Six sampled stations are in the border Nevşehir province. The study was conducted seasonally in 2013-2014.

Measured metals are determined lower than limit of SKKY. When the water quality classes were examined

in terms of the measured physico-chemical parameters, it was detected that the river is IV class for nitrite, II.

and IV. class for ammonium at autumn and spring respectively, III. and IV. class for BOD at summer and

spring respectively.

Keywords: Metals, Physico-chemical parameters, Kızılırmak river, water quality

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Scientific Research Project

Funding (NEUBAP) for their financial support [Project number: NEUBAP13F22].

179

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Beneficial Use Alternatives for Dredged Materials: Landfill Daily Cover

H.M. Başar*1, S. Dağlı

2, P. Özer Erdoğan

3, B. Güzel

4 and L. Tolun

5

1,2,3,5

Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TÜBİTAK MAM, TURKEY.

(E-mail: Merve.Basar@tubitak.gov.tr, Sonmez.Dagli@tubitak.gov.tr, Pembe.Ozer@tubitak.gov.tr,

Leyla.Tolun@tubitak.gov.tr)

4 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Abant İzzet Baysal University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: guzelbaris08@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Dredging is substantial for the maintenance, enlargement, deepening and development of ports,

harbours and navigation waterways. This process generates high quantities of dredged material; hence,

management of dredged material is a common problem all over the world. Dumping at sea poses a risk

to the aquatic environment while upland disposal are expensive and require large areas. The

development of alternative management strategies for dredged materials is therefore necessary.

Conventionally, dredged material has been thought as a waste; however, it can be evaluated as a

valuable resource in many beneficial use alternatives such as topsoil creation/enhancement,

construction materials production, road applications, landfil l daily cover, mine reclamation, beach

nourishment, wetland creation, habitat restoration. The purpose of this work is to investigate the

usability of dredged materials as an alternative landfill daily cover for our country in terms of technical

and economical view. Firstly, the physico-chemical, morphological, toxicological properties and

leaching potential of materials dredged from three pilot regions (Rize Port, Samsun Port, Yakakent

Fishing Port) from Black Sea were determined; then, the analysis results were compared with the limit

values stated in "The Regulation on the Landfilling of Waste-Appendix 2: The acceptance criteria of

the landfilling of waste" and "The Regulation on the General Principles of Waste Management-

Appendix 3B: Hazardous waste threshold limits". The cost analyses were also conducted in order to

compare three management options (dumping, disposal, landfill daily cover usage). The results showed

that dredged material can be used as an alternative landfill daily cover and provides economic

advantages among other management strategies.

Keywords: Beneficial Use, Characterization, Daily Cover, Dredged Material, Landfill.

Acknowledgment: This work is financially supported by the TÜBİTAK 1007 Programme [DİPTAR, Project

No. 111G036]. The authors wish to thank Ministries of Environment and Urbanization and Transport,

Maritime Affairs and Communications and İZAYDAŞ for their supports.

180

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Quantitative Determination of Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Drinking and Potable Water

Resources of Diyarbakir Region

H. Kara*1, Z. Tunay

2, Mustafa A. Yilmaz

3, H. Temel

4

1GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Sanliurfa, Turkey

2Vocational School of Diyarbakır, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey

3Dicle University Science and Technology Research and Application Center (DÜBTAM)

4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey

(1kimyagerkara@gmail.com,

2zeki.tunay@dicle.edu.tr,

3mustafaabdullahyilmaz@gmail.com,

4htemelh@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

It is a known fact that policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic, toxic and carcinogenic. Due

to these dangers, it is important to know their amount in foods, drinks and the environment. PAHs might

result from both natural and industrial reasons. Waste incineration, cement plants, oil refineries, coke and

asphalt production, aluminum, iron and steel production are the main industrial examples that for PAHs’

apperance [1-2]. Province of Diyarbakır is a region where oil production activities are intensely carried out.

Thus, for the sake of public health, it is significant to determine the PAH level in the water resources around

the oil fields. For this purpose, drinking and potable water samples were taken from the districts of

Diyarbakir close to the oil fields. HPLC-fluorescence technique was used to analyse. Some of the most toxic

and carcinogenic PAHs that are benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene

(BkF), chrysene (Chy), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBahA), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP) were determined. In

the majority of samples, the total PAH values were determined. It is lower than toxic limit value which are

the allowable limit of World Health Organization (WHO) and other national and international organization.

Key words: Diyarbakir, Drinking Water, PAH, HPLC- Fluorescence

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Dicle University, Scientific Research Project Funding (DUBAP) for

their financial support [Project number: 12ZEF94].

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Disinfection by-product formation of natural organic matter

Alper Alver, Emine Baştürk* and Ahmet Kılıç

Aksaray University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Aksaray, TURKEY

(E-mail: eminebasturk@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Natural organic matter is the precursor for disinfection by products in treated drinking water. The NOM

concentration and characteristics significantly affect the formation of DBPs. NOM levels generally are

measured as total organic carbon or dissolved organic carbon.

Increasing the NOM level affect DBP formation in two ways. First, increasing the NOM level will increase

the level of DBP precursors, which increases DBP formation. Second, increasing the NOM level will increase

the chlorine demand of water. A high chlorine demand in turn requires a high chlorine dosage to maintain a

proper chlorine residual in distribution system. This high chlorine dosage leads to a further increase in the

formation of DBPs.

In this study, DBP formation potential formed by chlorination of Sigma Aldrich humic acid and required

chlorine dosage for various DOC concentrations, was investigated. The DBP concentration and speciation

affected by many water quality parameters and operating conditions, including NOM concentration, chlorine

residual, reaction time and bromide concentration.

Keywords: Natural organic matter, Sigma Aldrich Humic Acid, DBP, Trihalomethane.

Acknowledgment: We thank the Environmental Engineering Department of Aksaray University for

providing laboratory equipment of the work described in this paper.

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Biofilms in Drinking Water Distribution Systems, Cappadocia 2015

Işıl VAR1, Bülent ZORLUGENÇ

2, Özlem ATASEVER SAVAŞ

1, Selin SAĞLAM

1

1 Cukurova University Agricultural Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Adana, TURKEY

( E-mail :ivar@cu.edu.tr, ataseverozlem88@mail.com, selinsaglam.01@gmail.com )

2 Hacı Bektaş Veli University Engineering - Architecture Faculty, Food Engineering Department, TURKEY

(E-mail: zorlugenc@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Water for human consumption is required to be free from any microorganisms that might pose a health risk.

The microorganisms in drinking water systems can attach to piping materials and form biofilms on pipe

surface. The presence of biofilms in the drinking water distribution system may play a role in the presence of

pathogen microorganisms. Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems provide a mosaic of

electrochemical and nutritive environments for microorganisms. Microorganisms in biofilms are more

resistant than planktonic microorganisms to environmental conditions, so the presence of biofilms within a

water drinking distribution system may act as a form of protection against extreme environmental conditions.

Biofilms formed in water drinking distribution networks are known to cause public health problems, such as

protecting and supporting pathogenic microorganisms, bacterial regrowth, and depletion of disinfection

agents. Biofilms in drinking-water pipe networks can be responsible for a wide range of water quality and

operational problems. Biofilms also can be responsible for loss of distribution-system disinfectant residuals,

increased bacterial levels, reduction of dissolved oxygen, taste and odor changes, red or black water problems

due to iron- or sulfate-reducing bacteria, microbial-influenced corrosion, hydraulic roughness, and reduced

materials life.

Microorganisms in biofilms can include bacteria (including coccoid round, rod-shaped, filamentous, and

appendage bacteria), fungi, and higher organisms like nematode larvae. Recently, researchers have shown

that viruses and parasites like Cryptosporidium can be trapped in biofilms. Although viruses and

Cryptosporidium do not grow in a biofilm, they can attach to biofilms after a contamination event.

This review will research community composition of biofilms formed in a drinking water distribution

systems.

Keywords: Biofilms, Distribution, Drinking Water, Systems

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Assessment of natural radioactivity by gross alpha and beta measurements in drinking

water samples in Ereğli, Turkey

Mehmet E. Korkmaz1 and Osman AGAR

2,*

1Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Department of Physics, Karaman, TURKEY

(E-mail: mkorkmaz@kmu.edu.tr)

2Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Department of Physics, Karaman, TURKEY

(E-mail: osmanagar@kmu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

A monitoring of radioactivity content was carried out in drinking water samples collected from

surrounding of Ereğli in Turkey. The gross alpha and beta activity concentrations of 12 different water

samples were determined by using a gas-flow proportional counter. The measured values of gross alpha

and beta concentrations were compared with recommended for drinking waters WHO (World Health

Organisation) and ITS (Institution of Turkish Standards) guideline activity concentration. Radioactivity

contour maps were produced and their data were evaluated statistically.

Keywords: Radioactivity, drinking water, gross alpha, gross beta

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Scientific Research

Project (14–M–14).

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Modeling the Relationships between Water Temperatures and Meteorological Parameters at

Kızılırmak River using Artificial Neural Networks

Merve Temizyürek1 and Filiz Dadaser-Celik*

2

1, 2

Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Erciyes University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: mervetemizyurek@hotmail.com, fdadaser@erciyes.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

River water temperature is one of the most important water quality parameters. It not only affects all chemical

and biological processes in water but also have important implications for aquatic life. Water temperature

variations in rivers can be influenced by different factors, which are generally characterized as meteorological

and geophysical parameters. This study aims to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to examine

the relationships between water temperatures and meteorological parameters at Kızılırmak River in Turkey. In

this study, monthly water temperatures measured at four stations and climatic data obtained from nearby

climatic stations were used. A multi-layer perceptron type ANN model with one hidden layer was selected.

The model included six input parameters: solar radiation, precipitation, air temperature, wind speed, relative

humidity and historical water temperatures. The model output consisted of water temperatures. All data were

available for the 1995-2007 period, with occasional missing records. Model training was accomplished by

using 70% of the data and a scaled conjugate gradient backpropagation algorithm. The remaining 30% of data

were used for model testing. The activation functions of the ANN model and the number of neurons in the

hidden layer were determined by trial-and-error method. The performance of the model was evaluated by

calculating the root mean square error (RMSE) between observed and simulated water temperatures. The

analysis showed that ANN models can be used for simulating the water temperatures based on meteorological

data at Kızılırmak River.

Keywords: Artificial neural networks, water temperatures, Kızılırmak River

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Erciyes University for the financial support [Project number: FYL-

2015-5645].

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A Study on Importance of Pollution Monitoring and Control in Buyuk Menderes Basin

Cengiz Koc1, Yıldırım Bayazıt*

2

1, 2

Civil Engineering Department, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: cengiz.koc@bilecik.edu.tr, yildirim.bayazit@bilecik.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Water use in agriculture has adverse impacts on the environment by changing terrestrial and aquatic

ecosystems because of damming rivers and changing flow regimes, lowering groundwater, polluting

soils and water, salinization and draining wetlands. Environmental impacts of water use in agriculture

have been described and analyzed in numerous case studies and analyses, in particular, for large scale

irrigation

The study has been conducted at Büyük Menderes basin which is located in Southwest of our country

and where different sectors (irrigation, drinking and using, industry, touri sm, ecology) related to the use

and distribution of water sources compete with each other and where the water demands for important

ecological considerations is evaluated and where the river pollution has reached important dimensions.

Thus, in this study it is aimed to give importance of pollution monitoring and control in Buyuk

Menderes basin.

Keywords: Buyuk Menderes Basin, Control, Monitoring, Pollution

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Interaction of low-impact development techniques and urban river flooding on the zoning – Case study

Qomroud

1M.R.Kavianpour , 2Arsalan Behzadipour,

1 Associate Professor and faculty member, Khaje Nasir University Of technology, IRAN.

2Arsalan Behzadi Pour ,M.A student of Civil Engineering - Hydraulic, Khajeh Nasir University of

Technology, IRAN

(E-mail: behzadicivil@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In recent decades, and with Increasing of urban population and development of the city, the amount of

impermeable surfaces has been increased. This cause urban runoff enhancement . This enhancement,

especially in cities with urban river, increases the possibility of urban flooding caused by the river flooding

interaction and urban runoff. In this research, we tried SWMM utilizes software development methods and

practices that seek to reduce the impact of runoff to the river flows to reduce Qomroud and Effects using Arc

GIS and HEC-RAS software on how we see the flood zone. As we will see in results, LIDs can reduce

amount of runoff and subsequent flood zone extends into the lower regions. This will cause the economic

profit.

Keywords: flood management, flood zone , , runoff ,SWMM.

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Integrated River Basin Management

M.Y. Kılınç*1, E. Alkan

2

1, 2

Department of Civil Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: mykilinc@hku.edu.tr, erkan.alkan@hku.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Ancient civilizations were born and developed along the rivers such as Euphrates of Mesopotamia,

Niles of Egypt, Indus-Ganja of India. Since ancient times, main requirements and demands of man-kind

had not been changed a lot. Since then, only means, tools and technologies were advanced. Basic

requirements of people’s are fooding, clothing and sheltering. They are the same as before. In general,

almost all these demands were supplied through engineering act ivities on the river basin (catchment or

watershed). Demands of man are getting more and more sophisticated in quality and quantity.

River basin includes all kind of natural resources which they are vital sources to produce goods and

services for mankind to be survived. Therefore river basin should be managed such a way that the

natural resources should be utilized in multipurpose and multi-use manner so that sustainable

development could be successfully realized. All natural resources should be managed with permanently

productive, without wasting; destroying, polluting and keeping enough sources for future generation .

The river basin should be well managed and integrated manner, sustaining quality and quantity of

production among the natural resources.

In this paper, how river basin should be managed with integration among the natural resources without

harming each other will tried to be explained and discussed.

Keywords: Basin, Watershed Management, Natural Resources, Renewable Energy Sources, Integrated

Watershed Management.

188

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THE EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL AND PLANTS AROUND A LIME FACTORY IN

THE BARTIN CITY IN WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION

*Halil Barış ÖZEL1, Handan UCUN ÖZEL

2

1)

University of Bartın, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Silviculture, 74100-Bartın/TURKEY 2)

University of Bartın, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 74100-

Bartın/TURKEY

*Corresponding author: halilbarisozel@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

In this study, which has been carried out around the Bartın Lime Factory, 10 distance levels have been

established with 50m interval in order to determine the heavy metal pollution which the factory leads in soil

and plants, and a control point has been taken in 800m distance. Through collecting soil samples from each

of distance levels, it has been determined that Pb varied between 5.56 and 68.74mgkg-1

, Zn varied between

23.18 and 988.34 mgkg-1

, Ni varied between 6.48 and 21.33 mgkg-1

, Cu varied between 4.36 and 17.86

mgkg-1

, Cd varied between 1.73 and 13.54 mgkg-1

, Mn varied between 65.58 and 258.69 mgkg-1

, Cr varied

between 13.65 and 78.93 mgkg-1

, Fe varied between 1665 and 9875 mgkg-1

, and As varied between 2.36 and

30.54 mgkg-1

. As a result of analyses of samples taken from the leaves of Helianthemum nummularium

subsp. nummularium (L.) Miller and Hypericum perforatum L. plants, it has been determined that Pb varied

between 6.32 and 37.42 mgkg-1

, Zn varied between 441.28 and 1647.56 mgkg-1

, Ni varied between 9.56 and

21.52 mgkg-1

, Cu varied between 22.48 and 65.33 mgkg-1

, Cd varied between 3.75 and 9.72 mgkg-1

, Mn

varied between 15.42 and 62.53 mgkg-1

, Cr varied between 7.52 and 48.52 mgkg-1

, Fe varied between 130.45

and 894.53 mgkg-1

, and As varied between 2.48 and 28.56 mgkg-1

. As a result of implemented variance

analysis and Duncan test, it is possible to state that the heavy metal pollution is denser in approximately 200-

250m away from the factory, and that the pollution level decreases after this distance level.

189

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An Investigation of Lead Metal Pollution Along The Tem Motorway Agricultural Soils in Tekirdağ

S. Adiloğlu*1, M.T. Sağlam

1

1,

Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Tekirdağ,

TURKEY. (E-mail: sadiloglu@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Environment pollution is a big problem for our country and all over the world, nowadays. Heavy metal

pollution is very important in environmental pollution. It was investigated lead pollution of near the

motorway agricultural lands in this research. For this purpose, 25 different agricultural areas for each edge of

motorway and total 50 soil samples were taken from research areas in Tekirdağ. Then extractable lead

contents of soil samples were determined. According to the results, lead contents of soil samples were

determined between 1,346 and 6,546 mg kg-1

. These results were compared with critical values of this heavy

metal. Lead pollution was obtained in research area soils. Lead pollution ratio was 60 % in the research are

soils. According to the research results it should be recommended phytoremediation methods application in

the research are lands for the improvement of lead pollution.

According to the results of this research, the Pb pollution in the depth of 0-20 cm in the agricultural

land along the motorways in the region should be treated through the use of hyperacumulator plants and

fitoremeditation technique in order to reduce this pollution under the limits of toxicity that would allow the

cultivation of plants.

Keywords: Heavy metal acumulation, agricultural soils, pollution, motorway, Pb

Acknowledgment: A part of phD Thesis.

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Used the DPSIR framework and Structural Equation Models to applied to environmental risk

communication - as Emerging contaminants in Wuxi River

Yu-Ting Su *1, Wei-Yea Chen

2, Wei-Lun Lin

3, Yu-An Yu

4

1,2,3

Environmental Science and Engineering Taichung Tunghai University, Taiwan.

No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan (R.O.C.)

(Email: juting326@gmail.com, wychen@thu.edu.tw, weilunlin0526@gmail.com, s1003013@thu.edu.tw)

ABSTRACT

As the technology development, some Emerging Contaminants interfered with our hormone in a long-term

exposure. Using the DPSIR (Drive - Pressure - State - Impact - Respond) model to establishment architecture

of environmental risk assessment index system. Through the questionnaire and interview, know that people

understand level for the risk perception, stress and state. And use Structural Equation Models (SEM) to

search for the best respond to improve the Emerging Contaminants concentration in Wuxi River.

In this study, people do not know the Emerging Contaminants and the government’s policy. Though the

communication, the government policy of reducing Emerging contaminants emissions that people mostly

supported. In the Structural Equation Models, it shows that the Respond is higher relationship with Pressure

than others Latent variables. So the government wants to improve the Emerging Contaminants concentration

in Wuxi River, they have to ameliorate from Pressure’s index. And in Respond’s observed variables, the

people accept for the government to coach the people and factory to how to use the Emerging Contaminants

in the correct way and inspect the Emerging Contaminants concentration in the Wuxi River. So the

government has to disseminate the Emerging Contaminants property and how to deal with it when people are

left over.

Keywords：DPSIR、Structural Equation Models、Emerging Contaminants、Wuxi River

191

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Some inorganic species in groundwater of health concern – a global overview

Gunnar Jacks*1, Prosun Bhattacharya

1 and Mohammad Hossain

1

1, 2

Div. of Land and Water Resources Engineering, KTH, SE-100 44 Stockholm, SWEDEN.

(E-mail: gunnjack@kth.se; prosun@kth.se; )

ABSTRACT

In general the inorganic species found in groundwater and of health concern tend to be a nions due to

the rather poor adsorption of anions in soils and in aquifers materials. While cationic metals are

adsorbed onto organic matter and clay minerals anions are adsorbed onto ferric oxyhydroxides. This

implies that while the adsorption of cations increase with pH, the opposite is found for anions. Species

found in excess in groundwater at levels considered to be a health threat includes fluoride, arsenic,

chromate, selenite, nitrate and manganese.

Groundwater with excess fluoride is a global problem especially in semi-arid areas. In India about 60

M people are exposed and dental and skeletal fluorosis is common. The sources of fluoride are

hydroxyapatite and hydroxyl-minerals like pyroxene and biotite. Commonly high fluoride content

occurs in groundwater of the Na-HCO3-type. In India it is seen that evapotranspiration causes

precipitation of calcite, Mg-calcite and dolomite removing the calcium from solution. It has been

considered that fluorite/fluorspar is a limiting specie for solubility of fluoride. However, fluorite tends

to be under-saturated even in groundwater with more than 10 mg/l of fluoride.

Arsenic has made a come-back as a major pollutant in groundwater the last three decades and the

permissible limit has been lowered in most countries from 50 to 10 mg/l. Bangladesh is the worst

affected country where about half the population is exposed to drinking water in excess of 10 mg/l.

Arsenic is mobilized under natural conditions under by two mechanisms, in reducing groundwater with

reduction of ferric hydroxides which under oxidating conditions are good sinks for arsenite.´and under

high pH and oxidating conditions when the adsorption of arsenate is lost. In Bangladesh is has been

found that oxidating sediment layers provide As-safe water with little risk of cross-contamination.

Chromium as chromate is highly mobile and has been found at levels of several mg/l at depths of 50 m

in alluvial aquifers in connection to electroplating industries in India.

Manganese is mobilized under moderately reducing conditions in groundwater. While it has been

considered a technical problem is has recently been found that chronic exposure of children may cause

lowering of the intellectual capacity.

Nitrate is commonly exceeding the permissible limt. The main health concern, albeit not common, is

methaemoglobinemia in children below the age of about 8-10 months.

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Lead content in local paints in Pakistan

Dr.Abdullah Khan Durrani *1, Muhammad Rehan Khan

2 and Munir Ahmad

3

1, 2

Institute of chemical engineering & technology, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan.

(E-mail: akdurani.icet@pu.edu.pk, rehanengg23@gmail.com)

3 Progressive traders, Lahore Pakistan.

(E-mail: threestartchemicals@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Lead and its compounds in paints are added as a pigment and to impart specific properties like durability,

drying, fresh appearance and moisture resistant. Commonly used compounds of lead in paints are white lead

(PbCO3), chrome yellow (PbCrO4) and red lead (Pb3O4). Lead is one of the main health and environmental

hazard associated with paints. Lead is toxic and children are easily prone to it because of hand to mouth

activities from dislodged and deteriorated paints. Not good for their developing brains, leading to their

behavioral problems and low IQ scores. Lead can cause anemia, muscle weakness and brain damage, if

swallowed in large amounts. Considering above adverse effects of lead, it is advisable that we should have a

strict rules and regulations for the use of lead in paints. As some developed countries already have their

defined limits for lead in paints. In United States this limit is 90 ppm, China 600 ppm, Singapore 600 ppm,

South Africa 600 ppm and India has 1000 ppm limit for the lead in paints. Some developing countries

including Pakistan have failed to regulate their lead contents. The present study was undertaken to determine

the levels of lead in water-based, oil based and in dried old paint surfaces. Total 25 samples were analyzed of

different colour, different brands and different location of university area for dried paint samples. It was

founded that most of the samples contained much high level of lead contents comparing to international

standards. However, in water based paint lead level was less than oil based and dried surfaces.

Keywords:, Oil-based (enamel) paints, dried paint film. Water-based (latex) paints, Lead pollution

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Three Star Chemicals, Lahore for help and University of the Punjab,

Lahore Pakistan for financial support [Faculty research funding 2012].

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Environmental Modeling approaches for exposure and risk assessment of prioritize chemicals in

industries

Bakan G*1, Laçin S

1

1 Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental End. Dept., Samsun/ TURKEY

(E-mail:gbakan@omu.edu.tr, lacinsinem@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The development of technology and industry, greater use of natural resources leads to big problems in

terms of environment. The resulting environmental degradation affects human health and the

environment in a negative way and creates the risk of contamination to the environment. Manufactured

chemicals are used extensively to produce a wide variety of consumer goods and are required by

important industrial sectors. Presently, information is insufficient to estimate risks posed to human

health and the environment from the over ten thousand chemical substances currently in use and the

hundreds more that are introduced each year.

New, more reliable approaches are needed to characterize thousands of environmental chemicals on the

basis of both hazard and exposure in a rapid and efficient manner, and to prioritize chemicals based on

potential risk. Exposure and risk assessment should be supported by a conceptual model. Exposure is

calculated via breathing, digestion, dermal routes. The exposure scenario, including the mode of entry into the

environment ( i.e. through air, water and sediment) appears to be an important determinant of the level of

agreement between modeling approaches.

Chemical Screening Tool For Exposures and Environmental Releases (ChemSTEER) estimates

occupational inhalation and dermal exposure to a chemical during industrial and commercial

manufacturing, processing, and use operations involving the chemical. It estimates releases of a

chemical to air, water, and land that are associated with industrial and commercial manufacturing,

processing, and use of the chemical. Exposure, Fate Assessment Screening Tool (EFAST2) provides

screening-level estimates of the concentrations of chemicals released to air, surface water, landfills, and

from consumer products. It estimates provided are potential inhalation, dermal and ingestion dose rates

resulting from these releases. It modeled estimates of concentrations and doses are designed to

reasonably overestimate exposures, for use in screening level assessment. Uncertainty in using

estimated properties for exposure and risk assessment model inputs is expected to be substantial. The

main aim of this study is to summarize environmental modeling approaches for exposure and risk

assessment of prioritize chemicals in industries.

Keywords: exposure and risk assessment, ChemSTEER, EFAST2, prioritize chemicals.

194

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Multicriteria Analysis for Flood Vulnerable Areas in Southeastern Slovakia

M. Zeleňáková*1, P. Blišťan

2 and P. Purcz

3

1 Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Košice, SLOVAKIA

(martina.zelenakova@tuke.sk)

2 Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Geographical Information Systems, Technical University of Košice,

SLOVAKIA

(peter.blistan@tuke.sk)

3 Institute of Construction Technology and Management, Technical University of Košice, SLOVAKIA

(pavol.purcz@tuke.sk)

ABSTRACT

Floods are natural phenomena which cannot be prevented. The causes of flooding are extremely heavy rains

or rapid melting of snow combined with a significantly reduced ability to detain stormwater in areas.

However the negative human-based factors cause changes in runoff ratio and increase the risk of flooding.

Human activities change flood behavior in many circumstances. Activities in flood plains and catchment areas

such as land clearing for urbanization or agriculture, or construction of infrastructure such as highways, roads

and bridges across the flood plain may increase the magnitude of flooding, which in turn increases the

damage to property and lives.

Determining the flood vulnerable areas is important for decision makers for planning and management

activities. Multicriteria analysis methods (MCA) are used to analyze the flood vulnerable areas. Geographical

information system (GIS) applications are used for managing, producing, analyzing and combining spatial

data. The aim in integrating MCA with GIS is to provide more flexible and more accurate decisions to the

decision makers in order to evaluate the effective factors. Some of the causative factors for flooding in

watershed are taken into account as daily rainfall, size of watershed, land use, slope and the type of soil. The

selection of criteria that has spatial reference is an important step in MCA. The objective of this article is to

analyze the flood vulnerability in Bodva river basin, eastern Slovakia. We determined the flood-effective

factors, estimate their significance and applied two different approaches of MCA inside the GIS environment.

Keywords: analytical hierarchy process, causative factors, flood risk, geographical information system,

ranking method.

Acknowledgment: The contribution is written thanks to support of project VEGA 1/0609/14.

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Implementation of Watershed Sustainability Index on Turkey: Meriç-Ergene Specimen

Caner GÖK*1 and Selim L. SANİN

2

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe Univercity, TURKEY

(E-mail: canergok12@gmail.com, cgok@ormansu.gov.tr)

2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe Univercity, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sanin@hacettepe.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Increasing demand for the water resources and the absence of these resources in terms of desired quality and

quantity depending on the spatial and temporal scale required to use the water resources in the most effective

way among the economic, environmental and the social benefits. In other words, the water resources are

required to be managed. Therefore, environmental, social, economic and political factors, which will affect

the quantity and the quality of the water resources, should not be left behind in the management of the water

resources. The integrated water resources management systems have to take into consideration all these

factors.

Several indices have been developed to see whether the integrated water resources management systems are

being implemented in an efficient way or not. Thanks to these indices which include many environmental,

social, economic and political factors, it can be identified whether the water resources management is carried

out in a sustainable way and which the parts have lacking points.

In this study, the current situation of the sustainable integrated water resources management in Turkey and its

development between 2008-2012 have been elaborated, especially in Meric-Ergene basin with the HSI index.

The lacking points and the positive developments have been identified, and the methods which will facilitate

the use of this index in Turkey has been discussed. However, in this study, the modifications of HSI index and

basins future development also has been interrogated.

Keywords: indices, integrated management, meriç-ergene watershed, sustainability, watershed management.

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Enviromental Impacts of Medical Drugs and Cosmetics Waste

Karafakı Ç. F.1, Karafakı L.

2

1 Niğde Univercity, Faculity of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, TURKEY.

(E-mail: filizcetinkaya@gmail.com)

2 Doctor of Medicine, TURKEY.

(E-mail: leventkrfk@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Medical drugs and chemicals of personal care products harm the environment, through effluent water

and solid waste. Globally, this seems to be the most ignored problem. By medical drugs, it is not only

meant the synthetic drugs but also naturally produced ones. All the living creatures metabolize these

forementioned drugs and personal care products and release the end products by urine, faeces,

perspiration and respiration. Afterwards, at the postmortem period, these products pollute the soil,

water and air. The pollution revealed by these metabolites or their original molecules are not distinctly

defined by law yet. However, in 31.12.2004, a regulation was published numbered 25687, named

“Control of Water Pollution” defines “feacal waste” as “Urine, faeces or remains of people or warm

blooded animals that bacteriologically pollutes a water supply” İn fact, feacal waste not only contents

of bacterias but also contents antibiotics, hormones, anxiolytics, antidepressants, anesthetics and such

drug chemicals and personal care products metabolites. These products has the capacity to harm the

enviroment. Also, these drugs and products are designed to be resistant and last long. Moreover, it is

possible to see side effects when they are given at high dose, as they cause the formation of drug -

resistant bacterias and , to threat public health when they are given low dose.

The aim of this study is to determine the direct or indirect effects of the metabolites of drugs and

personal care products after they mix in the ecosystem. İn the design of the study, first we analysed

drugs and cosmetics as a pollution source, evaluating the elimination ways. Then, we manage to

determine the waste products which are not able to eliminated by classic ways, products of drug

factories and possible risks of them. At last we discuss possible precautions.

Keywords: Cosmetics Waste, Drug waste, Feacal waste, Medical waste, Waste

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Land Use Change in Izmit Bay Catchment

Güleda Önkal Engin*1, Meltem Çelen

2

1 Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey.

(E-mail: gengin@yildiz.edu.tr)

2 Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Turkey.

(E-mail: mkocal@gtu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Izmit bay located in north-west part of Turkey has a surface area of 261 km2 and the catchment area of the

bay is 2255 km2. The bay can be divided into three sub-sections. The three sub-sections are connected to each

other by narrow openings. The eastern part is about 15 km in length with an average depth of 30 m. The

largest sub-region of the bay is the central part. Due to population increase, agricultural activity and

urbanization along the coastal areas, the catchment of the Izmit Bay is facing severe water quality related

problems. Some of the major problems faced by the region are deteriorating groundwater and stream water as

well as coastal water quality due to nutrient inputs (nitrogen and phosphorous). There are other environmental

problems related to land-use in the region. In this study it was intended to investigate the land-use change by

comparing the data produced in 1960’s and in 2000’s. For this purpose Geographical Information System

technology was utilized. It should be stated that the change in land use in the catchment started at the

beginning of 1960s with industrialization. Decrease in agricultural activities along with industrialization and

immigration are the most significant reasons that affect the change of land-use in the Izmit bay catchment. It

was observed that the number of industrial areas have increased 10 fold whereas agricultural lands reduced by

half. All these changes and their environmental impacts in the region are investigated thoroughly.

Keywords: Izmit Bay Catchment, Land Use Change, Environmental Impact

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Unplanned Urbanization be Evaluation in terms of Landscape Architecture

(ICOCEE), Cappadocia 2015

Gülden SANDAL ERZURUMLU

Niğde University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Niğde, Turkey.

E-mail: gpeyzaj@nigde.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Unplanned Urbanization be Evaluation in terms of Landscape Architecture

Environmental degradation has occurred due to the rapid population growth from the village to the city.

Continuous flow of people from rural areas, has led to the growth of our city every year. A result of such a

rapid population growth , the city is surrounded by a slum ; A large proportion of the urban population is trying

to shelter in makeshift housing. Unconscious and unplanned development of settlements arisen itself without

taking into consideration of the natural beauties of the land harms the ecologic balance by hindering

sustainability of natural resources. This article reviews the studies on the effects of natural spaces on human

well being and health, and provides a critical discussion of their results.

Keywords:Environmental degradation, Landscape architecture, Nigde, Rural Areas, Urbanization.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Life Cycle Assessment of Fossil Fuel-Fired Thermal Power Plant

E.Ü. Deveci1, Ç.Ş. Sağlam

2*, Ü.K. Çakir

3, K. Bayrak

4

1,3,4

Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Nigde University, TURKEY

(E-mail: ecedeveci@gmail.com, ukemalcakir@gmail.com, kadriye_yakamoz@gmail.com) 2 Boğaziçi University Fuel and Energy Technologies Program, M.Sci (csafaksaglam@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Thermal power plants are industrial facilities generating electricity power by means of combustion of fossil

fuels such as coal, fuel oil and natural gas. Considering all generation steps, it is obvious that there are many

environmental and social impacts resulted from termal power plant investments. If these impacts are not

assessed, adressed and mitigated sufficiently, adverse impacts are unavoidable. Potential environmental

impacts of a termal power plant can be classified as stack emissions, particulate matter emissions due to ash

transport and disposal, coal mining, storage and transportation and excavation activities ; raw water usage

from natural sources, waste water generation, environmental noise and vibration and solid wastes.

Life cycle assessment is a method utilized to identify, report and manage possible environmental impacts

throughout various stages of a product or service production starting from raw material supply to all related

production, transportation, end-user cycle including waste disposal.

In this study, it is aimed to apply life cycle analysis into thermal power plant investments and to determine

optimum power generation process causing less environmental impact, address the impacts likely to occur

during different life cycle stages and figure out how these impacts may change the environment if not

mitigated properly, to select best available technologies in order to abate air pollution, water pollution and

soil pollution. Emission abatement techniques are other focus area of the study to reduce environmental load

of a fossil fuel-fired power plant.

In the recent years, Turkey is one of the countries where many new thermal power plants are being invested

and many existing thermal power plants are being renovated. The main purpose of this study enlightens

environmental impacts of such facilities and how these impacts can be managed in a scientific point of view.

Keywords: Thermal Power Plant, Fossil Fuel, Life Cycle Assessment, Environmental Impact

200

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

From Environmental Audit of Land to Baseline Report: Polish implementation of the EU Directive on

Industrial Emissions in the Context of Soil Protection

Andrzej Kulig1

1 Technical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Environmental Engineering,

ul. Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, POLAND.

(E-mail: Andrzej.Kulig@is.pw.edu.pl)

ABSTRACT

In Poland, in the past twenty five years, numerous transformations of the economic modus operandi and

social rules were accompanied by fundamental changes introduced in the area of technical, organisational

and, especially, legal environmental protection. Changes in the land protection proceeded at a relatively slow.

The first regulations were introduced in this subject area under Environmental Protection Law Act of 2001.

Regulation on Soil Quality Standards and Land Quality Standards from 2002, defined the permissible soil

pollution level depending on the type of land development, soil properties (water permeability) and the depth

of the examined horizon. A list of pollutants contains 57 substances, including 12 metals. The next regulation

comes from the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union as Polish Environmental

Damage Prevention and Repair Act in 2007.

Under Availability of Information on Environment and Environmental Protection, and General Public

Participation in Environmental Protection, and Environmental Impact Assessment Act of 2008,

environmental research and assessments conducted and made in Poland encompass projected outcomes of

implementation of various policies, strategies, plans or programmes as well as environmental impact

assessments for planned projects. Additionally, Environmental Protection Law Act of 2001 provides for

environmental (ecological) audits of installations or, more broadly, existing facilities. An Environmental

Audit of Land carried out in order to determine the extent of land degradation and the reasons behind it is a

specific form of analysis and assessment. Its scope depends mainly on the objective of the research as it is in

the case of an environmental audit of a plant, facility or installation. Interpretation of the results produced by

the field survey is made in accordance with formal requirements (i.e. qualitative criteria and standards).

After a few years of those laws being in force, amendments have been introduced, resulting from the need to

implement the EU directive on industrial emissions i.a. to soil and land. The paper present the brief history of

legal regulation of the land protection in Poland and development of methodological aspects of the

investigations of the state of soil pollution.

Keywords: baseline report, environmental audit, land protection, legal environmental protection, soil

pollution.

201

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Development of Novel Cements with Optimized Carbon Capture Capabilities

C. Unluer*1

1 School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, SINGAPORE

(E-mail: ucise@ntu.edu.sg)

ABSTRACT

Currently produced at a rate of >3 Bt/year, Portland cement (PC) is the most widely used construction

material in the world. It is responsible for 5-7% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, due to a combination

of the decomposition of limestone and high calcination temperatures used for the process (1450˚C).

Therefore, there are major global pressures on the cement industry to reduce its emissions. Mineral CO2

sequestration, combining alkaline earth metals (i.e. Mg) with CO 2 to form stable carbonates, is a safe

and rapid approach for reducing industrial CO2 emissions. Reactive magnesia (MgO) cements have

received significant attention in the technical press due to their technical and sustainability credentials

over PC including their lower manufacturing temperatures (~700°C); ability to sequester significant

quantities of CO2, becoming carbon neutral and leading to high strengths; significant durability

advantages; and complete recyclability when used alone.

The presented work focuses on the use of reactive MgO in porous applications, where it carbonates by

absorbing CO2 and gains strength accordingly. The main goal involves maximizing the amount of CO 2

absorbed within construction products, thereby reducing the overall impact of the construction industry.

Microstructural analyses including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and

thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) are used in addition to porosity,

permeability, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing to understand the performance

mechanisms. XRD Reference Intensity Ratio, acid digestion and TG/DTA are utilized to quantify the

amount of CO2 sequestered, with the goal of achieving 100% carbonation through careful mix design,

leading to a range of carbon neutral products with high strengths. As a result, blocks stronger than those

of PC were produced, where up to 1 ton CO2/ton MgO was achieved in terms of CO2 sequestration.

This was equivalent to the amount emitted during the production of MgO, therefore resulting in carbon

neutral products.

Keywords: CO2 sequestration, Mechanical performance, MgO cements, Sustainable construction materials,

Thermal decomposition

202

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Different Climate Conditions effect on Thermal Conductivity Coefficient and Indoor

Environment

Deniz YILMAZ*1, Hande BEZCİ ZEREN

2, Cengiz YILMAZ

3, Timuçin İNCE

4

1, 4

ISTANBUL AREL UNIVERSITY, Mechanical Engineering Department, TURKEY.

(E-mail: denizyilmaz@arel.edu.tr, timucinince@arel.edu.tr)

3 ISTANBUL AREL UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering Department, TURKEY.

(E-mail:cengizyilmaz@arel.edu.tr)

2 ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, Mechanical Engineering Department, TURKEY.

(E-mail: handebezci@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

One of the most important criteria for the selection of building materials is the climatic conditions where the

building is located. If traditional structures have been examined, it can be seen that they have been built with

the best materials depending on the climatic characteristics. Selection of appropriate materials according to

climate characteristics are very important in terms of energy savings which is today's most important research

topics. Due to the Energy performance of buildings directive, identification is mandatory for all buildings.

Due to the use of unsuitable building materials for present climatic conditions, the energy loss is occurred

from buildings through heat transfer to the environment. As is known, if a rigid body has temperature

differences, heat transfer takes place by conduction from low temperature to high temperature region. The

conduction heat transfer is determined by the Fourier law. Fourier law includes a proportionality constant “k”

called as the thermal conductivity coefficient that is a feature of the material and is a function of temperature.

Therefore it is one of the most important parameters in choosing materials for heat transfer.

In this study, considering the different climatic conditions (tropical, climate, moderate climate, cold climate

conditions separately) and for the different building materials, and temperatures, thermal conductivity

coefficient will be measured and determined.

Using this data a building modeling has been done and temperature distribution within the building will be

examined.

Keywords: Climate, CFD, Thermal Conductivity.

203

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Some Physical and Chemical Properties of the Building Structure Stones Used in Arapgir,

Malatya

Serhat Aksungur*1, Tarkan Koca

2 and Alper T. Özgüler

3

1 Inonu University, Malatya, TURKEY.

(E-mail: serhat.aksungur@.inonu.edu.tr)

2 Inonu University, Malatya, TURKEY.

(E-mail: tarkan.koca@inonu.edu.tr)

3 Tunceli University, Tunceli, TURKEY.

(E-mail: atozguler@tunceli.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, the physical properties of the stone have been investigated which is used intensively in

some village of Arapgir district of Malatya province, and preferred by the region people in terms of

ease of processing and thermal properties of this stones. The purpose of this study, determine what type

of features this stones have which is name "Sal Stone", as a structural element. For this, stone samples

were taken, chemical analyzes were carried out, thermal conductivity and strength tests are made. As a

result, the present day structural elements were compared with these stones.

Keywords: Arapgir, Concrete, Sal stone, Structural element, Thermal conductivity,

204

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigate Some Physical Properties of the Structure Stones Located in Çemişgezek and Analysis

of the Use as Building Element

Alper T. Özgüler*1, Tarkan Koca

2 and Serhat Aksungur

3

1 Tunceli University, Tunceli, TURKEY.

(E-mail: atozguler@tunceli.edu.tr)

2 Inonu University, Malatya, TURKEY.

(E-mail: tarkan.koca@inonu.edu.tr)

3 Inonu University, Malatya, TURKEY.

(E-mail: serhat.aksungur@,inonu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, the physical properties of the stone have been investigated which is preferred in terms of

ease of processing and situated extensively in Çemişgezek district of Tunceli province. The purpose of

this study, determine what type of features this stones have as a structural element. For this, stone

samples were taken, chemical analyzes were carried out, thermal conductivity and strength tests ar e

made. As a result, this stones compared with present day structural elements and usability of this stone

amongst present day structural elements was investigated.

Keywords: Compressive strength, Concrete, Çemişgezek, Physical properties, Structural element.

205

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Development of lightweight cement composites with low thermal conductivity for energy efficient

buildings

Min-Hong Zhang*1, and Yunpeng Wu

2

1, 2

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, SINGAPORE (E-

mail: mhzhang@nus.edu.sg, wuyunpeng@nus.edu.sg)

ABSTRACT

Energy efficient building is defined as achieving satisfactory internal environment and service with minimum

energy consumption. One of the most important parameters that affect the heat transfer through building

envelope is thermal conductivity. For concrete, the thermal conductivity is influenced primarily by the

thermal conductivity of raw materials used, mix proportion, void content, and moisture condition of the

concrete.

The thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete is generally lower than that of normal weight concrete due

to the lower thermal conductivity of air (0.03 W/m.K). Although introducing voids in concrete will reduce its

thermal conductivity and increase its insulation capacity, mechanical properties such as strengths and elastic

modulus are generally compromised.

This study focuses on developing lightweight cement composites (LCC) which have low thermal conductivity

but sufficient strength that may be used for structural applications. The lightweight was achieved by

incorporating hollow cenospsheres from fly ash generated in thermal power plants. The LCC developed had

1-day densities of about 1150 – 1470 kg/m3 and 28-day compressive strengths of 33.0 - 69.4 MPa. Properties

of the LCC were compared with those of cement pastes with comparable water/binder (w/b) and those of a

concrete with 28-day compressive strength of about 65 MPa.

Results indicate that the compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the LCC were

reduced with the decrease in density. However, compressive and flexural tensile strength of 69.4 and 7.3 MPa

were achieved for the LCC, respectively, similar to those of the cement paste with w/b of 0.35 and the

concrete. Thermal conductivity of the LCC was significantly lower than that of the cements pastes and

concrete. The thermal conductivity of the LCC was 80% lower that of the concrete of comparable 28-day

compressive strength.

Keywords: cement composite, cenospheres, lightweight, mechanical property, thermal conductivity.

Acknowledgment: Authors acknowledge the financiar support by Singapore National Research Foundation

through the Singapore-Berkeley Building Efficiency and Sustainability in the Tropics (SinBerBEST)

Program.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A Study on Anisotropy of Composites and Nanomaterials used in Construction Industry

Çiğdem Dinçkal*1

1*

Çiğdem Dinçkal’ Department of Civil Engineering, Çankaya University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: cdinckal@cankaya.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Anisotropic materials become the material of choice in civil engineering applications in the last century.

Many construction materials are anisotropic and inhomogeneous due to the varying composition of their

constituents. In order to perceive the physical properties of these materials, use of elastic constant tensor in

various representations become important.

Hence, this study aims at presenting a different procedure namely, orthogonal irreducible representations

of elastic constant tensor by which elastic constant tensor of a material is decomposed into orthogonal

irreducible decomposed parts. This means that decomposed parts are orthogonal to each other. Since

orthogonality conditions have been fulfilled. The term ''irreducible'' indicates sets that cannot be

resolved into subsets with separate linear transformations. The irreducible tensors of elastic constant

tensor have special names; scalar (zero-rank tensor of valence 0), deviator (second-rank tensor of

valence 2) and nonor (fourth-rank tensor of valence 4). In this study elastic constant tensor of any

nanomaterials and composites can be written as the direct sum of these irreducible tensors in the

Cartesian representation. This decomposition process has been applied to selected composites such as

laminates and nanomaterials. Numerical examples have been given by using elastic constants of these

materials.

There are significant results inferred from this study.

One of them is to demonstrate that it is possible to analyze anisotropic property of these materials in detail by

this method.

Other one is to introduce norm concept and its applications such as norm and norm ratio calculations of each

irreducible decomposed parts for determination of anisotropy degree of laminates and nanomaterials.

To summarize, this study offers a different outlook for investigating anisotropy of composites and

nanomaterials used in construction industry with use of elastic constants only.

Keywords: Anisotropy, Elastic constant tensor, Irreducible decomposed parts, Orthogonality, Norm.

207

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Experimental Study on Stabilization of Sand Soil by Cement and Marble Dust

A. Pekrioğlu Balkıs1

1,

Civil Engineering, Cyprus International University, TRNC.

(E-mail: apekrioglu@ciu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Soil stabilization is needed to increase the soil strength and/or decrease its permeability. There are many

materials used in soil stabilization. Soil stabilization is done generally by using cement, lime, fly ash and

asphalt emulsions because of their relatively lower cost, ability to be applied easily and their existance. Due

to excessive mining, natural resources are getting exhausted. Thus, it is advantagous to find the utilization

area of waste materials in soil stabilization. Marble is one of the important materials used in the construction

industry. Marble dust creates worldwide environmental problems.

The present study is aimed to utilize waste marble dust in soil stabilization. In this study, marble dust which

is the by-product of marble cutting industries has been used as a replacement material in cement

mixtures to stabilize sand soil. Study covers, 5 mix groups (20, 40, 60 and 80% cement replacement) for a

slump value of 150 mm were studied with 20, 40, 60 and 80% sand to examine the effect of cement

replacement on the paste and how the mix proportions (combinations) changes the physical and mechanical

properties of the sand. The compressive strength and porosity properties have been determined after

stabilization. Test results indicated that the addition of cement to soil increases stiffness, brittleness, and peak

strength. Marble dust addition improves the soil properties as it shows cementitious properties.

Keywords: Marble dust, permeability reduction, sand, soil stabilization, strength

208

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Moisture Damage Characteristic of Polymer and Wax Modified Asphalt Mixtures

M. Bayazit1, Y.Taşdemir*

1 , E. Kolay

2 and G.Küçük

3

1,

Bozok University, Department of Civil Engineering, Yozgat, TURKEY.

(E-mail: mehmet.bayazit@bozok.edu.tr, *yukseltasdemir@gmail.com)

2 Bozok University, Department of Geological Engineering, Yozgat, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ersin.kolay@bozok.edu.tr)

3 11. Regional Directorate of Highways, Van, TURKEY.

(E-mail: gkucuk@kgm.gov.tr)

ABSTRACT

The road construction phase is the one of sources of greenhouse gases which causes climatic changes.

Researches are done to decrease greenhouse gases and energy consumption. The asphalt industry is getting

more aware of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology. The viscosity of the bitumen which contain WMA

additive is lower than normal bitumen at high temperatures. Therefore the mixing and compaction

temperatures of the WMA mixtures may be lower, reduced mixing temperature leads to a reduction in

emission and energy consumption.

The scope of this study is to evaluate the moisture damage characteristics of the unmodified and polymer

modified asphalt mixtures which contain WMA additives. The polymer modified bitumen were produced by

adding polymer additive which is commonly used in Turkey in 70/100 penetration grade bitumen. Bitumen

properties were determined by conventional test methods and, the mixing and compaction temperatures of the

bitumen were determined by Brookfield viscometer.

Two different types of additives (Fischer Tropsch wax, S and Montan wax, MW ) by weight of %4 were

added to unmodified and polymer modified bitumen to produce asphalt mixtures. The crashed aggregate was

obtained from Karayazi quarry of Nevşehir/Turkey and used to prepare asphalt mixtures. The mixture was

designed using the Marshall Method. AASHTO T283 tests were used to evaluate the moisture susceptibility

of mixtures. The wax S and wax MW modification the unmodified asphalt mixture become more moisture

susceptible than unmodified asphalt mixture. The wax S and wax MW modification showed positive moisture

performance on polymer modified asphalt mixtures.

Keywords: AASHTO T-283 test procedure, Moisture Susceptibility, Polymer Modified Warm Mix Asphalt.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Bozok University, Scientific Research Project Funding for their

financial support [Project number: 2013MMF A/59].

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

MgO-cement based matrix composites reinforced with hemp hurds

N. Stevulova*1, J. Cigasova

1, I. Schwarzova

1 and J. Junak

1

and

1 Department of Material Engineering/Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering,

Technical University of Kosice, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: nadezda.stevulova@tuke.sk, julia.cigasova@tuke.sk, ivana.schwarzova@tuke.sk,

jozef.junak@tuke.sk)

ABSTRACT

Innovative building solutions for conserving non-renewable resources are connected with the development

of sustainable building materials based on the use easily renewable natural raw material resources. There

is a growing interest in the utilization of natural lignocellulosic fibres (bio-fibres usually derived from plants)

as organic filler and/or reinforcement into lightweight composites for sustainable constructions providing a

healthy living in buildings. Such new materials made from natural fibres with inorganic matrix are called as

“green” composites/concretes. Excellent physical and mechanical properties of annual plant belonging to the

Cannabis family - hemp predetermine its use in building materials. Growing trend in using hemp hurds (fibres

from core) as waste material from bast fibres production in lightweight composite preparation is recorded in

recent years.

This paper aims to summarize the results of our experimental study intending to the application of hemp

hurds into composites using alternative binder of MgO-cement. The parameters (mean particle length, volume

portion and chemical composition of hemp hurds; hardening time) affecting the physical (density, thermal

conductivity coefficient and water sorption behaviour) and mechanical properties (compressive strength) of

hemp composite were studied. Impact of chemical modification of filler (in three reagents) on properties of

composites was monitored.

The progress in the values of the strength parameters in dependence on hardening time for all composites was

observed. The lower mean particle length and volume portion of hemp hurds led to higher compressive

strength values. The values of thermal conductivity coefficient and density of hemp composites were

comparable to other building materials. In case of composites based on chemically treated hemp hurds the

lower values of compressive strength and thermal conductivity coefficient were observed in comparison to

referential composite (based on original hemp hurds). The comparative study of long-term water sorption

behaviour of composites reinforced with original and chemically modified hemp hurds confirmed that surface

treatment of filler influences the sorption process. It relates to change in the chemical composition of hemp

hurds after chemical modification.

Keywords: hemp hurds, MgO-cement, lightweight composite

Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful to the Slovak Grant Agency for financial support of the project

[VEGA 1/0277/15].

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Multi-objective decision model of supplies performed by means of distribution center

for small and medium construction enterprises

Michał Tomczak*1

and Robert Bucoń2

1, 2

Department of Construction Project Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Lublin University of

Technology, POLAND.

(E-mail: m.tomczak@pollub.pl, r.bucon@pollub.pl)

ABSTRACT

Despite the fact that 99% of construction firms in Europe are small and medium enterprises (SME), the

literature on supply chain management in civil engineering focuses on issues typical for large corporations.

Thus, the supply chain problems of small businesses are neglected. Furthermore, the character of the

building trade impedes the direct implementation of modern logistic solutions into project and enterprise

management. In this paper, authors present barriers and obstacles to applying the idea of integrated supply

chain management to small and medium construction enterprises. This study proposes the concept of cluster

supply chain which can contribute to increase of building SME’s competitive strength. Moreover, the paper

describes a multi-objective mathematical model, which depicts the “milk runs” problem. Values of the criteria

were based on a survey conducted among construction managers and engineers. The model can be

implemented to describe operations of a distribution center, which is the part of a cluster supply chain.

Keywords: mathematical programming, milk runs, multi-objective optimization, small and medium

enterprises, cluster supply chain.

Acknowledgment: This work was financially supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education within

the statutory research number S/63/2015.

211

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Thermal energy storage using phase change materials in a building for better energy efficiency in

summer period

F. Boudali errebai*1

, S. Chikh2, L. Derradji

3, M. Amara

4

1, 3, 4

Building Physics and Environment Devision (DPBE), National Centre for Building Integrated Studies

and Research (CNERIB), Algiers, Algeria.

(E-mail: b-farid@yahoo.fr, lotfi.derradji@yahoo.fr, amaramohamed2@yahoo.fr)

1, 2

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Process Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bab

Ezzouar Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria.

(E-mail: salahchikh@yahoo.fr)

ABSTRACT

In order to reduce building energy consumption and improve indoors comfort conditions, the envelope

optimization is one of the most effective ways. Indeed, the supplied energy is not consumed by the building,

but by the installed equipment (heating, air conditioning ... etc). To correct defects in the building envelope

and ensure thermal comfort while reducing energy consumption and green house gas emissions, it is

necessary to optimize heat transfer by designing a more efficient building envelope.

This paper aims to study the thermal behavior of a building incorporating Phase Change Materials (PCM) in

its envelope (as a way to improveits thermal inertia), through simulations, with the dynamic DesignBuilder

software which uses the EnergyPlus calculation engine software. It aims too to study the influence of PCM on

thermal comfort and energy consumption in the summer period.

In this paper, a comparison is made between a home that has an ordinary envelope and homes which have an

envelope containing different types of PCM (different phase change temperatures) with and without the

integration of thermal insulation in the building envelope.

These simulations have been made, taking into consideration the climate of northern Algeria which is of the

mediterranean kind.

The results found showed that the choice of the MCP melting temperature plays an important role in ensuring

the energy efficiency of a home and the use of PCM in residential buildings contribute to the mitigation of

fast fluctuations of temperature and prevent over heating during the summer period which improves the

thermal comfort inside the home. It was also found that the use of MCP allows to limit heat gain through the

envelope, which is an energy saving factor for cooling in summer.

Keywords: Phase Change Material, Energy Efficiency, Energy Saving, Thermal Comfort.

Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful to GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) for

providing the DesignBuilder software license.

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Use of phase change materials in the walls to improve thermal comfort

L. DERRADJI1,2*

, A. HAMID3, M. AMARA

4, F. BOUDALI ERREBAI

5

,Y. MAOUDJ6

1,4,5,6 National Center of Studies and Integrated Research on Building Engineering (CNERIB), Cité Nouvelle

El Mokrani, Souidania, Algiers, Algeria. 2,3

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Blida, BP 270 route de soumma, Blida, Algeria.

* (Corresponding author. Email: lotfi.derradji @ yahoo.fr)

ABSTRACT

In Algeria, the building sector is the largest consumer of energy among the economic sectors, with 41% of

national energy and 21% of CO2 emissions. Much of this energy consumption is derived from the use of

heating and air conditioning systems for thermal comfort to the occupants in winter time and summer,

respectively. It is therefore necessary to reduce the energy consumption and the environmental impact of the

sector in promoting the concept of low-energy buildings.

The use of phase change materials (PCM) is a solution to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. The

phase change materials (PCM) can store heat to compensate for the mismatch between supply and hourly heat

demand in a building, such as the storage of solar thermal energy for heating during the evening.

The main objective of this work is to demonstrate the possibility of using microencapsulated PCM with

plaster to improve the thermal comfort under the algerian climate and to achieve energy savings for buildings.

Three cells were built with the walls of the conventional type in Algeria using an interior coating

plaster/PCM. The cells are located in the Algiers region, more precisely in the village of Souidania.

Measurement instruments have been installed to determine the influence of PCM on the thermal behaviour of

these cells during summer without cooling and during winter with heating. Thermocouples were installed

inside the cells in order to measure the temperature of the inner face of the walls and the air temperature. The

outdoor temperature and the direct solar radiation were also measured. The measurement results show that the

use of a gypsum plaster incorporating 30 % PCM contributes to a reduction of the amplitude of indoor

temperature of the cell by 4 °C in the summer period.

Keywords: Phase change material, thermal behavior, energy efficiency, thermal comfort, cell.

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Investigation of Infill Wall Effect for the Seismic Performance of RC Structures

S. Mert1, Ö. Boztaş*

2 and G. Arslan

3

1, 2

Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye

(E-mail: mertserhat@gmail.com, omerboztas@gmail.com)

3 Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye

(E-mail: aguray@yildiz.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, the effect of infill walls on the structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with

distortional irregularity under earthquake excitation has been studied. With the aim to determine this effect, RC

buildings with and without infill walls of 5 and 7 floors were modeled by using SAP2000 analysis program and

their pushover curves have been obtained by Nonlinear Static Procedure (NSP) which is proposed in the Turkish

Seismic Code (TSC, 2007). Earthquake performance has been obtained by NSP. At the phase of adding infill

walls to the system material values indicated in TSC 2007 have been used and as a method which is accepted in

conducted studies, the method of equivalent compression strut model has been used. According to the results,

more damage has been said to occur in models without infill walls. Columns located in significant damage state

have transited to the minimum damage state with the inclusion of infill walls. Whereas beams in heavy damage

state have remained in significant damage state in the models with infill walls. As a consequence, RC buildings

that do not satisfy life safety performance level designated in the TSC have satisfied life safety performance

level when the contribution made to the building by infill walls against lateral loads is taken to account.

Keywords: Infill wall effect; Performance evaluation; Reinforced concrete; Structures; Pushover analysis;

Nonlinear analysis.

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Contribution to the amelioration of Mechanical Behavior of Mortar Based on limestone Mineral

Admixture substitution at curing Temperature

Ilham Aguida Bella*1, Aissa Asroun

2 and Nabil Bella

3

1, 3

Department of civil engineer, Mohammed TAHRI University, ALGERIA.

(E-mail: ilham_aguida@yahoo.fr, bella5dz@yahoo.fr)

2 Department of civil engineer, Djillali Liabes University, ALGERIA.

(E-mail: a_asroun@yahoo.fr)

ABSTRACT

Currently, the concrete material has become a very expensive material because the high price of

aggregates, the aggregate factories consumes a big quantity of energy; by consequence, it costs money,

in the other hand it produces a lot of SCM's. The main aspects which guide this study is the current

tendency to make concrete based on a very abundant material, which are crushed limestone aggregates.

The desired objective of this study is the use of local materials mainly SCM (sustainable concrete

materials) in our case crushed limestone. Our SCM, is the result of crushed manufactory, contain 40 %

of fine limestone, the other part is composed by different size of aggregates. Based on this context, This

research is based on the use of the local material existing in very large quantity and available locally,

the main aspect are economic and environmental parts, using local materials will be very important in

the field of construction to decrease the price of concrete. Nowadays the technology in construction

field offer several kind of chemical admixture, this different kind of chemical admixture offer different

behaviour at the fresh state of the batch and by Consequence its result with different mechanical

behaviour at the solid state of concrete, this study focus on the behaviour of the new kind of admixture

at fresh and solid states. The results obtained in this study summarize up the importance of the curing

temperature during development of the mechanical characteristics of mor tar based on SCM and new

generation of superplasticizer.

Keywords: curing temperature, limestone, mortar, substitution, superplasticizer.

Acknowledgment: The authors grateful acknowledge to Sika Aldjazair stuff, especially Mr Billal Announ

and Mm Khedim Khadidja (R&D Department) for providing chemical admixture. Also The authors grateful

LTPO laboratory and GC laboratory of Bechar University.

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Correlation analysis as a method for concrete deterioration investigation

V. Ondrejka Harbulakova1, A. Estokova*

2, P. Purcz

3, A. Luptakova

4

1Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering,

Institute of Environmental Engineering, SLOVAKIA

(vlasta.harbulakova@tuke.sk) 2Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Material Engineering, Institute

of Environmental Engineering, SLOVAKIA

(adriana.estokova@tuke.sk) 3Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics,

SLOVAKIA

(pavol.purcz@tuke.sk) 4 Slovak Academy of Science, Institute of Geotechnics, SLOVAKIA

(luptakal@saske.sk)

ABSTRACT

Existing evidence has shown corrosion problems in many concrete structures exposed to an aggressive

aqueous environment containing soluble sulphates. Soluble calcium and sodium sulphates occur

normally in the ground, in waste water and in various industrial processes. Magnesium sulphates are

less common, although they are more destructive. Because of a lack of standardized methods, different

test methods have been used, and various parameters have been modified to evaluate the resistance of

the concrete materials against sulphates exposition.

The paper is aimed at the investigation of the aggressive aluminum sulphate influence on the concrete

material with and without coal fly ash as cement replacement. Distilled water was used as reference

medium. Si, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn and Cu ions dissolved from the cement matrix into leachants were

measured. The laboratory experiment proceeded in five 7-day cycles. Determination of concentration of

selected ions considering mutual dependence on pH and its dependency on time is presented. Very high

closeness between the correlation coefficient of chemical elements and pH was observed for both media

and both concrete compositions. High closeness was also determined between Ca-Si and Al-Fe in case

of reference samples in distilled water. On the contrary, no Ca-Si correlation was calculated in

aluminium sulphate solution.

Keywords: Sulphate environment, Cement composite, Concrete deterioration, Chemical attack, Concrete

leaching

Acknowledgment: This research has been carried out within the Grant No. 2/0145/15 of the Slovak Grant

Agency for Science.

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The effect of zeolite additive as a durability improver of building materials

A. Estokova*1, M. Kovalcikova

2 and A. Sicakova

3

1, 2, 3

Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering,

Vysokoškolská 4, 042 00 Košice, SLOVAK REPUBLIC

(E-mail: adriana.estokova@tuke.sk, martina.kovalcikova@tuke.sk, alena.sicakova@tuke.sk)

ABSTRACT

The use of natural zeolites as pozzolanic materials in construction dates back 3000 years, to the Greek and

Roman periods when zeolites occurred as altered volcanic ash, tuff, and trass were used with lime in mortars

and concretes for construction. The present studies provide laboratory investigations of the effects of

incorporation of zeolite as a pozzolan at various levels of substitutions of portland cement (from 0 to 40

percent by mass of total cementitious materials) on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and on

concrete durability (alkali-aggregate reaction, drying shrinkage, chloride permeability, and resistance to acid

and sulphate attacks). Sulphates and acids, naturally occurring in soil and groundwater, are the agents most

likely to attack concrete material. The destructive effects can be serious resulting in expansion and softening

of the concrete to mush. Therefore, durable concrete requires good specification for different uses and site

environmental conditions.

The paper presents the results of the comparative resistance study of the Slovak origin zeolite based cement

composites exposed to the sulphate and chloride environment. The various aggressive media was used for the

experiment: sulphuric acid with pH 4.2, hydrochloric acid with pH 5.07, drinking and distilled water,

respectively. The laboratory experiment proceeded over a period of 90 days under model conditions. The

mass changes of samples as well as the changes in the elemental concentrations of calcium and silicon in

liquid leachates were observed.

Experimental studies confirmed: the leaching of silicon ions calculated to 1 g of concrete sample was highest

(7.951 mg/g) for concrete sample exposed to the sulphuric acid. The highest concentration of leached

calcium ions (2.546 mg/g of sample) was observed for samples placed in distilled water. The calculated Si/Ca

ratios in leachates varied from 1.22 to 7.94 in dependence on the medium.

Keywords: cement composites, hydrochloric acid, leaching, sulphuric acid, zeolite.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Slovak Grant Agency for Science for their financial support [Grant

No. 2/0145/15].

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The water absorption by capillarity in structural lightweight concrete

J. Alexandre Bogas *1, M. Glória Gomes

2 and Sofia Real

3

1, 2, 3

Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture. Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of

Lisbon. Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.

(E-mail: abogas@civil.ist.utl.pt, mgloria@civil.ist.utl.pt, sofia.real@ist.utl.pt)

ABSTRACT

In this paper the capillary absorption of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) produced with

different types of expanded clay aggregates is characterized. To this end, a comprehensive experimental

study was carried out on different concrete compositions with mean compressive strengths from 30 to

70 MPa and density classes from D1.6 to D2.0. It was thus possible to cover the most usual LWAC.

The influence of different parameters in the capillary absorption are analyzed: the volume and initial

water content of lightweight aggregate (LWA); the cement content and its replacement by fly ash or

silica fume; the partial replacement of normal weight aggregate by lightweight coarse or fine aggregate;

different curing conditions. The initial and long-term absorption of LWAC shows to be higher than that

of normal weight concrete (NWC). However, the coefficient of absorption is little affected by the type

and volume of aggregate, even taking into account different w/c ratios. Silica fume shows to be

effective in the reduction of capillary absorption, but the sorptivity increase as the replacement of

cement by fly ash increases. The replacement of cement by fly ash increased The initial pre -saturation

of LWA increases the capillary absorption of concrete. For a given strength class, the sorptivity of

LWAC tends to be lower that of NWC, because the capillary absorption is more strongly affected by

the quality of the paste.

Keywords: Lightweight aggregate; lightweight aggregate concrete; capillary absorption; pozzolanic

additions.

Acknowledgment: The research work presented herein was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for

Science and Technology (FCT), under grant PTDC/ECM-COM1734/2012. The authors also wish to thank

CEris-IST for funding the research and the Argex, Saint-Gobain Weber Portugal, BASF and SECIL for

supplying the materials used in the experiments.

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Chloride migration resistance of structural lightweight concrete

J. Alexandre Bogas *1, Sofia Real

2 and M. Glória Gomes

3

1, 2, 3

Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture. Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of

Lisbon. Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.

(E-mail: abogas@civil.ist.utl.pt, sofia.real@ist.utl.pt, mgloria@civil.ist.utl.pt)

ABSTRACT

In the present paper the chloride penetration resistance of structural lightweight aggregate concrete

(LWAC) of very distinct strength (LC12/13-LC55/60) and density (D1.6-D2.0) classes is characterized

by means of rapid chloride migration tests. The study takes into account four types of lightweight

aggregates with very distinct porosities, w/c ratios ranged from 0.35 to 0.55 and seven types of binders,

including different amounts of silica fume and class F fly. It was thus possible to perform a

comprehensive study where the chloride penetration behavior of the most common LWAC is accessed.

The resistivity of LWAC is also analyzed and compared to that of normal weight concrete of equal

composition. It is shown that the chloride penetration resistance is little affected b y the type of

aggregate and that high performance LWAC can be produced. However, the chloride penetration

resistance can be strongly affected by the quality of the paste, i.e., the type of binder and water/binder

ratio. A high exponential correlation is obtained between the coefficient of diffusion and w/c ratio,

regardless the type of aggregate. The resistivity is mainly affected by the microstructure of concrete and

composition of its pore solution. Contrary to what is suggested in some standards, the concrete strength

cannot properly predict the chloride penetration behavior of LWAC. It is concluded that the durability

performance of LWAC with less porous aggregates can be at least as high as that of normal weight

concrete.

Keywords: Lightweight aggregate; lightweight aggregate concrete; chloride penetration; pozzolanic

additions.

Acknowledgment: The research work presented herein was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for

Science and Technology (FCT), under grant PTDC/ECM-COM1734/2012. The authors also wish to thank

CEris-IST for funding the research and the Argex, Saint-Gobain Weber Portugal, BASF and SECIL for

supplying the materials used in the experiments.

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EFFECT OF SAND GRADATION ON THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SAND-CEMENT

MIXTURES

(A COMPARATIVA STUDY)

S. H. Al-hadama1, A. Al Shenawy

1, T. Y. Elkady1

1

1 Civil Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

(saddamalhudimah@yahoo.com , salhdama@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to describe the comparative study of the (compaction curve, unconfined compressive

strength (UCS), and durability of Sand-cement Mixtures after curing 7 and 28days with cement content

3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% per dry weight for both red and white sand. The results of the study showed the

maximum dry unit weight of red sand and white sand was found to increase with the increase in the

cement content while the optimum moisture content increasing marginally for white sand but decreasing

for red sand with the increase in the cement content. White and red sands are satisfying the

requirements for unconfined compressive strength at 12% cement content. The durability (weight loss)

for white and red sands is satisfying the requirement for durability (weight loss) at 6% and 3%

respectively. The curing time has effect significant on strength and durability of sand –cement mixtures.

Keywords: Sand, Sand- cements mixture, unconfined compressive strength, Durability.

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Improvements in Folding and Tessellation as Plate Structures

M.M. Balkıs *1

1, Architecture Department, Faculty of Fine Arts, Cyprus International University, TRNC.

(E-mail: mmbalkis@ciu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Folded structures are three-dimensional structures - spatial structures and it defines a folded form of

construction, including structures derived from elements which form a folded structure by their mutual

relationship in space. For very long time this type of construction has been realized in practice only in

reinforced concrete and made on site, which conditioned the use of a very complicated shell.

Development of prefabricated building led to improvements of this type of construction so that the folded

structures could be derived by assembly of prefabricated elements. The principle of folding as a tool

to develop a general structural shape has been known for a long time. The aerospace and the

automotive industry, e.g. apply this principle to create self-supporting wall, mould and slab elements

with a high load capacity out of flat and thin semi-manufactured metals. Tessellation is a pattern in

which each side touches with no gaps or overlaps. The simplest type of tessellation is formed from regular

polygons. Regular tessellations are tessellations that are made up of only one kind of regular polygon.

Todays approach is to design a process and optimize the structures digitally and with analogue model.

On one hand it is possible to generate digital models out of an analogue model with the help of a 3d-

scanner, on the other hand it is also possible to materialize the digital 3d model with a 3d printer.

Through a parametric structure of the design in a CAD programme the different stages of the procedure

of the planning and the generation of alternatives was simplified. Algorithms of triangulation,

originally applied in finite elements analysis, are used for the discretisation and the form-finding of the

textures of folded plate shells. In this study historical approach and todays approach for application of

folded plates and tessellations will be detailed.

Keywords: 3D Modelling, Building Envelope, Design, Folded Plate Structures, Tessellation

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Investigation of relation of between compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity in the

foam concrete with different density

M. Davraz1 and Ş.Kılınçarslan*

1

1 Natural and Industrial Building Materials Application and Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University,

Isparta, TURKEY.

(E-mail: metindavraz@sdu.edu.tr, seref@tef.sdu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Foam concrete is the type of lightweight concrete. Foamed concrete generally consists of slurry of cement,

water and prompted sand or fly ash. This slurry is further mixed with synthetic aerated foam in a concrete

mixing plant. There is no need to heat treatment to produce foam concrete. The foam is created using a

foaming agent, mixed with water and air from a generator. The foaming agent used must be able to produce

air bubbles with a high level of stability, resistant to the physical and chemical processes of mixing, placing

and hardening. Foam concrete is available floors and walls of the building. Foam concrete is provides heat,

sound and water insulation. Foamed concrete mixture may be poured or pumped into moulds, or directly into

structural elements.

In this study, used type CEM I 42.5 R Portland cement, limestone powder, polypropylene fibers and

superplasticizer additive was produced foam concrete in the range 12 different density from 300 to 1400

kg/m3. Produced samples (28 days) compressive strength, split tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity

were tested. Depending on test results obtained of ultrasonic pulse velocity and dry density foam for

predicting the compressive strength of concrete relations is proposed.

Keywords: Compressive strength, Foam concrete, Ultrasonic pulse velocity

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Investigation of Salt Effect on Stability of Warm Mix Asphalt

Hatice KÖSE1, Mehmet BAYAZİT

2,* and Yüksel TAŞDEMİR

2

1 Bozok University, Directorate of Building Maintenance and Technique, Yozgat, TURKEY.

(E-mail: hatice.kose@bozok.edu.tr)

2,

Bozok University, Department of Civil Engineering, Yozgat, TURKEY.

(E-mail: *mehmet.bayazit@bozok.edu.tr, yukseltasdemir@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The deicing chemicals are used to prevent of freezing on the asphalt pavement on winter conditions. De-icing

chemicals have obvious negative impacts including asphalt concrete corrosion, and environmental

pollution.The salt which is one of the deicing chemicals has been generally used on pavement surface with

different amounts for winter maintenance.

The asphalt industry is getting more aware of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology. The viscosity of the

bitumen which contain WMA additive is lower than normal bitumen at high temperatures. Therefore the

mixing and compaction temperatures of the WMA mixtures may be lower, reduced mixing temperature leads

to a reduction in emission and energy consumption. Researches showed that warm mix asphalt may have

increased rutting resistance depending on the used types of WMA additives without decreasing low

temperature cracking resistance.

In this study the effect of salt on warm mix asphalt mixtures was investigated. 70/100 penetration grade

bitumen and FT Paraffin (Sasobit®) modified base bitumen were used in experimental study. Mixing and

compaction temperature of asphalt mixtures were determined by Brookfield viscometer. The salt was added

to distilled water by weight of 0.8%, 1.6%, 2.1%, 6.5%, 10.4% and salt solution was prepared. Marshall

samples were soaked in the solutions and pure water for seven days. After curing period, Marshall stability

and flow were determined.

According to Marshall Test results, the salt affected the stability negatively. It is observed that warm mix

asphalt samples are more resistance to salt effect than hot mix asphalt samples according to Marshall Stability

values.

Keywords: Marshall Stability, Salt, Warm Mix Asphalt.

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The Effects of Different Plasticizers on the Behavior of Mortars

Evren Arıöz*1, Ömer ARIÖZ

2 and Ö. Mete KOÇKAR

1

1, 3

Anadolu University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 26555, Eskisehir,

Turkey.

(E-mail: evrenbayram@anadolu.edu.tr, mkockar@anadolu.edu.tr)

2 Central Asia CBU Zone Manager, Chryso KAT Construction Materials, Turkey.

(E-mail: omer.arioz@chryso.com.tr)

ABSTRACT

Concrete is one of the most important and most consumed material among structural materials in the

world. In concrete ındustry, new technologies have been developed to improve the characteristics and

the properties of concrete which is produced by mixing cement, water, aggregate, and if required

admixtures. Cement, water, and fine aggregate mixture is called as mortar. Concrete is produced by

adding coarse aggregate to the mortar. Recently, chemical admixtures are mainly used to enhance the

performance of mortars and therefore concrete.

Water/cement ratio is one of the most important factors in mortar and concrete production. Adding

water increases the flowability and provides easy pumpability but reduces directly the compressive

strength. Plasticizers are kind of chemical admixtures which provide high workability with low water

amount.

Plasticizers reduce the water/cement ratio of the mortars and can develop the compressive strength for

cosntant workability. Plasticizers improve flowability for constant water/cement ratio.

In this experimental study, cement, sand, water and two different plasticisers were used to produce

mortars. The flowabilities and compressive strength of the mortars were measured and compared.

Keywords: Admixture, Mortar, Plasticizer, Compressive Strength, Flowability

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An Investigation on Suitability of Dredge Materials on Road Construction

G. Cevikbilen*1, B. Teymur

2 , U. Karadogan

3, H. M. Basar

4, S. Dağlı

5, L. Tolun

6

1, 2, 3

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University,

TURKEY.

(E-mail: cevikbil@itu.edu.tr, teymurb@itu.edu.tr, karadoganum@itu.edu.tr)

4, 5, 6

TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, TURKEY.

(E-mail: merve.basar@tubitak.gov.tr, sonmez.dagli@tubitak.gov.tr, leyla.tolun@tubitak.gov.tr)

ABSTRACT

Ports must be dredged at the time of construction, expansion or deepening, and periodically for

maintenance. The dredged sediments are most commonly dumped in nearby marine waters. The use of

these sediments as construction fill materials might be one of the beneficial usage alternatives. The

nonhazardous dredged material can be assessed as a resource and therefore a raw material that will not

be wasted. This study illustrates the preliminary findings of geotechnical evaluation of dredged

sediments recovered from five port sites placed at Black Sea, Marmara Sea, Aegean Sea and

Mediterranean Sea of Turkey. The grain size distribution and the consistency limit tests were performed

to classify the samples according to AASHTO and Unified Soil Classification system. The variations of

the water content versus dry unit weight of the soils were examined at Standard Proctor energy. The

swelling characteristics of the soil samples compacted to Standard Proctor energy at optimum water

content were observed. Furthermore the strength of the compacted soil samples was tested by California

Bearing Capacity tests. The findings in accordance with the fill material properties determine by

Technical Specifications of Republic of Turkey General Directorate of Highways were discussed.

Keywords: CBR, consistency limits, dredge materials, fill layers

Acknowledgment: The work is a part of DİPTAR Project, financially supported by the Turkish Scientific

and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) 1007 Programme [Project Number 111G036]. We

specially acknowledge to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Ministry of Transport, Maritime

Affairs and Communications and Highways 1st Regional Directorate for their supports in the ports. The

authors would like to thank, Barış Güzel, Pembe Erdoğan and Recep Karademir for their helps in the field.

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Turkey’s Public-Private Partnership Model in the Health, Energy, and Educational Sectors: An

Overview and Critique of the Issues with Recommendations for Improvement

G. Tunc*1, E. Ozsarac

2

1 Civil Engineering Department, Atilim University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: gokhan.tunc@atilim.edu.tr)

2 Project Controls & Proposals Department, Hidro Dizayn, TURKEY.

(E-mail: eozsarac@hidrodizayn.com)

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on projects in Turkey that are currently being built using the public-private

partnership (PPP) model. There are issues related to the model, and specifically to the projects, which

are unique to Turkey. Issues related to the model will be studied in two separate categories: one

pertaining to its legal aspects, the other pertaining to its engineering aspects.

For the legal category, deficiencies of the model specific to Turkey will be studied. Current laws and

legislation will be subjected to criticism in order to highlight uncertainties and problems plaguing the

public and private sectors. Past and future amendments to the existing legal binding documents will be

investigated and discussed in an attempt to understand the evolution of the PPP model in Turkey.

The engineering aspect of the model will also be studied from the contract and construction

management perspectives. Technical issues related to contract documents, as well as those related to

their construction management, will be evaluated. Current construction projects, as well as some in the

bidding phase, will be discussed at length in order to assess progress in this area.

Financing and contract/construction documents will also be investigated as key risk parameters in the

PPP model. Difficulties experienced during the adaption period of the PPP model to Turkey will be

evaluated. The technical shortcomings of the PPP model will be discussed, and a road map for

improvement will be determined to mitigate legal and technical setbacks.

Keywords: Contract Management, Construction Management, Public-Private Partnership

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Investigating the Relationships between the Main Contractors and Subcontractors in Turkey

Gul Polat*1, Ekin Eray

2 and Enis Murat Goktepe

3

1, 2, 3

Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: polatgu@itu.edu.tr, eray@itu.edu.tr, enisgoktepe@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In general, several parties involve in construction projects. These parties mainly include owners,

designers, consultants, main contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, etc. The overall success of

construction projects highly depends on how these parties can work together without any serious

problems. Subcontracting is a common practice in the construction industry. Nowadays, while main

contractors tend to act as construction management agencies, and only control and coordinate the works

of subcontractors, subcontractors carry out the actual production work. There fore, it can be concluded

that the physical performance of a construction project is highly dependent on the capabilities of the

subcontractors and good relationship between the main contractor and the subcontractors. In the

literature, a great number of studies focused on the subcontracting practices in the construction

industry. However, there are only a few studies, which predominantly investigate the relationship

between the main contractors and subcontractors. This study aims to investigate the relatio nship

between the main contractors and subcontractors in Turkey from the subcontractors’ viewpoints. For

this purpose, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 74 construction companies, all of which act

as subcontractors in different types projects. The questions in the questionnaire were based on an

extensive literature review on subcontracting. The questionnaire includes 18 questions. The first four

questions inquire about the background of the respondents. The second four questions ask about the

background of the respondent companies. The remaining ten questions generally inquire about the

relationship between the main contractor and subcontractor. The findings of this study revealed that the

subcontractors become more loyal to main contractors if they have been working together with the same

main contractors for a long period of time. In this case, the mutual trust becomes very important for

doing business.

Keywords: Construction projects, questionnaire survey, relationship, subcontracting.

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The Barriers to Adoption of Electronic Document Management Systems on Turkish Construction

Industry

Serkan Aydınlı*1, M. Emin ÖCAL

2 and Emel LAPTALI ORAL

3

1, 3

Department of Civil Engineering, Çukurova University, TURKIYE

(E-mail: saydinli@cu.edu.tr, eoral@cu.edu.tr)

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, TURKIYE.

(E-mail: emocal@cu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Over the past decade the use of computer in business processes has been rapidly increased. Producing

documents using computer supported methods has become common practice in the construction industry but

the management of electronic documents is highly ignored by the majority of sector. The steakholders of the

industry can increase efficiency of their documents through such systems. The aim of this study, determining

the barriers of use of electronic document management systems (EDMS) in construction industry in order to

increase the adoption of such systems.

In this study, the survey was carried out in order to collect the research data. Survey was targeted 1.700

representative of companies in the Turkish construction industry. 149 of these responded the survey and

according to results the barriers to adoption of EDMS are determined. The survey revealed that the main

barriers to the rapid introduction of EDMS in construction are cost-related and organisational issues.

Keywords: Information Technologies, EDM, Construction Industry,

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Predicting Construction Project Duration for Bid Packages: A Case Study of Pakistan

Shabir Hussain Khahro1, Dr. Tauha Hussain Ali

2, Mir Aftab Ahmed Talpur

3

1Lecturer, College of Engineering Management, Prince Sultan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

(Email: shkhahro@psu.edu.sa)

2Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MUET, Jamshoro, Pakistan

(Email: sacharvi2@gmail.com)

3Lecturer, Department of City & Regional Planning, MUET, Jamshoro, Pakistan

(Email: mir.aftab.hussain@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Accurate prediction of project duration for planning and bid preparation stage should contain realistic

dates for the construction projects. Constructors use their previous experience to estimate the project

duration for the new projects based on experience and intuition. It has been constant concern to both

researchers and contractors to analyze the accurate prediction of project duration. In Pakistan, such

study for time cost relationship has been lacked to predict time performance for the construction

projects. This study is an attempt to explore the time cost relationship for construction projects, which

will come up with a mathematical equation to predict the time of the construction projects in province

of Sindh, Pakistan. The data of the projects has been collected from National Engineering Services

(NESPAK), Pakistan and regression analysis has been carried out for the results. Significant

relationship has been found between time and cost of the construction projects of Sindh and finally, this

study concludes with a mathematical equation, which can be used by the contractors to predict the

project duration for the upcoming projects. This provides the professionals with requisite knowledge to

make more informed decisions regarding project duration, which is believed as one of the key aspect to

win the projects in construction industry.

Keywords: Project Time, Regression Analysis, Time-Cost Relationship

Acknowledgment: The authors are thankful to Prince Sultan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for

providing financial support. The authors also extend their gratitude to NESPAK for proving data to complete

study.

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Supplier Selection in the Construction Industry: Evidence from Turkish Contractors

Gul Polat*1, Ekin Eray

2

1, 2

Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: polatgu@itu.edu.tr, eray@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Selecting the right supplier for the right job is very important in the construction industry. Any problem that

occurs during the delivery of materials such as receiving fewer amount of material or receiving materials with

wrong quality, can effect project’ success directly. Therefore, construction companies should pay attention to

several criteria while choosing suppliers for their projects. In the literature, there are a great number of studies

dealing with supplier selection process. Some of these studies aim to identify selection criteria that can be

used in supplier selection process in many sectors, while other studies propose several methods and tools for

selection process. The aim of this study is to investigate the importance levels of the supplier selection and

evaluation criteria that are considered by small-scaled, medium-scaled and large-scaled construction

companies and to explore whether there are any differences between different scaled companies’ answers. For

this purpose, an extensive literature review was conducted and 17 supplier selection and 10 supplier

evaluation criteria were identified. A questionnaire, which consists of 12 questions, was designed based on

information gathered from the literature review. The questionnaire mainly comprises 5 sections. The first

section includes 4 questions that aim to investigate the size of the respondent construction companies. Four

questions in the second section inquire about the supplier selection process in the respondent company. The

third and fourth sections have only one question that aim to identify the importance levels of 17 supplier

selection and 10 evaluation criteria, respectively. The fifth section includes only one question that aims to

find out the main problems encountered when working with suppliers and their suppliers and the frequencies

of these problems. These questionnaires were completed by 52 construction companies. 20 of the respondent

companies are small- scaled, 15 of them are medium-scaled and rests of them are large-scaled construction

companies. The survey results revealed that the most of the responses of these companies do not significantly

differ.

Keywords: Construction projects, questionnaire survey, supplier selection, supplier evaluation.

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Multi-criteria decision model for supporting residential building maintenance

R. Bucoń*1, M. Tomczak

2

1, 2

Department of Construction Project Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin

University of Technology, POLAND.

(E-mail: r.bucon@pollub.pl, m.tomczak@pollub.pl )

ABSTRACT

Residential building management requires to maintain the building in non-deteriorated condition and obliges

the administrator to reasonably invest funds for repairs. It involves necessity of carrying out repair works

including modernisation. Deciding on the choice of repair solutions is a difficult and complex task. Building

administrators have to consider both, the benefits of some repair works, and limitations due to the availability

of funds. Selection of a repair solution, bearing in mind the above, requires a comprehensive approach that

will allow assessment of the building condition and determining the repair scope required.

The research conducted by the authors was aimed at developing a decision-making model and its computer-

aided implementation, taking into account a number of operating demands. The system algorithm proposed

comprises a few stages including: building condition assessment, repair classification, multiple variants of

repair and the choice of repair solutions. The article describes individual stages of the model in detail, giving

numerical application examples of the method for repair solution choice for multi-family houses. In order to

solve particular tasks the authors applied such methods as multicriterial decision making methods and linear

programming.

Keywords: building evaluation, operating requirements, repair, renovation solution.

Acknowledgment: This work was financially supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher

Education within the statutory research number S/63/2014

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Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Model for Measuring Performance of Subcontractors

Befrin Neval Bingol*1 and Gul Polat

2

1, 2

Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: bbingol@itu.edu.tr, polatgu@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In the construction industry, a general contractor is mainly responsible for delivering the project on

time, within budget and desired quality to the owner. In practice, general contractors usually perform

construction activities via subcontractors in order to reduce the cost and time, improve quality, and

share the risks of the project. Since the large portions of tasks are carried out by subcontractors, the

performances of subcontractors play a critical role on the successful completion of the project.

Selection of a subcontractor is mostly dependent on bid price in the construction industry. However,

selecting the subcontractors on the basis of low bid prices leads to work with unqualified

subcontractors and usually results in additional cost. Hence, it is necessary to measure the performance

of subcontractors before selecting them. The aim of this study is to identify key performance indicators

that can be used by general contractors when they select the subcontractors . In order to evaluate the

performances of the subcontractors, the key performance indicator (KPI) model is selected in this

study. For this purpose, an extensive literature review was conducted and the key performance

indicators, which can be used in the performance evaluation of the subcontractors, were determined.

Based on the literature review, 91 key performance indicators were identified. Then, these performance

indicators were categorized into 8 major groups. Having identified and categorized these key

performance indicators, a questionnaire was designed and delivered to the construction professionals

via e-mail. 39 construction professionals duly completed questionnaires, who predominantly work in the

large scale Turkish construction companies. In order to determine the importance levels of the key

performance indicators on the selection of the subcontractor , the reliability and ranking analyses were

performed on the collected data.

Keywords: KPI, performance measurement framework, subcontractor selection, reliability & ranking

analysis.

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5S Systematic Practice Steps on A Corporate Business

G. GÜRSOY*1, and A. E. KELEŞ

2

1Çukurova University, The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Adana, TÜRKİYE.

(E-mail: ggursoy@isdemir.com.tr)

2Adana Science and Technology University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Adana, TÜRKİYE.

(E-mail: aekeles@adanabtu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

As well as the physical properties of the working environment for employees, ergonomics, easy access materials

and efficient use of terms etc. from the aspect of suitability and ensuring employees feel safe is very important

because of expectations of employee, workplace layout and health and safety. The systematic of management is

5S, which are created for the realization of these targets, was born in Japan. The initials which started 5-words in

Japanese covers implemented and studies carried out in order of ensure the layout in the workplace, the

prevention of unnecessary material stock, increasing employee productivity, made of smooth and easily

accessible archive, the reduction of material and labor wasting. When the production process of many inputs and

outputs of the investigation found that the construction and materials industries, is of critical importance for the

efficiency of the implementation of established business operating system as indicated. In this study, the

examining and sampling of implementation stages of the 5S Systematic which is applied in Iskenderun Iron and

Steel Co. is discussed. Workplace layout, employee productivity, reduction of occupational accidents, timely and

accurate archiving, removal of unnecessary documents, time management and etc. issues is considered to be

positive contributions, the operation of this business which the corporate is, discussed the functioning of

processes thereby awareness creation on a sectoral basis.

Keywords: 5S, Health and Safety, Productivity, Time Management, Workplace Layout.

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A Conceptual Perspective Via Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithms For Resource Leveling

Problem In Project Networks

Şafak EBESEK*1, Hakan YAMAN

2

1Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Building Science Division, TURKEY.

(E-mail: safak@hotmail.com, ebesek@itu.edu.tr)

2Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Building Science Division, TURKEY.

(E-mail: yamanhak@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Scheduling plays a major part in project management. Indeed, the scheduling process amounts to

deciding when the project activities will start and how they will use the available resources. The

standard resource-constrainedproject scheduling problem (RCPSP) can be defined as a combinatorial

optimization problem, in terms of decision variables, constraints and objective functions. These

algorithms are mainly used for computing lower bounds that are an interesting trade-off between

efficiency and computation time.The precedence constraints prevent each activity from starting before

the completion of its predecessors. The resource constraints ensure that, at each time period and for

each resource, the total activity demand does not exceed the resource availability. Once started, an

activity cannot be interrupted. Despite the simplicity of its definition, the RCPSP belongs to the class of

NPhard optimization problems and is actually one of the most intractable classical problems in practice.

The aim of this review is to present the latest results in the field, in an integrated manner and to describe

the main metaheuristics algorithms for RCPSP.

Keywords:metaheuristics,optimization, project management, resource leveling, scheduling.

Acknowledgment: Funding: Thisstudy has beensupportedby ITU-BAP

[ ProjectNumber: 36237 ]

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Application of an Engineering Method for Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Fuzzy Logic

Mehmet Ulukan*

Assistant Pr. Faculty of Architecture, Nigde University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: mulukan@nigde.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

There are some important criteria for preservation of cultural heritages. The determination of these

criteria are undoubtedly based on the experiences that are works and studies of ver y long years. Proper

protection of cultural properties which are one of the most important and concrete components that

consolidate the identity case of a nation is the duty and social responsibility of that nation

So when or how should the right and best protection be? The answer to this issue is shortly; never! At

first glance, this kind of a response which is negative and revealing a desperate inference actually introduces a

natural truth: the change.

So how the change, which is an inevitable fact of the nature and the human, and the homoestatis, which

means the preservation of cultural properties, will integrate? If the concept of protection of the cultural

heritage would be addressed from the perspective of homoestatis, then would not it mean to contradict the

change, (the inevitable fact of the nature and human)?

It is clear that this creates a conflict when the subject is addressed by classical methods of thinking and

approach. Then, the conservation methods convenient to the nature of the human kind should not have an

unchangeable, rigid approach regarding the preservation of the cultural heritage. In a preservation work, an

approach whose target is “as could be done…” is a better one than the “none or all” one. The breakpoint here,

on the other side, is the implementation of this approach via scientific methods.

In this study, the assessment of international preservation criteria for the conservation via the intermediate

levels was studied. Fuzzy logic method which can make intermediate level assessments is recommended for

this purpose. Use of fuzzy logic method, a mathematical method being used in various fields of engineering,

in the decision mechanisms aimed at converting the verbal data of a field which has a verbal reasoning into

numeric ones and at preserving cultural heritage is one of the first applications in its field.

Keywords: Fuzzy Logic, Architectural Conservation, Preservation

Acknowledgment: The author thanks to Prof. Zekai Şen and remember in memory of Prof. Ahmet Ersen.

235

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The Structural Analysis and Design of Buildings with Shear Wall and Rigid Basements

G. Tunc*1, Z. Khayyat

2

1, 2

Civil EngineeringDepartment, Atilim University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: gokhan.tunc@atilim.edu.tr, zeynep.terzi2013@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The seismic design of buildings is generally accomplished based on the results of dynamic analysis by

considering a fixed-base support condition. The effect of soil flexibility, on which the building is resting, is

usually ignored. Due to the differences in static and seismic responses of rigidly-supported buildings and

elastically-supported buildings, it is essential to study the impact ofelastic behavior of soil on safety and cost.

The behavior of soil flexibility causes the lengthening of the natural fundamental period due to the overall

decrease in the lateral stiffness of a building. This leads to a decrease in the internal forces and moments in

the connections. As a result, the overall cost of the building will be kept at a minimum.

In this study, the dynamic behavior of rigid basement walls will be investigated. Two different layouts of

reinforced concrete buildings will be utilized. These buildings will be assumed to be resting on a mat

foundation with different thicknesses depending on the number of stories. Different support conditions will

be used in this research to analyze and to design the buildings. A set of horizontal and vertical spring

supports will be used in order to take the soil’s elastic behavior into account. Moreover, the results obtained

by the different support cases will be compared with each other and the most suitable support case will be

discussed.

In this research, the dynamic behavior of the buildings will be assessed according to the response spectrum

method using the SAP2000 package. The parameters of the research are: building height (low, moderate and

high-rise); the soil parameter beneath the building (dense and medium-dense sand); and the number of

underground basement stories.

Keywords:Elastically-Supported Buildings,Rigid Basements, Dynamic Analysis

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The outsourced design coordination in Brazilian civil construction

Patricia S. Okamoto*1, Silvio B. Melhado

2

1, 2

Department of Civil Engineering – Escola Politecnica, University of São Paulo, BRAZIL.

(E-mail: patriciaseiko@usp.br, silvio.melhado@usp.br)

ABSTRACT

This qualitative work aims to highlight, through a case study, the strategic advantages and the importance of

the activity called Building Design Coordination to a real estate and construction company in a context of

outsourced design development. Facing this goal and trying to demonstrate the Building Design Coordination

activity, a field research was carried out in a company specialized in residential projects. In this sense,

information was collected with the analysis of documents used by the design coordination and interviews

were conducted. It could be verified in this case study that the Building Design Coordination is very relevant

once it interferes in the work organization, encouraging more integration, collaboration and reducing the time

requested for the design development providing a better alignment between design tasks, outsourced

designers and the clients’ interests and needs. However, at the end of this study, it was concluded that the

performance and the strategic advantages potentially offered by the Building Design Coordination can be

compromised by the way the contracts are prepared and conducted.

Keywords: Work organizationl, Design process, Outsourcing, Strategy

Acknowledgment: The authors thank University of São Paulo

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Impact of Physical Treatment of Hemp Hurds on the Biocomposites Properties

N. Stevulova*1, I. Schwarzova

2, E. Terpakova

3 and J. Junak

4

1, 2, 3, 4

Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil

Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: nadezda.stevulova@tuke.sk, ivana.schwarzova@tuke.sk, eva.terpakova@tuke.sk

jozef.junak@tuke.sk)

ABSTRACT

Biocomposites based on natural fibres as organic filler are studied for several years because traditional

building materials such as concrete are increasingly being replaced by advanced composite materials (fibre

reinforced polymers and fibre reinforced cement). In this paper, the attention is given to the study of the

properties of hemp hurds (the woody part of hemp plant) as filler and non-traditional binder. The hemp as a

building composite component is rapidly renewable, carbon-negative, non-toxic, mildew-resistant and pest-

free. Technical hemp is becoming a major focus of green housing because of its energy-efficient cultivation as

well as its health benefits to living. Due to the low density and high porosity of the hemp hurds, the

combination of hemp and binder creates a building material with good thermal and acoustic insulation

properties. Today, hemp hurds can be used in high-quality products such as hemp concrete, fibre boards and

biocomposites. The cohesion of the filler and binder is very important factor in the development of

mechanical properties.

This article includes the results of characterization of the properties of physically modified hemp hurds.

Physical treatment of natural fibres was carried out in two ways: hydrothermal (by cooking in water for 1h)

and ultrasonic treatment (by ultrasound for 1h). Chemical composition and degree of cellulose polymerization

were also determined. Physically treated hemp hurds was used to the preparation of biocomposites based on

this organic filler and on alternative binder MgO-cement. The impact of physical treatment to changes in the

physical and mechanical properties (compressive strength, density, water absorbability, thermal conductivity)

of the lightweight composites hardened in indoor condition for a time period is studied.

Keywords: Biocomposites, Degree of polymerization, Hemp hurds, Physical treatment, Testing properties.

Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful to the Slovak Grant Agency for financial support of the project

[VEGA 1/0277/15].

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Seismic Response of Cylindrical Liquid Storage Tanks according to the Characteristics of

Structure

D. Bae1, C. K. Oh*

2 and J. H. Park

3

1, 2

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, Korea.

(E-mail: dbbae@kookmin.ac.kr, ockoogi@kookmin.ac.kr)

3 Department of Civil System Engineering, Ajou University, Korea.

(E-mail: jangho@ajou.ac.kr)

ABSTRACT

Cylindrical liquid storage tanks are widely used to store various type of liquid, such as water,

petroleum, chemical, and liquefied gas. Safety and performance of theses liquid storage tank are

required with respect to earthquake. However, inadequately designed liquid s torage tanks suffered

several types of damage. Large stress in the tank wall by hydrodynamic pressure caused buckling of the

tank wall, amplified sloshing of contained fluid damaged the roof or the top of the tank wall, and base

uplifting or settlement damaged piping connections. The flexibility of the liquid storage tank wall may

cause the fluid-structure interaction and amplify hydrodynamic pressure acting on the tank wall and

sloshing height under earthquake motions.

Seismic analysis of cylindrical liquid storage tanks are performed by finite element met hod. This paper

deals with the flexible steel cylindrical liquid storage tanks fixed to rigid foundations. The fluid motion

is modeled as the irrotational motion of ideal fluid. Compatibility and equilibrium conditions are

imposed along the interface of fluid element and structure element. A comparative analysis of the

seismic response of cylindrical liquid storage tanks is conducted with various parameters of the tank,

such as type of the roof, stiffness of the wall, and aspect ratio of the tank, to investigate the seismic

response of cylindrical liquid storage tanks. Analysis results show aspects in dynamic characteristics of

the cylindrical tank and in the hydrodynamic pressure distribution acting on the wall. Also investigated

is sloshing motion in the cylindrical tank.

Keywords: Cylindrical liquid storage tank, Fluid-structure interaction, Hydrodynamic pressure, Seismic

response, Sloshing

Acknowledgment: This research was supported by a grant (14CTAP-C077504-01) from Infrastructure

and Transportation Technology Promotion Research Program funded by Ministry of Land,

Infrastructure and Transport of Korean government.

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Construction Stage Analysis of Prefabricated Structure

Fezayil SUNCA*1 and Mehmet AKKÖSE

2

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TURKEY

(E-mail: fezayilsunca@hotmail.com)

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, TURKEY

(E-mail: akkose@ktu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Prefabricated structures are built in some stages because of having individual characters. Therefore, stages of

construction are critical for prefabricated structures. In finite element analysis of these structures, it is

assumed that the structure is built and loaded in a second. Since construction periods of this type structures

continue along time and loads change during this period, construction stages should be considered in the

analysis to obtain reliable results.

In this study, it is presented the construction stage analysis of an existing RC prefabricated industrial

structure. This is performed by using a structural analysis program (SAP2000). The analysis results with and

without construction stages are compared with each other. As analysis results, displacement and internal

forces such as the moments, shear forces and axial forces for columns and other elements are presented in

detail. It can be seen results that there are some important differences between responses of prefabricated

structures with and without construction stages.

Keywords: Construction Stage Analysis, Prefabricated Structure, Finite Element Analysis.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A Study on Concrete-FRP-Steel Composite Honeycomb Structure for Bridge Deck

Minsung Suh*1, Dong-Ho Ha

2 and Jinkyo F. Choo

3

1, 2, 3

Civil Engineering Department, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea

(s_38@naver.com, hadongho@konkuk.ac.kr, jfchoo@konkuk.ac.kr)

ABSTRACT

Bridges are indispensable structures in our modern cities. Most of these bridges were made of concrete and

erected in the seventies to sustain the economic development. Especially, prestressed concrete bridges were

mostly adopted owing to their outstanding properties. However, the bridges in most countries and cities are

today near the end of their service life and need to be replaced. Considering the tremendous costs required for

the reconstruction or replacement of these bridges, it appears that a lightweight deck would be interesting

since it may reuse the existing piers and allow accelerated construction in traffic-congested areas. Composite

honeycomb structures have been used in numerous engineering and scientific applications like gliders, rocket

substructure, furniture, etc. In the construction sector, the honeycomb structure has already extensively

adopted in architectural design but its application in bridge deck has not been considered to date. This

structure presents numerous advantages such as being economically efficient in terms of amount of material

and weight, and being a torsion-free structure.

Accordingly, this study proposes a new type of bridge deck presenting a thin concrete slab at its top, a

honeycomb structure made of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) playing the role of stiffening girder and a thin

steel plate at its bottom. The presence of concrete and steel at the top and bottom of the section intends to

provide sufficient inertial stiffness and protect the girder from exposure to environmental attacks, and the

FRP honeycomb structure is adopted to offer high strength while having a minimal weight. In addition, this

paper intends to find the overall geometry of the deck and optimal dimensions for each of the composing

materials through a numerical example considering a single-span bridge and applying the serviceability

criteria of the Korea Highway Bridge Design Code.

Keywords: Bridge Deck, Fiber Reinforced Plastic, Optimal Dimensions, Serviceability, Steel Composite

Honeycomb Structure

Acknowledgment: This work is financially supported by Korea Minister of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,

and Transport as 「U-City Master and Doctor Course Grant Program」.

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Seismic isolation of reinforced concrete structures «Nonlinear Dynamic Method»

N. ADJOU*1 , N. HADDADOU

2

1 National Center of Studies and Integrated Research on Building Engineering, ALGERIA.

(adjounaima@hotmail.fr)

2 National Center of Studies and Integrated Research on Building Engineering, ALGERIA.

(haddadounai@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Seismic isolation is a relatively young technology compared to conventional methods of prevention

against earthquakes, its appearance goes back to the Early 20th century, its principle is quite simple, it

consists in creating a discontinuity between the foundation and the superstructure, so that the seismic

energy cannot be completely transmitted in the structure. The objective of this article is to show the

effect of introducing seismic isolator in reinforced concrete structures built in zone of high seismicity

within the framework of Algerian earthquake resistant regulations « RPA99/version 2003». Therefore,

the article includes numerical applications of nonlinear dynamics method on isolated structures.

Keywords: damping, energy dissipation, isolator, nonlinear dynamic method, seismic isolation.

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An analysis of the Influence of Wall Stiffeners on the Fundamental Periods of Steel Liquid Storage

Tanks

Hadj Brahim M.*1 , Djermane M.

2

1, 2

Laboratory FIMAS University of Bechar, Algeria.

(E-mail: hadj.mounia@yahoo.fr, djermane_med@yahoo.fr)

1 National Centre for Integrated Studies and Research Building (CNERIB).

ABSTRACT

Steel storage tanks are widely used in municipal and industrial activities. Their good behavior after a seismic

is vital as well for aid operations as to avoid ecological catastrophes. The design of these structures is usually

subject to the application of international codes. Although these codes are constantly updated -especially in

the part governing the behavior of steel tanks under seismic loads- they have not yet examined the effect of

the wall stiffeners on the behavior of these structures after seismic excitation. The use of these reinforcements

in the design of steel tanks can be a suitable solution to improve their resistance in the absence of seismic

excitation; but in seismic zones their use is not always reliable and can cause undesirable effects. In this work,

we investigate the effect of the wall stiffening on the fundamental periods through a numerical frequency

analysis of the tanks with different geometrical parameters. The results show that the fundamental periods are

not disrupted by the wall stiffening.

Keywords: Tanks, Stiffeners, Finite Elements, frequency analysis.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Determination Of The Importance Of Materials In Structural Cost Via Architectural Project

Examples

Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer1, E. İlhan

2, D. Kırmızıgül

3, A. Akmeşe

4, E. Davutoğlu

5, A. Keskin

6, A. Can Koç

7, R.

Gurbangeldiyev8

1,

Architecture Department, Architecture Faculty, Erciyes University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: parlako@erciyes.edu.tr, parlakoz@yahoo.com)

2,3,4,5,6,7,8

Architecture Department, Architecture Faculty, Erciyes University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: eniseeilhan@gmail.com, derya_krmzgul@hotmail.com, arifakmese@gmail.com,

esra_-_davutoglu@hotmail.com, keskin71_3@hotmail.com, alcn_38@hotmail.com,

rustemgurban@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

One of the most important inputs in the building of a structure is financial sources. The correct guidance of

these sources is distinctive for structural costs. The decision to use the materials determined by the architect is

important in determining the cost. It is important that the material usage decisions are given correctly and thus

the structural cost analysis is evaluated based on material. Structural cost is an area in which proper solutions

can be developed throughout the process starting from the first stage of the design. The effect of material

selection on structural cost has been examined in this study using important structures of significant architects

as examples. The structures used in the study have been determined as; Farnsworth House, Fisher House,

Glass House, Koshino House, Schröder House, Villa Kokkonen, Villa Savoye. Selecting examples of modern

architecture in different countries was a significant criteria in this selection process. Because it was observed

that local materials were used in every building according to the location. The use of local materials as well as

the use of materials such as ferroconcrete or glass is a factor that affects structural cost. First, the unit prices

of the current materials selected were calculated for the selected buildings. Afterwards, material selections

suited to the structure were selected from among the alternative materials used today and cost was calculated

using the unit prices of these new materials. It was determined that material selection has significant effects

on structural cost. It was aimed to put forth the importance of materials in cost determination via selection of

the sample buildings and the material study carried out. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the field

of structure regarding the effects of material selection on the cost.

Keywords: Cost analysis, materials

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A Sample Study Area for the Costs of Arrangements Intended for Disabled People Erciyes University

Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer1, İ. Kuşkaya

2 and Ç. İşbilir

3

1,

Architecture Department, Architecture Faculty, Erciyes University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: parlako@erciyes.edu.tr, parlakoz@yahoo.com)

2 TURKEY.

(E-mail: ilknurkuskaya@gmail.com)

3 TURKEY.

(E-mail: cglrisbilir@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Studies targeting disabled people, elderly people and children with limited movement ability gain importance

for spatial designs intended to these groups. Architectural analyses that can enable disabled people to

overcome physical difficulties are especially important. Even though various laws and regulations have went

into effect for this issue, different problems can arise during the design and building stages of architectural

analyses. In addition, required applications are always late since it is believed that analyses intended for

disabled people will be costly. There are physical issues even in universities which are known as institutions

that generate knowledge and apply it among government institutions. It is thought that universities should

provide examples for their city with their social as well as physical attributes since they represent the highest

level of education. The objective of this study is to carry out a comparison between the current physical

attributes of universities and the attributes specified in the laws and regulations and to carry out a cost

calculation. Erciyes University Central Campus has been determined as the sample area for the study. All

buildings and additional structures of the different faculties, academies, vocational high schools and their

additional buildings have been examined in the study. The examination that started with the determination of

the suitability and/or inappropriateness of the physical arrangements intended for disabled individuals

continued by determining what the costs of these arrangements will be. Since it was thought that the scope of

the study would be too wide, the study that initially focused on disabled individuals later focused only on the

visually impaired and the walking disabled individuals. Costs for the approaches to the structures in the

campus and as well as the correct applications for the entry spaces have been calculated. It is hoped that this

study will contribute to determining the costs for the arrangements that are made and that will be made for

disabled individuals.

Keywords: Disabled individuals, Architectural Applications, Erciyes University

245

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Study of Advantages and Disadvantages of Tunnel Design Construction System Based on Mass

Construction Approach

Amir Arefian*1 , Zeinab Mohammadkhani

2 ,Omid Moarrefianfard

3

1PhD Scholar in Civil Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

(Email: Amirarefian80@gmail.com) 2MA student in Civil Engineering, Shahriar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

(Email: z.mohammadkhani@gmail.com) 3MA student in Health,Safety and Environment Engineering, Ahar, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

(Email: Omidfirehand@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Regarding mass housing, one of the semi-industrial method which has been paid attention in recent years is

the construction of high-rise residential towers based on tunnel design.

In this system, bearing walls and reinforced concrete ceilings are concerted in a cellular and simultaneous

way.

In this study, after introducing this modern technology used in housing construction, some advantages and

disadvantages of using this methods are pointed out. Also, some necessities are provided based on structural

and architectural standpoints. Accordingly, some characteristics, capabilities, and limitations are raised so

that a suitable or appropriate decision should be made for implementing this system by considering the

available conditions. The factors under scrutiny were selected based on those variables which play a

significant role in the process of optimal construction.

The most important factors used in the present study include performance, elements, requirements,

capabilities, and economic features. All these factors consist of some components by which the system under

study is examined based on these elements. Finally, some conclusions are drawn for the scope of applying

this system regarding the potentials and limitations of the current system .

Key words: Tunnel design, performance speed, mass construction, industrializatio

246

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Shape optimization of sheeting cross section for roof subjected to different loading combination

A. Janushevskis1, A. Melnikovs*

2

1, 2

Riga Technical University, Institute of Mechanics, LATVIA.

(E-mail: janush@latnet.lv, anatolijs.melnikovs@rtu.lv)

ABSTRACT

Many building companies have continuous attention to sustainable design of steel structures utilizing

advantages of stressed skin action. The implementation of such approach for the open plan buildings

might give considerable savings of material and erection time. However, in many cases, the structure of

roof trapezoidal sheeting that transfers load on the long sides of the frame to wind bracing is described

by simplified analytical model and different effects of diaphragm behavior are neglected. Thereby, for

instance, FOS may be overestimated, but the benefits of stressed diaphragm effect, in comparison with

common framework, would be unnoticeable. On the other hand, complex FE-models are able to describe

structural behavior of the roof diaphragms frame to some extent but such models usually require huge

computational resources.

Therefore, in this work, the alternative approach for designing of lightweight frames of the roof is

demonstrated for the hangar building. Firstly, 3D-models of the hangar and its roof are considered and

solved accurately using mixed shell-beam-solid FE. The combinations of loads on the structure are

considered in accordance to relevant Eurocodes, with special emphasis on the lateral loads. The problems of

structure stability and stiffness are solved in detail. The cross-section shape of sheeting for the roofs, as a

crucial factor of buildings stiffness, is parameterized using CAD based NURBS curves in such a manner that

number of control variables is minimal. Next, for the purpose of reduction of computational time,

metamodels are created by recently developed original code “KEDRO” for design of experiments, analysis

and multiobjective robust optimization, so cross-section shape of sheeting is bound to the structure responses.

Finally, cross-section shape of sheets subjected to different load combination is obtained by global

stochastic search procedure to maximize stiffness of stressed elements and at the same time with constrained

mass, appropriate stresses and deflections.

Keywords: Metamodeling, Shape Optimization, Roof Sheeting.

Acknowledgment: This work has been supported by the European Social Fund within the Project No.

2013/0025/1DP/1.1.1.2.0/13/APIA/VIAA/019 “New “Smart” Nanocomposite Materials for Roads, Bridges,

Buildings and Transport Vehicle”.

247

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Design of Roofing by using : Tensile Structures

Alaa Tareq AL-SHAREEF*1, Talha EKMEKYAPAR

2 and Derya BAKBAK

3

1, 2, 3

Authors’ Department of Civil Engineering University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey,

(aalsharif80@yahoo.com, ekmekyapar@gantep.edu.tr and deryabakbak27@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Civil engineering roof systems for outdoor environments find use in bazaars, car park, outdoor sport

facilities and places built to protect people or their goods from environmental effects such as sun and

heavy rain. Therefore, such roofing systems have great amount of application and each country spends

huge volumes of materials to build these roof systems to improve life quality of people in cities. Thus,

it is evident that further research on these civil engineering structures has the potential to decrease the

cost of these roof systems and build more efficient ones. Generally these roof systems are ma nufactured

employing structural steel material. As is well known, steel has promising mechanical properties such

as high strength and high stiffness which can be exploited in structures that expected to receive very

high magnitude of loadings, such as earthquake resistant buildings. However, there also exist some

disadvantages of completely using steel in these roof systems. Also steel construction is an expensive

process considering measure of covered area for outdoor roof systems. Moreover, these kinds of roofs

manufactured using completely steel are not flexible in use, that is to say, when it is unnecessary for

some period of time it is not possible to remove the roof covering and re -cover it when it is necessary

again. This paper investigates a novel concept in the world called as “tensile structures” used to cover

wide outdoor areas. This concept actually combines civil engineering designs and some architectural

aspects. Instead of using materials with high stiffness, tensile structures adapt membrane materials to

cover wide areas. Cable elements accompany those membranes to transmit the internal forces and

stresses to structural columns or ground. Although membrane materials have lower strengths compared

to steel, these structures offer flexibility in use, light coverings, lower costs and faster construction

time. In this paper special commercial software is used to investigate behaviour of tensile structures.

Three different configurations are employed to cover a wide area. Structural analysis procedure s of

those configurations are undertaken and stress distributions in membranes are investigated.

Keywords: Tensile structures, outdoor roofing, structural mechanics.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Towards an Sustainable Architecture by Use of Ancestral Knowledge

O. KADOURI *

1

1Department of Architecture, University of Béchar. Béchar, ALGERIA

(kaddouriouahiba@yahoo.fr)

ABSTRACT

Building according to the climate by integrating all its elements represents an alternative to improvements in

comfort indoor and outdoor. This calls for sustainable architecture whose first principle is adaptation to

climatic conditions of a given region. Although adaptation to climate has been a major concern for ancient

civilizations and few contemporary architects and planners take the climate in consideration when developing

their projects. The objective of this study is to have a clear idea about the degree of influence of the urban

tissue on variations in microclimates and subsequently propose solutions in order to remedy the problems of

overheating in summer, and to explain the harmful role of new cooling techniques. Although these systems

are an effective solution to soften the inner atmosphere, they contribute to temperature increases in external

environments. In order to show that the compact traditional tissue, made from local materials uses less

energy, and the transformation of the urban tissue in terms of shapes and building materials inevitably leads to

a transformation in the quality of the microclimate is itself the product of an interaction between the urban

and the prevailing climate; We have established a comparative study between two tissues in the town of

Bechar south of Algeria (our case study)which date from different periods (traditional and modern) allowed

us to deduce that the traditional compact tissue consumes less energy. The study also allowed us to learn from

traditional buildings and use our knowledge as a guiding principle in the design of contemporary buildings in

order to integrate climatic factors in our design and create a microclimate suitable and comfortable in the

spatial organization.

Keywords: Indicators, Microclimate, Saharan climate, Sustainable development, Traditional architecture,

Urban tissue.

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Response Spectral Analysis of Orthotropic Steel Deck as per Turkish Local Design Spectrums

A. Fettahoglu*1, S. Bekiroglu

2 and İ. E. Bal

3

1, 2

Y.T.U. Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail: abdullahfettahoglu@gmail.com, serkanb@yildiz.edu.tr)

3 Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Management Institute, TURKEY.

(E-mail: iebal@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Orthotropic steel decks are used widely in construction of bridges due to their rather low self-weight when

spanned at long distances. An orthotropic deck is composed of deck plate, cross- beams and ribs, in which deck

plate forms the flange of cross- beams and ribs. The cross- beams provide the required stiffness, whilst ribs

supply longitudinal stiffness to the deck structure to maintain the required stiffness in both directions. In the

scope of this study, an orthotropic steel deck spanning between two cross- beams is modelled using a common

FE- method. Afterwards, natural frequencies and modes of the sample deck are obtained by using eigenvalue

analysis. Then response spectrum analyses are performed under four different seismic spectral curves, which

represent four different soil classes. Finally, results are given to evaluate the behaviour of steel deck under

seismic actions when various seismic load levels are applied. The novelty of the study is to incorporate the

seismic actions with the complicated FE models of the orthotropic decks.

Keywords: Orthotropic Deck; Natural Frequency; Free vibration; Response Spectrum Analysis, FEM.

250

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A Case Study of Green Building Design

E. GEÇER*1, H. BÜYÜKGÜNGÖR

1

1, Authors’ , Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, OMU, TURKEY.

(E-mail: elifgecer.04@gmail.com, hbuyukg@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Green Buildings are eco-friendly buildings which use natural energy sources effectively, do not damage

environment, reduce energy consumption, and protect living beings around and in it. Design process of these

buildings is studied by considering some topics and some certification systems are created.

LEED examine the buildings under six topics about sustainability issues. Each of these topics has different

point value on examination. These titles are sustainable land, effective usage of water sources, energy and

atmosphere, material and sources, quality of internal life and innovation.

In this study, Green Building concept and water and energy conservation which are results of this Green

Building concept in real estate are investigated. Also systems which are designated sustainability criterias are

studied and their contributions on Green Building design are presented. A rural house which is constructed on

3200 m2 area, 25 km from Samsun and 18 km from Çarşamba is selected to study and changes which are

based on green building implementations are determined. Especially water management is brought into the

forefront and rain water collection system, drip irrigation and grey water recycle systems are designed.

Different usage areas are determined to use recycled water.

Advantages and usability of solar and wind energy are studied for energy efficiency implementations on

selected house. According to results energy sources that should be used in house is selected.

Finally initial state of house and state of house after implementations are compared and point and certification

value that house can reach according to LEED criteria is determined.

Keywords: Ecological Building, Green Building Design, LEED, Sustainability, Water Management

251

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Assessment of stiffness moduli obtained from IDT test

A. Fettahoglu*

*Department of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: abdullahfettahoglu@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Indirect tensile test (IDT) is used to obtain material properties of wearing surfaces, which are used pavements

of ordinary roads or bridges. In general, tensile and compressive displacements in orthogonal directions of

test specimen are accepted to have similar creep module to make calculations simpler. Afterwards, Poisson

ratio is obtained from classical equations as a function of time. Poisson ratio calculated based on this

assumption indicated that it does not vary depending on time, but can be assumed independent on time.

However, the first assumption, equal creep moduli for tensile and compressive strains results in nonsense

Poisson ratio values, which forces changing of calculation method. In this study, creep module and Poisson

ratio is calculated using classical assumptions and proved that the first assumption, same creep module under

tensile and compressive stresses, does not hold, whereas second assumption, constant Poisson ratio is true as

per IDT test results of Guβasphalt.

Keywords: IDT, Creep module, Poisson ratio.

252

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Producibility of Cement-Based Lightweight Construction Material from Coal Bottom Ash of the

Bor Sugar Factory (Turkey)

N. Doğan-Sağlamtimur*1, A. Bilgil

2, H. Akbulut

3, M. Dursun

4 and S. Yıldırım

5

1, 3, 4, 5

Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Nigde University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: neslihandogansaglamtimur@gmail.com, haticeakbulut01@hotmail.com, merwee-

dursun@hotmail.com, sbllyldrm11_01@hotmail.com)

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Nigde University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: abilgil@nigde.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Bottom ash is a waste resulting from coal combustion. In Turkey, storage of this waste requires high costs

increasing day by day. In this study, the possibility of the production of cemented lightweight construction

materials from this kind of waste was investigated. The experimental study in which TS EN standard series

consisting of two stages were used. The lightweight construction material was produced from the bottom ash

under 1 mm square mesh sieve in the first step. It was produced from aggregates forming from the bottom ash

of appropriate granulometry with a maximum of 8 mm diameter in the second step. In the first step, mixing

depending on volume basis was applied to the samples since specific bulk density of bottom ash and cement

were different from each other. Cements were added in the weight range of 10-50% to the ash content and

then the samples were prepared. Axial compressive strengths and specific bulk densities of the samples that

were applied to cure conditions at different mixing ratios were measured from 6.30 to 9.05 N/mm2 and

1.2 to 1.8 g/cm3, respectively. In the second step, lightweight construction materials have been planned to

produce from the aggregates with maximum of 8 mm diameter by calculating concrete mixing. 7, 14 and 28

days of axial compressive strengths and specific bulk densities of these samples which were applied to cure

conditions will be measured. Considering economic conditions for the first and second steps, after

determining the optimum parameters on the compressive strength, standard tests will be performed for the

produced lightweight construction material and then design parameters will be determined.

Keywords: Bottom ash, building, lightweight construction material, reuse.

253

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Stability Analysis for a Deep Landslide in Istanbul: A Case Study

S. A. Berilgen *1

, G. Allamyradov 2

1, 2

Civil Engineering Faculty Geotechnical Department, Yıldız Technical University, ISTANBUL.

(gtejenli@yahoo.com, sberilgengmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Mass movements are natural disasters that are as old as history of humanity. That is why many scientists

in geotechnical engineering have been studying upon determining and preventing from destructive effects

of landslides. Instability of slopes depends on slip surface of soil, soil properties, underground water level

and some other mechanisms.

With development of computer programs many borehole data that are received from big areas can be

evaluated together. These programs can provide determination of soil properties and subsurface diagrams

of soil. Besides they allow data transfer between other engineering programs.

The scope of this study is to improve a stability of slope in landslide area and investigation of influence of

capped pile foundation groups to slope’s stability. Also to reveal importance of performing enough and

proper geotechnical investigations to calculate slip surface of landslide correctly. Studies also shown that

if enough drainage conditions are performed along with preventing increase of pore pressure ratios in soil

layers in landslide area, are enough to increase the factor of safety to a sufficient level. Moreover,

influences of parameters like pile diameter, amount of pile foundations, length of pile; to system’s

stability are researched.

Keywords: Mass movement, pile groups, slope stability.

254

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

Uğur DAĞDEVİREN*1, Burak KAYMAK

2

1, 2

Dumlupinar University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ugur.dagdeviren@dpu.edu.tr, burak.kaymak@dpu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Reinforced concrete retaining walls (RCRW) are most widely used to support earth and water in the civil

engineering practices such as roads, bridge abutments and landscape constructions. Analysis and design of the

RCRW are one of the important problems in geotechnical and structural engineering.

In the design procedure of RCRWs, firstly, design variables such as cross-section dimensions and material

grades are selected based on previous design experiences. Then, the pressures and forces acted on the wall are

calculated by lateral earth pressure theories. Finally, static and dynamic analyses for wall are applied and

checked in terms of external and internal design criteria. If the selected initial design variables are insufficient

or excessive, design variables of the wall is redefined on a trial and error process. In order to economize the

cost of the wall under the design constraints, these procedures are repeated several times. Since it is extremely

difficult and time consuming to obtain optimal design satisfying all the stability requirements, it is beneficial

to cast the problem as an optimization problem.

In this paper, the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm was used to determine the optimum design of the

reinforced concrete retaining walls. ABC algorithm is an optimization algorithm based on a particular

intelligent behavior of honeybee swarms. The objective function of the optimization problem is to minimize

the cost of the RCRW. Structural design was performed based on TS 500/2000 which is the Turkish Code for

the requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete structures. The numerical examples were

presented to illustrate the performance of the present algorithm. Statistical evaluation for the results obtained

by ABC algorithm was made for these examples. In order to determine the reliability of the ABC algorithm,

bee colony sizes were selected as 20, 40, 60 and 100 in the problems. Experiments were repeated 30 times

each starting from a random population with different seeds. Maximum number of cycle is limited by 1000.

The best, mean and worst solutions for the objective function due to the results of the ABC algorithm were

presented. The results showed that coefficient of variation was less than 0.2% for 100 bees .The results of the

study indicated that the artificial bee colony algorithm can be successfully used for optimal design of the

reinforced concrete retaining walls.

Keywords: Artificial bee colony (ABC), Optimization, Optimum design, Retaining wall.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Real-time Monitoring of Pavement Structures for Geo-Environmental Purposes

Bulent Hatipoglu1, Craig H. Benson

2 and Tuncer B. Edil

3

1 Power Generation, Rizzo Associates, 500 Penn Center Blvs, Pittsburgh, 15235, PA, USA.

(E-mail: Bulent.hatipoglu@rizzoassoc.com )

2,3

University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, 53706, WI, USA

(benson@engr.wisc.edu, tbedil@wisc.edu )

ABSTRACT

Monitoring systems were designed and installed at field sites in Wisconsin and Minnesota for environmental

monitoring of pavements incorporating fly-ash stabilized layers. Hydrological conditions within the

pavement are being monitored with water content reflectometers (WCRs) to determine water content and

thermocouples to assess soil temperature. Water draining from the profile is captured with a 3 m x 3 m

lysimeter. Meteorological conditions are monitored using a weather station adjacent to the roadway.

Dataloggers are used for automatic data collection and a server at the University of Wisconsin-Madison

regularly downloads data from the dataloggers. All of the instrumentation is powered by a battery that is

recharged by a solar panel. This paper describes details of instrumentation program, challenges faced during

the installation and data collection, a new method developed to calibrate the WCR sensors, and the data that

have been collected.

Keywords: Geo-Environmental, Geotechnics, Real-time monitoring, Pavement

256

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Ground Improvement techniques

M. Kucukvar1, N. C. Onat

2, O.Tatari

3, A. Elgamal

4, and K. Mackie

5

1 Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Sehir University, Istanbul, TURKEY.

(E-mail: muratkucukvar@sehir.edu.tr)

2,3,5

Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida,

Orlando, FL, USA.

(E-mail: nconat@knights.ucf.edu, tatari@ucf.edu, Kevin.Mackie@ucf.edu)

4 Department of Structural Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

(E-mail: aelgamal@ucsd.edu)

ABSTRACT

Ground improvement techniques are promising in terms of producing less environmental impact than

other conventional deep foundation methods. Although economic saving is considered one of the most

important motivations of selecting ground improvement methods, many government agencies are now

suggesting a holistic analysis of environmental benefits of different ground improvement methods in

addition to economic criteria. In this sense, current research aims to compare the total environmental

impacts of traditional piling solution with a particular ground modification method, namely vibro stone

column. To achieve this goal, economic input-output life cycle assessment model is utilized to quantify

the direct and supply-chain related indirect environmental implications of both methods from a holistic

perspective. Five environmental impact categories including energy consumption, carbon footprint,

water withdrawal, hazardous waste generation, and toxic releases are analyzed. The results show that

using ground improvement as a technically acceptable alternative to piling can provide significance

environmental savings that exceed 92% depending on impact category. The use of alternative materials

as a partial cement substitute in concrete piling and recycled aggregate in vibro stone columns can be

sustainable strategies to reduce overall impacts of both methods. It is envisioned that the results of such

analysis will help the decision makers to understand the capability of ground improvement to provide

significant environmental benefits in comparison with piling solution.

Keywords: Concrete Piling, Economic Input-Output Analysis, Ground Improvement, Vibro Stone Column,

Sustainable Infrastructures.

Acknowledgment: This material is based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation

under Grant No. 1201195.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Influence of separation gap on the structural response of colliding structures under earthquake

excitation

Barbara Sołtysik1, Robert Jankowski

2

1, 2

Department of Metal Structures and Construction Management, Faculty of Civil and Environmental

Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, POLAND.

(E-mail: barwiech@pg.pl, jankowr@pg.gda.pl)

ABSTRACT

The high level of urbanization in the XXIst century forces the designers to design closely-separated structures

and to take into account many factors influencing their response during moderate to strong ground motions.

Interactions between adjacent buildings, known as the earthquake-induced structural pounding, may cause

serious damage to the structures, leading even to its total collapse. The main reason of collisions between

adjacent buildings during earthquakes, aside from insufficient distances between structures is related to the

difference in dynamic parameters.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of an experimental study of collisions due to insufficient

separation gap between models of steel structures under earthquake excitation. To perform this study, models

of three steel towers, with different dynamic parameters were constructed. To obtain the seismic excitation,

the unidirectional shaking table, located at the Gdansk University of Technology (Poland), was used. To

obtain different dynamic characteristics of structures, additional mass – concrete plates with the dimensions

of 50 x 50 x 7 cm and 42.2 kg weight – were mounted at the top of each tower. In the experiment, two

configurations of the towers were analyzed. The paper shows the results obtained for the configuration no. 1,

in which two concrete plates were mounted at the top of external towers and only one concrete plate was

mounted at the top of the middle tower. The influence of different separation gap (=0 mm, =20 mm,

=40 mm, =60 mm ) was taken into consideration.

The results clearly indicate that insufficient in-between separation distance may result in interactions between

buildings with different dynamic properties during earthquakes, leading to the change of their responses. The

best behavior of structures has been observed for the case of zero gap size as well as when the gap size is

large enough to prevent pounding.

Keywords: structural pounding, earthquake excitation, steel structures, experimental study

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Mr. Henryk Michniewicz and Mr. Hytham Ali Abd

Elaziz Elwardany for their help in conducting the experiments.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Determining the Behavior of Gravity Retaining Walls under Dynamic Loads Constructed In

Saturated Clay

Onur Yavan1, M. İnanç Onur*

2 and Ahmet Tuncan

3

1, Department of Civil Engineering, Kırklareli University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: oyavan@klu.edu.tr)

2, 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Anadolu University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: mionur@anadolu.edu.tr, atuncan@anadolu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Retaining walls are the most chosen earth structures in engineering applications. Retaining walls are

constructed to provide lateral earth pressure for vertical slopes. Types of retaining walls can be said such as

gravity retaining walls, cantilever retaining walls and counterfort retaining walls. A retaining wall design

consists of determining lateral pressures acting on the wall and stability checks for overturning, sliding and

bearing capacity. There are different types of lateral earth pressure theories but all of them use unit weight,

friction angle and cohesion of the back soil.

Dynamic loads can be act to the wall and cause displacement and stability failures in earthquake zone such as

Turkey. In this study, behavior of gravity retaining walls under dynamic loads is investigated. For this

purpose, firstly design parameters of the wall are determined. Safety factors are chosen minimum 2.0 for

overturning, minimum 1.5 for sliding and minimum 3.0 for bearing capacity. Back soil is chosen as saturated

clay type of soil and to identify effects of the cohesion on the behavior, cohesion values are chosen 1.0 t/m2,

2.0 t/m2, 4.0 t/m

2. The heights of the wall are chosen as 5, 10, 15 meters. Rankine active earth pressure theory

is used for earth pressure calculations. Dynamic behavior is investigated by using Plaxis 2D Dynamic

Module. Van earthquake records are used for dynamic analysis. At the end of the study, additional forces and

displacements are found then recommendations are given for the safe design in the earthquake zones. The

results of the models are compared and behavior of the saturated clays under earthquake loads is determined.

Keywords: Gravity Retaining Wall, Dynamic Load, Plaxis 2D.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Vertical Stress Isobars for Rectangular Foundations under Different Loading Conditions

Uğur DAĞDEVİREN*1, Mehmet Ali SALMAN

2

1, 2

Dumlupinar University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Turkey

(E-mail: ugur.dagdeviren@dpu.edu.tr, salman_2241@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

When the soils are subjected to external loads due to buildings, embankments or excavations the state of

stress within soil changes. Stress increments by the external loads are not constant under and around the

structure and they vary along the depth in soil. The distribution of stress in soil has a great importance in

foundation design. Vertical stress increment is particularly required to calculate the settlement values of the

foundations.

In geotechnical engineering, the stress increments are generally determined by Boussinesq’s equations which

based on theory of elasticity. Boussinesq (1885) presented a mathematical solution for the distribution of

stresses for a vertical point load applied on the soil surface. As the structure loads are transferred to the soil

through foundations, the stress equations given for a point load are not realistic in many civil engineering

problems. The stresses at any depth for the foundations subjected to different foundation geometries and

different loading types can be obtained by integrating Boussinesq’s solution for point load over the loaded

area. However, it is very difficult and time consuming process to make for all loading cases. In addition to,

the analytical solution can only give stress increment under the corner points of the rectangular foundations.

In case the vertical stress is desired at any point except the corner of the rectangular foundation, the loaded

area must be divided into different rectangular parts and total vertical stress can be calculated with

superposition rule. In order to eliminate these disadvantages of the analytical solution, the stress isobars can

be used. An isobar is a line which connects all points of equal stress below the ground surface. The

calculation of the vertical stress increment at any point with stress isobars is very easy and practical.

In this study, a computer program was developed to calculate the vertical stress increment at any point (x; y;

z) below the rectangular foundation under different loading conditions based on numerical solution of the

Boussinesq’s equations. The calculated vertical stress increments by computer program for different loading

conditions (uniform, triangular and trapezoidal) and ratio of foundation dimensions (L/B = 1, 2 and 5) were

given as stress isobars which can be easily used to determine vertical stress increments.

Keywords: Boussinesq’s equations, Numerical solution, Rectangular foundation, Vertical stress isobars.

260

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect the Lowering Ground Water Table on Behavior of Piled Raft under Vertical Load on

Dense Sandy Soil

Abdulhafiz O. Alshenawy *1, Talal O. AL-Refeai

2 and Naif M. AL-sanabani

3

1, 2,3

Department of civil Engineering, King Saud University , Saudi Arabia.

(E-mail: shenawi@ksu.edu.sa, trefeai@ksu.edu.sa , naifm38@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The foundation concept of piled rafts differ from traditional foundation of pile group design, in which the raft

and piles in piled raft foundation are considered to transmit the superstructure load to subsoil. The piled raft

has been proven to be an economical option. The behavior of piled raft is complex, because it consists three

components raft, pile, and subsoil and it has three interaction raft-pile, raft-soil, and pile-soil. So the behavior

of piled raft depends on geometric of raft and pile and site conditions (type of soils, ground water table, ect)

In this paper, the three dimensional model of piled raft were developed by ABAQUS program to investigate

the behavior of piled raft with lowering ground water table, the parametric study was performed in length of

pile and lowering ground water table. The length of piles change as 10m, 15m, and 20m, the piled raft is

considered at the ground surface. Initially the ground water table assumed to be at the ground surface. Then

the GWT is lowering to -5m (case1) and to 10-m (case 2), after that the GWT is assumed to be at -5m from

ground surface. Then the GWT is lowering to -5m. The pile diameter was kept constant (D=0.5m), and the

space between the center of piles was also constant (S=5D).The verification was conducted by using PDR

(Poulos Davis Randolph) model. The result indicate that the lowering GWT has a significant effect in

increasing the average . the settlement of piled raft for lowering GWT to -10m is larger than settlement for

lowering GWT to -5m by 31.5 %0 settlement of piled raft. The lowering GWT has significant effect in

increase the load sharing of piles.

Keyword: ABAQUS, Piles, Load Sharing, Settlement

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Comparison of Damage Criteria for Structures to Near-Field Blast-Induced Ground Motion

Damage Estimated by the Different Countries

D. M. Özcan*1, A. Bayraktar

2 and A. C. Altunışık

3

1,

Civil Engineering, Bozok University, TURKEY.

(mehmet.ozcan@bozok.edu.tr)

2,3

Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, TURKEY.

(alemdar@ktu.edu.tr, ahmetcan@ktu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, aims to compare the existing damage standard for structures subjected to near -field blast-

induced ground motions. For this purpose 64 different blasting records were collected from the selected

quarry during twenty months in Trabzon, Turkey. Blasting characteristics such as peak particle

velocities, dominant frequencies, air pressures, maximum accelerations and maximum displacements

were measured during the blasting on hard soil. There are many damage criteria for d ifferent countries.

Longitudinal, transverse and vertical peak particle velocities were evaluated using vibration standards

or damage criteria such as Unites States, Germany, Sweden, India, England, Australia, and Turkey.

According to the U.S., English and Turkish vibration standards, the measured blast-induced ground

motions did not cause the significant damage on the structures as compared with the other standards. It

was observed that U.S., English and Turkish standards are more suitable than other stand ard to evaluate

the other standards the structural damage level of structures to near -field blast-induced ground motions.

In addition, nonlinear dynamic analyses of masonry stone arch bridge were performed. The analytical

model was constituted by ANSYS. From the analysis, displacements are increased along to the middle

of the bridge. The maximum and minimum principal stresses are obtained at the region around the base

of stone arch.

Keywords: Analytical model, Damage criteria, Nonlinear dynamic analyses, Maximum and minimum

principal stresses, Near-field blast-induced ground motion, Peak Particle Velocity, Structural damage.

262

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Determination of Horizontal Bulk Material Pressures in Rigid Cylindrical Slender Silos under

Seismic Excitation using FEM and EN1998-4

Ayşegül Durmuş*1, Ramazan Livaoğlu

2

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: durmus@ktu.edu.tr)

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Uludağ University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ramazanliva@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The seismic design procedure is more complicated compared to the static design procedure for the silos

due to the destructive effects of the earthquakes. It can be observed from experiences that failures of

silos cause loss of stored material, environmental damage and probable injury or loss of life in recent

earthquakes. Moreover, these failures indicate that the seismic behavior of silos is still not understood

sufficiently. Hence, the reliability and/or stability of these special structures against failure under

seismic loads are of critical concern, and must be understood clearly. In this sense, directly ground-

supported cylindrical slender silos were considered in this study. The present proceeding aims to

estimate the distribution and the magnitudes of the dynamic material pressures in such silos under

seismic loading. To this end, a three dimensional finite element model is described for the simulation of

the seismic behavior of such silos with ANSYS commercial program. The reinforced concrete silo and

stored material are modeled by solid elements. The surface to surface contact with coulomb friction law

is considered for the contact mechanism between the silo wall and the stored material. The obtained

results via numerical model and EN1998-4 are discussed in terms of dynamic material pressure and

equivalent shear force responses for the considered system, comparatively. Finally, the comparisons

showed that the seismic procedure proposed by Eurocode gives smaller dynamic material pressure

response values than those obtained from more realistic numerical models for slender silos and the

heightwise distribution of these responses are quite different especially for the silos with 3.0 and 4.0

aspect ratios.

Keywords: Bulk material-silo wall interaction, Cylindrical Reinforced Silos, Seismic response, Slender silos.

263

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Effects of Local Soil Conditions on Structural Behaviour in Adapazarı

Kaya, Zulkuf1; Uncuoğlu, Erdal

2; Erol, Aykut

3; Erken, Ayfer

4; Kara, H. Bekir

5, Yaltır, Şebnem

6

1,2,3,5,6

Erciyes University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Kayseri, Turkey

(zkaya@erciyes.edu.tr; erdalu@erciyes.edu.tr; aykuterol@erciyes.edu.tr; hbkara@erciyes.edu.tr;

sebnem@erciyes.edu.tr)

4

Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey (erken1@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

During the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake, Mw=7.4, much structural damages and many casualties have been

occurred depending on the softening and the liquefaction of foundation soils. A widespread liquefaction

phenomenon was observed in central districts located on thick alluvial deposits.

In this study, an attempt is made to investigate the effects of local soil conditions on structural behavior. For

this aim, a four storey residential building site in which liquefaction settlement and bearing capacity failure

were observed has been selected as a case study. Local soil conditions at the site were determined using

borehole logs, laboratory and in-situ test results. Liquefaction analyses and bearing capacity calculations

have been performed. Also, post-liquefaction settlement has been predicted based on the methods proposed

by Ishihara and Yoshimine (1992) and Tokimatsu and Seed (1984, 1987). The settlement values have been

compared to results obtained from Plaxis 2D Dynamic.

Keywords: Liquefaction, Settlement, Structural Damage.

264

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Prefabricated Structures Using Push-Over Analysis

Fezayil SUNCA*1, Mehmet AKKÖSE

2 and Alperen TÜRKAY

3

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TURKEY

(E-mail: fezayilsunca@hotmail.com)

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, TURKEY

(E-mail: akkose@ktu.edu.tr)

3 Department of Civil Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TURKEY

(E-mail: turkayalperen@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In Turkey, %98 of the industrial buildings are located on high-risk seismic zones. These structures are ideal

solutions to pass large spans without columns. Since they are mostly built as hinge connected prefabricated

concrete buildings, their behavior under seismic loading is different from the moment resisting RC buildings.

Therefore, seismic response of prefabricated concrete structures is very important.

In this study, seismic performance of an existing RC prefabricated industrial structure is determined by non-

linear analysis method defined in Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC 2007). The seismic performance of the

structural system has been carried out by using incremental equivalent seismic load method (pushover

method) given in TEC-2007. The performance of the prefabricated structure has been evaluated under the

design earthquake (the probability of exceedance of the design earthquake within a period of 50 years is %10)

and maximum earthquake (the probability of exceedance of the design earthquake within a period of 50 years

is %2). The pushover analysis of the structural system is performed by using a structural analysis program

(SAP2000). The numerical results are given in tables and figures comparatively and discussed.

Keywords: Prefabricated Structure, Seismic Performance Evaluation, Push-Over Analysis

265

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Improving Seismic Behavior of Vierendeel and X-diagonal STMFs by Their Configuration

Optimization

Armin Badakhshan1, Farhad Ahadi koloo

2

1 Civil Engineering Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran.

(E-mail: armin_badakhshan@yahoo.com)

2 Aerospace Engineering Department, University of Tehran, Iran.

(E-mail: far.ahadi@ut.ac.ir)

ABSTRACT

In recent decades, the use of special truss moment frame (STMF) as a newly developed s teel frame

system for seismic regions is spreading. Seismic energy would be damped through frames special

absorber sections which are located near the girder beam span. In this paper, the Vierendeel and X -

diagonal configuration STMF with triangular load model has been studied. Behavior factor of STMF

due to strength and ductility has been determined by nonlinear finite element modeling method via

pushover static analysis. The plastic hinges are applied in the model in order to consider the nonlinear

elasto-plastic material model. Plastic hinges formation places are assumed at the beginning and end of

the beams and columns. The analysis for the Vierendeel and X-diagonal configuration of two and three-

span for 3 to 8-storey building frames investigated and the results has been evaluated.

Based on the results of 3 to 5 floor structures “R” is located in the range of 3.94<R<6.35 and for 6 to 8

floors, it’s obtained in range of 7.77<R<12.53.

The results show that the behavior coefficient of Vierendeel frame than the behavior coefficient of X

frame that represents the seismic performance of structures is more appropriate. Behavior coefficient of

Vierendeel frame is higher than X-diagonal configuration one that represents the more appropriate

seismic performance of Vierendeel structures.

The results show that, Behavior factor is strongly dependent on the structure height, so that by

increasing the height, the coefficient is significantly increased. Furthermore, the proper forms of

Vierendeel truss spans based on the ratio of the span wide of the truss special area and its height for is

discussed to achieve the appropriate Behavior factor. Based on the results, by increasing of the ratio,

the Behavior factor will be the subject of an increase.

Keywords: Pushover static analysis, Seismic behavior, STMF, Vierendeel, X-diagonal.

266

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Experimental behavior of the 1/3 scaled composite shear wall having L shape steel made -up

sections as longitudinal reinforcement in boundary regions

S. Bahadır Yüksel1, Alptuğ Ünal*

2

1, 2

Civil Engineering Department, Selcuk University, KONYA.

(E-mail: alptugunal@gmail.com, sbyuksel@selcuk.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The composite shear walls with steel encased profiles can be used as lateral-load resisting systems for

buildings that require considerable large lateral-load capacity. The aim of this work is to propose the

experimental work conducted on prefabricated composite shear walls (PKPD) having L section folded

plate (L shape steel made-up sections) as longitudinal reinforcement in boundary regions. Severe

complications occur during construction and placement of the longitudinal and transverse

reinforcements at the boundary regions of the shear walls especially in the lower stories of the shear

wall-frame type of buildings with large bays. High percentage of steel is needed at the end regions of

the walls and limited dimensions of the elements cause extensive problems during construction and

placing of the boundary reinforcements. The loss of material, labor and time due to the aforementioned

difficulties damage economy. To overwhelm this difficulties, experimental work was conducted in

order to be able to propose the new prefabricated composite shear walls (PKPD) with L sections as end

longitudinal reinforcement to the literature. In the scope of this experimental study, PKPD test

specimen was tested under reversed cyclic lateral loading in the Structural Mechanics Laboratory of the

Civil Engineering Department of the Selçuk University. The tested 1/3 geometric scaled composite

shear wall has aspect ratio of 3.2. The seismic behavior PKPD test specimen was investigated by

evaluating and interpreting the hysteresis curves, envelope curves, rigidity and consumed energy graphs

of this tested element. In addition to this, the experimental results, deformation and cracking patterns

were evaluated, interpreted and suggestions of the design recommendations were proposed.

Keywords: Shear wall, composite shear wall, boundary reinforcement, earthquake resistant structural design,

L section.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Selçuk University, Scientific Research Project Funding (SU BAP) for

their financial support [Project number: 14101011].

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Experimental behavior of the 1/3 scale reinforced shear wall with intensive boundary

reinforcement

Alptuğ Ünal*1, S. Bahadır Yüksel

2

1, 2

Civil Engineering Department, Selcuk University, KONYA.

(E-mail: alptugunal@gmail.com, sbyuksel@selcuk.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Reinforced concrete shear walls are used commonly as the primary lateral -load resisting system because

of their large lateral stiffness and strength. Severe complications occur during construction and

placement of the longitudinal reinforcements and transverse reinforcements of the boundary regions of

the shear walls especially in the lower stories of the shear wall-frame type of buildings with large bays.

High percentage of steel is needed at the end regions of the walls and limited dimensions of the

elements cause extensive problems during construction and placing of the boundary reinforcements. To

be able to investigate seismic behavior of the shear walls having high percentage of vertical steel at the

boundary regions, 1/3 geometric scaled reinforced concrete shear wall test specimen was tested under

the reversible repeatable lateral loads simulating earthquake at the Structural Mechanics Laboratory of

Selcuk University. Reinforced concrete shear wall test specimen was detailed to modern code

requirements and standard practice and included heavily reinforced boundary elements. The hysteresis

curves, envelope curves, rigidity and consumed energy graphs of this tested element is evaluated. In the

final section, the experimental results, deformation and cracking patterns were interpreted and

suggestions were made. The test data documenting the global and local behavior of the test units can

serve as a reference point for the research community. The experimental results show the importance of

the reinforcement content and the ductility properties of the boundary reinforcement for the

deformation behavior of the walls.

Keywords: Shear wall, reinforced concrete shear wall, seismic design, boundary reinforcement, earthquake

resistant structural design.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Selcuk University, Scientific Research Project Funding (SU BAP) for

their financial support [Project number: 14101011].

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigation of Bracing Performance on High Rise Circular Steel Buildings under Dynamic

Loads

Talha EKMEKYAPAR1, Mustafa RASHID

*2

1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Gaziantep, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ekmekyapar@gantep.edu.tr)

2 Natural and Applied Science, University of Gaziantep, TURKEY.

(E-mail: mustafa.rashid@mail2.gantep.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The present study assesses the effect of earthquake dynamic load on steel circular building for different

type of bracing. There exist many researches on the effect of earthquake dynamic load on the

rectangular buildings and a few or limited studies discuss the effect on circular buildings. Our study

will treat high rise steel circular buildings -10,-20 and 30 stories under one direction earthquake

dynamic load represented by response spectrum, and searching for the best bracing type to resist the

deformation in structural parts. For bracing in this study we use the concentric bracing (x) type and the

eccentrically bracing type with link distance equal to (L/5) in different locations in building inner, outer

and in the span between core and inner beam. These configurations are modeled considering both the

structural performance and properly use of building plan. The structural models will be subjected to

different levels of earthquake conditions in one axis of building. Comparative study shows that the type

and location of bracings lead different performances for steel circular buildings under earthquake

conditions. Proper use of these bracings has the potential to save the building itself and the people who

live in it. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanics of this behavior will help engineers to

consider more effective designs for high rise circular steel buildings.

Keywords: high rise steel buildings, earthquake analysis, bracing, circular building

269

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Dynamic Analysis of A Cantilever Retaining Wall Including Soil -Structure Interaction

Tufan Cakir*1

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Gümüşhane University, TÜRKİYE.

(E-mail: cakirtufan@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Examining the influences of earthquake on cantilever retaining walls has long been recognized as a

necessary step to understand the natural hazards and its risk to the society in the long run. Previous

investigations have shown that the material properties of the medium supporting the foundation play a

very significant role in modifying the responses of the retaining walls. Soil -structure interaction gives

rise to kinematic and inertial effects, resulting in modifications of the dynamic properties of the

structure and the characteristics of the ground motion around the foundation. An increase in the natural

period and a change in the modal damping for the fundamental mode of vibration are produced by the

inertial interaction. The increase in period is a result of the flexibility of the soil, whereas the change in

damping results from the loss of energy in the soil by radiation and material damping.

The main purpose of this paper is to contribute to a quantification of the effect of soil-structure

interaction on seismic response of the cantilever retaining walls. Considering five different subsoil

conditions, the seismic analyses of backfill-cantilever wall-soil/foundation interaction system were

carried out in time domain through finite element method. The finite element model of the system was

constructed using the finite element package ANSYS. The backfill-wall interface behavior was taken

into account by using interface elements between the wall and soil to allow for de -bonding. Radiation

damping and wave reflection effects were also considered by using artificial viscous boundaries. The

response quantities examined incorporate the lateral displacements of the wall relative to the moving

base and the stresses in the wall. The results show that soil-structure interaction is of critical

importance for seismic design of cantilever retaining walls and accurate consideration of soil -structure

interaction in modeling may lead to more realistic and reliable predictions.

Keywords: Cantilever wall, Radiation damping, Seismic response, Soil-structure interaction, Wave reflection

270

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Modal Parameters of A Historical Masonry Arch Bridge

Emre Alpaslan*1, Kemal Hacıefendioğlu

2 and Olgun Köksal

3

1, 2

Department of Civil Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: emre.alpaslan@omu.edu.tr, hckemal@omu.edu.tr)

3 Kavak Vocational Junior College, Ondokuz Mayıs University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: olgun.koksal@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate dynamic response of a one-span historical masonry arch bridge to earthquake-

induced ground motion. With this reason, Sarp Dere historical masonry bridge, in Ordu, Ulubey, has 15.5m in

length and 4.75m in width was chosen as a prototype model. A reduced-scaled model of one-span historical

masonry arch bridge has been built in laboratory to estimate the dynamic characteristics of the prototype

bridge model, which are natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. The reduced-scale bridge

model and structural details including masonry bricks, mortar joints and filling material were carried out in

the scale 1:12.5. In order to determine these modal parameters of the scaled model, Operational Modal

Analysis (OMA) was performed under laboratory conditions. Sensitive one-axis accelerometers were located

on critical points on the span and arch of the scaled model bridge and signals originated by accelerometers

were collected in order to quantify the vibratory response of scaled bridge model. The experimental natural

frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios resulting from these measurements were figured out by using

Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification techniques. Three-

dimensional model of the reduced-scale historical masonry bridge were created in ANSYS finite element

software to expose the analytical dynamic characteristics of the scaled bridge model. Experimental results

were compared with those of the finite element analysis of the bridge. Calibration of the finite element model

was utilized depending on the Operational Modal Analysis results of the reduced-scale model of the bridge.

Correlation studies were conducted between the experimental and analytical modal parameters results of the

reduced-scaled historical masonry arch bridge to minimize the uncertain finite element modeling parameters

such as material properties and boundary conditions.

Keywords: Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), Reduced-Scale model, Finite Element Model (FEM),

Historical Masonry Arch Bridge.

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Finite Element Based Investigation of Backfill Effects on Seismic Behavior of A Cantilever Wall

Tufan Cakir*1

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Gümüşhane University, TÜRKİYE.

(E-mail: cakirtufan@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Although retaining systems are seemingly simple and easily constructed structures, their seismic design

is a rather complicated task. This is mainly attributed to the fact that their dynamic response has not

been yet completely understood, despite the numerous studies that have been carried out in the past.

Moreover, cantilever retaining walls are critical geotechnical engineering structures which have become

widespread during the recent decades following the introduction of reinforced concrete construction

techniques, especially in connection with the protection of transportation facilities and/or residential

areas. For this type of retaining wall, structural weight is not predominant as equilibrium depends

mainly on backfill actions and the resistance of foundation soil. Dynamic loads have come to be

forefront of attention due to a number of events that affected retaining structures all over the world,

clearly indicating that this issue is important for purposes of structural design. The widespread damage

to retaining structures due to earthquakes may have a substantial impact on the economy of the region

in terms of both direct and indirect losses. Therefore, knowing the behavior and seismic design of

retaining walls is of great importance.

In this study, a series of finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the backfill effects on

seismic behavior of a cantilever wall incorporating backfill and subsoil interactions. Considering four

different backfill soil conditions, the dynamic analyses of backfill-cantilever wall-soil/foundation

system were carried out in time domain. The cohesionless soil was modeled as an elasto-plastic medium

with viscous boundary applied on the artificial boundary of soil to simulate the wave energy absorption.

Backfill-wall interface behavior was taken into account by using interface elements between the wall

and soil to allow for de-bonding. The magnitudes of lateral displacements and stresses were

determined. Consequently, based on the response amplification/reduction pattern observed, it is

highlighted that the earthquake behavior of cantilever walls can change considerably due to the backfill

interaction. Thus, it should be considered in design criteria of cantilever walls.

Keywords: Artificial boundary, Backfill interaction, Finite element analysis, Seismic behavior

272

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Evaluation of Geotechnical Properties of Soils with Geographic Information System (GIS) : A

case study in Gürsu, Turkey

E. Seyrek1, S. Topçu

2 and A. Orhan

3

1Assist. Prof. Dr., Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dumlupınar University,Turkey

(E-mail: evren.seyrek@dpu.edu.tr)

2 Lecturer, Kütahya Technical Vocational High School, Dumlupınar University, Turkey

(E-mail: sadettin.topcu@dpu.edu.tr)

3Assist. Prof. Dr., Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir

Haci Bektas Veli University,Turkey

(E-mail:ahmet.orhan@nevsehir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Gürsu, selected as investigation area is located at eastern of Bursa and is founded on arable soil. It spreads on

110 km2

area with a population about 70.000. There are many industrial investments around Gürsu and it

takes place on a thick bedded alluvium deposit. Scope of the study is to evaluate the properties of foundation

soil of Gürsu with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Recently, geographic information systems

Software’s are widely used in geotechnical and earthquake engineering applications. In order to determine the

geotechnical behavior of the region, physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil profile were obtained

from geotechnical reports of private companies. Test results about ground water level (GWL), sieve analysis,

atterberg limits, soil classification, specific gravity and unconfined and/or triaxial compression were picked

up from these reports. Topographic, lithological and geotechnical data of the region were compiled as a

database in computer to produce geo-engineering maps. Geological cross-sections and also cross-sections for

Standart Penetration Test (SPT) values were drawn to decipher specifically the alluvial deposits in detail in

densely populated areas. In this respect, the sub-surface of the study area is fully visualized and useful

predictor maps and cross-sections are performed to be used in further studies for researchers and designers.

Keywords: Cross-sections, GIS, Gürsu, Micro-Zonation, SPT.

273

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Performance of a conceptual hydrological model in hydropower generation for a mountainous

tropical catchment in Costa Rica

Maikel Mendez*1

1,

Construction Engineering School, Department, Institute, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, Costa Rica.

(E-mail: mamendez@itcr.ac.cr, maikel_m@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

The upper Toro River catchment, a mountainous tropical catchment located in north-western Costa

Rica plays an important role in the hydropower generation context of the country. The catchment is

situated in one of the rainiest and steepest mountainous areas of the country with a mean annual

precipitation of 3200 mm and an average slope of 23%.

Following the importance in water utilization, the conceptual HBV-light hydrologic model was selected

to study the watershed response to precipitation and develop water balances at daily and hourly

timesteps.

The HBV-light hydrological model was selected for this study. A 5-year weather and streamflow

historical record (2006-2010); was used for calibration (2006-2008) and validation (2009-2010).

The model-independent parameter optimization program PEST was used for calibration and sensitivity

analysis. The Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency criterion, the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency with logarithmic

values, the Percent Bias and the Absolute Percent Bias were used to evaluate the goodness of fit and

model efficiency.

Model results indicate good representation of the hydrological processes for daily time -steps but poor

performance for hourly time-steps, suggesting that the model is unable to properly describe the

complex hydrological processes in steep terrains for high temporal resolutions. Regardless of the

temporal resolution; PERC (percolation) K1 (upper zone recession coefficient), K2 (lower zone

recession coefficient) and soilFC (maximum soil moisture storage) were the most sensitive parameters.

For hourly time-steps, a physically based model is recommended.

Keywords: Calibration and Validation, HBV, PEST, Sensitivity Analysis.

Acknowledgment: This research was supported by Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE). The author

is grateful to Dirección de Estudios Básicos at ICE for providing observed data for the Upper Toro River

catchment.

274

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015 Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Uncertainty Analysis of Open Channel Flow: Stochastic Approach to Advection–Diffusion

Equation

Hossein Khorshidi *1, Nasser Talebbeydokhti

2 and Gholamreza Rakhshandehroo

3

1Department of Civil Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, IRAN.

(E-mail: khorshidi398@gmail.com)

2,3

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz,

IRAN.

(E-mail: taleb@shirazu.ac.ir, rakhshan@shirazu.ac.ir)

ABSTRACT

Advection-Diffusion equation (ADE) arises in various field of applications such as modeling flood, dam-

break flows, tides and storm surge. The flow field parameters are often accompanied with uncertainty due to

the lack of understanding of the natural open channel properties including roughness coefficient and bed

slope, initial and boundary conditions. This paper presents a stochastic approach to describe uncertainty and

its propagation based on the ADE. Our investigation is aimed at obtaining higher-order solutions to the

statistical moments of the flow depth. To assess the uncertainty in free surface flow, randomly initial

condition is imposed in the framework of one-dimensional open cannel flow. Karhunen–Loeve method

(KLM) is adopted to decompose the uncertain parameter (initial free surface elevation), as an infinite series

containing a set of orthogonal Gaussian random variables. Eigenstrucure (eigenvalues and eigenfunctions) of

the covariance function associated with free surface elevation is extracted from Fredhulm’s equation. They

play a key role in computing the coefficients of the series. The flow depth is also represented as an infinite

series of its moments which are obtained through decomposing by polynomial expansions in terms of the

products of random variables. The coefficients of these series are governed by a set of recursive equations

that are derived from the ADE. The mean value and variance for the flow depth were expanded up to the

third-order. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), as a reliable approach, is carried out for several realizations and

compared with the results of different orders of the present stochastic scheme. The present results highlight

various statistical properties of free surface elevation including correlation length and variance. It was found

that when higher-order approximations are used, the results of KLM compare well with the Monte Carlo

simulation.

Keywords: Advection-Diffusion equation, Karhunen–Loeve method, Monte Carlo simulation, Open channel

flow, Stochastic solution.

275

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Frequency Analysis of Low and High Flows in Climate Change

Yavuz Selim Güçlü

Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Hydraulics, TURKEY.

(E-mail: gucluya@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The climate change is an important factor affecting hydrological variables, significantly. In this study, the

frequency analyses of low and high flows are performed depending on the duration under the pressure of

climate change. Durations of average flows are selected as monthly, seasonal, 6-month and annual values

with considering the frequency of 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 20-year, 50-year, 100-year, 200-year and 500-year.

Then, positive or negative trends are determined for the assessment of the low and high flows through the

obtained graphs. For the purpose, frequency-flow-duration (FQD) curves similar to frequency-intensity-

duration (FID) curves are obtained instead of flow-duration-frequency (QDF) curve analogous to intensity-

duration-frequency (IDF) curve. Additionally, the flow values for n-year frequency are calculated using two

parameter Gamma cumulative probability distribution function (CDF). Finally, application is made using the

measurement on Görele River as an intact river in Trabzon, Turkey.

Keywords: FQD curves, Frequency analysis, High flows, Low flows, QDF curves.

276

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Flow Around a Pipeline with Spoiler

Öner, Ahmet Alper

Civil Eng., Dept., Erciyes Unv., Engineering Fac., TÜRKİYE.

(E-mail: alperoner@erciyes.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the experimental and numerical results of a 2D turbulent flow around a smooth pipeline

with and without a spoiler at ReD=4150 and 9500 with G/D=0.3. PIV technique is used to measure the flow

velocities around the pipeline and ANSYS® 11 (CFD) program package based on FEM is used to solve the

governing equations. The k- and k- turbulence models on different mesh densities are used to simulate the

flow field. The k- turbulence model on the finest mesh is found better than k-, in the simulation. The

results show that the spoiler increase the length of the separation areas around the pipeline and quite contrary

to the speculation that the increase in the process of local scouring under the pipeline with spoiler is due to

the increase of flow through the gap, in this study it was observed that the rate of flow through the gap do not

increase significantly due to the spoiler on the pipeline.

Keywords: Pipeline, Spoiler, Turbulent Flow.

277

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Comparison of Performance of Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs in Increasing the Spillway

Capacity of Dams

Deniz Karaeren*1 and Zafer Bozkuş

2

1, 2

Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: karaerendeniz@gmail.com, bozkus@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Dams play an important role in infrastructure of our country and provide drinking water, flood protection,

renewable hydroelectric power, navigation, and irrigation as well as facilities for sports activities. However,

dams in Turkey are gradually aging and in order to assure the safety of those aging dams, rehabilitation is

necessary. Very often, increasing the capacity of a spillway would be required in rehabilitation works. Thus, it

is the main goal of this study to investigate some practical methods used in increasing the spillway capacity of

dams. In this respect, labyrinth and piano key weir types were selected as the two effective methods to

achieve that mentioned goal. Design procedure of labyrinth weirs and piano key weirs were outlined and each

one applied in five different existing projects. Comparisons were made with linear weirs, it was concluded

that labyrinth and piano key weirs increase the effective crest length of a dam spillway significantly for a

given spillway width, therefore, in return, they increase the flow capacity for a given operating head.

Moreover, different geometric parameters were also studied to see their effect in changing the discharge

capacity.

Keywords: spillways, capacity, labyrinth, piano key weirs

Acknowledgment: The authors thank State Water Works (DSI) for providing data for the dams used in the

study.

278

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Improving Design Storm Estimation by DAD Curves in Watershed Considering Non-uniform

Rainfall. Case study: Khersan Basin

M. Fazaee*1 and A. Sourinejad

2 B. Jamshidieini

3

1 Ghods Niroo engineering company. IRAN

(E-mail: masoomehfazaee@gmail.com)

2 University of Payame-Noor. IRAN

(Email: souri80@yahoo.com)

3 University of Tehran. IRAN

(Email: jamshidi_1979@ut.ac.ir)

ABSTRACT

A significant portion of disaster-related damage of hydraulic structures results from flash flooding.

Therefore, design flood estimation is a crucial part of design and sizing of all hydraulic structures such

as dams. Since storms are the main cause of the floods, reliable flood estimation needs accurate

estimation of the storms. Estimation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and using depth-area-

duration (DAD) curves are two well-known techniques of the design storm approximation. Synoptic

based probable maximum precipitation is a reliable method for design storm estimation but the result

obtained for whole basin cannot be generalized to its subbasins. In contrast, DAD curves can be used in

subbasins as well as whole basin. However, it is not as reliable as the synoptic method.

Khersan basin is located in southwest of Iran and comprises of two wet areas in south and west and one

arid area in northeast. In this study, we use traditional DAD curves to estimate the design storm.

Afterwards, the basin is divided into three sub-basins according to long-term precipitation and DAD

curves plotted for each subbasin separately. The results showed that if a basin is a combination of arid

and wet areas, especially in the presence of barriers like mountains, there is a risk of design storm

overestimation in the arid areas. Finally, current study suggested that dividing the basin into a few sub-

basins can reduce the overestimation of design storm and prevent the overdesign of hydraulic

structures.

Keywords: DAD, Design storm, Flood estimation, Non-uniform

279

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A New Area Based Parameter Estimation Methodology for Leaky Aquifer System

A. Ufuk ŞAHİN*1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Hacettepe University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ufuksahin@hacettepe.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

A new integration based estimation methodology is developed to elaborate the hydraulic parameters for leaky

aquifer systems. The field data obtaining from the pumping test are traditionally superimposed with the set of

non-equilibrium type curves drawn by the assumptions such as homogeneous aquifer, no well losses and

wellbore storage, etc. Any deviations from the ideal settings may lead a difficult matching with theoretical

curve family, which, therefore, causes the misinterpretation of aquifer parameters. In the proposed method,

referred as Area Based Estimation (ABE), the leakage factor ( /r B ) could be easily estimated to avoid the

need of curve match process. The performance and reliability of the ABE method were tested under different

aquifer settings including synthetically homogenous and real field examples and compared with the available

methods used in the groundwater literature. The results verify that the ABE procedure could be employed as a

viable approach in order to estimate leaky aquifer parameters.

Keywords: Aquifer Parameters, Area Based Estimation (ABE), Heterogeneity, Leaky aquifer.

280

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Numerical Simulation of Wave-Structure Interaction Using a Ghost-Cell Immersed Boundary

Method

E. Demirel

Civil Engineering Department, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY.

edemirel@ogu.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

In this work, a ghost-cell immersed boundary method is proposed for the numerical simulation of

nonlinear free surface waves and their interaction with a stationary solid boundary. The numerical

method employs a second order accurate two-step projection algorithm to solve Navier-Stokes

equations on a staggered grid system. Two different test problems, flows over a stationary circular cylinder

and propagation of solitary wave on a sloping beach, are simulated to demonstrate the accuracy of the present

numerical method, and the results are compared with previous numerical and experimental results. The

comparisons show that the present immersed boundary method can accurately simulate the interaction of

surface waves with complex structures.

Keywords: Immersed Boundary Method, Solitary Wave, VOF, Wave-Structure Interaction.

Acknowledgment: The numerical calculations reported in this study were performed at TUBITAK

ULAKBIM, High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TRUBA Resources).

281

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Assessment of Diyarbakır Basalt Aquifer hydrogeological analyzed and obtains thematic maps

with GIS Geostatistical Analyst Tool.

Recep ÇELİK*1

1,

Authors’ Asst. Proff. Dr. Dicle University Engineering Faculty.

Civil Engineering Department, Diyarbakır/TURKEY.

(E-mail: recep.celik@dicle.edu.tr, recebcelik@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Diyarbakır basalt aquifer is volcanic-rock aquifers which contains high quality water. It used to use for

drinking water of Diyarbakır city center drinking demand up to Dicle Drinking Water Project in 2005.

Somewhere basalt aquifer groundwater still uses for irrigation in rural areas of Diyarbakır city.

In our study, Diyarbakır city center’s -which is located on the Tigris river basin’s- basalt aquifer

groundwater potentials and hydrogeological features examined and modeled by using GIS programmer.

Firstly, general geological data, meteorological data and general information about natural water sources

collected together, afterwards logs of well drilled by public institutions and private individuals within the

Diyarbakır city center are analyzed . Static water level, dynamic water level, pumps productivity rates are

classified in these logs. Then, thematic maps produced with the help of Arc Info Professional GIS

programmer with Geostatistical Analyst tool. Groundwater source potential of Diyarbakır examined with by

means of these thematic maps. In hydrogeological research, productivity by aquifer features, water retention

capacity and groundwater level data evaluated with geological structure of area taken into consideration.

Key Words: Diyarbakır city centre,basalt aquifer, groundwater, groundwater static level, dynamic water

level, pump flowrate efficient, GIS (Geographical Information Systems)

Keywords: Groundwater, GIS, Water Quality, Diyarbakır City Center

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Dicle University, Scientific Research Project Funding (DUBAP) for

their financial support [Project number: MYO 147].

282

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Effect of Some Aquifer Characteristics on Permeable Reactive Barriers Efficiency for

Groundwater Remediation

S. Atashin*1, A. Abrishamchi

2 and M. Vossoughi

3

1 Civil Engineering, Student of Sharif University of Technology, IRAN.

(sabrine_atashin@yahoo.com)

2 Civil Engineering, Profesor of Sharif University of Technology and UNESCO Chair in Water and

Environment Management for Sustainable Cities, IRAN.

(abrisham@sharif.edu)

3 Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Profesor of Sharif University of Technology, IRAN.

(vosoughi@sharif.edu)

ABSTRACT

Today, groundwater contamination has raised deep concerns among environmental scientists. Since

groundwater cleanup is generally very expensive and complex process, introducing cost effective ways

such as in-situ remediation method brings much benefit. This research has considered permeable

reactive barrier (PRB) method among in-situ remediation technologies and tries to find the suitable

condition for its reactivity. To achieve this goal, the effect of two aquifer characteristics, hydraulic

conductivity and hydraulic gradient, on the efficiency of groundwater contaminants removal by

permeable reactive barriers are studied. In this research, computer simulation is done via two

dimensional finite difference groundwater flow model, MODFLOW. The results show that the

contaminant removal percentage is reduced when the barrier gets less permeable such that at low

KAquifer/KPRB ratios the contaminant removal percentage is equal to zero. It is also concluded that,

hydraulic gradient has no significant effect on the contaminant removal percentage by PRB .

Keywords: Groundwater, Hydraulic Conductivity, Hydraulic Gradient, In-Situ Remediation, PRB,

Acknowledgment: We offer our sincere appreciation to Dr. Gholami and Dr. Alamolhoda, professors of

Sharif University of Technology, since this work is benefited from their comments and suggestions.

283

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Potential of image processing methods based on intensity values captured by TLS for surface

condition assessment

J. Zaczek-Peplinska*1, K. Osińska-Skotak

2, D. Wujanz

3 and M.E. Kowalska

4

1, 2, 4 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, POLAND.

(E-mail: jzaczek@gik.pw.edu.pl, k.osinska-skotak@gik.pw.edu.pl,m.kowalska@gik.pw.edu.pl)

3TechnischeUniversität Berlin, Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, GERMANY.

(E-mail: daniel.wujanz@tu-berlin.de)

ABSTRACT

Laser scanning technology provide fresh opportunities for monitoring of engineering object s, such as

concrete water dams, whose failure might endanger both life and property of local inhabitants. Laser

scanning allow to collect in a very short time millions of highly accurate points, for which, apart from

spatial coordinates, intensity value is registered. Laser beam deflection intensity value depends in large

extent on properties of surface, allowing to analyze its condition. This paper presents examples of

application methods of digital image analysis in reference to data obtained in the proce ss of laser

measurements using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS). Clustering algorithms applied among others in

the processing of multi- and hyperspectral images, in the following research, were utilized to indicate

areas of concrete surface with similar properties/characteristics, helping to determine areas requiring

closer inspection. Experiment utilize TLS measurements data, obtained using two laser scanners with

different technical parameters of laser beam, including electromagnetic radiation wavelength – Leica

C10 (green laser) and Z+F Imager 5006h (red laser). Measurements of surveyed objects were performed

at the same weather conditions, from exactly the same testing base positions. Measurement outcomes

were processed using following algorithms: ISODATA, minimum distance and maximum likelihood.

Obtained results indicate, that digital image processing methods adopted for Intensity images allow for

obtaining information regarding the condition of concrete surface. Effectively, conducted analysis

permitted for indication of areas requiring conservation and preservation.

Keywords:Clustering algorithms,Laser Scanning, Supervised classification, Technical Control of

Dams,Unsupervised classification.

284

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015 Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Selection of reference fields for statistical analysis of point clouds (TLS) in a process of technical

condition assessment of concrete water dam

J. Zaczek-Peplinska*1

, M. E. Kowalska2 and E. Nowak

3

1,2,3

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Chair of Engineering Geodesy,

Measurement and Control Systems, POLAND

(E-mail: jzaczek@gik.pw.edu.pl, m.kowalska@gik.pw.edu.pl, e.nowak@gik.pw.edu.pl)

ABSTRACT

Periodical measurements of concrete dams conducted within geodetic monitoring can be performed using

terrestrial laser scanners (TLS), which allow for obtaining point models (of quasi-continuous character) that

are suitable to further processing and analysis. The main parameter distinguishing laser scanners from other,

classical geodetic instruments, apart from rate of work and high number of registered points, is a registration

of Intensity value (I) – laser beam reflection strength. Analysis of registered I values might have

a practical application for structure condition diagnosis. At present, spatial data obtained using laser scanning

are most often utilised to elaboratearchitecturalinventory. Performed experimental measurements indicate,

that the TLS technology can be successfully applied to assess condition, strength and hardness of concrete

surfaces, as well as filtration rates and cracks of a water dam surface (especially of the downstream face at

low water).

This paper will present the new approach to data (point clouds) obtained using TLS technique. It will

also describe research leading to development of selection methodology for the reference fields .

Authors propose taking into consideration factors such as: points distribution depending on distances

between the scanner and the surveyed surface, laser beam angle, predefined scan density and reflection

intensity value. Condition for true analysis of point clouds obtained in a course of periodi cal TLS is the

correct definition of the quality and accuracy of analysed data (for both, separate scans and point

clouds). In order to enhance credibility of determined deformations and displacements authors propose

point clouds classifications method, that is marking out areas of different “quality” category, as well as

determining reference fields basing on research conducted “in situ” - e.g. non-destructive surface test

methods and visual techniques.

Keywords: deformations of engineering structures, engineering geodesy, reference fields, technical

condition assessment, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)

285

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Flow Measurement Using One Point Method for the Rectangular and Triangular Free Overfalls

Ehsan Abrari*1, Mustafa Ergil

2 and Mohammad Karim Beirami

3

1, 2

Civil Engineering Department, Eastern Mediterranean University, T.R.N.C.

(E-mail: ehsan.abrari@cc.emu.edu.tr, mustafa.ergil@emu.edu.tr)

3 Civil Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University, Estahban Branch, Estahban, IRAN.

(E-mail:beirami@cc.iut.ac.ir)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a simplified theoretical method to analyze the free overfall in the rectangular, triangular

channels. Applying the continuity equation, a new theoretical approach is presented to obtain the end depth

ratio (EDR) using the non-uniform velocity distribution at the centroid of the brink section. In sub-critical

flow regimes, the EDR related to the critical depth are found to be 0.7071 and 0.8091 for the rectangular and

triangular channel cross sections, respectively. The method of estimation of the end depth discharge (EDD),

for sub-critical flow regime, is also presented. The computed results are in acceptable agreement using some

of the pertaining experimental and theoretical studies.

Keywords: End depth; Flow measurement; free overfall.

286

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Assessing the Sensitivity of SWMM Model to Variations in Hydrological and Land Use Parameters

Zeynep Akdoğan*1, Başak Güvenr

2 and Işıl Balcıoğlu

3

1, 2, 3

Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: zeynepakd@hotmail.com, basak.guven@boun.edu.tr, balcıogl@boun.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Increasing human activities, urbanization and land use changes in recent years have contributed to

water quality degradation by affecting the transport of contaminants to receiving waters by overland flow.

This necessitates the development of modeling approaches for planning and management of catchments that

play a significant role on water supply. However, data gathering and harmonization are one of the most

challenging steps towards developing distributed catchment models due to the spatial variability of data. The

main objective of this study is to develop a semi-distributed hydrological model, and to determine the effects

of precipitation and land use changes on runoff production in the Marmara Region. Storm Water Management

Model (SWMM) was chosen to develop the catchment hydrological model. Spatial data obtained from

Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and land use and cover information were used as input parameters

for the SWMM. 55 years of time series precipitation data were used for model simulations. Finally, a one-at-

a-time parametric sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the most important parameters affecting

SWMM outcomes. Model’s sensitivity was assessed based on the variations in eight major parameters of the

model affecting runoff quantity and quality. Sensitivity of runoff quality was assessed using buildup and

washoff functions, which were analyzed based on the loads of relatively soluble metals in water, such as Cu

and Zn. According to the analysis results, the most significant parameters include precipitation, area, and

maximum buildup of contaminants. The model is also quite sensitive to changes in buildup rate constant,

while exponential washoff functions has an average influence. On the other hand, percent imperviousness and

percent slope have the lowest influence on model outputs. Results also revealed that GIS incorporated

SWMM modeling approach could be used as an efficient tool for developing hydrological models for

catchments within the Marmara Region.

Keywords: Catchment hydrology, Geographical Information Systems (GIS)Land use, Parameter Sensitivity

Analysis, Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Boğaziçi University, Scientific Research Project Funding (BAP) for

their financial support [Project number: 6643].

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Determination of System Deficiencies with WDS Models

Ayşenur USLU *1

, Gülfem BAKAN 2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun/TURKEY

(e-mail: auslu@omu.edu.tr) 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun/TURKEY

(e-mail: gbakan@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Before the start of the construction, not to take into account the situations that may occur in a real system

causes errors of no return when designed system is presented to service. Therefore in order to help water

system designers, operators and managers, modeling tool has been developed by the time. The fundamental

goal of hydraulic modeling for water distribution systems is to develop and maintain a model that sufficiently

simulates the performance of the distribution system.

In this study, Samsun 19 Mayis district, the adequacy of drinking water distribution system was

examined in terms of using hydraulic modeling software. In the first stage, information about the existing

system was gathered and database of the drinking water distribution system was created using Geographic

Information System (GIS). In the second phase of the study, the network components of the real system is

transferred from Geographic Information System database to the model through MIKE URBAN WD water

distribution system software, the water demand inputs and topographic inputs have been identified. In the

third stage model results were compared with field observations and model input parameters were calibrated.

In the fourth stage of the study, steady state analysis of calibrated model of the 19 Mayis district drinking

water distribution system were performed according to maximum daily water consumption, maximum hourly

water consumption and maximum daily water consumption with fire flow scenarios. The adequacy of the

existing system was examined according to analysis results and suggestions were offered in order to

eliminate system deficiencies.

Keywords: Fire flow analysis, MIKE URBAN WD software, Steady state analysis, Scenario.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Ondokuz Mayis University, Scientific Research Project Funding

(OMU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: PYO.MUH.1904.11.016].

288

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The impact of the soil data quality on the effectivness of hydrological modelling. Case study: Upper

Raba Catchment (Poland)

E. Wojtas1, M. Sawczak*

2, T. Bergier

3 and W. Drzewiecki

4

1, 2, 3

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental

Engineering, Department of Environmental Management and Protection,

al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, POLAND

(E-mail: ewwojtas@agh.edu.pl, sawczak@agh.edu.pl, tbergier@agh.edu.pl)

4 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering,

Department of Geoinformation Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing of Environment, al. Mickiewicza 30,

30-059 Krakow, POLAND

(E-mail: drzewiec@agh.edu.pl)

ABSTRACT

Information about soils is beside the digital terrain model and the structure of land use an essential part

in delineation of the hydrological response units (HRU), which are the basis to perform the process of

hydrological modelling. The main factors affecting modelling results are soil map resolution and the

accuracy of parameters describing soil conditions, among others granulometric compositions, bulk

density, infiltration rate and organic matter content. The objective of this study was to determine and to

assess the impact of soil data quality on model efficiency. For this purpose data from two sources were

used: a detailed soil map by Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG, State Research

Institute) and highly generalized The European Soil Database (ESDB).

Simulation of runoff and evaluation of its effectiveness was performed by using Jena Adaptable

Modelling System the hydrological model J2000-S and was carried out in the study area of Upper Raba

Catchment (~640 km2, Malopolska, Poland) and two subbasins (~90 km

2 and ~165 km

2) with different

characteristic. The spatial data preparation was covered by two different HRU delineations: a cluster

analysis with overlaying of soil map and cluster analysis with overlaying of land use map, allowing a

more complex soil data type importance analysis.

The results showed differences in modelling effectiveness depending on soil data resolution and source

as well as the role of the soil map in HRU delineation process.

Keywords: hydrological modelling, model J2000-S, soil data

Acknowledgment: The article was realized in SaLMaR project, funded by the National Centre for Research

and Development in the context of Polish-German Sustainability Research Cooperation.

289

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Remote sensing based impermeability coefficient estimation and its influence on hydrological modelling

efficiency

E. Wojtas*1, T. Bergier

2, W. Drzewiecki

3 and M. Sawczak

4

1, 2, 4

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental

Engineering, Department of Environmental Management and Protection,

al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, POLAND

(E-mail: ewwojtas@agh.edu.pl, tbergier@agh.edu.pl, sawczak@agh.edu.pl)

3 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering,

Department of Geoinformation Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing of Environment, al. Mickiewicza 30,

30-059 Krakow, POLAND

(E-mail: drzewiec@agh.edu.pl)

ABSTRACT

A common approach in hydrological modelling in terms of impermeability distinguishes between two main

classes of land use called urban areas and rural areas. The values representing their impermeability are

assigned basing on expert knowledge or program recommendations which introduces a large simplification of

the data provided. Extensively studied and proven influence of urbanization and what follows surface sealing

on infiltration, surface runoff and consequently catchment runoff is the starting point to consideration about

providing more detailed land use and land surface impermeability information. The goal of this study was to

determine an optimum number of impervious areas classes basing on the data provided with use of remote

sensing.

For this purpose a mean impermeability coefficient for land use vectorised map features was estimated and

the reclassification of rasterized land use map was made in several different ways. The evaluation of each was

carried out by comparing runoff modelling efficiencies with each other and with basic results from two

classes approach modelling.

Keywords: hydrological modelling, impermeability.

Acknowledgment: The article was realized in SaLMaR project, funded by the National Centre for Research

and Development in the context of Polish-German Sustainability Research Cooperation.

290

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The importance of land use changes and data quality for hydrological modelling

E. Wojtas*1, M. Sawczak

2, T. Bergier

3, W. Drzewiecki

4, M. Pierzchalski

5 and P. Wężyk

6

1-3

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering,

Department of Environmental Management and Protection,

al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, POLAND

(E-mail: ewwojtas@agh.edu.pl, sawczak@agh.edu.pl, tbergier@agh.edu.pl)

4 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering,

Department of Geoinformation Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing of Environment, al. Mickiewicza 30,

30-059 Krakow, POLAND

(E-mail: drzewiec@agh.edu.pl)

5 ProGea Consulting, ul. Pachońskiego 9, 31-223 Kraków, POLAND

(E-mail: marcin.pierzchalski@progea.pl)

6 Laboratory of Geomatics, Department of Forest Management, Geomatics and Forest Economics, Institute of

Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, POLAND

(E-mail: wezyk.piotr@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The significant influence of land use and land management on water cycle can be reflected in

hydrological modelling by entering a parameterized land use map into the program. However, relatively

long periods used in hydrology in the context of rapidly changing land cover exclude constant

projection of catchment response to the precipitation throughout the period of modelling, thereby

hindering model parameterization and evaluation.

The goal of this study was to estimate the actual size of these observations for the purpose of land use

scenario preparation. The implementation of JAMS (Jena Adaptable Modelling System) model J2000 -S

was carried out for a former rural mountainous catchment and its two subcatchments in order to

differentiate land use, scale and elevation impact on the land use data significance in modelling. In this

approach three models using different land development stages were parameterized and calibra ted for

the time interval of 20 years, while model efficiencies were calculated for years representing the state

of land cover reflected by land use map entered into the model. The comparison of model efficiencies

for all catchments and time intervals was used to assess the importance of the land use map accuracy

depending on the type of catchment and modelling period.

Keywords: hydrological modelling, land use, water cycle

Acknowledgment: The article was realized in SaLMaR project, funded by the National Centre for Research

and Development in the context of Polish-German Sustainability Research Cooperation.

291

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Comparative study for Discharge Coefficient Prediction of Compound Broad Crested Weir by

two Soft-Computing Techniques

Gürol Yıldırım1

1 Gürol Yıldırım Civil Engineering Department, Aksaray University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: yildirimg3@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Compound broad-crested-weir is a typical hydraulic structure that provides flow control and measurements at

different flow depths. Compound broad-crested weir mainly consists of two sections; first relatively small

inner rectangular section for measuring low-flows, and wide rectangular section at higher flow depths. In this

paper, series of laboratory experiments was performed to investigate the potential effects of length of crest in

flow direction, and step height of broad-crested weir of rectangular compound cross section on the discharge

coefficient. For this purpose, 15 different physical models of broad-crested weirs with rectangular compound

cross sections were tested for a wide range of discharge values. The results of examination for computing

discharge coefficient were yielded by using multiple regression equations based on the dimensional analysis.

Then, the results obtained were also compared with Genetic Programming (GP) and Artificial Neural

Network (ANN) techniques to investigate the applicability, ability and accuracy of these procedures.

Comparison of results from the GP and ANN procedures clearly indicates, the ANN technique is less efficient

in comparison with the GP algorithm, for the determination of discharge coefficient. To examine the accuracy

of the results yielded from the GP and ANN procedures, two performance indicators (determination

coefficient (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)) were used. The comparison test of results clearly

shows that, the implementation of GP technique is sound satisfactory regarding the performance indicators

(R2 = 0.952 and RMSE= 0.065), with less deviation from the numerical values.

Keywords: Broad-Crested Weir, Compound, Discharge Coefficient, Genetic Programming (GP), Artificial

Neural Network (ANN), Soft Computing.

292

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

State-of-the-Art Review on Explicit Approximations to the Implicit Colebrook-White Friction

Factor Equation

Gürol Yıldırım1

1 Gürol Yıldırım Civil Engineering Department, Aksaray University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: yildirimg3@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The implicit Colebrook-White equation has been widely used to estimate the friction factor for turbulent

fluid-flow in rough-pipes. In this paper, the state-of-the-art review for the most currently available explicit

alternatives to the implicit Colebrook-White equation, is presented. An extensive comparison test was

established on the 20×500 grid, for a wide range of relative roughness ( / D ) and Reynolds number (R)

values (6 21 10 / D 5 10 ;

3 84 10 R 10 ), covering a large portion of turbulent flow zone in the

Moody’s diagram. Based on the comprehensive error analysis, the magnitude points in which the maximum

absolute and the maximum relative error are occurred at the pair of / D and R values, are observed. A

limiting case of the most of these approximations provided friction factor estimates that are characterized by a

mean absolute error of 45 10 , a maximum absolute error of

34 10 whereas, a mean relative error of 1.3%

and a maximum relative error of 5.8%, over the entire range of / D and R values, respectively. For

practical purposes, the complete results for the maximum and the mean relative errors versus the 20 sets of

/ D value, are also indicated in two comparative figures. The examination results for error properties of

these approximations gives one an opportunity to practically evaluate the most accurate formula among of all

the previous explicit models; and showing in this way its great flexibility for estimating turbulent flow friction

factor. Comparative analysis for the mean relative error profile revealed, the classification for the best-fitted 6

equations examined was in a good agreement with those of the best model selection criterion claimed in the

recent literature, for all performed simulations.

Keywords: Fluid mechanics; turbulent flow; Colebrook-White equation, friction factor; Moody’s diagram;

closed form solution; explicit scheme; steady-state analysis; Excel spreadsheet; Techdig 2.0 software.

293

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Innovative Test Set Up on Shake Table to Assess Out-of-Plane Behavior of Infill Masonry Walls

Onur ONAT*1, Paulo B. Lourenço

2 and Ali Koçak

3

1 Graduate School of Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, TURKEY.

(E-mail: onat.onur@hotmail.com)

2 Civil Engineering Department, ISISE, Guimaraes, PORTUGAL.

(E-mail: pbl@civil.uminho.pt)

3 Civil Engineering Department, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, TURKEY.

(E-mail: akocak@yildiz.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to discuss new test set up on shake table to assess out of plane behavior of infill

masonry walls subjected to bidirectional earthquake load. For this purpose 1:1 scale single bay single

storey reinforced concrete frame and infill wall was produced. Then special steel boundary conditions

were placed on shake table to simulate 7th

floor of 8 storey building. Also infill wall was connected to

reaction wall from one side with strut. Dimensions of this specimen are 6.4 m length and 3.25 m height.

Earthquake loads were applied in 5 steps with incremental load. However, during the test, there was a

problem with boundary condition. This problem was a gap between reaction wall and reinforced

concrete frame. Due to this gap problem, bizarre results were came up after processing datas. However,

processed datas are compatible with general cracks of structures and this specimen. General out-of-

plane behaviors of mid part of infill wall were simulated with 3-D graphs. Crushed parts of infill are

demonstrated with damage maps along in-plane direction. Furthermore, other purposes of this paper are

to discuss result of this experiment, precautions for next tests and suggestions.

Keywords: Infill, Masonry, Out-of-Plane Behavior, Shake Table

294

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Fabrication and Critical Decomposition of High Resistance Interlocking Flooring with

Magnetically Treated Water from Iron-Boron-Neodymium Magnets

Paulo H. S. Queiroz*1, Fábio H. S. Sales

2 and Andrey Lopes

3

1 Civil Engineering Department, Federal Institute of Technology of Maranhão, BRAZIL.

(E-mail: ph.queiroz@hotmail.com)

2 Physics Department, Federal Institute of Technology of Maranhão, BRAZIL.

(E-mail: fsales@ifma.edu.br)

3 Civil Engineering Department, Federal Institute of Technology of Maranhão, BRAZIL.

(E-mail: andreysl@yahoo.com.br)

ABSTRACT

The presented project aims to fabricate and decompose critically concrete using instead of drinking water

available in the network common distribution, water conducted through magnetic treatment magnets

neodymium-iron-boron, also known as rare earth magnets. The

interlocking tiles are used extensively in construction, since besides being great aesthetic solution for a

multitude of uses are easy to maintain. However, the low quality in the manufacture of this floor type

interferes heavily in the choice of this material in construction sites works in general. By using the magnetic

ionization offered by magnets neodymium in the water used in the manufacture of concrete, we will be raising

quality of interlocking flooring high strength through the use of a non-polluting process, without the

involvement of chemical additives. Beyond determine the guidelines and bases for the production of

interlocking flooring quality, this project will bring results that enhance the production of this type of concrete

in Maranhão, which would generate employment opportunities and income. For ease of application and

maintenance, the use of this type of floor will increase the rate of employability of the workforce Maranhão,

which encounters difficulties when it comes to qualifying. The research will assess the compressive strength

of different specimens, and find the trace appropriate when the effects of past water by magnetic treatment

may be able to meet the aforesaid purpose. For magnetization water, massive permanent neodymium magnets

are used. We will make cylindrical specimens for the testing of Simple at 7, 28, 56, 120 and 240 days

compression according to the standards techniques (NBR 05 739; ABNT, 1994). The material produced in

this project present very low cost, which shows that it problematic streamlines the low quality of interlocking

floors in Maranhão and optimizes service and costs at the construction site, increasing productivity without

harming the environment.

Keywords: Concrete, Interlocked Floors, Magnetical Treatment, Water.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Maranhão – FAPEMA

for their financial support.

295

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Experimental Bearing and Abrasion Analysis of Concrete Specimen Produced by Waste Marble

Dust and Waste Marble Particle

Selim Cemalgil1, Onur ONAT

*2

1 Civil Engineering Department, Tunceli University, Tunceli, TURKEY.

(E-mail: scemalgil@tunceli.edu.tr)

2 Civil Engineering Department, Tunceli University, Tunceli, TURKEY.

(E-mail: onuronat@tunceli.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The head goal of this paper is to present mechanical properties of concrete specimen produced by

Waste Marble Dust used replaced by cement and Waste Marble Particles replaced by aggregate. Due to

huge amount marble production, there is a huge amount materials are wasted every year to

environment. The biggest challenge is to reuse waste materials in concrete in near future. Possibility of

using marble waste was investigated in this paper and also to show the differences of mechanical and

abrasion properties between marble dust replaced by cement and marble particles replaced by

aggregate. Only compressive strength and abrasion resistance was investigated in this study. In this

study two types of experiments were implemented on specimens. These are compressive strength and

abrasion resistance tests. For this purpose three set concrete were casted. Number M0 set represents

control specimen, number M1 set represents concrete specimens casted by Marble Aggregate and

finally number M2 set represents concrete specimen contains marble dust as cement and marble

aggregate as aggregate. Specimens were casted into 100x100x100 mm mold. Compression tests were

done on the base of regulation number TS EN 12390-3. Abrasion resistance was investigated on the

base of ASTM-C 944 regulation with rotating-cutter method. Experimental results were discussed and

explained by suitable graphs.

Keywords: Waste, marble, concrete, engineering properties, marble cement, marble aggregate

296

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Flow around Circular Pier

Oğuz ŞİMŞEK1, M. Sami AKÖZ

2, N. Göksu SOYDAN*

3 and Veysel GÜMÜŞ

4

1, 2,3

Authors’ Civil Engineering, Cukurova University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: oguzsimsek@cu.edu.tr, msa@cu.edu.tr, soydang@cu.edu.tr)

4 Author’s Civil Engineering, Harran University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: gumus@harran.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Measurement of the three-dimensional turbulent flow field around a circular pier is complex due to

separation and generation of multiple vortices. This topic has a great interests for researchers in recent

years due to design of bridge piers and determine of scour holes. In this study, the characteri stics of

open channel flow around a circular pier in a laboratory channel are investigated experimentally. The

governing equations of the present three-dimensional turbulent flows are solved numerically by using

ANSYS Fluent package program based on the Finite Volume Method for the flows having the same

conditions with experiments. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to compute the free surface of

the flow. Grid Convergence Index (GCI) is performed to examine the effect of the selected grid

structure on the numerical results. In the numerical simulations, Standard k-ε, Renormalization Group

k-ε and Realizable k-ε turbulence closure models are employed. The numerical results for the flow

characteristics from the turbulence models are validated by using the experimental data. Experimental

validations of the numerical results show that computations by using the turbulence model are

successful in predicting the flow characteristics around circular pier.

Keywords: Circular Pier, Numerical Simulation, Grid Convergence Index, Volume of Fluid

297

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Structural Behavior of RC and PSC Concrete Members with High Strength Shear Reinforcement

ByungKoo Jun*1, Seong Jun Hong

2, Jaeman Lee

3, Jung-Min Kim

4, Hye Sun Lim

5, and Jung-Yoon

Lee6

1, 2

Department of Global Construction Engineering, Sunkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea

(E-mail: jbghello@naver.com, junsil2000@nate.com)

3, 4, 5, 6

Department of Civil. Architectural, and Environmental System Engineering, Sunkyunkwan University,

Republic of Korea

(E-mail: oksungyu@hanmail.net, kjm9363@naver.com, hyesssun@hanmail.net, jungyoon@skku.edu)

ABSTRACT

The use of high-strength concrete is indispensable for high-rise reinforced and prestressed construction to

ensure the sufficient strength of the structure. The effect of high-strength concrete can be significantly

improved by the use of high-strength, large size reinforcing bars. In particular, footing beams or the beams of

a concrete frame structure subjected to high lateral force are usually subjected to high shear force, and heavier

shear reinforcement is needed. Recently, due to a lack of raw materials, the price of reinforcement has

steadily increased. Accordingly, the demand for high strength steel reinforcement has significantly increased.

For the purpose of adopting high strength shear reinforcement, the concrete members in which the

reinforcement is employed need to be evaluated in terms of material properties, structural performance, and

serviceability. In particular, when adopting a very high strength shear reinforcement, extensive cracks and

deflection can occur in these members. Consequently, the evaluation needs to include ductility, fatigue-

resistance, shear and torsional resistance, anchoring, and seismic capacities. Although there are many studies

regarding the behavior of concrete beams subjected to shear, only a limited number of studies on concrete

beams regarding the yield strength of shear reinforcement are available. In this study, a total of eight concrete

beam specimens incorporating high strength shear reinforcement were tested and the applicability of the high

strength reinforcement was thus assessed. The experimental and analytical results indicate that the limitation

on the yield strength of shear reinforcement in the design code is somewhat under-estimated and needs to be

increased for high-strength concrete beams.

Keywords: Shear reinforcement, High strength, Concrete beams, Diagonal crack width, Shear design.

298

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effects of Soil Foundation Structure Interaction on Performance Based Seismic Design: A Case

Study

A. Abdelhamid*1,2

, B. Tiliouine2

1 Structural Division, National Centre for Studies and Integrated Research on Building, ALGERIA.

(E-mail: malekenp@live.com )

2 Laboratoire de Génie Sismique et de Dynamique des Structures, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique,

ALGERIA.

(E-mail: boualem.tiliouine@g.enp.edu.dz)

ABSTRACT

Observations from past and recent earthquakes have shown that Soil Foundation Structure Interaction (SFSI)

can greatly influence the overall performance of building structures. Nevertheless, little attention, if any, is

usually given to SFSI effects on the dynamic behavior of structures despite the fact that their collapse is

often due to soil foundation system failure and that SFSI is prescribed in performance based seismic

design by various codes and agencies (e.g. Eurocode 8, IBC, FEMA 440, ATC 40…etc). Furthermore,

neglecting kinematic interaction and foundation damping effects may lead to erroneous conclusions in

the assessment of seismic performance of structures under strong ground motions.

In this study, effects of kinematic soil structure interaction and foundation soil damping, on the

performance based seismic design of a manufacturing plant of photovoltaic modules for solar power

exploitation purposes, are investigated. This structure with plan dimensions (171m x 108m), is

supported by a reinforced concrete slab founded at 1.5m depth over a soft soil. The plant is located in

Algiers an area of high seismicity. A site-specific spectrum has been developed and used as the basic

free field ground motion model. Pushover analyses based on nonlinear static procedures incorporating

suggested improvements from FEMA 440 are used to estimate maximum displacement, capacity curve

and hence the performance point. Issues concerning soils and structural nonlinearities are taken into

consideration in the methodology.

Results obtained from the present study show, among others, the importance of slab averaging and

foundation damping effects on the demand spectrum: in particular, the resulting Foundation Input

Motion is found to differ significantly from the free field motion. Effect of embedment has been found

insignificant in the present study. It also is concluded that safer and more economical building design

can be achieved by properly accounting for the SFSI effects.

Keywords: Case Study, Demand Spectrum, Seismic Design, Soil Foundation Structure Interaction,

Structural Performance.

299

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A Simple Structural Evaluation Technique for Building Components

Nacerddine Djermane*1, N. Lahbari

2

1Department of mechanical engineering, Sciences and Applied Science, Oum el bouaghi University,

ALGERIA.

(nacerddinedjermane@yahoo.fr)

ABSTRACT

This research has explored the applicability of a simple structural evaluation technique for building

components such as masonry elements (load bearing walls, columns) or concrete elements (sl abs and

beams) based on the identification of their dynamic properties. It includes a state – of – the art review,

a parametrical sensitivity study, an experimental work under laboratory conditions and a study of

implementing dynamic testing for different purposes.

A finite element model was developed to simulate the full load – unload process and to obtain the

natural frequencies after every load step.

The non-linear parameters, like tension stiffening or constitutive equations of materials are

fundamental when damage models are studied.

The modification of strain modulus or contour conditions due to loading influenced seriously the

dynamic properties of evaluated building components.

Parameters such as dead load, boundary conditions, strain modulus, reinfo rcement ratio or

geometry properties have a direct influence in the dynamic response of the structural component.

Stiffness degradation (due to flexural cracking) in RC beams produced an important reduction of

the frequencies (reaching 40%).

Prestressed and reinforced concrete slab can be studied by two different test lay-outs:

o a deployment of multiple sensors with identification of frequencies and modal shapes;

o a reduced version using only one sensor and measuring only natural frequencies.

Finally, this study has permitted to conclude that a combined implementation of a simple dynamic

testing and numerical modeling is able to characterize the current structural conditions of single

concrete or masonry building elements such as concrete beams, concrete slabs, masonry walls or stone

piers.

Keywords: Concrete, Dynamic testing, building, Sensor technology, frequency

300

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of Curing Conditions on Fiber Concrete Roads

Karakurt. C1, Bayazıt. Y*

2, Kahveci.K

3

1, 2

Civil Engineering Department, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, TURKEY. 3

Civil Engineering Department, Anadolu University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: cenk.karakurt@bilecik.edu.tr, yildirim.bayazit@bilecik.edu.tr, kemalkahveci23@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Conrete roads are significant to heavily vehicles loads. As known there are lots of heavily vehicle in

our country. According to experiments, concrete roads more strength than other pavement types. Thus,

concrete roads should be develop in our country. In this study it is researhed that how effects of curing

condition of concrete roads. In experimental study, it is prepared three type of concrete as reference

(non-fiber), polypropylene fiber and steel fiber. Firstly, to supply site conditions concrete is prepared

out of the laboratory and the concrete was put in formwork has shape 1mx1mx0.15m. Beside, the same

concrete mixes have been put in cubic specimens 0.15mx0.15mx0.15m on laboratory conditions. Taken

core drilled has 10 cm diameter from formwork which out of the laboratory and hardened concrete

experiments have been done on the core drilled specimens and cubic specimens. Surface hardness with

Scmitdt hammer, pulse velocity, compressive strength, concrete density are tested on the examples. It

will be determined performance of concrete road mixes relations with fiber types and curing conditions

from the experimental studies. Mechanical properties of the specimens are out of the laboratory and on

the laboratory conditions are compared.

Keywords: Concrete roads, Core drilling, Curing conditions, Poylpropylene fiber, Steel fiber

301

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of Supplementary Cementing Materials on Fresh Properties and Stability of Self -

Consolidating Rubberized Concrete

Mohamed K. Ismail1 and Assem A. A. Hassan

1*

1 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s,

Newfoundland, Canada, A1B3X5

(E-mail:mohamed.ismail@mun.ca,ahassan@mun.ca)

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to study the development of self-consolidating rubberized concrete

(SCRC) with enhanced fresh properties and stability. The study particularly aimed to maximize the

percentage of used crumb rubber (CR) in SCRC while minimizing the reduction of the strength

and stability of the developed mixtures. The experimental test parameters included percentage of

CR (0-40% by volume of sand) and different supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) (fly ash,

slag, and metakaolin). The performance of the developed SCRC was evaluated based on the results

of compressive strength, flowability, passing ability, high-range water-reducer admixture

(HRWRA) demand, coarse aggregate segregation, and the distribution of CR in the mixture. The

results indicated that mixtures with 550 kg/m3 binder content showed acceptable strength, fresh

properties, and stability with up to 20% replacement of CR. Compared to the other tested SCMs,

the addition of metakaolin (MK) significantly improved the mixture viscosity and particle

suspension/distribution, which allowed up to 30% CR to be used with acceptable compressive

strength (40 MPa) and without any sign of segregation.

Keywords: crumb rubber, fresh properties, metakaolin, self-consolidating concrete, stability.

302

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Mechanical Properties of Self-Consolidating Rubberized Concrete with Different Supplementary

Cementing Materials

Mohamed K. Ismail1, Mayra T. de Grazia

1, and Assem A. A. Hassan

1*

1 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s,

Newfoundland, Canada, A1B3X5

(E-mail:mohamed.ismail@mun.ca, mtdg01@mun.ca, ahassan@mun.ca)

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates the mechanical properties of self-consolidating rubberized concrete (SCRC)

mixtures with high percentages of crumb rubber (CR). The effect of metakaolin (MK) compared to other

supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) on enhancing the mechanical properties and stability of

SCRC mixtures was highlighted in this research. The variables were percentage of CR (0-40% by

volume of sand), type of SCM (fly ash, slag, and metakaolin). The mechanical properties of the tested

mixtures were investigated based on their compressive strength, flexural strength (FS), splitting tensile

strength (STS), and modulus of elasticity (ME). The results indicated that increasing the CR

replacement from 0% to 40% decreased the 28-day compressive strength, STS, FS, and ME by 59.25%,

52.41%, 35%, and 46.1%. However, all developed mixtures exceeded the minimum strength for

structural applications (17 MPa).The results also indicated that using MK has the most significant effect

on improving the mixture stability and particle suspension, which facilitated the development of SCRC

mixtures with a high percentage of CR (30%) and with acceptable stability/strength and with a density of

less than 2100 kg/m3.

Keywords: crumb rubber, fresh properties, mechanical properties, self-consolidating concrete,

supplementary cementing materials

303

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Seismic Fragility of Weir Structures due to Sliding Effect

Woo Young Jung1, Ki Young Kim

2 and Bu Seog Ju*

3

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Korea

(E-mail: woojung@gwnu.ac.kr)

2 Infrastructure Research Center, K-water Institute, Korea

(E-mail: 0606kky@naver.com)

3 Institute for Disaster Prevention, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Korea

(E-mail: bsmk.ju@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The damage or collapse of the hydraulic systems can comprise a significant proportion of the economic loss

in upstream and downstream area and the failure of the weir structures can cause loss of life and the serious

flooding problem in the area during a seismic event. Consequently, dams or weir structures as hydraulic

systems must remain functional and operational during and after an earthquake. In recent year, in order to

mitigate the risk or secure the safety of the hydraulic systems, the Probabilistic Seismic Risk Assessment

(PSRA) has been issued as a key area of the research. The primary objective of this paper was to evaluate

the seismic fragility of weir structures by incorporating nonlinear Finite Element (FE) model for the

contact interfaces among weir-mass concrete-soil foundation in the weir structure. Gangjeong-Goryeon weir,

located in Daegu Metropolitan City in Southeastern part of Korea was selected in this study. The seismic

fragility of the weir structure corresponding to the sliding Limit State 13 mm (LS I) and 153 mm (LS II) was

determined from multiple nonlinear time-history analyses based on Monte-Carol simulation accounting for

the uncertainties such as material nonlinearity and ground motions with respect to near field faults and far

field faults. The results showed that the sliding failure of the weir structure corresponding to LS I started from

0.1 g, but the weir system under LS II had no failure up to 0.4g. Besides, in the case of LS I, the weir

subjected to near field faults was more fragile than that subjected to far field faults, whereas the result

corresponding to LS II was reversed.

Keywords: Contact, Earthquake, Fragility, PSRA, Weir

Acknowledgment: This Research was supported by a grant (13SCIPA01) from Smart Civil Infrastructure

Research Program funded by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) of Korea government

and Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA).

304

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Comparison of Static Pushover and Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses of Reinforced Concrete

Buildings

Burak Yön*1, Mehmet Emin Öncü

2 and Yusuf Calayır

3

1, 2

Civil Engineering, Dicle University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: burakyon@gmail.com, oncume@gmail.com)

3 Civil Engineering, Fırat University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ycalayir@firat.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this paper, static pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic time history analyses of reinforced

concrete buildings were compared by using the distributed plastic hinge approach which includes

material and geometric nonlinearity of the structural members. For numerical study, a sample

reinforced concrete frame building was selected and pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic time

history analyses were performed. For nonlinear analyses, three earthquake acceleration records were

selected and adjusted to be compatible with the design spectrum defined in TSC by considering various

effective ground accelerations with soil classes. As result of analyses, interstory drifts, capacity curve

and maximum responses of the building were obtained. These analyses results were compared each

other and evaluated.

Keywords: Seismic zones, local site conditions; distributed plastic hinge; time history analysis.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank to Seismosoft for providing free academic license for SeismoStruct and

SeismoArtif software.

305

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A Parametric Study on The Response of Cooling Towers Experiencing Various Circumferential

Distribution of Wind Loading

Ali İhsan Karakaş*1, Korhan Ozgan

2 and Ayse T. Daloğlu

3

1, 2, 3

Civil Engineering Dept., Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.

(E-mail: aliihsanka@yahoo.com, kozgan@ktu.edu.tr, aysed@ktu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Cooling towers are the essential components of thermal nuclear power stations and industrial power

plants. They are huge thin shell structures with commonly complex double curvature hyperbolic

geometry. Cooling towers may be subjected to a variety of loading conditions such as d ead, wind,

earthquake, temperature and construction loads. In the present study only wind load is considered. The

wind pressure is sensitive to the vertical variation of the wind for most structure and also to the

circumferential variation which is peculiar to cylindrical bodies such as cooling towers. The

circumferential variation is strongly dependent on the roughness properties of the shell wall surface of

the towers. The circumferential distribution curves of wind pressure are determined by laboratory a nd

field measurements as a function of roughness parameter k/a in which k is the height of the rib and a is

the mean distance between ribs measured at about 1/3 of the height of the tower. The maximum

amplitude of the axial tension force in the shell wall along the meridian is strongly influenced by the

circumferential distribution of the applied wind pressure which is a function of the surface roughness.

Hence the required reinforcing steel is very sensitive to distribution curve considered. Therefore the

design of the ribs is an important issue for a pure cooling tower design.

For this purpose a computing tool coded in MATLAB employing SAP2000 OAPI (Open Application

Programming Interface) functions is used to evaluate numerically the influence of circumfe rential wind

load distribution curves for various k/a ratios on the responses of a hyperbolic cooling tower with

supporting columns fixed at the base. The complex realistic wind pressure distributions are represented

satisfactorily by the coded program as distributed pressure loads computed at thousand points of the

cooling tower wall. The pressure values suggested by VGB design code for various k/a ratios are

considered.

Keywords: Cooling tower, wind load, Open Application Programming Interface, finite element analysis.

306

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Seismic Behavior Dependence on The Geometrical Characteristics of Cooling Towers

Ali İhsan Karakaş*1, Korhan Ozgan

2 and Ayse T. Daloğlu

3

1, 2, 3

Civil Engineering Dept., Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.

(E-mail: aliihsanka@yahoo.com, kozgan@ktu.edu.tr, aysed@ktu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Cooling towers are thin walled slender structures employed in thermal and nuclear power stations to

reduce cooling-circuit water. They may be subjected to a variety of loading conditions such as self -

weight, wind load, earthquake load, temperature, construction and settlement loads. Earthquake loads

constitutes the main loading for the design of cooling towers constructed around earthquake-prone

areas. Therefore, seismic analyses of cooling tower structures are significant in the design process. The

loads applied by a design earthquake to the shell and components of a cooling tower can be determined

by the seismic dynamic analysis methods. In the present study a comprehensive parametric study is

carried out to investigate the influence of geometrical parameters such as meridional curvature,

thickness and throat level on the seismic response of cooling towers supported by V-shaped columns

fixed at the base by employing time history analyses. For this purpose a computer program is developed

in MATLAB to be able to model cooling towers parametrically by providing data flo w between

MATLAB and SAP2000 via Open Application Programming Interface (OAPI) feature of SAP2000.

The developed application provides an easy and fast way to model cooling towers parametrically. As a

result of this parametric work it can be concluded that earthquake-induced stresses and displacements

are considerable sensitive to geometrical properties of cooling towers. Results are presented in tabular

and graphical format.

Keywords: Cooling tower, seismic analysis, Open Application Programming Interface, finite element

analysis.

307

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Strength Performance of Pervious Concrete Subjected to Acid Rain

Christian R. Orozco*1, Mark Daniel M. Ibanez

2 and Patrick Joseph F. Robles

3

1, 2, 3

Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, PHILIPPINES

(E-mail: crorozco@up.edu.ph, markdaniel29@gmail.com, patrickjosephrobles@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Acid rain has been an issue of widespread concern in Asia as it can greatly contribute to damage of various

infrastructures. Pervious concrete, a new sustainable pavement construction material that allows water to

directly pass through it, is one of those infrastructures that may be exposed to acid rain attack. Therefore, this

study aims to investigate the strength performance of pervious concrete when exposed to acid rain. A total of

162 plain pervious cylinder concrete specimens with varying percent fine aggregates (5%, 10%, 15%) and

water-to-cement ratio (0.30, 0.35, 0.40) were prepared and cured in the laboratory for 28 days. After 28-day

curing, specimens were immersed for 30 days in a control solution with neutral pH and synthetic acid rain

solution with varying pH (4.0, 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5). The specimens were tested for both permeability and

compressive strength. Results of the experimental study showed that as the percent fine aggregate increases,

permeability decreases and compressive strength increases. The highest dfference in the compressive strength

(2.38 MPa) between the specimens immersed in the acid rain solutions and the control solution was observed

to occur at solution pH of 4.0. Statistical analyses showed that the compressive strength of specimens

immersed at pH 4.0 solution is significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to the compressive strength of

specimens immersed in higher pH (5.0 and 5.5), suggesting the effect of acidity to compressvive strength of

pervious concrete.

Keywords: Acid rain, Compressive strength, Permeability, Pervious concrete

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank the University of the Philippines Diliman Engineering

Research for Development Foundation, Inc. (ERDFI) and College of Engineering for funding this research

through the Faculty Research Dissemination Grant (FRDG).

308

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Utilization through Immobilization of Dredged Sediment using Alkali-Activated Slag

Jae-Ho Shim*1 and Joo-Yang Park

2

1, 2

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro,

Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

(E-mail: jaehoshim@hanyang.ac.kr, jooypark@hanyang.ac.kr)

ABSTRACT

The smaller than 75 μm size of dredged sediment has be just in landfill, has not been used well for

useful purpose because the smaller size of dredged sediment is too small to recycle, and is difficult to

reduce the contaminants from strong ability of fine sediment to absorb contaminants. This paper

focuses on the use of 10~30 μm size of dredged sediment from the coast of Gijang, Busan, South Korea

by solidification/stabilization (S/S) with the alkali-activated slag (AAS). The ground granulated blast-

furnace slag (GGBFS) is used as the binder that is an excellent alternative to the cement concrete.

GGBFS occurs as a by-product of the production of iron from a blast furnace, so this study is the use

two types of waste are immobilized. The S/S procedure relies on the alkali-activation of GGBFS-based

systems with fine dredged sediment. The NaOH solution was used as an alkaline activator with various

concentration (2, 4, 6, and 8% Na2O in the AAS matrix). The specimens were made according to the

ASTM C 305 standards, the mechanical (flexural/compressive) strength tests were carried out

according to the ASTM C 348 and 349. The S/S with slag was studied through the leaching

characteristics and microstructure characteristics of samples were measured. The results of the toxicity

characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test on 3 days samples confirmed that heavy metals were

immobilized in AAS matrix as Not Detected (ND) of Cr, Cu, Cd, and Pb. The flexural/compressive

strength values was related to concentration of Na2O. The immobilized fine sediment in AAS can be

utilized for some practical purposes such as breakwater and blocks that can be used in the construction

sector depending on the concentration of Na2O.

Keywords: Alkali-activation, Dredged sediment, GGBFS, Immobilization

Acknowledgment: This research was supported by a grant (code 13IFIP-B065893-01) from Industrial

Facilities & Infrastructure Research Program funded by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of

Korean government.

309

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Importance of the Validation of Numerical Models with the Experimental Modal Analysis

Fuat Aras*1

1 Civil Engineering Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: fuat.aras@medeniyet.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Numerical models are frequently constructed to investigate the civil engineering problems related to

design and assessment issues. Inherent characteristics of a structure are hidden in the dynamic

properties of it since these properties are independent from external effects such as loading and they are

related to the structure’s stiffness, mass and support conditions which govern the structural behavior.

In that respect the modal properties such as modal periods and mode shapes are the key parameters to

check the performance of a numerical model for a structure since the height of the structure, number of

floors, structural elements and their configurations can give ini tial idea for the prediction of modal

characteristics for a new design project. However there are always some uncertainties in modeling

stemming from generalizations, assumptions and ignorance. Discrepancies between the numerical

model and real conditions can be so huge that the numerical model cannot predict the real behavior of

the structure. This case may valid especially for the modeling of existing structures with complicated

structural system, not uniform material properties, complicated soil structure interaction, undetermined

boundary condition, unknown and hidden damages and other effects due to the old age of the structure.

Under these conditions the numerical model should be validated. At this point, experimental modal

analysis fills a gap by obtaining dynamic properties of real structures and enabling to adjust the

suspicious parameters in the numerical model with dynamic identification procedures.

In this study, the application of experimental modal analysis over two existing structures (a historical

palace and a reinforced concrete building) is explained. The numerical models, before and after the

dynamic identification, are presented for both structures. The differences are discussed and the

importance of experimental modal analysis is underlined.

Keywords: Dynamic analysis, Experimental modal analysis, Numerical modeling.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Istanbul Medeniyet University, Scientific Research Project Funding for

the financial support [Project number: FUY-2014-448].

310

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Assessing the seismic performance of reinforcement coupler systems in Turkey

K. Taskin*1 and K.Peker

2

1 Anadolu University, Engineering Faculty,Civil Engineering Department, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555

Eskişehir, TURKEY.

(E-mail: kivanct@anadolu.edu.tr)

2 ERDEMLI Engineering and Consulting Co. Ltd., Spor Caddesi , Babaefendi Sokak , Ufuk Palas 3/1, 34357,

Beşiktaş / İstanbul, TURKEY.

(E-mail: peker@erdemli.com)

ABSTRACT

Use of mechanical connection systems in reinforced concrete has become increasingly prevalent in

Turkey. Mechanical connectors are an alternative to lap and welded splices, and many are capable of

developing the full strength of the connected reinforcing bars. There are many advantages for using

mechanical connector systems over conventional reinforcing bar lapping. Such examples are

overcoming reinforcement congestion problems and convenience when installing precast construction

members at sites.

The design of reinforced concrete structures is based on several basic assumptions and

tenants. Among these fundamental concepts is that reinforcement will be provided to resist any

tension that may be present in themember. Moreover, it is assumed that the reinforcement is

anchored – that is, developed -- and continuous in the regions where it is shown by analysis to be

required.

International literature reporting on reinforcing mechanical connection system testing protocols and

experimental studies conducted in the United States, Japan, and Europe were assessed to provide

recommendations for an upcoming review of the Turkey reinforced concrete design standard. Both

static and seismic conditions, in terms of their relevance in the Tukish context, were considered in the

literature review. At conclusion of this exercise, new standard criteria for the use of mechanical

connection systems in Turkey were proposed, and a range of couplers commonly used in Turkey were

subjected to preliminary tests in accordance with the proposed standard criteria. Testing indicated that

the couplers performed in a satisfactory manner.

Keywords:Aassessment, experimental,lap splice, mechanical coupler,Reinforced concrete.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Bar-Us, Lenton, Sera Yapı A.Ş.

311

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Design Factors and Finite Element Modeling of Cubic Type Voids in RC Slabs

K. Taskin*1 and K.Peker

2

1 Anadolu University, Engineering Faculty,Civil Engineering Department, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555

Eskişehir, TURKEY.

(E-mail: kivanct@anadolu.edu.tr)

2 ERDEMLI Engineering and Consulting Co. Ltd., Spor Caddesi , Babaefendi Sokak , Ufuk Palas 3/1, 34357,

Beşiktaş / İstanbul, TURKEY.

(E-mail: peker@erdemli.com)

ABSTRACT

The behaviors of biaxial hollow slab are influenced by the shape of void and cage. Long span flat

slab systems with internal void formers have been used in Europe for a decade now. Nautilus® is the

brand name of successful system, recently introduced in Turkey. It’s a bi-axial reinforced concrete fat

slab system, with a grid of internal void formers. This paper examines a two-way, reinforced concrete

slab with plastic voids construction in comparison to traditional flat plate re inforced concrete slab

construction. The design process for plastic voided slabs is directly compared with traditional two -way

flat plate reinforced concrete slabs through a design comparison of typical bays of 6m by 6m, 8m by

8m’ 10m by 10m, 12m by 12m, 14m by 14m, 16m by 16m, 6m by 9m, 6m by 12m, 8m by 12m, 8m by

16m, 10m by 15m, 10m by 20m, 12m by 18m, 12m by 24m, 14m by 21m and 16m by 24m. In order to

understand the structural mechanism of the cubic spherical voided slabs, analysis are performed to

compare of this new type of floor with a typical flat, solid concrete flat. A 3D solid slab and a cubic

voided slab were constructed in SAP2000 with all the same dimensions and as two-way spanning floor

systems. The solid slab and voided slab models were analyzed static response under a dead load 0.200

t/m2 and five different live load (0.200 t/m2, 0.350 t/m

2, 0.500 t/m

2, 0.750 t/m

2 and 1.000 t/m

2). The

traditional slab design process follows the TS 500 (Requirements for Design and Construction of

Reinforced Concrete Structures-Turkish Standard), EN-1992-2004, ACI-318, 2011(Building Code

Requirements for Structural Concrete) and CEB-FIB, 1990. The SAP2000 results show that the

maximum moments, shear forces and in-plane stresses in the cubic voided slab floor 30-40% less than

that of the solid concrete slab under the same conditions.

Keywords:Aassessment, experimental,lap splice, mechanical coupler,Reinforced concrete.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Bar-Us, Lenton, Sera Yapı A.Ş.

312

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

THE INFLUENCE OF FIBERS AND MINERAL ADDITIVES ON SELF COMPACTING

CONCRETE

HADDADOU Naima1, 2

, CHAID Rabah2, ADJOU Naima

1& BOUZOUALEGH Malik

1

haddadounai@yahoo.fr

1. National Center of Studies and Integrated Research on Building Engineering (CNERIB), Cité Nouvelle El-

Mokrani, Souidania, Algiers, Algeria

2. Research Unit: Materials, Processes and Environment (UR/MPE), University Boumerdes, Cité Frantz

Fanon, 35000 Boumerdes, Algeria

ABSTRACT

Time, cost and quality are three important factors that play a critical role in the construction industry. Any

progress or development that improves these factors is welcomed by civil engineers.

One of the major environmental concerns is recycling waste materials. Marble processing plants and kaolin

quarries produce millions of tons of waste in powder form every year. Having a considerable high degree

of fineness in comparison to cement, these materials may be used as filler for the production of self-

compacting concrete which offers several economical and technical benefits. To extend its possibilities,

the addition of fibers can improve a marginal improvement in the ultimate strength, but the critical

problem is to accomplish uniform dispersion of fibers.

Fibers act as a bridge by retarding crack’s propagation, and develop several characteristics and properties of

self-compacting concrete.

For this purpose, several self-compacting concretes were prepared by using three types of fibers made of

steel, polypropylene, and glass, and three different types of mineral additions (marble powder,

metakaolin and limestone powder). The water to cement ratio was held constant at 0.34 and fibers were

used in combination, keeping the total fiber content constant at 60 kg/m3. Slump flow time and diameter,

L-Box and stability were performed to assess the fresh properties of the concrete. Compressive strength,

splitting tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the concrete were determined for the hardened

properties.

Noteworthy performances were generally obtained, particularly for the self-compacting concretes prepared

with steel fibers in association with polypropylene fiber and marble powder as mineral addition.

Key-Words: self-compacting concrete, mineral admixtures, fibers, workability, hardened properties.

313

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Direction Effects of Travelling Waves on Nonlinear Seismic Response of Arch Dams

Mehmet AKKÖSE1

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, TURKEY

(E-mail: akkose@ktu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In many cases the size of a dam may be close to the length of the seismic waves that would arrive to

the dam site in the event of an earthquake. As a consequence, when seismic waves reach on a large dam, the

excitation of the dam-foundation rock interface is not uniform. Different points along the interface are under

the effects of different foundation acceleration values at the same time. In other words, the seismic waves

travel along the dam-foundation rock interface. The importance of this effect depends on the dam size, the

length of the seismic waves and its direction of propagation but it seems clear that assuming a uniform

excitation along the dam-foundation rock interface may lead to erroneous consequences.

The objective of this study is to investigate direction effects of travelling waves on nonlinear seismic

response of arch dams. The finite element idealization of arch dam-water-foundation rock system is presented

in Fig. 1. The figure also depicts directions of the travelling waves on the arch dam-reservoir-foundation rock

interaction system. It is evident that the seismic waves can reach on the dam site from any direction. In this

study, it was considered that the seismic waves arrive to the dam site with several different angles (=0, 30o,

60o, 90

o). The results obtained from non-linear analyses of the arch dam for the different angles are compared

with each other.

314

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

EFFECTS OF MIX AND WATER/CEMENT RATIO ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF LATERIZED CONCRETE

Olanrewaju Deborah O*1

. , Akinpelu A.A2

1,2 Department of Building Technology, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria.

(E-mail; kemiolan@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

This paper reports the result of laboratory study, investigating the effects of mix and water/cement Ratio on

compressive strength and modulus of Elasticity of laterized concrete. The research is intended to contribute to

sustainable construction of low cost housing and development in Nigeria because of abundance of ready-

made laterite in the region.

The test specimens were made with sieved samples of selected grain sizes of lateritic soil used as fine

aggregate in conventional concrete. Batching of the specimens was by weight. Three mix ratios of (1:1.5:3),

(1:2:4) and (1:3:6) were used. Water/cement ratio of 0.6,0.65,0.75and0.85 were used for each of the mix

ratios. The specimens of size 150mm x 150mm cylindrical shape were tested at curing ages of 28 days using

ELE 2000 manually operated hydraulic compression machine armed with dial gauges to determine both the

longitudinal and lateral extensions in the specimens.

The results showed that the richer the mix, the higher the compressive strength and modulus of Elasticity. It

was also found that water/cement ratio have significant effects on both properties of laterized concrete. The

results can be used to estimate the structural behaviour and integrity of laterized concrete component.

Keywords: Concrete, Modulus of Elasticity, Laterized Concrete, Compressive Strength, Lateritic soil.

Acknowledgement: The authors would like to express their appreciation to Dr Kolapo Olusola and the entire

member of Building Department of Obafemi Awolowo University for providing us with insight and

equipments

315

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Deterministic and Probabilistic Analysis of the Fire Resistance of the Technology Support

Structures in NPP

J. Králik *1 and J. Králik, jr.

2

1, Department of Structural Mechanics, FCE STU Bratislava, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: juraj.kralik@stuba.sk)

3 Department of Structures, FA STU Bratislava, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: kralik@fa.stuba.sk)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the methodology of the reliability analysis of the fire resistance of the s teel

structure of the cable way in nuclear power plants (NPP). The deterministic and probability analysis of

the fire resistance of the steel structures are considered. The executed fire resistance analysis of the

steel structures is investigated as the influence of temperature, permanent and variable loads. The

Response Surface Method (RSM) for the nonlinear probabilistic analysis of the fire structure reliability

was used on program ANSYS.

In consequence of the economic and life lost due to fire accident the new regulation was created in

European countries. The objective of this paper is to describe a performance based more realistic

and credible approach to the analysis of structural safety in case of fire, which takes also account of

structural models, which should be as realistic as possible.

This paper deals with the possibility of the deterministic and probabilistic analysis of the reliability of

the cable way support structures depending on variability of the load, material and model

characteristics. The analysis of the fire resistance of four types of cable way structures by deterministic

as well as probabilistic calculation is shown in this paper. The 49 simulations using approximate

method RSM for four cases were calculated in the real time on PC (max CPU=728sec). The nonlinear

solution was running in max 191 steps. The output quantities were determined from 106 MONTE

CARLO simulations. The probabilistic method shows that the probability of the failure of all structures

is less than target probability pd = 7,23.10-5

. However, the probabilistic calculation provides us with

possibility of sensibility analysis, on the base of which the extreme load conditions on the cable way

structures can be identified or also modified.

Keywords: Fire, nonlinearity, plasticity, probability, cable way, NPP, RSM, ANSYS

Acknowledgment: The project was realized with the financial support of the Grant Agency of the Slovak

Republic (VEGA). The project registration number is VEGA 1/1039/12.

316

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Risk Assessment of NPP Safety in Slovakia

J.Králik *1

1 Department of structural mechanics, FCE SUT Bratislava, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: juraj.kralik@stuba.sk)

ABSTRACT

This paper gives the results of the risk-based safety analysis of the nuclear power plants in Slovakia.

The probabilistic assessment of NPP structures for Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA) level 2 of

VVER 440/213 in the case of the extreme external even without the earthquake is presented. On the

base of the meteorological monitoring of the locality the extreme load parameters were defined for the

return period 104 years using the MONTE CARLO simulations. There is showed summary of

calculation models and calculation methods for the probability analysis of the structural resistance. The

general purpose of the probabilistic analysis of the NPP structure resistance was to define the critical

places of the structure elements and to estimate the structural collapse. The numeric al simulations on

the base of the LHS method were realized in the system ANSYS and FReET.

The International Atomic Energy Agency set up a program to give guidance to its member states on the many

aspects of the safety of nuclear power reactors. The risk of the NPP performance from the point of the safety

must be calculated by consideration of the impact of the all effects during plant operation. The probabilistic

safety analysis (PSA) is one from the effective methods to analyze the safety and reliability of the NPP.

This paper proposed the methodology of the PSA 2 level analysis of the NPP hermetic structures penetration

under accident events. The general purpose of the probabilistic analysis of the containment integrity was to

define the critical places of the structure elements and to estimate the structural collapse. The uncertainties of

the loads level (longtime temperature and dead loads), the material properties (concrete cracking and

crushing, reinforcement, and liner) and other influences following the inaccuracy of the calculated model and

numerical methods. The critical steel segment was the reactor hermetic door with failure pression

pu.0,95=839kPa (95% failure probability). The critical concrete structures were the walls of the rooms A525

and A526 under steam generator box. Their failure pressure is equal to pu.0,95= 486kPa (95% failure

probability).

Keywords: Risk, Safety, Reliability, Probability, Nonlinearity, Nuclear Power Plants.

Acknowledgment: The project was realized with the financial support of the Grant Agency of the Slovak

Republic (VEGA). The project registration number is VEGA 1/1039/12.

317

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Predicting the Performance of Roadheaders from the Needle Penetration Resistance

S. Kahraman*1, and A. S. Aloğlu

2

1 Mining Engineering, Hacettepe University, TURKEY.

(sairkahraman@yahoo.com)

2 CİNER Group, TURKEY.

(s.aloglu@cinergroup.com.tr)

ABSTRACT

Roadheaders have been widely used in the excavation of soft to medium strength rocks in tunneling and mine

developments for about 50 years. They are very flexible and can be used for excavating the openings with

different size and shape. The demand for tunnels and underground spaces has been increasing especially in

developed and developing countries. Having some prior knowledge of the potential performance of a selected

roadheader is very important for the planning and cost estimation purposes in tunnel projects.

Several researchers have suggested some performance prediction models for roadheaders. These models

generally include direct testing methods. The aim of this study is to investigate the predictability of

roadheader performance from the needle penetration test which is a simple and practical test, and can easily

be applied in the field. The performance measurements of Dosco Mk-2B roadheader were carried out during

roadway excavations in Çayırhan Coal Mine (Beypazarı/Ankara). The cutting times of the machine were

recorded at different locations. The volume of the material cut for each location was calculated by using the

sectional area of cut and the depth of cut. Then, the net cutting rate (NCR) values were calculated by dividing

the volume of the material cut by cutting time. The needle penetration tests were also carried out at the tunnel

faces during performance measurements and the needle penetration resistance (NPR) values were calculated.

The NCR and NPR values evaluated using regression analysis and a relation having a good correlation

coefficient was found between the two parameters. The validation of the derived equation was checked by the

t–test, the F-test. Concluding remark is that the derived model is significant and can be practically used for

the estimation of the NCR of roadheaders for the similar formations and conditions.

Keywords: Needle penetration resistance, Performance prediction, Roadheaders.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey)

for the support of the project (Project No. 114M836).

318

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Analytical evaluation of thermal expansion of steel construction in buildings using Debye model

A.Yamçicier

Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey

(E-mail:aliyamcicier@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

It is well known that the steel construction is widely used in modern buildings because of its high tensile

strength and low cost. Notice that steel materials have thermal expansion which is the tendency of matter to

change in volume depending on a temperature variation through the heat transfer. Therefore, the steel thermal

expansion should be considered by civil engineers in junction points of buildings. In this study using Debye

model, efficient algorithm is presented for the accurate calculation of the thermal expansion of steel

depending on temperature. Notice that the Debye model plays a central role in the study of many problems

arising in solids.

Keywords: Steel construction, Thermal expansion, Heat capacity, Debye model.

319

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Removal of Zinc via chlorination roasting from steelmaking byproduct

I. Jaafar1, A. Griffths

2

1 School of Liberal & Fundamental Knowledge, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu,

Terengganu, Malaysia

(Email : izanjaafar@umt.edu.m) 2 School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen’s Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United

Kingdom

ABSTRACT

Iron and steel production generates significant quantities of solid wastes in the form of dusts and sludge and

generally showing an increasing generation trend year on year. The recycling and utilisation of these by-

products has long been promoted in the industry. Due to the recent drive in improving environmental

regulations, these wastes must be treated safely or recycled completely. Zinc is the element that causes the

most problem in treating Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) dusts and also hinders the direct recycling of dust

back into steelmaking furnaces. Chlorination is the process by which metal chlorides are obtained by dry

methods. The process is applied to ores and concentrates; to isolate the metal values or convert them into a

more amenable form. In this study, chlorination roasting by means of pyrometallurgical extraction was

conducted towards BOS byproduct. Operational parameters such as roasting temperature, roasting time,

chemical stoichiometry and surface area were applied. It is possible to remove >90% Zinc from the BOS

byproduct, thus makes it possible to be reused in the steelmaking production route or safe disposal.

Keywords:. Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS), Chlorination, Extraction, Pyrometallurgy, Zinc

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and TATA Steel , for

their financial support.

320

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Stabilization of clayey soil by waste steel pieces

Zuheir KARABASH1,2

, Ali Fırat ÇABALAR1

1University of Gaziantep, Department of Civil Engineering, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey

2University of Mosul, College of Engineering, Mosul, Iraq

(zuheirkra@gmail.com, cabalar@gantep.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The metal industry produces substantial amounts of the waste steel which have fairly engineering properties

and the disposal of these materials have financial and environmental problems. The objective of the present

study is to investigate the applicability of these waste materials in the soil stabilization and their effects on the

some geotechnical properties of clayey soil. A series of the unconfined compression and modified compaction

tests were conducted during the experimental work. The amounts of the waste steel pieces used were 0%, 5%,

10%, 15%, and 20% by the dry weight of the samples. The results showed that as the percentages of the waste

steel pieces content increases in the mixture the optimum moisture content decrease and the maximum dry

unit weight increase. Generally, a significant modification in the unconfined compression strength was

observed as the amount of the waste steel content increase until 10% and then decrease.

Keywords: Clay, waste steel pieces, compaction, UCS.

321

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Development of Fragility Curves for Self-Supporting Trussed Towers in the Philippines

Considering Severe Wind Loads

Diocel Harold M. Aquino*1, Jaime Y. Hernandez

2, Jr., Edgar Allan D. Robles

3

1, 2, 3

Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, PHILIPPINES.

(E-mail: aquino.harold@gmail.com, jnj.hernandez@gmail.com, erlanrobles@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

On the average, eight or nine tropical storms make landfall in the Philippines every year, having severe

winds that cause damage and/or destruction to structures and other properties. Among the structures

susceptible to the effect of severe winds are the self-supporting trussed towers. This paper aims to

evaluate the fragility of self-supporting trussed towers to severe winds. Models of various

configurations and sizes for these trussed towers were developed and analyzed for wind speeds ranging

from 200 kph to 300 kph, in increments of 10 kph, considering different wind directions. Percentage of

failed members were recorded and tallied against damage states. Three damage states were defined: no

damage, slight (>10% damage), and complete destruction – the state that renders the tower irreparable.

Self-supporting trussed towers were found to be vulnerable to progressive failure, wherein failure of a

member results to an instant redistribution of loads, which then leads to failure of more members.

Because of this, fragility curves developed for slight damage is almost coincident with that for

complete destruction. The towers were found assume a state of complete destruction at wind speeds

greater than 260 kph with 100% probability.

Keywords: Fragility, Towers, Trusses, Wind.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) through the ERDT

Faculty Research Dissemination Grant and the UP College of Engineering for financial support on this

research.

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The empirical correlation using linear regression of settlement ratio under embankment load for

Surabaya compressible soil

Putu Tantri KS1, Yudhi Lastiasih

2

1,2

Department of Civil engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Keputih Sukolilo,

Surabaya,Indonesia 60111.

(E-mail: tantrigeoteknik@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The development of settlement calculation under an embankment is usually taken as granted that the

maximum settlement occurs in the center is the priority of soil settlement calculation under embankment. The

settlement at the toe of embankment is always assumed as zero value which means that there is no settlement

under the toe embankment. Whereas, soil settlement can occur in areas affected by embankment where not

appropriate under embankment. The possibility of the settlement value under the toe embankment can be

found from the stress increase under the embankment toe due to the embankment load itself. The one

dimensional settlement by Terzaghi empirical formula shows that the stress increase could impact the value of

soil settlement. It can be concluded that the settlement that occurs right at the toe embankment is not always

zero. So, the major part of this paper is on challenges to predicting the ratio of settlement under the toe

embankment, outer side of embankment and the center of embankment. The methods used in this study are

the empirical approach from the expert recent study to estimate the index compression value (Cc) for

compressible clay soil: Kosasih&Mochtar (1999), Nishida (1956), Shower (1970) and the formula of one

dimensional consolidation. This study uses several variables such as the depth of soft soil layer in accordance

with the soft soil in Surabaya Indonesia, the width of embankment and the height of embankment. Those

variable uses to compare the ratio of settlement depend on those variables. The results of this study are to

determine the empirical formula using linear regression of the settlement ratio in Surabaya compressible soil

under the toe embankment and under the center embankment due to the variable used.

Keywords: soil settlement, embankment, compressible soil, consolidation, settlement ratio, empirical

correlation

323

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Influence of blast-induced ground motion on dynamic response of masonry minaret of Yörgüç Paşa

Mosque

K.Hacıefendioğlu1, O.Köksal*

2

1 Ondokuz Mayıs University,Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail: hckemal@omu.tr)

2 Ondokuz Mayıs University, Kavak Vocational Junior College, TURKEY.

(E-mail: olgun.koksal@omu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This paper focus on the dynamic response analysis and presents crack areas of masonry minaret of

Yörgüç Paşa Mosque subjected to artificially generated surface blast-induced ground motion by using a

three-dimensional finite element model. The mosque is located in the town Kavak of Samsun, in

Turkey. This study intended to determine the ground motion acceleration values due to blast-induced ground

motions (air-induced and direct-induced) calculated by a random method. In order to model blast-induced

ground motion, firstly, peak acceleration and the time envelope curve function of ground motion acceleration

were obtained from distance of the explosion center and the explosion charge weight and then blast-induced

acceleration time history were established by using these factors. Non-stationary random process is presented

as an appropriate method to be produced the blast-induced ground motion model. As a representative of blast

induced ground motion, the software named BlastGM (Artificial Generation of Blast induced Ground

Motion) was developed by authors to predict ground motion acceleration values. Artificial acceleration values

generated from the software depend on the charge weight and distance from the centre of the explosion.

According to the examination of synthetically generated acceleration values, it can be concluded that the

explosions cause significant effective ground movements. In the paper, three-dimensional finite element

model of the minaret was designed by ANSYS. Moreover, the maximum stresses anddisplacements as well as

crack areas of the minaret were investigated. The results of this study indicate that the masonry minaret has

been affected substantially by effects of blast induced ground motion.

Keywords: Masonry minaret, Blast induced ground motion, Random process

324

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Structural Performance of Sheikh Suleiman Masjid and Its Strengthening

Tuğçe Tetik*1 and Zekai Celep

2

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Namık Kemal University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ttetik@nku.edu.tr)

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: celep@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

As being host to many civilizations in history, Turkey has a rich cultural heritage. Especially from the

Ottoman Empire, including mosques, mausoleums, bathhouses, bridges and aqueducts. On the other hand

Istanbul is very close to a major earthquake source of Turkey, i.e., the North Anatolian Fault Line. There are

several statements that a major earthquake is likely to strike Istanbul in a short time. Several Turkish national

institutions including the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and the Directorate General of Foundation are at

work to mitigate the effect of a probable earthquake on historical buildings, one of them is related to the

seismic evaluation of the historical buildings in the city. Generally a survey of the existing structural elements

is carried out and the material used and cracks or damages due to environmental conditions and abuse are

determined. All previous documents available related historical building is collected and all previous

structural and architectural interventions are determined. Structural safety is evaluated by modeling the

building and strengthening interventions are determined, when it is necessary. At the final state a application

drawings are prepared and implementation of the architectural and structural intervention is carried out under

proper supervision. In the present study, Sheikh Suleiman Masjid located in Istanbul Historical

Peninsula, is investigated by considering gravity loads and seismic loads. The masonry building is

modeled by adopting finite element technique where linear and plane elements are used. Proper

material properties have been assigned to the model. However, sensitivity of these parameters is studied

as well. Stress concentrations in the structural elements obtained from the analysis are compared with the

existing crack patterns and damages. Various strengthening methods for increasing the structural and seismic

performance of the building are discussed in detail. The paper presents a summary of the results of the

structural response analyses of the building, including its response under gravity and seismic loads.

Keywords: Finite elements method, Historical masonry structures, Seismic performance, Strengthening,

Structural Analysis

325

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Effect of Stress Increase on the Geotechnical Properties of Sand

A. K. Hindu *1

1Professor and Co-Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering,

Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, PAKISTAN.

(E-mail: aneel.kumar@faculty.muet.edu.pk)

ABSTRACT

It is a common practice that before construction of civil engineering projects the soil properties were

evaluated and accordingly the foundations/embankments etc were designed. However due to

construction of structure/embankment or due to application of live loads the stress intensity on the soil

will increase. This may result in the crushing of underlying soil particles, particular when the soil is

coarse grained soil like sand. This study is thus aimed to evaluate the effect of increase in normal stress

on the various geotechnical properties of sand. In the study the pressure molds were utilized to apply 5

MPA, 10 MPA, 15 MPA and 20 MPA normal stress on the sand. The results showed that the increase

of stress caused breakage of soil particles which resulted in the decrease of coefficient of permeability

of the soil even for the same void ratio. It was also seen that with the increase of stress intensity the

relative density of soil gradually decreased. The shear strength test results showed that the soil

subjected under higher stresses possess lower angle of internal friction under same testing conditions. It

was also observed that with increase in stress the behavior of soil may change from dense state to loose

state.

Keywords: Permeability, Relative Density, Sand, Shear Strength, Stresses

Acknowledgment: The author thanks Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering

and Technology for providing facilities to conduct this research.

326

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Measurement of Small Strains in Steel Samples Using Digital Imaging Technigues

Ş.Sözen*1, M.Güler

2

1Gaziosmanpaşa University, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY,

2Middle East Technical

University, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sahinsozen@gmail.com, gmurat@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Small strains are generally measured using electrical resistance strain gages in structural engineering

applications. Strain measurement using these sensors, however, has certain limitations depending on

measurement conditions, i.e., environment temperature, material type, and strain magnitude. Digital image

correlation method offers significant advantages over the other means of strain measurements under

demanding conditions. In this study, calculated strains based on the digital image correlation method are

compared with measured strains using electrical resistance strain gages. The study is carried out by uniaxial

tension tests conducted up to the yield point of test specimens that are furnished with strain gages. Digital

pictures are taken from the gage locations and recorded onto a hard disk for analysis. Based on the correlation

of successive images, on-surface deformations hence strains are calculated. The comparison of both methods

indicates that measured yield strains compare well with those of strains from digital images. The method

allows to measure strains without having contact with the specimen surface.

Keywords: Digital image correlation, strain, steel.

327

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigation of Design Criteria for the Type of Gabion Walls

Esra Uray *1 and Özcan Tan

2

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, KTO Karatay University, TURKEY.

(E-mail:esra.uray@karatay.edu.tr)

2 Faculty of Civil Engineering, KTO Karatay University, TURKEY.

(E-mail:ozcan.tan@karatay.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, design criteria of gabion wall which commonly used in civil engineering has been

investigated by using Taguchi method. Main factors affecting design of gabion retaining wall are

height, length of base, slope, angle of internal friction of backfill and slope of backfill of the wall.

In this study, in order to investigate affecting factors to shear safety factor, overturning safety factor

and tensile strength between gabion baskets, 16 different design tables have been chosen according to

Taguchi method. Designs obtained by using Taguchi method, has been modelled with computer

program. By using results of this program for each design “S/N, Signal/Noise”, “Variance, ANOVA”

and optimization analysis have been applied and plotted their diagrams.

The safety factors obtained by computer analysis for shear, overturning and tensile strength between

gabion baskets are studied and by using statistical methods found parameters which is effective on

stability of gabion retaining wall.

Keywords: Design Criteria, Gabion Structures, Gabion Retaining Wall, Retaining Structures, Taguchi

Method

328

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Importance of Tie-Rods in Masonry Arches

Sukran Tugrulelci*1, Mehtap Kayabasi

1, Fatih Kursat Firat

1

1 Aksaray University, Department of Civil Engineering, Aksaray, TÜRKİYE

(sukran_tugrulelci@hotmail.com, msancar6155@gmail.com, fkfirat@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In the most of historical buildings made by the world’s most ancient civilizations and survived to modern

times, arches are the types of structures. In Anatolia, considering the historical buildings remaining from

especially Ottoman, arches have wood or iron tension members, commonly called tie-rods, is between the thin

and slender pillars; the main function of which is to ensure the stability of the arch when subjected to large

vertical loads.

In this study first of all, it is informed about the arches located in historical structure and also tie-rod is

examined in terms of the influence and importance on the general structural behavior. One arch model which

have no tie-rod and one model with tie-rod was evaluated by using the Finite Element Methods (FEM). The

nonlinear properties of materials are taken into consideration in numerical analysis. Numerical models are

constitued by using a computer program LUSAS (2012). At the end of the study, it is indicated that tie-rod is

of great importance for the protection of the stability of arches under vertical load. Besides, according to the

results obtained from the numerical analysis, the capacity of the arches with tie-rod increases considerably in

comparison with arches without tie-rod.

Keywords: Arches, Drucker-prager criterion, Finite element methods, LUSAS software, Tie-rod.

329

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Design parameters and special features of next generation wind energy structures

Evangelos Efthymiou*1

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GREECE.

(vefth@civil.auth.gr)

ABSTRACT

In the field of wind energy structures, the combination of industrial, technological and scientific

progress that has been carried out throughout the years, resulted in their evolution in terms of

morphology and constructional configuration. The traditional Dutch windmill of the 18th century has

given place to gigantic turbines with rotating machines, while in the last decade new taller towers with

hub height over 100m-120m have been adopted by relative companies, the so called next generation

wind energy structures, aiming to exploit the greater wind speeds corresponding at this altitude. The

latter represent an attractive choice towards the goal of making onshore wind energy the most

competitive energy source, however due to their recent introduction, structural behavioural aspects of

these structures are characterized by uncertainties and issues related to their cost -efficiency need to be

enlightened.

The present paper examines the design parameters of next generation wind turbine towers and identifies

their special features with respect to transportation, economy and construction. It involves primarily the

design loads determination as wind profile at these heights combined with seismic actions compose a

complex loading framework, particularly in earthquake prone areas. For the purposes of the current

work, prototypes of steel wind turbine towers are configured and finite element analysis is

implemented, towards achieving better understanding of the tower’s structural response. In this context,

the study summarizes the latest developments concerning the structural forms and innovative design

concepts of the towers, so that both safety and material economy can result in cost -efficient power

generators.

Keywords: design parameters, morphology, next generation wind energy structures, special features.

Acknowledgment: The author would like to express his gratitude to Aristotle University of Thessaloniki’s

Research Committee (ELKE AUTH) for the financial support provided regarding his research on the field of

next generation wind energy structures.

330

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On the buckling analysis of steel tubular wind turbine towers with vertical and horizontal

stiffeners

Nafsika Stavridou*1, Evangelos Efthymiou

2 and Charalambos C. Baniotopoulos

3

1, 2

Civil Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GREECE.

(E-mail: nstavrid@civil.auth.gr, vefth@civil.auth.gr)

3 School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.

(E-mail: c.baniotopoulos@bham.ac.uk)

ABSTRACT

The constantly increasing energy demand makes the use of alternative energy sources imperative in

order to sustain and improve the current environmental conditions. Wind energy as a promising

sustainable energy sector necessitates the exploitation of the infinite wind potential in benefit of energy

production. Therefore the increase in number of wind turbines and the amelioration of their components

is considered of high importance in order to expand the wind energy production facilities and meet the

future energy needs. Towards taking advantage of greater wind speeds, the construction of taller wind

power plants is encouraged and the challenge for civil engineers i s to design and construct safer, more

durable and more robust structures. The most common structural configuration of such structures is a

tapered steel shell with circular cross-section due to its capability of carrying heavier loads coupled

with facilitation in mounting. In this present work a new attempt to secure steel shells against buckling

is introduced. Configurations consisting of internal stiffening rings and vertical stiffeners are

investigated separately and a parametric study is being conducted to explore the correlation between

the number of stiffeners and their effectiveness against buckling phenomena. For the investigation of

the proposed stiffening methods, finite element models are analyzed and significant outcomes are being

obtained. The overall tower response is being addressed and special remarks are made concerning the

tower’s structural behavior against variable loading.

Keywords: numerical analysis, steel structures, stiffening rings, vertical stiffeners, wind turbine tower.

Acknowledgment: The first author wants to express her gratitude to IKY for financial support of the research

activities on performing her PhD thesis through the IKY Fellowship of Excellence for Postgraduate Studies in

Greece – SIEMENS Program

331

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Compressive Strength of steel and polypropylene fiber reinforced coal ash concrete

A. Akyıldız*

* Department of Civil Engineering, Çorlu Engineering Faculty, Namık Kemal University, Çorlu/ Tekirdağ

(E-mail: aakyildiz@nku.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Concrete is the most important engineering material and the addition of some other materials may change the

properties of concrete. The objectives of this study was to investigate the effect of polypropylene and steel

fiber reinforcement in concretes made with binder containing coal ash on concrete properties such as

compressive strength. Compressive strength was determined at 2, 7 and 28 days. Concrete series, 5 in all,

with binder containing 20% by mass of coal ash were produced. The first being the control series with no

fiber, the second through fifth being the test series, containing 30 kg/m3 of ZP 308 (ℓ/d=40) steel fiber, 30

kg/m3 of RC 80/60 BN (ℓ/d=80) steel fiber, 0.2% by mass of M12 type polypropylene fiber, 0.2% by mass of

F19 type polypropylene fiber, respectively. The test results show that use of fibre improves material

properties of the concrete.

Keywords: Coal Ash, Compressive Strength, Concrete, Polypropylene Fiber, Steel Fiber

332

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigation of Mode I fracture toughness and Fracture Process Zone of Rock-like Material with

Continued Thermo-induced Damage under Semi-circular Bend using Acoustic Emission

Technique

Hung Wei Liu*1, Li Hsien Chen

2 , Yao Chung Chen

3 and Yu Cheng Chang

4

1 Professional Engineer, FUANHON Construction Ltd, TAIWAN

(E-mail: c8757111@gmail.com) 2 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology,

TAIWAN.

(E-mail: lhchen@mail.ntut.edu.tw ) 3 Professor, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and

Technology, TAIWAN.

(E-mail: yaochung@mail.ntust.edu.tw ) 4 Engineer, Raiteku Co. Ltd., TAIWAN.

(E-mail: eric78812@gmail.com )

ABSTRACT

Thermal effect impacts the engineering safety, such as tunnel fire and nuclear waste storage. If

engineers could understand better the distribution of thermo-induced damage, they can either improve

the design by considering the protective measures beforehand, or they can provide better repa ration

plans by predicting the damage zones more accurate after tunnel fire.

Traditionally, discrete heat treatment method is used to prepare the specimens, for which

predictions between data points cannot be accurate. In this research, continued heat treatment method

was used to prepare the specimens; the tensile strength and fracture toughness of the heat -treated

specimens were investigated.

Furthermore, the material fracture is related to fracture parameters, fracture toughness and fracture

process zone. Hence, this study tries to measure the fracture process zone of Semi-circular bend (SCB)

sample using acoustic emission (microscopic technique) for calculating the fracture toughness

compared with the fracture toughness from SCB test (macroscopic theory).

Based on test results, a more rational and accurate prediction equation is proposed and the critical

damaging temperature is found to be about 540~550℃. The fracture toughness from micro-technique

and macro-test are found to compare well.

Keywords: Thermal-induced fracture, Semi-circular bend, Fracture toughness, Fracture process zone,

Acoustic emission.

Acknowledgment: The authors acknowledge the funds by the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC 99-

2221-011-069-MY3).

333

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

EQUILIBRIUM SCOUR DEPTH CALCULATION WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

(ANN)

Mehmet Öner YELEĞEN*1, Ali UYUMAZ

2

1Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Civil Engineering Department, Haliç, İstanbul

(E-mail: moyelegen@fsm.edu.tr)

2Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Hydraulics Laboratory, Maslak, İstanbul

(E-mail: uyumaz@itu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Scouring is one of the most commonly failure effect on bridges. In the literature, there are many analytical

and especially empirical formulae available to calculate the scour depth based on some observations from

laboratories or fields. Furthermore, many approaches and alternative ways have been used by researchers to

predict the scour depth. Artificial neural network (ANN) is a way to predict the unknown system outputs.

Scouring is a complex mechanism and there is almost no unified method to determine the input variables,

which change from model to another. The proposed ANN method tries to determine the most related scour

causative input variables for better solutions. The linear tendency between one to one input-output variables

determines the most relevant input variables. The results are compared with the available formulae results in

the literature. It has been found that the input variables of the ANN approach are the most relevant

parameters for scour calculations.

Key words: Artificial Neural Network, Equilibrium, Model, Prediction, Scour, Tendency.

334

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

REDUCTION OF THE SETTLMENT OF A COLLAPSIBLE SOIL BY THE ADDITION OF LIME,

USE OF THE DOUBLE CONSOLIDATION METHODE.

N. BAKIR*1

, K. ABBECHE2, A. LAHMADI

3

1,3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of M'sila, ALGERIA

(E-mail : bakir_nassima@yahoo.fr, lahmadiazz@yahoo.fr)

2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Batna, ALGERIA

(E-mail : abbechek@yahoo.fr)

ABSTRACT

Collapsible soils are defined as unsaturated structures, which can undergo radical rearrangement of its

particles and a sharp decrease in volume after wetting with or without load. Most of these soils are loess or

eolian deposits constituted of silt and sand which are located in arid or semi-arid area.

Southern Algeria is constituted largely of loess formations and is nowadays an area with a high potential for

agricultural development. The occupation of this region is at risk of collapse of structures erected on land

"Collapsibles". Therefore, we propose treatment solutions which are economic and easy to implement.

This paper presents an experimental study of the treatment of collapsible soil which is reconstituted in the

laboratory by different contents in lime using the method of double consolidation. Samples of this soil with

different moisture contents are compacted with different energy levels. The expected purpose of this study is

to reduce the potential of subsidence of these soils to an acceptable level.

Keywords: collapse, treatment, flooding, compaction energy, arid zone.

335

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Production of pumice-based geo-polymer concrete

Ahmet BİLGİL1, Ergün YEŞİLYURT

2, Mehmedi Vehbi GÖKÇE

3

1. Niğde University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Turkey,

abilgil@nigde.edu.tr.

2. Erciyes University –Kayseri Vocational High School, Department of Construction, Turkey,

yesile@erciyes.edu.tr.

3 . Niğde University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Turkey,

vgokce@nigde.edu.tr.

ABSTRACT

Pumice is included in the industrial raw materials and Turkey has vast, rich reserves throughout its territory.

As a common practice, pumice is currently used in the production of non-load-bearing, lightweight building

components with cement as binder. However, main issues in this practice are that cement causes aggregate

reactivity with pumice, and heat transfer coefficient and unit weight are relatively high. In this study a new,

high-performance product was aimed to be produced by binding ground pumice with sodium silicate and then

exposing the mixture to heat-processing.

In the study, pumice obtained from Nevşehir quarries was used after getting ground to the fineness from 0 to

500 µ. Volumetric ratio and molarity are based on in the mixtures considering that unit weights of pumice and

sodium silicate are significantly different. Pastes were prepared by adding sodium silicate to pumice at the

ratios of 10 to 50% of the pumice volume increasing by 10 increments. The samples were cured in the

medium at room temperature up to 60 days, and then compressive strengths were measured. The samples

cured less than 25 days did not yield measurable strengths but could only reached to measurable values after

this period. The samples were also heat-processed starting from 50 ºC reaching up to 1100 ºC increasing in

100 increments. Thus, optimum mixture parameters were determined considering compressive strengths and

unit weights.

Other standard tests will also be performed on the samples as a next step to determine production parameters

for a better, new generation product to be presented to the construction industry.

Keywords: Pumice, geo-polymer concrete, lightweight building component, sodium silicate.

336

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Mechanical, Dynamic and Durability Analysis of Structural Concrete Reinforced with Nano -

Silica Particles

Savaş ERDEM*1 and Ezgi GÜRBÜZ

2

1, 2

School of Civil Engineering, University of Istanbul, TURKEY.

(E-mail: savas.erdem@istanbul.edu.tr, ezgi.grbz10@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In the recent years, the application of nanotechnology in the construction industry has increased

exponentially. One nanomaterial that deserves the attention of researchers is amorphous silica with

particles size in the nano-range. In this study, the influence of different percentages ( % 0.5, % 1 and %

1.5 by volume) nano-silica particles on the mechanical, dynamic and durability properties of structural

concrete has been studied through measurement of compressive strength, fracture energy under impact

loading and water permeability. In addition, a range of techniques including scanning electron

microscopy and X-ray computed tomography accompanied by digital image analysis were used to

characterize the nano-silica and micro-structures. The experimental results show that the compressive

strength and water permeability of the concrete mixed with the nano-particles were much better than

those of the control concrete. The micro-structural analysis also indicated that the nano-silica particles

filled the pores at the cement matrix producing a denser and stronger cement paste-aggregate interfacial

zone. However, the fracture energy of concrete under short-duration impact loading decreased with the

increasing percentage of nano-silica and thus, a more brittle failure mode was observed.

Keywords: Concrete, Impact resistance, Nano silica, Permeability, Strength.

337

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Buckling Restrained Braces with Different Casing Systems

Ramazan Ozcelik*1, Yagmur Dikiciaşık

1

1, Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: rozcelik@akdeniz.edu.tr, dyagmur@akdeniz.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents experimental investigation of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) with different

casing systems. The BRBs consist of core plate and casing member. The casing member prevents the

core plate from buckling. Hence, the core plate can yield under tension and compression demands. The

component tests for five BRBs were performed in order to exam the different casing systems namely

steel tube-concrete, confined and unconfined concrete and built-up sections. In un-bounded steel tube-

concrete BRB, steel hollow sections were attached on the restrained elastic and plastic part on the core

plates to prevent the local buckling. The built-up sections were consisted of four steel hollow sections

connected to each other via batten and lattice plates. The confined and unconfined concrete were used

for casing members of BRBs to obtain economical and practical casing systems. All BRBs was loaded

cyclically up to 3.0% strain which core plate performed. The testing of the BRBs with different casing

systems indicated that the cyclic performance of the BRBs were satisfactorily up to 2% strain of core

plate. Consequently, the BRBs with different casing systems which is stiff to resist the out-off plane

buckling at both ends has acceptable cyclic performance. Furthermore, connection details, isolation

materials and their application techniques have been also investigated for improved BRB design in this

study.

Keywords: Buckling Restrained Brace, Casing members, hysteretic behavior.

338

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Nano-scale Investigation of Passive Layer for Corroding Steel Bars in Concrete under Severe

Environmental Conditions

Raja Rizwan Hussain*1, Abdulrahman Mohammed Alhozaimy

2, Abdulaziz I. Al-Negheimish

3

and Rajeh Zaid Al-Zaid4

*1Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, CoE-CRT, Civil Engineering Department, College of

Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (e-mail: raja386@hotmail.com)

2-4

Professor, CoE-CRT, Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University,

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (e-mail: raja386@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Corrosion due to chloride attack is the main cause of deterioration in reinforced concrete structures in

the Kingdom. Chloride ions break the passive film developed on the steel bar embedded in concrete

protecting the steel from corrosion. This situation is further aggravated by the hot weather conditions.

The passive layer is believed to be a few nanometers in thickness and primarily composed of iron

oxides; however, little is known about its chemical composition and structure as well as the passive

film breaking process. This makes it difficult to characterize corrosion which is highlighted by the fact

that the chloride threshold value of steel reinforced concrete measured by conventional electro -

chemical techniques can vary greatly. While these techniques measure corrosion in a macro scale, th e

growth and deterioration of passive film actually take place at the nano-scale and is governed by the

elemental compositions and nano-microstructure of the steel as well as the chemistry of the concrete

and the environment around the rebar which has been incorporated in this paper. This research paper

focuses on characterization of passive layer at the nano-scale as well as on finding out what happens

when the film breaks down especially due to chloride attack under hot weather.

Keywords: Corrosion; concrete; Nano-technology; rebars;

Acknowledgment: This project was supported by the NSTIP Strategic Technologies Program, grant number

09-NAN 674-02, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

339

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Free Vibration Analysis of Axially Accelerating Timoshenko Beams Using Differential Transform

Method

Baran Bozyigit*1, Yusuf Yesilce

2

1, 2

Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail: baran.bozyigit@deu.edu.tr, yusuf.yesilce@deu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In the recent years, axially moving beams have been playing an impor tant role in many type of

engineering problems such as air cable tramways, pipe-conveying fluids, power transmission belts, high

speed magnetic tapes, band saws and transportation of structural members like precast beams. The axial

speed of a beam directly effects its vibration characteristics and dynamic stability. Thus, it is important to

know the axial speed-dependent dynamic characteristics for the successful design. In this study, an axially

accelerating beam, which can be defined as a special case of a moving beam, is used to analyze the

natural frequencies and modes shapes of axially accelerating beams on different supports by using

Timoshenko Beam Theory (TBT) and Differential Transform Method (DTM). First of all, the governing

equations of motion of the accelerating Timoshenko beam in free vibration are derived using Hamilton’s

principle. Due to acceleration, the axial speed and axial tensile force are assumed as harmonically varying

about a constant velocity and tensile force. Parameters for the nondimensionalized multiplication factors for

the velocity and axial tensile force are incorporated into the equations of motion in order to investigate their

effects on the natural frequencies. The natural frequencies are calculated directly from the analytical solution

of the differential equations according to TBT. After the analytical solution, DTM which is an effective

mathematical technique is used to solve the governing differential equations of the motion. The calculated

natural frequencies of accelerating Timoshenko beams with three combinations of boundary conditions using

DTM are presented in several tables and figures. In addition to this, results obtained from DTM are compared

with the results of the analytical solution and proximity of results is observed. At the end, the fundamental

mode shapes are presented in graphs.

Keywords: Accelerating Timoshenko beam, Differential Transform Method, free vibration, natural

frequencies.

340

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Behavior of Beam to column connections which contain Shape Memory Alloys in Moment Steel

Frame

Saeed jamalpour *1, Abbas akbarpour

2

1, 2

M.S. student of Structural engineering- I. A. University - south Tehran branch, Iran. member of

Engineering faculty- I. A. University- south Tehran branch, Iran (Email:Jamalpour_sce@yahoo.com,

abbas.akbarpour@tceo.ir)

ABSTRACT

The Moment Steel Frames are designed to waste a substantial amount of energy which induced by earthquake

when yield limit of sections in beams and columns is reached, so non-elastic deformation occurred in these

sections. These deformations are permanent in the structure in a way that occasionally strengthening is

impossible and structure must be torn down. Thus for the sake of functional design, designers require new

structural systems and members with high capacity in deformation & ductility, restoration or permanent

deformations reduction. The vulnerability of connections of Moment Steel Frames under lateral loads

inevitably makes application of materials or substances with high behavioral and functional change capacity.

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) have super elastic attribute which enables them to bear large amounts of non-

elastic stresses, and return to its original state after unloading. Application of such substances in steel frame

connections, which bear significant moments during earthquake which eventually causes major dislocation of

frame or complete breakdown of connection, can prominently affect the behavioral change and the increase in

ductility.

Current essay examines the function of beam to column connections which contain Shape

Memory alloys.

Keywords: Shape Memory Alloys, beam to column connections, super elastic attribute

341

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Numerical simulation of dynamic load on pavements

J. Melcer*1

1 University of Zilina, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Structural Mechanics

Univerzitna 8215/1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovak Republic.

(E-mail: jozef.melcer@fstav.uniza.sk)

ABSTRACT

Dynamic effect of moving load on transport structures can be followed in the literature from the year 1849. It

was induced by the collapse of the Chester Rail Bridge in England in the year 1847. At the early stage the

analytical methods were applied. The development of computers brings the revolution and qualitative jump in

the development of solution.

The submitted paper is dedicated to the numerical simulation of moving load effect on road structures in the

time domain. The dynamic load from vehicles on pavements is the subject of interest. The multi-body

computing models of vehicles on various levels are introduces. The equations of motions are derived in the

form of ordinary differential equations. The equations of motions are solved numerically by the use of step-

by-step integration method in the environment of program system Matlab.

The road unevenness as the main source of kinematical excitation of vehicle is modeled as the random rod

profile by the use of the power spectral density functions. The vehicle moves along the road by various speeds

and time histories of wonted functions are calculated.

Especially the time histories of tire forces as the source of dynamic load of pavements are the object of

interest. When the magnitude of unevenness runs over certain value the contact between the tire and the

pavement is missed. It is unwelcome situation for the pavement and for the vehicle. The conclusions are

focused on the influence of the road profile quality on the values of tire forces.

Keywords: Numerical simulation, dynamic load, computing models, pavements, tire forces.

Acknowledgment: This contribution is the result of the research supported by Grant National Agency VEGA

of the Slovak Republic, project No. 1/0295/12

342

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of aggregate maximum size on properties of fiber reinforced concrete

Gözde İnan Sezer, Şemsi Yazıcı

Ege University Civil Engineering Department, İzmir, TURKEY

(E-mail, aginan@gmail.com, semsiyazici@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In this study, the effect of maximum aggregate size on impact resistance of fiber reinforced concrete was

investigated. Using limestone aggregate with 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm of maximum size, different fiber

reinforced concretes were produced. Water/cement ratio and cement dosage of concrete mixtures are 0.5 and

400 kg/m3, respectively. Besides, super plasticizer and steel fibers were used in concrete production. Hooked-

end bundled steel fibers with l/d ratio of 65 and 1.0% fiber volume were used. After 28 days standard curing,

compressive strength, split tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed on 150/150/150

mm cube specimens. Additionally, impact resistances of concrete specimens were determined using impact

test apparatus described in ACI 544.3R-93. 150x300 mm cylinders were prepared for impact resistance tests.

After 28 days curing, these specimens were cut and 150x64 mm special discs were prepared. Impact

resistance test were performed on these special discs. Experimental results were evaluated corresponding to

presence of steel fiber and aggregate maximum size.

Keywords: Impact effect, aggregate maximum size, fiber reinforced concrete, mechanical properties.

343

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Unconfined compressive strength, chloride-ion penetration and freezing-thawing resistance of cement

stabilized clay

İrem Kalıpcılar*1, Ali Mardani- AGHABAGLOU

2, Alper Sezer

3, Gözde İnan Sezer

4, Selim Altun

5

1, 2,3,4,5

Ege University, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail: irem.kalipcilar@ege.edu.tr, ali.mardani16@gmail.com, alper.sezer@ege.edu.tr,

gozde.sezer@ege.edu.tr, selim.altun@ege.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, the changes in unconfined compressive strength, chloride-ion penetration and freezing-

thawing resistance of cement stabilized soils were investigated. For this purpose, an ordinary portland

CEMI42.5R type cement and kaoline were used. In addition to the control mixture without any cement

content, three different mixtures were prepared by addition of cement at ratios of 5, 10 and 15 % of dry

weight of kaoline. The mixtures were compacted at their optimum moisture contents by use of standard

Proctor energy, leading to corresponding maximum unit weight values. The specimens were cured in

room conditions with relative humidity of 95% for 1, 7 and 28 days and the outer surfaces of specimens

were moistened by water pulverization every 3 days. Afterwards, the unconfined compressive strength,

chloride-ion penetration and freezing-thawing resistance of specimens were obtained in accordance

with ASTM D 2166, ASTM c1012 and ASTM C 666 standards, respectively. The specimens were

exposed to 6 and 12 freeze-thaw cycles and after then unconfined compression strength tests were

performed to determine the freezing-thawing resistancevalues. It was observed that the unconfined

compressive strength reduction of the specimens decreased due to freezing-thawing action.

Consequently, test results were discussed in detail.

Keywords: Freeze-thaw, cement stabilization, kaoline, unconfined compressive strength, chloride ion

penetration.

Acknowledgment: The authors appreciate the contributions of Scientific and Technological Research

Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and Ege University Science and Technology Centre - Technology Transfer

Office (EBILTEM) for their financial support [Project numbers: 113M202 and 2014-BIL-009].

344

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Mechanical Properties of Heavy and Normal Weight Concretes Produced with Barite and Limestone

H. Bozkurt*, C. Karakurt1, C. Kandemir

Department of Civil Engineering, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik/TURKEY

(E-mail: hasan.bozkurt@bilecik.edu.tr, cenk.karakurt@bilecik.edu.tr; cevatkandemir61@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

High-density concrete aggregates called heavy weight concrete manufactured with high specific gravity

(heavy concrete) is used for preventing against carcinogenic effects of radiation on human body and it

can be used for to prevent radioactive leaks in the nuclear structures. Heavy concrete is mainly used to

create a screen against harmful rays and heavy weight concretes unit weight is higher than normal

weight concrete. Heavy weight concretes are used in nuclear reactors shield structures, hospitals

radiation room where radiation treatment of the sections shown.

In this study, it is investigated that comparison of the mechanical properties of normal weight concrete

with heavyweight concrete. A type of iron ore and barite was used as heavyweight aggregate in the

heavy weight concrete mixtures. In addition the reference normal weight concrete was produced with

limestone aggregate. The mix design of both concretes was made in accordance with same volume of

heavy and normal weight aggregates. In the experimental part of the study, heavy and normal weight

concrete cubic and prismatic specimens were produced in dimension with 15 cm cube and 10x10x50

cm prismatic form respectively. The compressive strength, flexural strength and ultra sound pulse

velocity tests were performed on heavyweight and normal weight specimens at 3, 7 and 28 days curing

ages.

According to fresh concrete properties the workability of heavy concrete specimens was 28 % lower

than normal concrete. In addition the hardened concrete test results showed that the streng th properties

of heavy concrete specimens for all ages were decreased with the increase of the unit weights. It is also

determined that the unit weight of heavy concrete was 36 % higher than normal concretes unit weight.

Keywords: Heavy weight concrete; Normal weight concrete; Mechanical properties; Barite

345

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigating the Effect of Joint Behaviour on the Optimum Design of Semi-Rigid Steel Frames

Soner ŞEKER*1

, Erkan DOĞAN2, Mehmet Polat SAKA

3, Celalettin KOZANOĞLU

2

1

Uşak University , Department of Civil Engineering , 64200 , Uşak , Turkey

(E- mail : soner.seker@usak.edu.tr) 2 Celal Bayar University , Department of Civil Engineering , 45140 , Manisa , Turkey

3 University of Bahrain, Department of Civil Engineering, Isa Town, Bahrain

ABSTRACT

This study aims to carry out the effect of beam-to-column connections on the minimum weight design

of steel plane frames. In the practical analysis of steel frames, end connections are assumed to be either

fully restrained or pin-connected. However, experiments reveal that the real behavior is between these

extremes and should be taken into account for the realistic design of structures. Hunting search

algorithm is used for the automation of optimum design process. It is a numerical optimizatio n method

inspired by group hunting of animals such as wolves and lions. It is proven that it is a reliable and

efficient technique for obtaining the solution of discrete structural optimization problems. Present

design algorithm developed on the basis of hunting search algorithm selects w- sections for the

members of semi rigid steel frame from the complete list of w- sections given in LRFD- AISC (Load

and Resistance Factor Design, American Institute of Steel Construction). The design constraints are

implemented from the specifications of the same code which covers serviceability and strength

limitations. The selection of w-sections is carried out such that the design limitations are satisfied and

the weight of semi- rigid frame is the minimum. Three different steel frames are designed by the

optimum design algorithm presented to demonstrate its efficiency. The designs obtained by use of this

algorithm are also compared with the ones produced by particle swarm optimization method.

Keywords: Stochastic Search techniques; hunting search algorithm; optimization problems; semi-rigid steel

frames

346

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Effects of Viscous Bulk Compressibility for Cantilevered Cylindrical Helices

M. Ermiş*1, H. Argeso

2, N. Eratlı

3 and M. H. Omurtag

4

1, 3, 4

Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.

(ermism@itu.edu.tr, eratli@itu.edu.tr, omurtagm@itu.edu.tr)

2 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey.

(hakan.argeso@atilim.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The dynamic response of a cantilevered viscoelastic cylindrical helicoidal rod is investigated by using

the mixed finite element method. The rod has a circular cross section and subjected to a rectangular

type of impulsive load acting from its free end. The finite element formulation is based on Timoshenko

beam theory and the element matrices for two nodded curvilinear elements are obtained in Laplace

space. In the formulations, elastic-viscoelastic analogy (correspondence principle) is used to implement

the viscoelastic material behavior. The system matrices of finite element method are solved in Laplace

space and the results obtained are transformed back to time space by using the modified Durbin's

algorithm. It is assumed that, the viscoelastic material exhibits standard type of distortional behavior

and Kelvin type of bulk compressibility. Parametric analyses are carried out for the aim of investigating

the effects of helix geometry and the viscous bulk compressibility on the dynamic response of

helicoidal rod.

Keywords: cylindrical helix, Laplace space, mixed finite element method, Timoshenko beam theory,

viscoelasticity.

Acknowledgment: This research is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of

Turkey under project no 111M308 and by the Research Foundation of ITU under project no 38078. These

supports are gratefully acknowledged by the authors.

347

ICOCEE - CAPPADOCIA2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Influence of steel fibers on the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups

M.İ. Birincioğlu*1, S. Ulusoy

2 and G. Arslan

3

1, 2

Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye

(E-mail: mibirincioglu@gmail.com, smhulusoy@gmail.com)

3 Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye

(E-mail: aguray@yildiz.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This research studied the shear strength of six beams reinforced with longitudinal bars and steel fibers. The

beams including two reference and four reinforced concrete (RC) beams with steel fiber have been tested

under concentrated loads at mid-span to determine the shear strength. The variable parameters are concrete

compressive strength, shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d) and volume fraction of steel fibers. Based on the test

results, it is concluded that as the fiber volume increases, the shear strength and ductility of the beams

increases, providing significantly higher shear strength than the strength calculated according to the ACI 318

Code. When the beams with a/d=2.5 and 3.5 are compared, it is observed that the load carrying capacity of

the beam with a/d=2.5 is 18% greater than the one with a/d=3.5, where the volume fraction of fibers is 2%

for both of them.

Keywords: Steel fiber; Reinforced concrete; Beam; Shear strength.

348

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Study on Flow and Compressive Strength Properties

of Mortars Using Waste Slag

O. Karahan*1, C.D. Atiş

1, S. İlkentapar

1 and Z.A. Özcan

2

1 Civil Engineering Department, Erciyes University, TÜRKİYE.

(E-mail: okarahan@erciyes.edu.tr, cdatis@erciyes.edu.tr, serhan @erciyes.edu.tr)

2 Tomarza Vocational High School, Erciyes University, TÜRKİYE.

(E-mail: zehraalmaz@erciyes.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This study presents the flow and compressive strength properties of mortar containing waste slag. Zinc

- Lead production institution waste materials are used in mortars. For this purpose, standard reference

mortar mixture was made with reference sand, CEM I 42.5R Portland cement and natural spring water.

The sand-cement and water-cement material ratios were chosen as 3.0 and 0.5, respectively. Reference

mortar mixture was modified using waste slag as cement replacement. Waste slag was used in four

different replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Series of three 40×40×160 mm prismatic

specimens from each mortar were prepared. The workability and compressive strength of waste slag

mixtures were determined according to TS EN 1015-3 and TS EN 196-1, respectively. The compressive

strengths were determined at 7 and 28 days. As a result of laboratory study, the workability of mortar

containing waste slag was found to be better than that of mortar made with cement up to 15%

replacement level. However, a slight reduction in strength properties was observed with waste slag

replacement for cement.

Keywords: Mortar, Strength, Waste Slag, Workability.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank CINKOM Zinc Lead Metal & Mining for their support.

349

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

CFRP Strengthening of Solid Wood under Bending Loads

AW Ezahtul Shahreen*1, J Mohd Zamin

2 and AKM Kawsher Alam

3

1, 2, 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, MALAYSIA.

(E-mail: ezahtul@ump.edu.my, zamin@um.edu.my)

ABSTRACT

Numerous of application of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) material as reinforcement in timber structure

studied within last decade. Most recent studies on strengthening of glulam reinforced with FRP. In Malaysia

the usage of engineered wood such as glulam still new and less acceptance because of the cost and availability

of the materials. Solid timber still renowned by engineers and architects as structural element even tough solid

timber properties are limited by natural defect. Furthermore, studies on the strengthening of tropical solid

timber were limited and need to be explored. This research was conducted to investigate the behaviour of

flexural strength of low grade tropical timber beam incorporating carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) as

reinforcement using Sikadur-30 as bonding agent. The timber beams were strengthened by CFRP plates as

external reinforcement and CFRP rods for near surface mounted system (NSM) technique over its entire

length. Five beams for each technique with the dimension of 50 mm x 150 mm x 2700 mm length were tested

to failure under four point loading. Three un-strengthened beams will be act as control beam. From this

research, it is obtained that, the strengthening with only CFRP plate bonding is more effective with gave a

maximum 64% load capacity increment compared to NSM. As predicted the strength grade also moved from

Strength Group 7 to Strength Group 5. By incorporating CFRP plate as reinforcement, demonstrate the good

potential of lower grade species to be used as structural beam and replaced the expensive species normally

used in construction.

Keywords: Fiber, Flexural strength, Low grade timber, Reinforcement

350

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Dynamic Characterization of Timber Beams Strengthened with CFRP Plate

AW Ezahtul Shahreen*1, J Mohd Zamin

2

1, 2

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, MALAYSIA.

(E-mail: ezahtul@ump.edu.my, zamin@um.edu.my)

ABSTRACT

The structural utilization of timber is usually limited by the relatively low bending stiffness and strength. One

possible solution to increase the stiffness and strength of the timber is by reinforcing them with reinforcing

material. Nowadays, timber structures strengthened with FRP composites are gaining popularity, and there is

a growing need to understand and compare the behavior of these structures before/after FRP composite

strengthening. To fulfil the structural safety evaluation requirements, structural design should incorporate

structure deflection under natural frequencies in the serviceability limit state checking. The main objective of

this paper was to study the dynamic behavior of timber beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced

polymers (CFRP). Meranti (Shorea spp.) species used in this study is not high performance material for

structural usage because of its low strength, and is prone to check properties. This species has been choose to

study the feasibility of utilizing the low to medium hardwoods species for structural usage by strengthened it

with reinforcing material was specially selected by visual grading. Eight timber beams with the cross-section

of 75 mm x 150 mm and 2700 mm length were strengthened by CFRP plates as external plate bonding (EPB)

at 2150 mm from its entire length using Sikadur-30 as bonding agent. The dynamic properties will achieved

by using impact hammer with a piezoelectric sensor. For the static test, the timber will tested to failure under

four point loading. The results from both static and dynamic test will be compared. It is predicted that a

general trend could be produce from this study. Having baseline data of dynamic characteristic can provide

designer a lot of standard on dynamic consideration. Therefore, by completing both static and dynamic in

structural design, designers can have a higher level confidence with their efforts to the public.

Keywords: Fiber, Flexural Test, Modal Analysis, Reinforcement, Solid Wood

351

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Use of Fly Ash in The Design Of Controlled Low-Strength Material Mixture

Ma. Doreen E. CANDELARIA*1, Kaz Mikhail David S. MAURILLO

1, Nathaniel B. DIOLA

1

1, 2, 3

Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES

(E-mail: doreen.candelaria@coe.upd.edu.ph, davetheweird@yahoo.com, nbdiola@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of the study is to create a preliminary design guideline in mixing Controlled Low-Strength

Materials (CLSM) using locally manufactured Class F fly ash by mixing actual CLSM and initial testing for

fresh (flow consistency and setting time) properties. The main design target for CLSM is to ensure the mixes

made are flowable, self-leveling, easy to pump in place, will not settle, will not exert uplift pressures due to

swelling, and will be excavatable at later ages when specified. This study aims to determine the initial

proportions of material components of CLSM, namely cement, Class F fly ash, fine aggregate, and water to

ensure proper density, flowability, and ease of pumping. Mixes of increasing fly ash from the threshold

content that satisfies flowability to the maximum allowed by ACI 229 are mixed, and tested for the main

properties of flow (slump), density, and hardening. New adjusted mix proportions will then be made and

tested for performance based on interpolations from the satisfactory trial mixes. From the actual data

obtained, guidelines for mix design of CLSM will be made that would be of use to other designers. A general

procedural manual will also be made based on the application of Class F fly ash in Controlled Low Strength

Material mix designs after testing for hardened properties (excavility).

Keywords: fly ash, CLSM, low-strength materials, class F fly ash

352

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Utilization of geopolymers in self-consolidating concrete

K. Mermerdaş*1, S.M. Oleiwi

2

1, 2

Department of Civil Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: kasim.mermerdas@hku.edu.tr, safiemahdi@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC), is highly fluid concrete that can flow under its own weight through

restricted sections without segregation and bleeding. Such concrete should have a relatively low yield

stress value to ensure high flow ability, a moderate viscosity to resist segregation and bleeding, and to

maintain its homogeneity during transportation, placing and cur ing to ensure adequate structural

performance and long term durability

Geopolymer concrete results from the reaction of a source material that is rich in silica and alumina

with alkaline liquids. Geopolymer is an inorganic alumina-silicate polymer synthesized from

predominantly silicon and aluminum materials of geological origin or by-product materials.

The aim of this study is to further investigate the effect of alkaline activation content and size on fresh

and hardened properties of the geopolymer self-compacting concretes, made by using fly ash and

ground granulated blast furnace slag as source material and combination of sodium hydroxide and

sodium silicate as alkaline activator. The conformity of self-compacting characteristics will be

analyzed. Thereafter, the concrete satisfying the condition for self compactibility will be tested for

fresh properties.

Keywords: Self consolidating concrete, geopolymer, fresh properties, cement replacement

353

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Strength and Durability Characteristics of Soil Stabilized With Local Philippine Cements for

Slope Protection Applications

Jaime Angelo S. Victor*1 and Lorielyn B. Martinez

2

1, 2

Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, PHILIPPINES.

(E-mail: jaimeangelovictor@yahoo.com, lorielynmartinez@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Protection of in-situ soils is one of the most common methods of slope condition improvement. Weak

surface soils often affect slope stability. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of

cement treatment to the shear strength and erodibility of stabilized soil. The results of the study are

potentially useful for slope protection applications. Soil samples were collected and treated with three

types of cement (Type I, Type IP and Type P) at 6%, 8% and 10% concentration by mass. To determine

the specific effects of each cement type and amount, factors such as water content, size of the

specimens and curing period were kept constant. Unconsolidated undrained shear strength of the

samples was measured using Unconfined Compressive Strength Test, while the erodibility was

determined by quantifying the percent of soil loss after exposing the specimens into an accelerated

rainfall simulation setup with an intensity of 900,000 mm/hr. The shear strength and resistance to

erosion of the treated soil were generally observed to increase with the increase in cement content. Both

the shear strength and erodibility tests show that among the three cement types of cement utilized in

this study, Type I cement is potentially the most efficient in stabilizing soil as slope protection material.

Type P cement was observed as the least effective.

Keywords: Slope Protection, Soil Stabilization, Cement, Compressive Strength

354

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Use of Fly Ash in Self Compacting Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pavements

Şafak Bilgiç*1, Mehmet Canbaz

2 and Safa Mutyilmaz

3

1, 2, 3

Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Civil Engineering Department, 26480, Eskisehir, TURKEY.

(E-mail: safakb@ogu.edu.tr, mcanbaz@ogu.edu.tr, safakb@ogu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

An asphalt pavement contains some negative effects to earth health like thinning of the ozone layer, toxicity

effect to human, acidification, depletion of biotic and abiotic life etc. Concrete pavements are more

environmentalists. Additionally by using coal reactor waste fly ash in concrete content; more durable concrete

can be produced. Pretty much fly ash can be used in concrete, during pavement construction. For example; in

three – lane highway construction, average of 250 tons/km fly ash be evaluated. Besides with using waste fly

ash some positive effects will be obtained. They are; decreasing hydration heat, reducing shrinkage cracks,

increasing some strength values in the long term. So using fly ash is attractive. Large Concrete Pavement

areas deficit to external effects, therefore some micro and macro cracks discernible. Concrete additive fibers

are used to control the growth and branching cracks.

In this study mechanical and physical characteristics were determined of fiber reinforced self compacting

concrete produced with using constant cement ratio and different ratio of fly ash. For this purpose cubic,

cylindrical, prismatic and plate shape of specimens were produced, then standard cure applied. According to

the experiments using of waste fly ash up to 30 % rate is available on fiber reinforced self compacting

concrete. Also when cement ratio fixed, the strength values of concrete are increasing up to 15%. Self

compacting concrete requires more fine materials and these requirements are resolved by using fly ash. So

the solution is more economical and environmental. By using fly ash, shrinkage cracks and hydration heat

will decrease. Growing of micro cracks will be inhibited by using fibers. High abrasion resistance can be

obtained by using high strength concrete on road pavement. Consequently, using of fly ash in concrete

pavement is recommended for enhancing the performance of pavement and reducing the environmental

impacts.

Keywords: Concrete pavement, fly ash, self compacting concrete, steel fibers.

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A Delamination modeling based on fracture and contact theories for multilayered composite plate

E. Kormaníková*1 and K. Kotrasová

2

1, 2

Department of Structural Mechanics, Institute of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering,

Technical University of Košice, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: eva.kormanikova@tuke.sk, kamila.kotrasova@tuke.sk)

ABSTRACT

Delamination is defined as the fracture of the plane separating two plies of a laminate or sandwich composite

structure. A two-subplate sandwich model which incorporates interface models based on fracture and contact

mechanics has been proposed in the paper. The main objective of the present paper is the characterization of

the mixed-mode delamination in sandwich plates. To this purpose a mixed-mode delamination failure model

is solved. This failure model is implemented in ANSYS code to calculate the damage propagation parameters.

The analysis is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) and interface techniques. The standard First

Order Deformation Theory is used. Using FEM analyze a sandwich plate comprising two subplates is solved

in the numerical example. Numerical results are given for typical mixed mode delamination problem by

implementing the method in a 2D analysis, which utilizes shear deformable plate elements. These elements

are joined at the interfaces inside each sublaminate using coupling elements. Finite element model and

contour plot of displacements in x, y and z direction are designed. The individual components of spring

reaction forces for response mode I, II and III along the delamination front are depictured. Expressions for

point-wise energy release rates associated with the direction normal to the delamination plane (mode I) and

normal and tangential directions to the delamination front (mode II and III, respectively) are given. The

results point to which response mode is predominant or negligible in the delamination modeling.

Keywords: Core, Delamination, Facesheet, Interface elements, Plate elements, Sandwich.

Acknowledgment: The scientific research and the paper presented as its result were supported by the project

VEGA 1/0477/15: Numerical analysis and modeling of interactive problems in multilayered composite

structural members.

356

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A Comparison of the Effect of Pre-stressed Strand Diameters, Providing Beam-to-Column Connection

Mustafa KAYA

PhD, Aksaray University, Faculty of Engineering, Aksaray, Turkey

ABSTRACT

In this study, the effect of pre-stressed strand diameters, providing the beam-to-column connections, was

investigated from both experimental, and analytical aspects. In the experimental studies, the strength,

stiffness, and energy dissipation capacities of the precast specimens comprising two pre-stressed strand

samples of 12.70 mm, and 15.24 mm diameters, were compared with the reference specimen. The precast

specimen with strands of 15.24 mm reached 96% of the maximum strength of the reference specimen; the

amount of energy dissipated by this specimen until end of the test reached 48% of the amount of energy

dissipated by the reference sample, and the stiffness of the same specimen at a 1.5% drift of reached 77% of

the stiffness of the reference specimen at this drift. Parallel results were obtained during the analytical studies

from the aspects of strength, and behavior, but the initial stiffness of the analytical models was lower than that

of the test specimen.

Keywords: Precast beam-to-column connection; moment resisting connection,

post-tensioned connections, finite element method

357

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The Investigation of Concrete Quality in Aksaray Region

Cihan Tanrıverdi*1, Derya Koç

2, İsa Kayabaşı

3, İrfan Çıtak

4

1 Cömertler Construction Firm, Aksaray, TÜRKİYE.

(cihantanrıverdi88@hotmail.com)

2 Secretary General of Special Provincial Administration, Aksaray, TÜRKİYE.

(derya.koc@icisleri.gov.tr)

3 Ulubaşlar Construction Firm, Aksaray, TÜRKİYE.

(isakayabasi@yandex.com)

4 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aksaray, Aksaray, TÜRKİYE

(irfancitak68@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Aksaray called as the gate of Cappadocia is located in the western part of Cappadocia. In this study, one

of the aims is to obtain an idea about quality of concrete production in Aksaray region. The most

important property that affects the quality of production is compressive strength, which contributes to

other quality properties proportionately. Considering compressive strength of concrete and its variation

according to streng level and years, the quality of concrete production is investigated statistically. Data

that belong to 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 years are examined comprehensively and data that

belong to previous years are also taken into consideration for the sake of comparison. Besides, the some

modifications in standards are expressed and considered in this study. The concrete quality is investigated

in terms of years and concrete classes on the basis of two statistical parameters, mean and coefficient of

variation of compressive strength of cube samples. At the end of this study, it can be inferred that higher

concrete classes has been used over the years. Besides, the mean concrete compressive strength is

increased on the average of % 60.

Keywords: Concrete, Quality of concrete production, Compressive strength, Coefficient of variation.

358

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Applicability and Limitations of 4

th Power Law in Design of Low Volume Roads against Rutting

Volkan Emre UZ1, Mehmet SALTAN

2 and İslam GÖKALP

3

1, 3

Civil Engineering Department, Adana Science and Technology University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: vemreuz@adanabtu.edu.tr , igokalp@adanabtu.edu.tr)

2 Civil Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: mehmetsaltan@sdu.edu.t)

ABSTRACT

A flexible pavement structural design consists of determining the properties of materials used in layers and

the thickness design of these pavement layers under the certain traffic and climate conditions without reaching

the terminal serviceability index over its design life. Rut accumulation (plastic deformation) is most common

pavement failure type of flexible pavements. For that reason the main goal of the design is prevent rutting.

Since the overlying layers constructed by selective high performance materials according to the related

specifications many design manuals assume that rutting only occurs in subgrade. In fact the situation is not as

much as reasonable especially for with no, or thinly overlaid low-volume road pavements, where the major

structural layer is comprised of unbound granular material and where the principal distress mechanism is

rutting in the aggregate or subgrade layers.

The main input parameters in the design stage are subgrade bearing capacity (CBR,Mr,σd) and the design

traffic. The “traffic” term is determined by Equivalent Standard Axle Load (ESAL) repetitions. The standard

axle load usually is 80 kN single axle load. Although it is not too difficult to determine an axle load for an

individual vehicle, it becomes quite complicated to determine the number and types of axle loads that a

particular pavement will be subject to over its design life. A generalized 4th Power Law has been used for

more than a half century to calculate Load Damage Factors of different load and axle configurations.

The aim of this study is to indicate the limitations and difficulties faced on reliably applying a power law

relationship to design or evaluation of granular pavements with no, or only thin seals, where the major

structural layer is comprised of unbound granular materials and where the principal distress mechanism is

rutting in the aggregate or subgrade layers. Furthermore, if a power law relationship should be used due to its

simplicity than, the value of the power may vary over a large range as a function of several parameters. Such

as stress dependent behavior of unbound granular materials and the selected distress type.

Keywords: 4th

Power Law, Plastic Deformation, Equivalent Single Axle Load, Granular Pavements.

359

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N. İkiz*1

1, 2

Civil Engineering, Gediz University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: nida.ikiz@gediz.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) pretreats the roadways of Ohio two times a week with

23% NaCl at 40 gallon/lane*mile application rate when weather conditions warrant. To be able to come

up with the most effective anti-icing program for ODOT, field and laboratory investigation of

pretreatment was studied on pavements.

Brine decay was studied on highways ATH-50 PCC and PICK-23 AC versus time, traffic and humidity.

The field tests for brine were conducted with modified versions of the SOBO 20 by Boschung

Megatronic AG (YSI and Wally BO). Humidity values were obtained from RWIS data.

The laboratory part included the detailed investigation of issues encountered in the field due to the

grooved texture of concrete and porous texture of asphalt pavements. Correction factors for the salt

readings on porous asphalt and grooved concrete surfaces were developed. Based on lab data grooved

and porous surfaces appeared to decrease the efficacy of pretreatment. Correction equations due to

pavement-fluid temperature difference were developed. A roadway field study was conducted on a non-

trafficked road to study application of salt at two different truck speeds. An in situ test was conduct ed

using CaCl2 and NaCl on street adjacent to Stocker Engineering building in order to compare the

effectiveness of two anti-icing chemicals. CaCl2 survived on the pavement for about the same time

compared to NaCl; however, it is seven times more expensive according to pretreatment needs of Ohio.

The modeling of the salt decay on state roads provided statistically good results with high R2 values.

The laboratory data were integrated with the field study results by the construction of a decision tree

which is the product of this research. Remaining salt density after certain time or traffic can be found

from the decay equations for porous and grooved pavements and the freezing point temperatures can be

obtained before an ice/snow event. By this way, the personnel can decide when to pretreat and can

know to what temperature extent the salt on the pavement is effective.

Keywords: Anti-Icing, Brine Solution, ODOT, Pretreatment

Acknowledgment: The author thanks to Ohio University and also to Ohio Department of Transportation

their academic and financial support.

360

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The Aspects of the Urban Transformation Process in Turkey

Cigdem Avci-Karatas*1

1 Asst. Prof., Department of Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, Yalova,

TURKEY.

(E-mail: cigdem.karatas@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

This work aims to analyze urban transformation process and applications in Turkey. To reach this goal, two

major objectives are pursued: (i) to contribute to a better understanding of the urban transformation law in

Turkey called as “Law on the Transformation of Areas at Risk of Natural Disaster” (Law no. 6306 dated

2012) and (ii) to analyze legal and technical dimensions of urban transformations processes in example city of

Istanbul. The article concentrates on the second stage. The main conclusion of this work is that it is possible

to obtain reasonably efficient aspects of the urban transformation process.

Keywords: Urban Transformation,Turkey, Istanbul

Acknowledgment: This paper has been produced with the assistance of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of

Environment&Urbanization, Istanbul Infrastructure&Urban Transformation Department. The technical

supports provided by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment& Urbanization, Infrastructure&Urban

Transformation Department on urban transformation law in Turkey are very much appreciated. The findings

and conclusions presented in this paper are, however, those of the author alone.

361

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Alternative Signalized Intersection Design to Enhance Left Turn Efficiency

Essam Radwan1, Hatem Abou-Senna

2, and Sebastian Tabares

3

1, 2, 3

Center for Advanced Transportation System Simulation, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida

32816-2450, USA.

(E-mail: essam.radwan@ucf.edu, habousenna@ucf.edu, Stabares2011@knights.ucf.edu)

ABSTRACT

Accommodating and addressing left-turning traffic has been a challenge for traffic engineers as they

seek balance between intersection capacity and safety; these are two conflicting goals in the operation

of a signalized intersection that are mitigated through signal phasing techniques. Exclusive left-turn

lanes and protected left-turn phases are commonly used to minimize the impact of left -turning traffic.

Cycle lengths typically have to increase and the addition of extra time from through phases must be

sacrificed. This may contribute to an increase in delay or decrease in operational performance at these

intersections. Hence, to increase the left-turn capacity and reduce the delay at the intersections,

researchers and traffic engineers found protected/permitted left turn (PPLT) control to be the most

effective, thus far.

In addition to these operation treatments, new designs have been proposed to enhance left turn capacity

including Continuous Flow Intersection, Diverging Diamond Interchange, Double Crossover

Intersection, Median U-Turn, Restricted Crossing U-Turn, Quadrant Roadway Intersection, and

Roundabouts. This paper provides a comprehensive literture review of these design concepts and

briefly assess their operational benefits and challenges. Based on the various reports and studies

presented along with the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative, these alternative designs

proved to outperform most conventional intersections and have enhanced arterials in various ways.

Although there is not much field data available for some of these new designs, micro-simulation

analyses showed that they are effective and improve safety and efficiency which are usually two

conflicting goals. Majority of the alternatives showed positive results through simulations and field

data.

Keywords: Left Turn, Intersection Design, Traffic Signal Control.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Florida Department of Transportation for their sponsorship of this

project

362

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of Waiting Time, Flow and Speed on U-turn Critical gaps at Median Openings under

Mixed Traffic

Suprabeet Datta*1, P.K. Bhuyan

2

1, 2

Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, INDIA.

(E-mail: dattasuprabeet@gmail.com, sdce90@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to deal with the effects of driver waiting time, conflicting traffic flow and

speed on U-turn critical gaps at median openings without left-turn lanes. Video graphic data of nine

conventional mid-block median openings on four and six lane urban roads were assembled. All these

sites belong to the three cities of Bhubaneshwar, Rourkela and Ranchi situated in the eastern province

of India. A new concept of “Merging Behavior” for U-turns is introduced for the first time to estimate

critical gaps at these sites. Driver waiting times were calculated after processing the raw video data in

the AVIDEMUX software. Conflicting traffic speed and flow were obtained in a similar manner. Flow

was converted to standard passenger car units per hour (PCU/hr.) from vehicles per hour according to

Indian traffic norms. The traffic composition was splitted into four motorized vehicular classes for

simplicity. Empirical relationships between critical gaps and all the other factors were formulated after

performing regression analysis in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) . The relationships thus

formulated, concluded that conflicting traffic speed linearly affects U-turn critical gaps. Waiting time

and critical gap followed power regression variation for all three modes except three wheelers (3W)

which in turn followed a positive exponential variation. Also, longer waiting times affect U-turn critical

gaps irrespective of the gap sizes. Critical gaps are also affected by conflicting traffic flow even durin g

off-peak periods. At last, Vissim simulation outputs from the extracted field data are illustrated in order

to signify the problems frequently encountered by U-turn drivers under mixed traffic situations.

Keywords: Critical gap, INAFOGA, Gap acceptance, Median openings, U-turn vehicles

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to express their special appreciation and thankfulness towards Dr.

Partha Pratim Dey, Assistant Professor and Mr. Smruti Sourava Mohapatra, Research Scholar in the School

of Infrastructure at Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneshwar for their kind assistance in providing the

data required for this study. Also, the author would like to take this opportunity to express his sincerest

gratitude towards IIT Bhubaneswar for allowing them collect all necessary audio-visual data which led to a

successful completion of the study.

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Sustainable Landscape Maintanance for Highway Planning

H.BOZKURT*1, E.T.BOZKURT

2

1,

Civil Engineering Department,Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, TURKEY

(E-mail:hasan.bozkurt@bilecik.edu.tr)

2 Landscape Architect.

(E-mail: etugba_sari@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Design and construction phases of a project set the stage for maintenance programs by planting and

establishing vegetation consistent with engineering needs, safety standards, sustainability, and aesthetic

considerations. Immediately after completion of a project and long afterward, vegetation maintenance

influences road safety by reducing or increasing risk associated with roadside vegetation. Other safety issues

for providing safe and reliable transportation include:

Sustainable Landscape Maintanance approach is based on the principles of Integrated Vegetation/Pest

Management which appropriately combines the use of mechanical, chemical, biological and cultural methods

for controlling weeds and other pests. Similar to an Integrated Vegetation/Pest Management, Sustainable

Landscape Maintenance is a decision-making process that integrates and applies the most appropriate

vegetation management tools in a sustainable manner. This decision making involves that you continuously

monitor, evaluate and modify these tools to meet the goals of roadside vegetation maintenance. Sustainable

Landscape Maintenance is a continuous process evolving to meet the changing needs of roadside vegetation.

In this study, it is investigated that sustainable landscape maintanance zone (LMZ) is the area along the

roadsides. It extends from the edge of the road (usually the white line) into surrounding land (right-of-way).

Roadside vegetation maintenance provides a safe driving experience. Sight distances must be maintained for

important signs and intersections. Roadsides may provide a recovery area that allows drivers to pull off the

road when necessary

According to these explanations ;different factors may affect maintenance decisions, such as an urban versus

rural landscape, property ownership boundaries or community expectations.It is also determined that how is

planning sustainable highway lanscape factors.

Keywords: Sustainable landscape, Highway planning, Vegetation/pest management

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The Effect of Lane Discipline to Intersection Capacity: A Sample Study of Isparta

E. Eriskin1, B. Capali*

2, S. Sargin Karahancer

3, S. Gokova

4, M. C. Bayrak

5, S. Terzi

6, M. Saltan

7

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Department of Civil Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ekinhaneriskin@sdu.edu.tr, buketcapali@sdu.edu.tr, sebnemsargin@sdu.edu.tr,

suleymangokova@msn.com, cagri32@gmail.com, serdalterzi@sdu.edu.tr, mehmetsaltan@sdu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, many road users don’t adapt the lane discipline at intersections, so they wait more than two

vehicles side by side in a two lane road. Thereupon when the light goes to green they all start to move.

As a result, they move more slowly than expected because of giving way to each other to avoid

congestion. The slowly move of the vehicles reduces the capacity level of the intersection and causes to

pass less vehicles.

In our study, an intersection is chosen where many of the road users don’t adapt the lane discipline.

Then it is recorded how many vehicles pass the intersection and the delay in passenger car unit – hour

per hour. In addition, the intersection delay and how many vehicles can pass will be calculated by using

Webster method. Last of all the results and how the lane discipline influence the intersection capacity

will be compared.

Keywords: Lane discipline, capacity, delay, Webster method

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Examining the Effect of Sustainable Traffic Control of the Safety Belt and Helmet use : A Sample

Study in Isparta

B. Capali* 1

, E. Eriskin2, S. Sargin Karahancer

3, S. Gokova

4, M. C. Bayrak

5, S. Terzi

6, M. Saltan

7

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Department of Civil Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: buketcapali@sdu.edu.tr, ekinhaneriskin@sdu.edu.tr, sebnemsargin@sdu.edu.tr,

suleymangokova@msn.com, cagri32@gmail.com, serdalterzi@sdu.edu.tr, mehmetsaltan@sdu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In the world of fatal traffic accidents are the most important reason for the passenger and driver safety

provided. Seat belts and helmets as an integral component in passenger and driver safety systems are

proven to reduce crash injury risk. Seat belt and helmet save lifes.

In this study, sustainable traffic control of the safety belt and helmet use were investigated in the city of

Isparta in Turkey. Seat belt and helmet use, counts and survey were made in two street. With survey

study, seat belt and helmet use by age distribution were determined. Counts were compared with two

years ago counts. Seat belt and helmet use, change of the counts were investigated.

Keywords: Traffic safety, accidents, traffic control

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Development of Regression Based Trip Generation Models for Intercity Bus Journeys in Turkey

Yasar Vitosoglu*1

1 Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.

(E-mail: yasar.vitosoglu@dpu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Using conventional methods based on home surveys or roadside interviews in order to determine origin-

destination (O-D) matrices is generally costly, time consuming and labor intensive. The validity of data is

very short in developing countries where rapid changes occur in land use and demographic structure, and it is

necessary to revise frequently the data obtained by using relatively inexpensive methods. Therefore, various

methods that are cheaper and do not require intensive labor have been developed in order to form and revise

O-D matrices. Thus, since the early 1980s, the idea of determining trip matrices from traffic counts has

attracted attention of the researchers considerably, and various methods have been suggested on this subject.

The model developed by Bell in 1983 is also one of these methods, and it has been used for obtaining the O-

D matrix related to intercity bus journeys made in Turkey.

After this matrix was obtained, the total trip generations resulting from every province were calculated by

founding the row totals in this matrix. Finally, regression analyses were performed in order to develop the trip

generation models for the intercity bus journeys. In these regression analyses, the total trip generations

resulting from every province were defined as dependent variable. As for independent variables, some

macroeconomic and demographic indicators of provinces such as population and gross domestic product were

employed. As a result, several trip generation models were developed for the intercity bus journeys made in

Turkey. These models were also compared with respect to some statistical criteria such as r square values, t

statistics and F statistics. Finally, the results obtained from this study were discussed briefly.

Keywords: O-D Matrix, Regression, Trip generation.

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Why are trees still such a major hazard to drivers in Poland?

Marcin Budzynski*1, Kazimierz Jamroz

2, Lukasz Jelinski

3, Marcin Antoniuk

4

1, 2, 3, 4

Gdansk University of Technology, POLAND

(E-mail: mbudz@pg.gda.pl, kjamroz@pg.gda.pl, lukjelin@gmail.com, marantoniuk@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Roadside trees are one of Poland’s most serious road safety issues. Since 2009 more than 2800 people have

been killed as a result of tree collisions; this represents about 15% of all of Poland’s accident fatalities

between 2009 and 2013. In some of the country’s regions striking a tree caused more than 30% of all road

accident fatalities. With no proper regulations, guidelines or examples of good practice, roadside

environments are posing a serious danger to safety. Trees pose a particular hazard. The paper analyses and

evaluates the following factors which cause safety risks on roadsides with trees:

strategic level: historic factors – tree alleys, high vehicle speeds, lack of road safety standards,

tactical level – region, road class, length of road sections with trees, type of section, time,

operational level – road narrowing forcing drivers to use the oncoming traffic lane (head-on collisions),

limited visibility at junctions and exits (side crashes), blocking view of road signs (road layout lacking

clarity, no place for pedestrians and blocking visibility at pedestrian crossings), causing damage to road

infrastructure.

The paper will present ways to eliminate risks caused by roadside trees and how effective they are in

reference to the three levels:

strategic level – ensuring that road layouts are clear and homogenous, vehicles remain in their lane,

building safe roadside environments, securing hazardous objects,

tactical level – building a new road, cutting down trees, putting in safety barriers, speed management,

hazard notification,

operational level – improving visibility using special marking or cutting down trees where they affect

visibility at junctions, using the “2-1” layout, speed reduction, special marking.

Finally, the paper will present the preliminary results of analyses studying the effects of trees on road safety.

Models will be presented describing safety levels for different road categories and classes.

Keywords: hazard identification, road safety, trees

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Road safety inspection as a tool for road safety management – the Polish experience

Marcin Budzynski*1, Mariusz Kiec

2

1 Gdansk University of Technology, POLAND

(E-mail: mbudz@pg.gda.pl)

2 Krakow University of Technology, POLAND

(E-mail: mkiec@pk.edu.pl)

ABSTRACT

The road network in Poland, despite the transformations, still does not conform to safety standards, at the

same time the lack of these standards is rarely given as the cause of road accidents. Lack of safety standards

is associated with defects of the road network which directly threaten road users or encourage participants

errors. It is necessary to identify and eliminate these defects and adapt the existing road network to the

required safety standards.

The defects are identified on the basis of conducted road safety inspections. Their implementation has been

imposed on the EU member states by the European Directive 2008/96/EC on road infrastructure safety

management.

In Poland, road inspections were implemented in June 2014 on all national roads. Since 2013, approximately

300 people have been trained in the procedures and rules for the conducting of inspections. Previously

conducted traffic surveys mainly related to the technical condition of roads, signs and markings; other safety

issues were overlooked.

The main problem that occurs during inspection is an inspector’s subjective qualitative assessment which

affects the classification of the sources of hazard on the road. The result of incorrect classification of hazards

can slow implementation of measures to improve traffic safety. The paper presents an analysis of the

variability of the qualitative assessments of defects on the road, classified by different teams of inspectors.

On this basis, the guidelines were developed for the classification of risks based on the relationship between

sources of hazard on the road and the personal and economic losses of road accidents. These relationships

are quantified using mathematical models to simulate the impact of the variability of a set of sources of

hazard on the effects of selected causes of road accidents on the sections of road network.

Keywords: inspection, models, road safety

369

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Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Polish district heating systems – development perspectives

Krzysztof Wojdyga

Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, POLAND.

(E-mail: krzysztof.wojdyga@is.pw.edu.pl

ABSTRACT

The most economical and rational means of heat supply for city inhabitants are district heating

systems. Heat generated in power plants and large heat sources is cheaper than heat from individual sources.

The reason for that is the amount of heat generated and the fuel used (coal for most heat sources). District

heating, a very important energy sub-sector for the Polish economy, provides heat supply to centralised

heating systems, which, on average, satisfy 72% of the demand for heat in Polish cities. Therefore, several

million Polish citizens use heat from district heating systems that produce heat in professional, industrial and

municipal power plants. In Europe, over 100 million citizens use district heating systems.

The present situation of the Polish district heating sector is a result of Poland’s political

transformation that took place at the beginning of the 1990s. The reform put the obligation of heat supply on

the local authorities, on the municipality, instead of the state. Along with the transformation, district heating

also made huge technological and technical progress. Increasing expectations of recipients posed new

challenges for the branch, however.

Keywords: District heating systems, Emissions of pollutants from LCP, Forecast of heat demand in DH,

Polish energy mix in DH.

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Establishment of the Recycling Plants for Fresh Concrete Wastes: a Cost Management

Perspective

Aynur Kazaz*1, Serdar Ulubeyli

2, Bayram Er

3, Volkan Arslan

4, Murat Atici

5 and Ahmet Arslan

6

1, 3, 5, 6

Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: akazaz@akdeniz.edu.tr, bayramer@akdeniz.edu.tr, aticimurat@yandex.com,

arslnahmt07@hotmail.com,)

2, 4

Department of Civil Engineering, Bulent Ecevit University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: ulubeyli@beun.edu.tr, volkan.arslan@beun.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In today’s competitive construction industry, ready-mixed concrete (RMC) batching plants should produce

and operate in a green manner when the related legal regulations on the protection of natural environment and

urban life are taken into account. According to the statistics about the concrete production in the world, the

more the use of concrete over time, the worse the environment. One of the most important causes of this

pollution is originated by concrete wastes. At the end of each working day, both residual and over-ordered

fresh concrete in truck-mixers returns to RMC batching plants. However, for these wastes, there are fresh

concrete recycling plants which make aggregate and water reusable and decompose sand and cement from the

fresh concrete. In some countries, such plants are not popular because of financial and economic reasons, and

thus, it becomes inevitable that the concrete waste pollutes the external environment. Similarly, it is reported

that only 25% of RMC batching plants in Turkey have their own fresh concrete recycling plants and that most

of them do not use them regularly. Therefore, in the current study, the establishment of such a recycling plant

for fresh concrete wastes will be investigated from a cost management perspective. In doing this research

effort, components of the life cycle cost analysis will mainly be examined. In fact, these are composed of all

fixed and variable costs related with the investment throughout the recycling plant’s whole life. These costs

can be listed as follows: (i) initial investment cost, (ii) operating cost, (iii) maintenance cost, (iv) salvage cost,

(v) replacement cost, (vi) financing cost, and (vii) taxes. Consequently, in the scope of this study, the

recycling concept in RMC batching plants will be discussed in detail from a cost-focused viewpoint,

including the relevant research, practical, and social implications.

Keywords: Concrete recycling plant, Concrete waste, Cost management, Fresh concrete, Life cycle cost.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank TUBITAK Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding

Program for its financial support [Project number: 113M428].

371

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Educational experiments performed on a model structure made up of Balsa Wood.

A.Elif Özsoy*1, H.Özkaynak

2, M. Çağlar

3 and M.Şenturk

4

1, 2, 3

Civil Engineering Department, Beykent University, TURKEY.

(hasanozkaynak@beykent.edu.tr, elifo@beykent.edu.tr, mervecaglar@beykent.edu.tr)

4 Civil Engineering Department, Beykent University, TURKEY.

(mehmetsenturk@beykent.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, educational dynamic tests were performed on a prototype structure which is made up of

balsa wood in the content of a graduation project of civil engineering students. This study aims to

highlight the importance of testing activities in the scope of civil engineering education incorporating with the

structural dynamics and structural design topics. Civil engineering program covers several lectures which

needs extensive laboratory and field activities. Some experiments should be performed in order to

demonstate basic theory in the scope of the related course during the mid-term. Specifically, understanding

how the structures respond to dynamic loads is of great importance for civil engineering students to enhance

their engineering skills for the seismic design and assessment of structures. Thus, there is a need to improve

the content of civil engineering undergraduate program integrating the structural design courses with

experimental studies. This may be achieved by experiments performed on scaled models simulating the

seismic excitation. Within the scope of this study, the students were assigned to design and construct a 3D

moment resisting frame structure using balsa wood. One another group of undergraduate students were

required to develop a home-made small scale shake table device. The displacement response of the model

structure is recorded by a middle high speed camera which is capable of capturing 50 pictures per second.

The analytical model is developed in SAP 2000 in order to compare the results with the data obtained from

the shake table tests. As a conclusion, it was apparently observed that the graduate students were highly

involved and motivated to the lecture and collaborated with each other. This project helped students to

understand more in the basic concepts of structural and material behaviors to represent them with a

simple analytical model.

Keywords: Education, Civil Engineering, Structural Dynamics, Shake Table, Balsa Wood.

372

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Structure of Academic Surveying Programs in Nigeria as an Educational Pathway to Land

Surveyor Registration

1A.A Akinpelu*,

2A.O Abisuga

1,2

Department of Building Technology, Lagos State Polytechnic, Nigeria.

(1 aaakinpelu@yahoo.com,

2abisuga_olatunji@ yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Nigeria as a nation is experiencing a shortage of qualified personnel within the surveying prof ession.

This leads to the disorderliness of land administration in the country today. There is a need to cushion

this problem by providing sufficient qualified personnel and entrants to the profession with appropriate

training and education to meet the required professional certification to practice the surveying

profession. A qualitative research approach was adopted for the study using content analysis and

interview. The current structures of the academic programs and the registration and certification

process for land surveying practices in Nigeria was reviewed. The basic academic challenges facing the

profession were highlighted, and possible ways to improve the entrance of undergraduate to undertake a

surveying program was also suggested. The recommendations of the study will benefit education policy

maker’s and professionals in the built environment.

Keywords: Academic, built environment, land surveying, land administration, surveying profession

373

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Examination and Comparison of Level for Radon Awareness at High School Institutions: A Sample of

Nevşehir

D. Sarıtaş*1, M. Polat

2

1, 2

Elementary Science Education Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: davutsaritas@nevsehir.edu.tr, mpolat@nevsehir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study are to examine and compare high school students’ and teachers’ awareness’ levels for

radon gas. It has also been investigated whether this levels of awareness is in relationship with outcomes that

are related to harmful natural substances for environment and human health, in science curriculum. The

sample of the study is composed of 554 randomly selected 9th and 12th grade students who are studying at

three different schools (Anadolu High School, Science High School and Vocational High School) and 63

teachers that are employees in these schools in Nevşehir center. Survey method and document analysis were

used as research method. Data were collected by questionnaire that designed by the authors within

consideration the relating literature. Content analysis, Chi-square, independent T-test and Pearson's

correlation technique was used to analyze the data.

These findings at that stage in the study were obtained: Radon awareness of the students is at very low levels.

For example; the 249 participants in the study (49.9%) stated that they heard from radon, but only 181 (32.7)

stated that they know the radon. It was determined that outcomes that are related to harmful natural

substances for environment and human health, in educational programs for all school types. However, it was

observed that awareness levels of the students are not desired. Analysis of data for teachers is ongoing. This

study is foreseen to offer environmental education and contribute to the field of literature relevant point for

environmental awareness.

Keywords: Radon Awareness, Education on Environment, Science Outcomes, High School, Nevşehir

374

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY IN SARAYÖNÜ

Muhammed Kamil ÖDEN1*

, Sezen KÜÇÜKÇONGAR2, Zehra GÖK

1

1 Selcuk University, Sarayonu V.H.S., Environmental Pro. and Cont. Prog. Sarayonu/Konya-TURKEY

muhammedkoden@selcuk.edu.tr, zyilmaz@selcuk.edu.tr

2 Selcuk University, Eng. Fac., Department of Environmental Eng., 42031/Konya-TURKEY

ssari@selcuk.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to determine the environmental sensitivity and awareness level of the

inhabitants in Konya, Sarayönü districts. In today’s world, the environment is rapidly being polluted and

pollution rate is being increased by human beings. In this regards, the viewpoints of Sarayönü people on the

environment and environmental elements are revealed. For this purpose, a research include variables such as

gender, age, job and education level was carried out by using a questionnaire made up of 16 questions. The

questionnaire was applied to 314 males and 286 females, totaling 600 participants.

The research serves to raise an awareness of environment and environmental sensitivity. The

findings showed that the people in Sarayönü have a high level of environmental sensitivity. Females tended

to reflect a higher level of sensivitiy to the environment than males. The participants opted for air pollution as

being the most important environmental element among the air, water, soil etc. pollution.

Keywords: Environmental sensitivity, Environmental awareness, Environmental Pollution, Sarayönü,

Statistics

375

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Education in the Field of Sustainability Assessment of Buildings

S. Vilcekova*1 and E. Kridlova Burdova

2

1, 2

Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University

of Kosice, SLOVAKIA.

(E-mail: silvia.vilcekova@tuke.sk, eva.kridlova.burdova@tuke.sk)

ABSTRACT

The responsibility to coming generations for civil and environmental engineering education especially

in sustainability building design and assessment will follow directly from these thoughts. All stages of

buildings life cycle should be involved to education focused on sustainable buildings. Typical building

construction, operation and demolition contribute significantly to environmental problems. The aim of

sustainable building design and its assessment is to reduce the negative impact of the buildings on

human health and natural environment during entire building life cycle. Sustainability assessment of

buildings is a process that requires an integrated and multidisciplinary approach. It is important the

cooperation among civil engineers, architects, environmentalists and other experts. The answer on the

question why it is necessary to implant the sustainable building design and assessment into civil

engineering education is based on the fact that human health problems and also indoor and outdoor

environment problems are mostly connected with building engineering.

The sustainable building sciences educational activities are particulars implement at Technical

university of Kosice to Building Engineering study by various ways. The level of professional

knowledge in this field depends on the study program. Sustainable building design graduate study

contents parts concerning to economic benefit, planning and urban design, materials selection, energy

performance, indoor environmental quality, renewable technology, water, sewage and waste

management.

We welcome to a new kind of science because it helps us to educate the highly complex problems of

many scientific fields. Some basic considerations that may suggest a new view for understanding of

relationships between architectural, building and environmental engineering will be presented in the

paper.

Keywords: Building, Education, Environmental Assessment, Sustainability.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Grant Agency of Slovak Republic (VEGA) for their financial support

[Project number: VEGA 1/0405/13].

376

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

GREEN CIVILIZATION STRATEGY

(JAKARTA COASTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE CONCEPT BASED MANGROVE FOREST

GREEN ENVIRONMENT IN THE FUTURE)

Hadiana. Author *1and Akrom Muflih. Author

2

1, 2

Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor

Agricultural University. Indonesia

(E-mail: hadiana99@gmail.com, muflih_akrom@yahoo.co.id)

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is a country that has the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world. However, the level of the highest

mangrove ecosystem damage. The main threat is the mangrove ecosystem sustainability of human activities,

such as creating a pond, deforestation, environmental pollution, and urban development without regard to

ecological functions. Therefore, conservation and rehabilitation of mangrove forests is one of the efforts to

conserve the coastal environment are important ecosystems, pelestarikan also be in line with the development

of coastal areas. Based on the available facts indicate that technological progress and development that took

place in the city to make green environmental degradation healthy and pollution meningkanya pollutants into

the environment. Alternative management of coastal areas that we ask is the concept of 'green stategy

civilization', namely the planning and management of coastal cities that promote green plant functions such as

mangrove trees as well as a major resource for the development of tourist attraction of the city. Mangrove

forest resources (in this case-shore coastal waters and estuaries) used as the central point of the development

of other aspects of development, such as economic activity, industrial, social activities, urban architecture,

tourism, and others. This concept rests on the paradigm that the biological resources of coastal areas, namely

as a primary resource for the development of a tourist area in synergy with the development of the city. This

concept utilizes especially the coastal city that has the mangrove forest area that is wide enough that the city

of Jakarta. The concept of good urban planning needs to be done in line with the management of urban

development, but the application must be supported from all stakeholders both government policy, private,

and community to the achievement of which is expected to happen and make the city as a center of

civilization Jakarta Indonesia with the greening of the city and surroundings healthy.

Keywords: Green, alternative, mangrove, forest.

377

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Modeling of Drying Kinetics of Potatoes and Fresh Carrot in South Algeria.

S. MANAA*1,2

, N. MOUMMI 2 and D. KARLO

3

1 Hydrocarbon and Renewable Energy Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, African University of

ADRAR -ALGERIA.

(E-mail: manaasaadeddine@gmail.com ) 2 Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Biskra , Biskra-ALGERIA.

(E-mail : rcc@univ-adrar.dz)

3 The Laboratory of Solar Energetic and Building Physics (LESBAT), High School of Engineering and

Management, Western Switzerland, SWITZERLAND.

(E-mail : daniel.karlo@heig-vd.ch )

ABSTRACT

Drying the solid product based on the balance between the water contained in the product and water in

gaseous form in air. This equilibrium can be promoted in a direction or the other according to the water

content of the air and product. Thus, to dry a solid by training, said dry air (that is to say, that has a low

water content) is broken above the product, the water balance will tend to increase the water content of

the dry air (this water comes from the water held by the product). Since air is constantly renewed, the

water content of the product decreases more and more. But there is always a certain water content in the

product cannot be removed, the water is bound water, and she enters the product composition.

This work concerned the study of the influence of the drying parameters on the water loss of the

potatoes and carrot. This study was undertaken in a drier designed and produced in a arid area.

Drying was carried out at various temperatures 45; 50 and 55°C and at various speeds of the a ir

circulation (0.5;1 and 1.5 m/s). The water content initial of the carrot and potatoes samples were 90%

and 78%. We followed during drying, the loss of weight of the samples. It arises from the results that

the temperature and the air velocity drying have a significant influence over the time of drying. The

modeling of the experimental data shows that the exponential model represents perfectly the behavior

of this products; some is the cases of figure considered. This work would allow a better valorizat ion of

the local resources, the reduction of the losses post harvests, the reduction of the consumption of

energy.

Keywords: Modeling, drying parameters, water loss, drying kinetics, vegetable.

378

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effects of Lining Concrete Cooling Towers on the Growth of Legionella pneumophila

Kamal R. Jaroor1,*

, Munjed A. Maraqa2 and Khaled A. El-Tarabily

3

1 Facilities Management Department, Khalifa University, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.

(E-mail: kamal.jaroor@kustar.ac.ae) 2 Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University. UNITED ARAB

EMIRATES.

(Email: m.maraqa@uaeu.ac.ae) 3 Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.

(E-mail: ktarabily@uaeu.ac.ae)

ABSTRACT

Efforts to minimize Legionella pneumophila counts in cooling towers greatly depend on the level of

understanding of the factors that promote the growth of the bacteria in these systems. Rough (unlined)

concrete surfaces may facilitate the formation of biofilm that acts as a harbor for L. pneumophila and may

create water stagnation within the exposed large pores that enhance their growth. In this study, the effect of

lining cooling towers interior walls with a ceramic-like material on the growth of L. pneumophila was

investigated. The cooling tower at Dubai Hospital, United Arab Emirates and constructed concrete tanks

were utilized to determine L. pneumophila counts during the hot and cold seasons. The constructed concrete

tanks consist of two tanks; one lined and the other unlined. Both water and swab samples from the lined and

unlined cooling tower and concrete tanks were analyzed for L. pneumophila counts over a period of 10 weeks

in each season. Results revealed that lining the interior walls of concrete tanks does not eliminate L.

pneumophila but reduces its growth by about 45%. The results were consistent for both swab and water

samples. This study further revealed that there is an enhanced growth of L. pneumophila during the hot

season as compared with its growth in the cold season, but the increase was generally less than double with a

14.3 oC increase in temperature between the two seasons.

Keywords: Biofilm, Cooling tower, Legionella pneumophila, Lining; Temperature

379

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Experimental Study of Natural Sorbent for Oil Spill

Jenan A. Al-Najar*1, Asawer A. Alwassiti

2 and Şerife Saçmacı

3

1

Chemical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Iraq.

(E-mail: jenan_Iraqi@yahoo.com)

2 Petroleum Technology Department, University of Technology, Iraq.

(E-mail: asaw20042003@yahoo.com) 3 Chemistry Department, University of Erciyes, Turkey, Kayseri.

(E-mail: sacmaci@erciyes.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Oil spill pollution is one of the most important issue in recent decade, due to its impact on environment.

There are many methods to reduce the impact of oil spill including the using of adsorption process. In

recent years, there is a great attention in using natural material in this process. This research investigate

the use of peel beans as a natural sorbent in oil spill treatment. The effect of different parameters such

as particle size, weight of sorbent and time on adsorption rate were studied. The sorbent material was

characterized using FTIR and SEM technique. The adsorption rate was calculated depending on

spectrophotometer analyzing.

The results show that the peel beans has a high oil sorption capacity and this capacity increases with

decreasing particle size. The equilibrium data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm

models. The kinetic of adsorption was studied using different models.

Keywords: Adsorption, Natural Sorbent, Oil Spill, Peel Beans .

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Instrumental Analysis Laboratory in University of Technology for

their help during this study.

380

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The impact of different growth media on the algae development: an association with atmospheric

dust

Adeleh Rashidi, Aydın Akbulut and A. Cemal Saydam

Hacettepe University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ankara, TURKEY.

(E-mail: adeleh_rashidi2@yahoo.com, akbulut@hacettepe.edu.tr, saydam@hacettepe.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Environmentally algae is an essential plant like organism since they can trap solar light energy and use

this energy via photosynthesis and to produce food in the from of complex sugar molecules.

Ecologically algae are important since microscopic algae are the source of much of Earth's oxygen and they

are also act as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Algae are also very important ecologically because

they are the beginning of the food chain for other animals at both directions since upon termination of their

life cycle they are consumed by organisms called decomposers mostly fungi and bacteria. Thus environmental

factors that control their lifecycle are outmost importance for ecology. Its further known that atmospheric dust

during the course of their long-range transport can be altered within the clouds via the action of its

bacteriological fraction and results with the formation of reduced iron various essential trace elements and

amino acids. The association of the growth of Spirulina platensis and atmospheric dust has been

investigated before and it has been found that equal and better growth can be achieved by using atmospheric

dust as compared to Zarrouk growth solution. This time we have investigated the impact of atmospheric dust

on the growth of Chlorella and Scenedesmus obiquus by using BBM growth media and on Spirulina platensis

by using BG11 growth media. Once again it have been shown that algae growth parameters obtained by using

atmospheric dust is comparable and if not better than those obtained by using solutions composed of various

chemicals that are assumed to be an ideal growth solutions. We have further tested the most effective

atmospheric dust concentrations and found that 10 g/l concentration serves as a best growth medium.

Keywords: Algae, Dust, Growth Medium

381

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

An Opportunity for the Sustainable Ecological Renewal:

European Green Capitals

Nur Sinem ÖZCAN*1

1 City and Regional Planning Department, Dokuz Eylul University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: spartigoc@gmail.com / sinem.partigoc@deu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The demand for the natural resources is constantly increasing to meet the energy requirements due to

the growth in population and economy. Many countries have led to reconsider their energy policies

because of the increasing energy requirement and the awareness of the fact that the world’s natural

resources are limited. Since the early 1990s, many authorities have undertaken crucial enterprises in

order to create awareness of global issues. The Earth Summit in Rio (1992), the Kyoto Protocol (1997),

the Copenhagen Accord (2009), the Rio+20 Conference (2012) are examples for these enterprises. The

Earth Summit in Rio is regarded as a landmark in terms of global collaboration and the "sustainable

development" concept has been first put forward in this summit.

The aim of the study is to examine “European green capital” cities which are constitute d as examples

for other world cities in terms of the environmental policies and to evaluate these cities’ policies

comparatively. These policies include minimizing problems in the environment that is one of

components of the sustainable development, reconsidering the limited natural resources and developing

the renewable energy sources. In this context, the selected cities as “European green capital” are

examined such as Stockholm, Hamburg, Vitória - Gasteiz, Nantes, Copenhagen and Bristol. Also, the

selection criteria are discussed using the selection process of the green capital city. As a method, the

qualitative comparison method is used. The statistical values are obtained from World Widelife Fund,

the official web sites of the European Green Capital and selected cities.

As a result, it’s found that the urban renewal attack is not only a concept which examined the spatial

and economic dynamics, but a change opportunity to show sensitivity to the ecology and natural

environment as an ecological renewal. Additionally, the consumption and dissemination of renewable

energy sources have become more necessary instead of the use of fossil fuels.

Keywords: Ecological renewal, green capital, natural environment, renewable energy sources, sustainable

development

382

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Compaction Mitigation Potential of Biotillage and Subsurface Tillage

in Dairy Pasture Soils

Josef H. Görres*1 Rachel Gilker

2 Jenn J. Colby

2 Korkmaz Bellitürk

3

1 The University of Vermont, Plant and Soil Science, Burlington/Vermont/USA

(E-mail: josefuvm@gmail.com) 2 Center for Sustainable Agriculture, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont

(E-mail: Jennifer.Colby@uvm.edu and rgilker@uvm.edu) 3 Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,

Tekirdağ/Turkey

(E-mail: kbelliturk@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In the majority of dairy and beef cattle production, herds are kept in concentrated feedlot operations.

However, recently environmental and food quality concerns have resulted in a trend that puts cattle back on

pastures. Pastures maintained year-round reduce nutrient runoff thereby preventing impact of dairy and beef

production on freshwater ecosystems. However, pastures have to be appropriately managed to remain

productive. High pressure exerted on soils, particular when wet, by cattle hoofs can cause serious compaction

jeopardizing the benefits of pasture production. Modern, rotational grazing systems allow longer recovery

periods for forage thus increasing productivity and the concomitant environmental benefits for water quality.

However, the high animal densities in small paddocks may exacerbate the compaction problem. Rotational

grazing systems need to be engineered to either avoid compaction or to include a component that rejuvenates

soils annually. We investigated two agricultural systems for pasture soil rejuvenation: Biotillage with Daikon

radish (Raphanus sativum) and subsurface tillage by key line plowing. Both methods affected several soil

quality parameters positively. In particular, the observed 30% reduction in volumetric soil moisture in the

treated pastures can help prevent soil compaction and lengthen the time that the pastures can be used every

year. In addition, 30 – 40% increase in earthworm populations indicated better fertility in the treated pastures.

Thus, alternative methods of compaction mitigation show potential to become part of well-designed rotational

pasture systems. As such they are important component of practices that can reduce the environmental impact

of dairy production.

Keywords: Agroecology, Rotational Grazing, Mitigation of Soil Compaction, Biotillage, Soil Quality

Acknowledgment: Funding for this project was provided by the University of Vermont’s Agricultural

Experiment Station through a Hatch Grant, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service through a

Conservation Innovation Grant, and The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

(TÜBİTAK) through a Visiting Scientist Grant.

383

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Environmental Contamination and Residential Exposure of Mercury in Artisanal Gold Mining

Area in Benguet, Philippines

Ma. Brida Lea D. Diola*1 and Augustus C. Resurreccion

1

1, 2

Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines - Diliman, PHILIPPINES.

(E-mail: mddiola@upd.edu.ph, augustusresurreccion@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

One of the primary sources of mercury (Hg) emission into the environment is artisanal gold mining. The

study site for this research is the municipality of Tuba in Benguet Province, Philippines which is known for

artisanal mining activities. Untreated wastewater from the processing plants, which may contain Hg and other

heavy metals, may contaminate receiving water bodies, such as Bued River. This study aims to investigate

mercury contamination in different environmental media in the study area in which residents can possibly be

exposed to. Also, this study estimates the exposure and daily intake of mercury of the residents. Surface water

and bottom sediments in 14 sampling points from upstream to downstream of Bued River and its tributaries

were collected monthly from November 2013 to March 2014. Fish, drinking water, soil and hair samples were

also collected. All samples were analyzed for Hg content using flameless cold-vapor atomic absorption

spectrometry (AAS). The results of this study showed that all Hg measurements in surface water were within

the 2 ppb limit set by the Philippine standard (DAO 34). Hg in sediments ranges from 0.004 to 2.1 mg/kg.

Significantly higher concentrations were observed in areas near mining sites. Several sampling points were

observed to have exceeded the Canada Sediment Quality Guidelines threshold effect level (0.17 mg/kg). Hg

in drinking water and fish samples were found to be below detection limits while Hg in residential soils

ranges from 0.1-1.5 mg/kg. Hair Hg concentrations range from 0.03 to 24.17 ppm with a geometric mean of

0.224 ppm. Elevated concentrations of Hg in hair may be due to direct external exposure to mercury vapor.

The average daily intake dose derived from the hair Hg measurements was estimated to be 22 ng/kg-bw/day,

within acceptable limit. The results of this study can be used in human health and ecological risk assessments.

Further study is recommended to determine if remediation of the area is needed.

Keywords: Artisanal, Benguet, Exposure, Mercury, Mining

Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and the Mineral

Extraction with Responsibility and Sustainability (MinERS) program for funding this research.

384

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Mathematical Modeling of the Drying Kinetics in Thin Layers of the Local potato of Adrar

S. MANAA*1,4

, A. BEATRIZ 2

, D. KARLO3

and N. MOUMMI 4

1 Hydrocarbon and Renewable Energy Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ahmed Draia

University - ADRAR -ALGERIA.

(E-mail: manaasaadeddine@gmail.com ) 2

National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark.

(E-mail : emilie.beatriz@dtu.dk ) 3 The Laboratory of Solar Energetic and Building Physics (LESBAT), High School of Engineering and

Management, Western Switzerland, SWITZERLAND.

(E-mail : daniel.karlo@heig-vd.ch ) 4 Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Biskra , Biskra-ALGERIA.

(E-mail : dgm@univ-biskra.dz)

ABSTRACT

The aim of our work is to study the behavior of the local potatoes of Adrar during a drying operation by

hot air. Also we are interested in the macroscopic experimental approach is to determine the kinetics of

potatoes during their drying under conditions of temperature and air flow controlled. The experimental

curves of drying obtained are approximated by four mathematical models, empirical and semi -

theoretical, existing in the literature in order to describe the convective drying in thin layers of the

variety of potato studied. A determination of the desorption isotherms was carried out. The obtained

desorption curves are then approached by a semi-theoretical model to determine the equilibrium

moisture content of the product investigated.

Keywords: Modeling, Drying kinetics, sorption isotherm, potatoes.

385

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Detoxification Of Aflatoxin B1 In Various Foods By Nocardia Corynebacteriodes Nrrl B-184

ZORLUGENÇ Bülent*1, EVLİYA, İbrahim Bülend

2

1,

ZORLUGENÇ, B., Food Engineering Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Engineering and

Architecture Faculty. TURKEY

(E-mail: bzorlugenc@nevsehir.edu.tr)

2. EVLİYA, İ.B., Food Engineering Department, Çukurova University Agriculture Faculty. TURKEY

(E-mail: bevliya@cu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In this study, the ability of Nocardia corynebacteriodes NRRL B-184 strain to remove aflatoxin B1 in PB

solution and dry red pepper, corn, black olive, soy bean, dry fig and also hazelnut, was investigated. The

activated N. corynebacteriodes strain was incubated in TSB at 30°C for 95 h and growing curve was

obtained. According to non-linear regression analysis, Modified Gompertz model was fitted best with

experimental data. The µmax and λ were found as 0.073 h-1

and 5.244 h-1

, respectively. It was observed that

N. corynebacteriodes strain increased by 2.7 log and reached to the stationary phase within 45 h. The bacteria

were still in that phase at 95 h. First order reaction kinetics was fitted best with the degradation kinetics in PB

and food mediums. In PB medium, the “k value” was found higher and followed by milled dry fig and whole

black olive. At the end of incubation, the reduction of aflatoxin B1 content were resulted in the range of

84.28% and 98.84% at soy bean and hazelnut, respectively. After incubation, aflatoxin content of milled red

pepper, dry fig and hazelnut that contain 500 ng g-1

aflatoxin B1 and whole hazelnut (1000 ng g-1

aflatoxin B1)

was decreased to permitted level of this toxin in Turkish Food Codex.

Keywords: F. aurantiacum, N. corynebacteriodes, Aflatoxin B1, Detoxification, Kinetic

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Çukurova University, Scientific Research Project Funding (ÇUBAP)

for their financial support [Project number: FBE2001 D106].

386

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Cypermethrin induced changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in Paramecium tetraurelia and elevation

effect of some antioxidant

Amamra Rima*1, Djebar Mohamed Reda

1, Moumeni Ouissem

1, Azzouz Zoubir

1,Alayat Amel

1, Otmani

Hadjer1, Benamara Marwa

1, Zeriri Ibtissem

1, Atailia Amira

1, Benosman Sana

1, Berrebbah Houria

1

1

Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar

University, Annaba, ALGERIA.

(E-mail: amamra.ryma@hotmail.fr)

ABSTRACT

Oxidative damage by increased production of reactive oxygen species have been involved in the toxicity of

several pesticides. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cypermethrin, a widely used

type II pyrethroid, on the oxidative stress biomarkers and the respiratory metabolism of Paramecium

tetraurelia.

Increasing concentrations of the insecticide were incubated with paramecium cells. The 96h (IC50) was

determined. Variations in lipid content and oxidative stress biomarkers such as: Malondialdehyde (MDA),

Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT) were carried. Moreover, respiratory

metabolism was followed up.

The estimated 96h (CI50) value for Paramecium tetraurelia exposed to cypermethrin in our study was in a

range of µg/l. Decrease was observed in total lipids content. Cypermethrin exposure has led to a lipid

peroxidation supported by a significant increase in (MDA) level which might be associated with decreased

level of (GSH). (GPx) and (CAT) activities, antioxidant enzymes, were significantly induced. The response

was concentration dependent especially for the highest concentration. A strong disturbance in respiratory

metabolism was observed.

In summary, under the current experimental conditions, cypermethrin has show a toxic effect to the

freshwater ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. Exposure to low concentrations showed significant adverse on

growth accompanied with the induction of oxidative damage supported by the respiratory activity.

Keywords: Biomarkers, Cypermethrin, Oxidative stress, Paramecium tetraurelia, Respiratory metabolism.

387

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Evaluation of Two Ornamental Plants for Phytoremediation of

Cd-Contamined Soil

Seydahmet ÇAY1*

, Ahmet UYANIK2

1*Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey. (E-

mail: seydahmetcay@hotmail.com)

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Kurupelit, Samsun,

Turkey. (E-mail: auyanik@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The use of living plants to clean contaminants from soil, surface and groundwaters called phytoremediation

has a great environmental potential in recent years. Most ornamental plants do not place in food chain,

therefore they may safely be employed as an alternative for the environmental cleaning purposes. It is well

known that ornamental plants present many advantages including abundant species, exuberant vitality, fast

growth and also beautifying the natural and designed environment. Little information, however, is available

on their use and abilities to remediate especially contaminated soils. In this study, two ornamental plants

Lonicera japonica Thunb and Salvia virgata Jacq. (Lamiaceae) growing in the natural vegetation of Black

Sea Region were investigated for their potential use in the removal of Cd(II) from artificially contaminated

soil of 10, 25, 50 ve 100 mg kg-1

concentration. The study was conducted as a pot experiment in May-

September 2013 at the Botanical Garden of Gazi Boarding School, Vezirköprü, Samsun, Turkey

(N41°08.699’, E035°26.248’). The results of the study suggest that two selected ornamental plants have a

tolerant ability to live in Cd(II) contaminated soils, but Salvia virgata shows greater ability than Lonicera

japonica. In addition, Lonicera japonica has greater values in BCF or TF than that of Salvia virgata. It may

be concluded that studied ornamental plants show remarkable potential to be used for phytoremediation of

Cd(II) contaminated soils and using ornemental plants seems to be a promising alternative of the future.

Keywords: Cd, Lonicera japonica, ornamental plant, Phytoremediation, Salvia virgata.

Acknowledgements: The work was financially supported by Ondokuz Mayis University Project Office (No:

PYO-FEN 1904.12.008).

388

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Chickpea Ascochyta blight disease severity in the Bosphorus region of Turkey

S.Bulgak1, F.N. Kafadar

2, K. Sarpkaya

3, C.Can

4 , S.Güneş

5

1, 2

Biology Department, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep

(E-mail: sbulgak35@hotmail.com, incik@gantep.edu.tr) 3 Pistachio Research Station, Gaziantep

(E-mail: kamilsarpkaya@gmail.com) 4,5

. Biology Department, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep

(E-mail: can@gantep.edu.tr, sevilgunes.9@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important crop plant in which consumed both as appetizers and culinary

manners. Chickpea has an important proportion among legumes that is planted on 3.885,175 ha in Turkey

and the yield is 450.000 tones (TUIK, 2014). Ascochyta blight caused by Didymella rabiei (Kovachevski)

von Arx [anamorph: Ascochyta rabiei (Passerini) infects both cultured and wild chickpea species (Cicer spp)

and was reported from all the chickpea growing countries in the world, as the main disease restricting yield

and seed quality.

This study aimed to investigate Ascochyta blight disease incidence in chickpea growing provinces of the

Bosporus region of Turkey. Chickpea fields of Çanakkale, Bursa, Tekirdağ, Bilecik and Balıkesir provinces

were surveyed in 2014 and the plants were evaluated according to the 1-9 scale for disease severity (Reddy

and Sing, 1984). Nodulation, altitude and weed density were also determined in a total of 65 fields. Disease

severity values were 34,78%, 30,75%, 21,75%, 45,09% and 69,5% for Bursa, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Çanakkale

and Tekirdağ, respectively. Tekirdag and Çanakkale provinces had the highest Ascochyta blight disease

incidences. Correlations of disease incidences with altitude, nodulation and weed density is discusses to

explain the differences among provinces of the Bosporus region.

Keywords: Ascochyta blight, chickpea, disease incidence, Bosporus region

Acknowledgement: This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Reserch Council of

Turkey (TUBİTAK) with Project number 1130071

389

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Elevated salinity effects on white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growth

A. Karlsons*, G. Cekstere

Institute of Biology University of Latvia, LATVIA.

(andis.karlsons@email.lubi.edu.lv)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research was to examine the effect of different salinity levels and K supply induced responses

and tolerance in the T. repens L variety ‘Daile’, a variety which is used in urban greenery. To analyze the

impact of increased soil salinity and antagonistic effect of K, gradually rising NaCl (0; 20; 40; 60; 80; 100

mM) and K (+0; +100; +200; +300 mg/l) levels were used in a pot experiment. Concentrations of 12 nutrients

and Na, Cl in the plant shoots and roots were determined, as well as plant weight, Pv/Fm, P index

(photosynthetic performance) and proline content. The results revealed that increased substrate salinity led to

accumulation of both Na and Cl- in tissues of T. repens. Na and Cl concentrations in the plant above ground

parts showed linear growth, but in the roots content of both elements reached its saturation at 20 mM. High

NaCl concentrations in the substrate significantly reduced Mg, but increased Na, Cl- accumulation in the

plant shoots. In the roots significant decrease of N, K, Mg, S, Mo and increase of Na, Cl-, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn

content was stated. Elevated soil salinity showed a slight impact on the photosynthetic performance of T.

repens. Significant decline in the fresh and dry biomass of the plant shoots was stated under all salinity

treatments. In conditions of increasing soil salinity and K content in the substrate T. repens possessed several

mechanisms of adaptive value, as well as changes in mineral nutrition. According to the results, cultivation of

T. repens variety 'Daile' in urban areas with slight or moderate salinity is possible.

Keywords: salinity stress, sodium chloride, white clover

Acknowledgment: The study was financially supported by the European Social Fund, the project No.

2013/0060/1DP/1.1.1.2.0/13/APIA/VIAA/041.

390

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Growth Forecasting of Crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus

Eschscholtz, 1823)

Semra Benzer*1, Recep Benzer

2 and Çağlan Karasu Benli

3

1 Gazi University, Gazi Faculty of Education, Ankara, TURKEY

(E-mail: sbenzer@gazi.edu.tr)

2 Gazi University, Institute of Information, Ankara, TURKEY

(E-mail: rbenzer@gazi.edu.tr)

3 Gazi University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara, TURKEY

(E-mail: benli@gazi.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

An evaluation of the performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate the metric properties of

crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz 1823) from Eğirdir Lake that uses measured predictor variables

in presented, including total length (TL), total weight (TW); carapace length (CL), total weight (TW);

carapace length (CL), total length (TL), chlea length (ChL), total weight (TW); sex (male, female and all

individual).

We present the relationships between total length (TL), total weight (TW); carapace length (CL), total weight

(TW); carapace length (CL), total length (TL) and chlea length (ChL), total weight (TW) for Astacus

leptodactylus from Eğirdir Lake between 2013 and 2014. The research was used 222 (75 female, 147 male).

The research was found as 66 % male, 34 % female of crayfish thought investigation female and male ratios

was of determined as to 0.51/1.00. Results of the research can be seemed as follows; avarage total length

128.40 mm for female 135.50 mm for male, average total weight 59.79 g for female 82.95 g for male. Length-

weight relation equation was found for females W = 0.05425196 x L 2.74

, for males W = 0.05272102 x L

2.81

and for all gender W = 0.03589889 x L 2.94

. The results obtained by artificial neural networks and length-

weight relation equation are compared to those obtained by the growth rate of the crayfish caught from the

natural environment. Length-weight relation and artificial neural network MAPE results were examined. It

was found MAPE value of the forecast of ANNs as a 0.846 and 2.508, while MAPE value of relationship

results as a 2.142 and 3.132 for lentgh – weight of all gender. Artificial neural networks gives better results

than length-weight relation. Artificial neural networks can be alternative as a evaluated for growth estimation.

Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks, crayfish, length-weight relation.

391

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Comparison between traditional methods and artificial neural networks for growth forecasting in

crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823)

Semra Benzer*1, Recep Benzer

2 and Çağlan Karasu Benli

3

1 Gazi University, Gazi Faculty of Education, Ankara, TURKEY

(E-mail: sbenzer@gazi.edu.tr)

2 Gazi University, Institute of Information, Ankara, TURKEY

(E-mail: rbenzer@gazi.edu.tr)

3 Gazi University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara, TURKEY

(E-mail: benli@gazi.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to determine some morphological characteristics of freshwater crayfish (Astacus

leptodactylus Eschscholtz 1823) populations and to study length-weight relation and artificial neural networks

for growth in crayfish between 2006 and 2007 in Mogan Lake. We present the relationships between total

length (TL), carapace length (CL), chelae length (ChL), abdomen length (AL) and total weight (W) for

Astacus leptodactylus from Mogan Lake. The research was used 112 (14 female, 98 male). The research was

found as 87.5 % male, 12.5 % female of crayfish thought investigation female and male ratios was of

determined as to 0.143 /1.00. Results of the research can be seemed as follows; avarage total length 108.71

mm for female 102.93 mm for male, average total weight 28.64 g for female 32491 g for male. Length-weight

relation equation was found for females W=0.0022 x L2.01

for males W=0.00095 x- L2.23

. The results obtained

by artificial neural networks and length-weight relation equation are compared to those obtained by the

growth rate of the crayfish caught from the natural environment. Length-weight relation and artificial neural

network MAPE results were examined. It was found MAPE value of the forecast of ANNs as a 0.507 and

1.323, while MAPE value of relationship results as a 3.006 and 1.742 for lentgh – weight of all gender.

Artificial neural networks gives better results than length-weight relation. Artificial neural networks can be

alternative as a evaluated for growth estimation.

Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks, crayfish, length-weight relation.

392

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Hemocytes of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Z. Ulya NURULLAHOĞLU1, Ata ESKİN

2* and Serhat KAYA

3

1Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Istanbul, TURKEY

(*biologist_59@hotmail.com) 2Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Avanos Vocational School, Crop and Animal Production Department,

Nevşehir, TURKEY, 3Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Çanakkale,

TURKEY.

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the use of nanoparticles has been rapidly increasing due to development of nanotechnology.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are being widely used in electronic and fotonic devices and also sunscreens.

The broad use of NPs raises concerns regarding potential environmental health risks and also they may induce

significant DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Metal and metal oxide NPs present a series of challenges for

terrestrial ecotoxicology. Therefore, because of the increasing use of industrial and commercial NPs, how to

make an impact in terms of the organism and ecosystems are being studied. The Greater Wax Moth, Galleria

mellonella is distributed in many places of the world and since its larvae feed on honeycomb inside bee nests

may become an important pest for apiculture. On the other hand, G. mellonella is an excellent model

organism for in vivo toxicity testing. In this study, G. mellonella larvae were reared on honeycomb in the

laboratory at 27±2°C, 60±5% relative humidity and dark conditions. Different doses (100, 500, 1000, 3000

and 5000 ppm) of Zinc oxide NP were added to the diet of second instar larvae of G. mellonella and the

effects of zinc oxide NP on the number of hemocyte of last instar larvae were determined. It was found that

the number of hemocytes of the groups that were exposed to 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm zinc oxide NP

decreased significantly.

Key words: Ecotoxicology, Galleria mellonella, Hemocytes, Zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Marmara University, Scientific Research Project Funding (BAPKO)

for their financial support [Project number: FEN-C-DRP-100713-0334].

393

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effects of Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles on Hemocytes of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera:

Pyralidae)

Tolga ZORLU1*

and Z. Ulya NURULLAHOĞLU1 and Serhat KAYA

2

1 Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Istanbul, TURKEY

(tzorlu1989@hotmail.com) 2 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Çanakkale,

TURKEY

ABSTRACT

Nanomaterial contamination has become a global problem for ecosystem. Engineered nanomaterials have

been used in both commercial and scientific studies in decade years, because of their properties. Investigation

of the effects of nanomaterials on living organisms has been also increasing lately. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)

nanoparticles (NPs), is widely added to the structure of the various consumer products as in pharmacological

and antibacterial products and used often at water treatment, self-cleaning applications, optic technology and

air cleaning. However, its ecological and toxicological effects have not known. The Greater Wax Moth,

Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an important pest located almost everywhere on the earth

and it’s a good model organism for the physiological and ecological studies. Cellular immune system of

insects refer to hemocytes- mediated responses. Therefore, number of hemocytes are so many important to

determine the toxicity for insects. In this study, G. mellonella larvae were fed on the diets each added 100,

500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm TiO2 NPs from the 2nd

to last instar to determine the effects on the number of

hemocytes. The mass rearing culture and the treatment groups of G. mellonella were reared in laboratory at

27±2°C, 60±5% relative humidity, and constant dark conditions. Results showed that higher doses (3000 and

5000 ppm) of TiO2 NPs caused of decrease in the number of hemocytes of the last instar larvae of G.

mellonella.

Keywords: Ecotoxicology, Galleria mellonella, Hemocyte, TiO2 nanoparticles.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank to Marmara University, Scientific Research Project Funding (BAPKO)

for their financial support [Project number: FEN-C-YLP-041213-0457].

394

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigation of Heavy Metals in Soil Transport Mechanism

Melayib BİLGİN1, Şevket Tulun*

2

1, 2

M. Bilgin, Ş.Tulun’ Faculty of Engineering, Aksaray University, AKSARAY.

(E-mail: melayib@gmail.com, sevkettulun@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

This study investigated how transported heavy metals in the soil. Four different soil samples already prepared

for the heavy metal solutions using a continuous flow system were filtration process. Half hour intervals

samples were taken from the system, from the first sample examined changes in Ph. After removing the

sample from the filtration step, a continuous flow system starting from the top portion 0 – 5, 5 – 10 and 10 –

15 cm long aliquot and DG – EN – 12 method of soil test are carried out for each piece. Heavy metal

retention capacity of the soil each thread ICP device was investigated. Accumulation of heavy metals in the

soil occurs at depths close to the surface. Decreases with increasing depth of soil heavy metal retention

capacity. Soft texture and structure with clusters of heavy metals during filtration pH values didn’t change too

much. Nickel has been found builds up as a heavy metal. Lead accumulates in the maximum observed a slight

textured soils. Crome basic and slight texture soils tend to more accumulated.

Depending on the nature of heavy metals in different soil types and soil layers held heavy metals. Heavy

metals in the soil physical and chemical events in the transport mechanism of ion exchange was observed that

significant influence.

Key words: Heavy metals, Filtration, Soil pollution.

395

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Separation and Purification of Lipase using Cu nanoparticle embedded poly(HEMA-MATrp)

Cryogels

Kadir Erol*1, Kazım Köse

2, Dursun Ali Köse

3, Gülcin Alp Avcı

4, Lokman Uzun

5

1,3

Hitit University Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Çorum, TURKEY

(kadirerol86@gmail.com, dkose@hacettepe.edu.tr) 2Hitit University Scientific Technical Research and Application Center, Çorum, TURKEY

(kazim8080@gmail.com) 4Hitit University Faculty of Science Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çorum, TURKEY

(alp.gulcin@gmail.com) 5Hacettepe University Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, Ankara, TURKEY

(lokman@hacettepe.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Quality and efficiency of techniques to be used for separation and purification lipase enzymes are

commercially significant enzyme. Among such techniques, adsorption methods are extremely preferred.

Cryogels have been quite extensively used as the synthetic adsorbents due to their macropores and

interconnected flow channels. In this study, adsorption of lipase enzyme onto copper nanoparticles

embedded poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-L-tryptophan), poly(HEMA-MATrp)

cryogels was studies for conditions with varying pH, interaction time, lipase enzyme initial

concentration, temperature and ionic strength. Maximum lipase enzyme adsorption capacity of cryogel s

was determined as 183.6 mg/g. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and scanning electron

microscopy (SEM) were used for characterization of cryogels. At the end of the adsorption process, in

order to be sure that the purity of lipase enzyme desorbed from cryogels, SDS-PAGE analyses were

performed and molecular weight of the lipase enzyme was determined as 58 kDa. Adsorption

characteristic of cryogels were determined according to the results of Langmuir and Freundlich

adsorption isotherm models. As a result of calculation run for adsorption isotherm models, Langmuir

isotherm model was determined to be more appropriate.

Key Words: Adsorption, Cryogel, Lipase, Seperation.

396

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Fe(II)-Co(II) double salt incorporated magnetic hydrophobic

microparticles for invertase adsorption

Kazım Köse*1, Kadir Erol

2, Asiye Aslı Emniyet

3,

Dursun Ali Köse

4, Gülcin Alp Avcı

5, Lokman Uzun

6

1Hitit University Scientific Technical Research and Application Center, Çorum, TURKEY

(kazim8080@gmail.com) 2,4

Hitit University Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Çorum, TURKEY

(kadirerol86@gmail.com, dkose@hacettepe.edu.tr) 3Hitit University, Institute of Science Department of Biology, Çorum, Turkey

(asliemniyet@gmail.com) 5Hitit University Faculty of Science Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çorum, TURKEY

(alp.gulcin@gmail.com) 6Hacettepe University Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, Ankara, TURKEY

(lokman@hacettepe.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Invertase (β-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) is an commercially importrant enzyme for the

food industry. One of the main function of this enzyme is the formation of glucose and fructose through

hydrolysis of sucrose. Magnetic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-Ltryptophan), m-

poly(HEMA-MATrp), microparticles were synthesized for the separation and purification of this important

enzyme from aqueous solutions. Magnetic properties of microparticles are analyzed using ferromagnetic

Fe(II)-Co(II) double salt. Characterization studies of magnetic microparticles were performed via vibration

sample magnetometer (VSM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron

microscopy (SEM) analysis. Specific surface area of magnetic microparticles is found 6.75 m2/g. Adsorption

capability of magnetic microparticles was determined by different conditions such as pH, interaction time,

initial invertase concentration, temperature, and ionic strength. The maximum adsorption capacity was found

as 943 mg invertase/g magnetic microparticles. Purity of desorbed invertase enzyme was investigated using

SDS-PAGE analysis.

Key Words: Adsorption, Double Salt, Hydrophobic Microparticles, Invertase, Magnetic Seperation.

397

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Determination of oxidative stress level of nano and non-nano boron in Chodatodesmus

mucranulatus

Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK1 Yeşim ÖZKAN

2 Baran AŞIKKUTLU

3 Cengiz AKKÖZ*

3

1 Eskişehir Osmangazi University Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and

Biosafety, TURKEY

(E-mail: bybetul@hotmail.com)

2 Ordu University Faculty of Art & Science Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: yozkan@gmail.com)

3 Selçuk University Faculty of Science Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: baranasikkutlu@selcuk.edu.tr, cakkoz@selcuk.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Nanomaterials found a wide area of use in the industry thanks to its new properties that emerge as the

material’s dimensions approach nano-scale, and the developed products have entered the daily life quickly.

One of these is titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Boron nanoparticles are being evaluated as a potential fuel

source. Boron nanoparticles releases energy after metal oxidation, and medical research. The nanoparticles

that are produced due to the fast development of nanotechnology are causing concern over their potential

toxicity and ecotoxicity, and they also cause concern due to their health and environment hazards. It is a

known fact that most of the industrial and urban wastes and waste water discharges flow into rivers, lakes and

coastal waters. For this reason, it is inevitable for the nanoscaled industrial products and waste products to

mix with aquatic environments. Green algae, which is part of the aquatic environment is affected by these

nanoparticles. This algae lead to oxidative stres.

In this study, the effect of nano boron and non-nano boron particles on the oxidative stress were studied. On

the upshot, more oxidative damage cause by nano boron has been recorded. An indicator of oxidative stress is

reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS activity increased by nano boron is much higher than ROS activity

increased by a non-nano boron particles in the same concentration. Moreover, it was observed that

increasement of ROS activity was inversely proportional with nano boron particles concentration, on the other

hand, it was proportional with non-nano boron concentration.

Keywords: ROS, oxidative stres, boron nanoparticles, toxicity.

398

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of AgTiO2 Nanoparticles on chlorophyll-a, b and carotenoids of Desmedesmus multivariabilis

Yeşim ÖZKAN 1 Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK

2 Cengiz AKKÖZ*

3 Baran AŞIKKUTLU

3

1 Ordu University Faculty of Art & Science Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: yozkan@gmail.com)

2 Eskişehir Osmangazi University Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and

Biosafety, TURKEY (E-mail: bybetul@hotmail.com)

3 Selçuk University Faculty of Science Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: cakkoz@selcuk.edu.tr, baranasikkutlu@selcuk.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The microscobic green algea are amazing organisms; living in lakes, rivers, seas and even on the ground/soil.

In their structure they have chlorophyl-a, chlorophyl-b and carotenoid pigments However, due to they are

forming the first footstep in the food pyramid, any variation they could have effect directly or indirectly the

other organisms. Recently, the rapidly rising productions of the engineered nanoparticles and their releases to

the environment by using them has been increased. Therefore, it’s urgent and necessary to examine and to

determine the tolarence levels of this nanoparticles that are released to the environment.

In this study, its been investigated the effects of the nanoparticles pervaded environment whether expose

changing in the green algea, particularly on the amounts of the chlorophyl-a, chlorophyl-b and carotenoid

pigments that are located in chloraplast which is the center of photosyntesis. To test and study this, it’s been

used Desmodesmus multivariabilis algae. It was isolated in Beykavağı Göleti and designated by using

molecular diagnostic methods. Treatment of the algae with acut was performed in the BG-11 medium by 0.1,

0.01, 0.001 mg/L concentrations. In the process of the treatment in every 24 hours 2 mL sample was taken

and chlorophyl a, b and carotenoid levels were determined by Lichtenthaler and Wellburn methods.

The lowest pigment amount of Desmodesmus multivariabilis for chlorophyl a is 72th hour 0.01 mg/L

concentration for chlorophyl b 24th hour 0.01 mg/L and for Carotenoid 48th hour 0.1 mg/L.

In Desmodesmus multivariabilis, treatment by 72 hours the amount of the pigments was changed. In this

pigments the chlorophyl a is the highest effected one. However the algae cells were observed to adopt the

environment in the treatment process.

Keywords: Nanotoxicology, Chlorophyta, acute toxicity, Desmodesmus multivariabilis

399

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Comparative Effects Acute Toxicity of Nano and Non-Nano Boron Particles in Artemia salina

(Brine shrimp)

Yeşim ÖZKAN1 Gözde KILINÇ*

2

1 Ordu University Faculty of Art & Science Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: yozkan@gmail.com) 2 Amasya University Department of Veterinary, TURKEY

(E-mail: gozde.kılınç@amasya.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Mostly chemical are released to rivers through sewage and causes pollution. It is a well known reality that

most of the industrial wastes and urban waste water discharges is mixed with rivers, lakes and coastal waters.

Therefore, mixing of nano-dimensional industrial products and byproducts to aquatic environments is

unavoidable. Thus, aquatic species are used for ecotoxicological tests One of these chemicals are

nanoparticles commonly mentioned in the recent years and the term nanotoxicology is accepted as a sub-

branch of toxicology in the science world. Nanotoxicology is considered as a new branch of toxicology that

explains the health-threatening harmful effects originated from nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have different

physical and chemical properties than those of conventional materials. As they are prone to aggregate and

sink in the aqueous medium they are in, motion systems must be used to study their toxic behavior.

Acute exposure test for Artemia nauplii was carried out according to the OECD 202 test guide. Artemia

salina (crustacea, Anostraca) known as brine shrimp, that their typical inhabitants of uttermost salina

biotopes. The Artemia salina (Brine shrimp) is an invertebrate complementary of the fauna the of aquatic

environment. The determined concentration of nano and non-nano boron Particles were applied on the

Artemia culture. after exposure to acute, nano boron, non-nano boron particles according to were recorded.

Also, the artemia in the control group had no visible change in the digestive system and the intestines were

almost empty. No missing extremities (antennae) or malformations were observed. The artemia subject to

nanoparticles showed changes in the eye formation enlargement of the intestine malformations in the outer

Shell and extremity loss and malformation (antennae) were the first observed changes under the microscope.

Keywords: Boron, Nanotoxicology, Artemia salina, Acute toxicity, nanoparticles.

400

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Determining the effect of the Bioaccumulations and oxidative stres of Chodatodesmus mucranulatus

Exposed to ZnO-TiO2 Nanoparticles

Yeşim ÖZKAN*1, Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK

2

1 Ordu University Faculty of Art & Science Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: yozkan@gmail.com)

2 Eskişehir Osmangazi University Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and

Biosafety, TURKEY

(E-mail: bybetul@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

To date an unprecedented, rapid change in environmental conditions is observed. These environmental

changes mainly originate from anthropogenic activities, which have caused air and soil pollution, acid

precipitation, soil degradation, salinity, increasing UV‐B radiation, climate change, etc. Especially in recent

years, one of these anthropogenic activity is release and use of nanoparticles. Some of these stress factors may

fluctuate significantly in intensity and duration on time scales of hours, days, seasons, or years; others may

change slowly and gradually affect plant growth conditions. Oxidative damage to biological material is

inflicted on compounds of all major chemical classes. Thus, oxygen toxicity has an impact on nucleic acids,

proteins and free amino acids, lipids, and carbonhydrates.

In this study, the effect of oxidative stres and bioaccumulations of the nanoparticles on the green algae was

investigated. Chodatodesmus mucranulatus is a planktonic and unicellular organism that also have the feature

of colony formation This organism generaly lives in freshwater. As a result of research, when the exposed

groups compared with the control group, terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity; especially, there is

a serious increase in 0.1 mg/l concentrations. ROS activity decreases with decreasing concentration of

nanoparticles.The accumulation of nanoparticles in algae. Increased with increasing concentrations. With

reference to, the maximum accumulation 0.1 mg/l concentrations, minimum accumulations 0.001 mg/l

concentrations.

Keywords: Chlorophyta, AgTiO2 nanoparticles, ROS, Nanotoxicology, Acute toxicity.

401

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Comparative Determination of oxidative stress level of nano and non-nano boron in Desmodesmus

multivariabilis

Yeşim ÖZKAN*1, Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK

2

1 Ordu University Faculty of Art & Science Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: yozkan@gmail.com)

2 Eskişehir Osmangazi University Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and

Biosafety, TURKEY

(E-mail: bybetul@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The nanotechnology industry has made a rapid progress by introducing unusual properties to the substances at

nano scales. Nanotechnology applications lead to changes in the basic, physical and chemical properties of

conventional materials. These changes show rapid progress when conventional materials gain unseen

properties on the nano-scale; therefore, new materials with excellent electrical, optical and mechanical

properties are created. Such properties of nanoparticles have also raised concerns about their potential

toxicities and ecotoxicology. Nanoparticles may cause a toxic effect through several different mechanisms on

the living organisms. One of these effects is the cellular oxidative stress in the living organism caused by the

in vivo free radicals that occur as the result of the main molecular mechanism of nanotoxicity. The free

radicals that occur in the case of extreme exposure to nanoparticles cause damage in the biological

components by giving rise to the oxidation of lipids, proteins and the DNA. boron particles were used in this

study.

Nano boron and non-nano boron particles is almost identical effects on oxidative stress caused by algae. Both

nano boron and non-nano boron particles leads to different levels of oxidative stress.

Key words: Desmodesmus multivariabilis, ROS, oxidative stres, boron nanoparticles, toxicity.

402

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Investigation of the effect on the pigment density of ZnO-TiO2 nanoparticles on Chodatodesmus

mucranulatus

Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK*1 Yeşim ÖZKAN

2 Baran AŞIKKUTLU

3

1 Eskişehir Osmangazi University Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and

Biosafety, TURKEY

(E-mail: bybetul@hotmail.com)

2 Ordu University Faculty of Art & Science Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: yozkan@gmail.com)

3 Selçuk University Faculty of Science Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: baranasikkutlu@selcuk.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Chodatodesmus mucranulatus is a planktonic and unicellular organism that also have the feature of colony

formation. This organism generaly lives in freshwater. Like as other green algea have, there are chlorophyl a,

b and carotenoid in it’s structure. The Word “nano” is used as a technical measurement unit and it means one

billionth. The term “Nanotechnology” is a field of science that engage in the objects formed smaller than

100 nm. The increases of the usage of nanomaterilas and rapid development of nanotechnology have leaded

to some concerns about the side effects of the nanoscaled materials.

In this study, its been investigated the effects of the titanium dioxide-zinc oxide nanoparticles on green algea

whether cause any change in chlorophyl a, chlorophyl b and carotenoid pigments. The Chodatodesmus

mucranulatus test organism was isolated in Apa Dam Lake and species designation has been done by

molecular methods. When they have reached enough number of growth treated 72 hours with the medium

prepared with ZnO-TiO2 at the concentration of 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/L. In the process of the treatment in

every 24 hours, 2 mL sample was taken and chlorophyl a, b and carotenoid levels were determined by

Lichtenthaler and Wellburn methods.

In the cultured algea, with 72 hours treatment, its been observed that ZnO-TiO2 nanoparticles has the toxic

effects and in terms of photosynthetic activities carotenoids were effected the most. The reason for this could

have been considered that during the treatment carotenoids were turned into chlorophyl-a. However the algae

cells were observed to adopt the environment in the treatment process.

Keywords: Chlorophyta, Chodatodesmus mucranulatus, Nanoparticles, Acute toxicity.

403

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Effects of Levels Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Bioaccumulations Desmodesmus

multivariabilis Exposed to AgTiO2 Nanoparticles

Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK*1 Yeşim ÖZKAN

2

1 Eskişehir Osmangazi University Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and

Biosafety, TURKEY

(E-mail: bybetul@hotmail.com)

2 Ordu University Faculty of Art & Science Department of Biology, TURKEY

(E-mail: yozkan@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The nanotechnology industry has made a rapid progress by introducing unusual properties to the substances at

nano scales. Such properties of nanoparticles have also raised concerns about their potential toxicities and

ecotoxicology. Plants encounter plenty of stress factors. Plants affect growth and development throughout

their life cycles owing to their sessile nature. These stress factors may be biotic and abiotic origin. And

thereby, creates physiological and biochemical damage in plants. Several reactive oxygen species (ROS) are

continuously produced in plants as by products of aerobic metabolism. Depending on the nature of the ROS

species, some are highly toxic and rapidly detoxified by various cellular enzymatic and nonenzymatic

mechanisms. The evolution of aerobic metabolic processes such as respiration and photosynthesis

unavoidably led to the production of reactive oxyen species (ROS) in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and

peroxisomes. A common feature among the different ROS types is their capacity to cause oxidative damage to

proteins, DNA, and lipids.

The purpose of this study, the effect of oxidative stres (reactive oxygen species) and bioaccumulations of the

AgTiO2 nanoparticles on Desmodesmus multivariabilis was researched. Desmodesmus multivariabilis is a

planktonic and unicellular organism that also have the feature of colony formation. This organism generaly

lives in freshwater.

As a result, When compared with a control group groups, exposed to AgTiO2 nanoparticles, at 0.001 mg /l

concentration namely, maximum ROS activity was observed in the group of lowest concentration. 0.01 mg /l

if the concentration is close to 0.001 mg /l concentration. Control group and 0.1 mg /l showed the same

activity. Looking at the results accumulation, silver (Ag) and titanium (Ti) particles were evaluated

separately.

According to the Ti nanoparticles of Ag nanoparticles is much more accumulated. Both titanium and silver

nanoparticles increased accumulation with concentration increases of nanoparticles in algae.

Keywords: Chlorophyta, AgTiO2 nanoparticles, ROS, Acute toxicity.

404

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A Study on Electrochemical Investigation of Histamine In Bee Venom

A. Kekillioğlu 1, M. Çalışkan*2

1, Nevşehir H.B.V. Uni, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Dept. of Biology, 50300, TURKEY

(E-mail: akekillioglu@hotmail.com, akekillioglu@nevsehir.edu.tr)

2 Nevşehir H.B.V. Uni, Institute of Science and Technology Dept. of Biology, 50300, TURKEY

(E-mail: mehtap_serap_sevtap@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In this study, It is intended to detect the amount of histamine in the venom of

Apis mellifera (Insecta Hymenoptera: Apidae). Histamine is a biogenic amine. Biogenic amines can

cause direct or indirect toxicity when their concentration levels are high.

Because of this there are many physiological and pathological effects of histamine

in the organism metabolism. Therefore, determination of trace histamine is very important. Especially

Apidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea) species venoms can comprise a high amount of histamine.

According to current knowledge, diferent taxa of Hymenoptera venoms constitute of %1 - %2

histamine. In this study, electrochemical methods have been used for the analysis of histamine. Also

the methods that histamine is electroactive and conditions are evaluated. The proposed method was

successfully applied to the determination of histamine in Venom of Apis mellifera (Insecta:

Hymenoptera: Apoidea). As a result of the application 2.53 mg of histamine was determine d in 1 g. bee

venom.

Keywords: Histamine, Determination, Bee, Venom, Electrochemical method.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, Scientific Research Project

Funding (NeU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: NEUBAP 2011/13].

405

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Polen Analysis of Regional Propolis of Turkey

A. Kekillioğlu 1, Z. KOÇAL*2

1, Nevşehir H.B.V. Uni, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Dept. of Biology, 50300, TURKEY

(E-mail: akekillioglu@hotmail.com, akekillioglu@nevsehir.edu.tr)

2 Nevşehir H.B.V. Uni, Institute of Science and Technology Dept. of Biology, 50300, TURKEY

(E-mail: zeyyneb_koc.al@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Propolis is a product based on resins collected from resinous sprouts and exudates of some plants by bees of

Apis mellifera. In the beehive, the propolis is used by the bees to defend them from the invaders and

promotes conservation of their bodies, protecting the beehive from the resultant plagues of putrefaction.

Propolis has been used in the traditional medicine since the primordial times of humanity, having acquired

popularity between Egyptians Arabs, Greeks, and many other civilizations In fact, different works attribute

important properties to propolis, namely antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory For all these reasons,

this natural product awakened interest in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly in Euro-Asian countries, being

propolis introduced in different products for human consumption like drinks, foods and cosmetics. Pollen can

occur in propolis firstly through sticking to plant resins in the case of wind pollinated flowers, secondly by

being introduced from stored pollen loads inside the hives, or thirdly by being transported on the hairs of bees

which have been in contact with pollen in the field. In this study, it is aimed to analyze the polen composition

and the characteristics in some regional propolis of Turkey.

Keywords: Propolis, Polen, Analysis, Apis mellifera, Turkey

406

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Ecological Succession of Arthropoda (Insecta) in Forensic Entomology

A. Kekillioğlu*

Nevşehir H.B.V. Uni, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Dept. of Biology, 50300, TURKEY

(E-mail: akekillioglu@hotmail.com, akekillioglu@nevsehir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Insects are the most diverse and abundant forms of life on earth. There are over a million described species

more than 2/3 of all known organisms. Forensic Entomology is the use of the insects and other arthropods that

feed on decaying remains to aid legal investigations When an animal organism dies, insects will be attracted

to the body. They enter exposed orifices or wounds and lay eggs or larvae. Determination of the time or site

of human death based on identification of arthropods collected from or near corpses. Forensic Entomology is

used to determine time since death (the time between death and corpse discovery) This is called postmortem

interval or PMI). Ecological succession occurs as an unexploited habitat is invaded by a series of different

organisms. The first invasion is by insect species which will alter the habitat in some form by their activities.

These changes make the habitat attractive to a second wave of organisms which, in turn, alter the habitat for

use by yet another organisms. Therefore Necrophages - Omnivores - Parasites and Predators – Incidentals are

the main characters of decomposition ecology respectivelyin terms of ecological succession. Finally

Examining the Arthropoda’s (Insecta) ecological successions involved in forensic entomology processes

forms the basis purpose and content of the study.

Keywords: Ecology, Succession, Forensic Entomology, Arthropoda

407

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Importance of planting open - Green Field: The Case of Nigde

G.Sandal Erzurumlu*1, B. Kahveci

2

1, 2

(1,2

) Niğde University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Niğde, Turkey.

E-mail: gpeyzaj@nigde.edu.tr, 67baris67@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

In urban environments green areas play an important part in forming good quality environments with their

ecological, economical, physical, social and aesthetic functions.Creating a livable environment with open and

green spaces has been an indispensable part of our lives. In this research, afforestation studies performed in

open-green spaces of Nigde city were evaluated from viewpoint of choice of species, lanscape design and

techniques, and some recommendations were introduced. In the current applications, use of limited number of

species for afforestation, and as a result of this, formation of uniform planting design and some inappropriate

technical approaches for planting and maintenance were determined as the principle problems. To solve the

problems, ascertaining plant material used in landscape plans in Nigde province, related analyses were done

with regard to planting design and also application problems and their solutions were discussed.

Keywords: Green field, Landscape design, Nigde, Plant species, Urban environment

408

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The mixture toxicity of synergistic compounds combined with pesticides in Tuta absoluta

M. Yalcin*1, C. Turgut

1 and P. B. Kurt-Karakus

2

1,

Department of Plant Protection, Fac. of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey

(E-mail:melisusluy@adu.edu.tr, cturgut@adu.edu.tr)

2,Faculty of Natural Science Architecture and Engineering Dept. of Env. Eng., Bursa Technical University,

Bursa, Turkey

(E-mail: perihan.kurt@btu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The mixture toxicity of pesticides and three synergistic compounds were investigated using Tuta absoluta as

test organisms collected from different locations. The mixture of five pesticides (indoxacarb, spinosad,

azadirachtin, chlorantraniliprole and metaflumizone) and synergistic compounds (diethyl maleate (DEM),

triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO)) were measured by using dip bioassay method and

compared with the LC50 values of the pesticides. Pesticide application alone exhibited low toxicity whereas

pesticides mixed with diethyl maleate (DEM), triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO)

increased the toxicity of pesticides to Tuta absoluta. The mixture of PBO and pesticides caused the highest

toxicity among tested pesticides. The application of spinosad mixed with PBO increased the toxicity of

spinosad 27 times. In conclusion, the mixture toxicity of pesticides expecially with synergistic compounds is

not easy to expect from different locations and varieties of organisms. Further studies with more pesticides

combined with synergists are needed to conduct with different organisms.

Keywords: pesticides, toxicity, mixture toxicity,

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Adnan Menderes University, Research Project Funding for their

financial support [Project number: ZRF12038].

409

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Acute Toxicity of Mercury (II) Chloride upon Pseudorasbora parva

(Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)

Mehmet Yılmaz1

Ali Gül*1, Nurcan Uzel

1 Sezin Kubilay

1 Ömer Saylar

2, Semra Benzer

2

1 Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi, Fen Bilgisi Eğitimi ABD, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara

2 Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Biyoloji Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara

Sorumlu yazar e-posta: aligul@gazi.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

The industrial and agricultural activities are causing an excessive environmental pollution. The terrestrial

pollution reaches to the aquatic ecosystem by various ways. The heavy metals and its compounds have a

particularly important role in this process. Among these metals mercury is one of the major pollutants

appears as two different forms in aquatic eco systems: An inorganic mercury and methyl mercury (CH3Hg+).

Mercury (II) chloride, water soluble mercury salt has a quite a big toxic effect. This study is concerned with

the investigation of the toxicity and the behavioral effect of Hg2Cl2 upon invasive Pseudorasbora parva

species.

The P. parva species investigated were obtained from Mogan Lake and subjected to a pre toxicity tests in

order to determine the experimental concentration. There were 10 fishes selected for the control and

experimental groups. The temperature was kept constant at 22±1oC for 96 hours throughout the experimental

period where the mortality rates and the behavioral changes were determined. The LC50 value was determined

by the use of EPA Probit analysis and Behrens Karber method.

The static acute toxicity 96 hour LC50 value by the use of EPA Probit analysis was 0.409 (0.332-0.490) mg/L.

There were no mortalities in the control group. The LC50 value obtained by the use of Behrens Karber method

was found to be 0,445 mg/L. There was not any statistically significant difference between these two values.

The fish in the experimental group were observed to swim faster, whirl around their own axis and come to

the surface much more frequently compared with the fish in the control group.

The results revealed that Hg2Cl2 coming from various sources is toxic upon the invasive species of P. parva

which has a very high level of tolerance against she ecological pressures. That is why its use needs to be

restricted.

Key words: Pseudorasbora parva, Mercury II chloride, LC50, acute toxicity

410

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The acute toxicity of Fenitrothion upon

Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)

Ali Gül*1

Mehmet Yılmaz1, Sezin Kubilay

1 Semra Benzer

2, Ömer Saylar

2

1 Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Biyoloji Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara

2 Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi, Fen Bilgisi Eğitimi ABD, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara

Sorumlu yazar e-posta: aligul@gazi.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

The effects of pollutants upon the living organisms are determined by the use of various acute toxicity tests.

The most common acute toxicity test is the lethality test which determines the resulting lethality level and the

degree of the effect of the organs had after being exposed to the toxic compound.

Fenitrothion is an organic phosphorous containing insecticide which has been in use for the agricultural

activities for a quite long time. This study is related to the investigation of lethal effects of Fenitrothion upon

Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) an exotic an invasive species which has a very large

tolerance to the ecological pressures.

P. parva is described as an invasive species since it rapidly propagates and spreads in the aquatic ecosystems

and exert a pressure on other aquatic fish species. The P. parva species collected from Mogan Lake were

subjected to statistical 96 hours bio tests to determine the mortality rate and behavioral abnormalities. The

mortality, behavior and general conditions of the species were monitored and recorded throughout the study.

EPA Probit Analysis and Behrens Karber LC50 values were found to be 16.854 mg/L (with a min. and max.

values were 22.125 and 12.839 mg/L) and 17.0 mg/L which showed no statistical difference. There was no

mortality observed in the control group. The fish displayed behavioral abnormalities such as haphazard

swimming patterns, sudden twists around their own axis, loss of balance, gathering under the or top of the

water in motionless manner, attempting to breath from the surface and sinking down the bottom and

remaining motionless for prolonged periods.

LC50 value obtained for P. parva sp against Fenitrothion, revealed that the compound is highly toxic and it use

must be regulated in accordance to the environmental criteria.

Key words: Fenitrothion, Pseudorasbora parva, LC50, acute toxicity

411

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of pH level on Bacterial Induced Cementation of Sands

Ayhan GURBUZ1, Yasin Dursun SARI

2 ,Zehra Nur YUKSEKDAG

3

1Gazi University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, 06570, Ankara-Turkey,

(agurbuz@gazi.edu.tr , gurbuzayhan@yahoo.com) 2 Atilim University, Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, 06836, Ankara-Turkey

3 Gazi University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 06500, Ankara-Turkey

ABSTRACT

This study reveals the effect of pH level on the cementation concept of bacterial induced calcite precipitation

generated by bacteria. Sporosarcina pasteurii, abundantly present in soils and aerobic type of bacteria, is

grown in laboratory environment and injected to the matrix of both heat sterilized and non-sterilized

specimens prepared in loose state from two types of sand. Subsequent nutrient mediums are introduced to the

specimens to accelerate the development of cementation level. The images of scanning electron microscope

are taken to identify the creation of cementation from precipitation of calcite on the surface and pores of sand

matrix.

Key words: pH level, Bacterial Induced Cementation, Sand,

412

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Determination of pesticide residual levels of grapes produced in Nevsehir

Erkan KALIPCI*1, Serkan SAHINKAYA

1, Kemal ŞEN

2

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, 50300 Nevsehir, Turkey.

Phone: +90 384 228 1000, Fax: +90 384 228 1123

2Department of Food Engineering, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, 50300 Nevsehir, Turkey. Phone:

+90 384 228 1000, Fax: +90 384 228 1123

(E-mail:ekalipci@nevsehir.edu.tr, serkansahinkaya@nevsehir.edu.tr, kemalsen@nevsehir.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Many chemical substances are used in agricultural products in order to protect them from diseases and

weeds. These compounds used in chemical control are called "pesticides". The pesticides in Turkey are

especially used in fruit and vegetable growing potently. In grape growing, insecticides, fungicidals and

herbicides are commonly used. Among them, 2,4-D and its esters known as a herbicide were illegalized in

many countries all over the world due to their ecotoxic effects. However, usage of this pesticide in our

country is legal and commonly applied in vineyards. In this study, residue amounts of totally 35 pesticides

including 2,4-D and its esters in table grape samples were determined. Totally 50 grape samples were used in

the analysis and they were obtained from local bazaars where they were presented to the consumption of the

public. The pesticides were extracted by using multi-residue analysis method. In the calculation and

description of pesticide amounts in grapes, GC-MS technique was used. In this research, residue amounts

determined in grapes were assessed as 3 repetitions per sample according to "Turkish Food Codex,

Regulation Related to Making Amendments in Maximum Residue Limit Regulations for Pesticides" (Official

Journal: 03.01.2013; No: 28517). As a result of residue analysis, pesticide residues were not found in 63% of

total samples among fresh grapes. According to the findings obtained in the research, residue was determined

in 32% of total samples under MRL value and residue was determined in 5% of total samples above national

and international MRL values. In the samples, the residue amounts of Aldrin, 2,4-D its esters, Endrin and

Chlorpyrifos pesticides were found higher than maximum residue limits determined by both regulations

mentioned above and joint commissions of United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

together with World Health Organization (WHO) as well as according to European Union instructions

permitted in European countries.

Key Words: Grape, Pesticide, Residue amount, Nevsehir.

413

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Physiological and Cytogenetic effects of insecticide Korban 25 W on Allium cepa L.

Nihal GÖMÜRGEN1, Gökçen BAYSAL FURTANA

2, Rukiye TIPIRDAMAZ

1

1 Hacettepe University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Beytepe, Ankara/TURKEY

2 Gazi University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Tekniokullar, Ankara/TURKEY

gomurgen@hacettepe.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Cytotoxic and physiological effects of insecticide Korban 25 W (0,0-diethyl 0-(3, 5, 6 trichloro 2-pyridyl

phosphorothioate) were investigated on Allium cepa L. The roots of 5 days old seedlings were treated with 0

g/lt (control=tap water), 2 g/lt, 3 g/lt and 4 g/lt concentrations of Korban 25 W for at 5 and 10 days.

The results indicate that Korban 25 W significantly decreased Mitotic Index (MI) and increased the

chromosome aberrations (micronucleus, chromosome bridge, sticky metaphase) at all concentrations and

treatment periods when compared with their controls. It was also found that Korban 25 W enhanced the lipid

peroxidation and caused an increase in Malondialdehide (MDA) level and the changes Superoxide dismutase

(SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activities. All these changes were depending on dose and duration of applied

Korban 25 W.

Key words: Allium cepa, insecticide, chromosome aberrations, genotoxic effects, mitotic index, lipid

peroxidation (MDA), antioxidants.

414

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Paleoenvironment setting and Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblage of Çamardı (Niğde) Eocene

Sediments

Feyza DİNÇER*1 and Niyazi AVŞAR

2

1 Department of Geology Engineering, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, NEVŞEHİR

(E-mail: fdincer@nevsehir.edu.tr)

2 Department of Geology Engineering, Çukurova University, ADANA

(E-mail: navsar@cu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Benthic Foraminiferal are the main skeletal carbonate producers in Eocene and their diversity and

distribution of are controlled by different environmental factors. In this study, biostratigraphy of

benthic Foraminiferal and paleoenvironmental changes of the middle Eocene formation are investigated

in the Çamardı Region. The study area is situated in the southeast part of Niğde in central Anatolia.

Çamardı Region is comprised of Pre-Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary units. The study was carried

out in Kaleboynu Formation which was aged Eocene. The formation is consists of limestone, sandstone,

conglomerate and clayey and sandy limestone. Two different stratigraphic sections were measured in

order to assess the biostratigraphy of this formation. As a result of the examination of 191 thin sections

under the microscope, 6 genera and 15 species were identified to characterize Early and Middle

Lutetian, systematically.

Alveolina callosa Hottinger, A. aff. obtusa Montanari, A. obtusa Montanari, A. pinguis Hottinger, A.

levantina Hottinger, A. frumentiformis Schwager, A. stercusmuris Mayer-Eymar, Asterigerina rotula

(Kaufmann), Lockhartia alveolata Silvestri, Assilina exponens (Sowerby), Nummulites praediscorbinus

Schaub characterize Early Lutetian. Nummulites beaumonti d’Archiac and Haime, N. millecaput

Boubée, N. praeaturicus Schaub and Discocyclina cf. harrisoni Vaughan are placed within the Middle

Lutetian layers. Based on the identified benthic foraminifera, three larger benthic foraminiferal zones

(SBZ 13, 14 and 15) were identified for Kaleboynu formation. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages

are typical for shallow marine environments. According to lithological characteristics and benthic

foraminiferal content, it is concluded that the study area has formed under a reefal environment.

Keywords: Benthic, Biozone, Çamardı, Eocene, Paleoenvironment.

415

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Phytoremediation of Cadmium (Cd) from Agricultural Soils Using Dock (Rumex patientia L.)

S. Adiloğlu*1, A. Adiloğlu

1, F. Eryilmaz Açıkgöz

2 T.Yeniaras

1, Y. Solmaz

1,

1, Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Tekirdağ,

TURKEY. (E-mail: sadiloglu@hotmail.com)

2Namık Kemal University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Tekirdağ, TURKEY.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research is to propound an innovative method to remediate the cadmium (Cd) pollution in

agriculture soils by using dock (Rumex patientia L.) plant. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted

on the campus of Namık Kemal University, namely its Faculty of Agriculture green house condition.

Cadmium (100 mg/kg) as Cd(NO3)3 forms was applied to each pot. Then EDTA chelate was applied to each

pot at four doses (0, 5, 10 and 15 mmol/kg) during the growing season of the plants. The plants were

harvested two months after planting. The soil in the samples was classified with neutral pH, low lime and

insufficient organic matter. The available phosphorus content and the exchangeable potassium content of

research area were both found to be sufficient. The experimental area soil was classified to be in clay (C)

texture. According to the field experiment results, root and shoot yield of plants decreased with increasing

EDTA doses. On the other hand, cadmium amount of root and shoot of the plants increased with increasing

EDTA application to the plants. These increases and decreases were found to be statistically significant at the

level of 1 %. According to the results of the experiment, heavy metal pollution of dock (Rumex patientia L.)

plant province can be remediated by the phytoremediation method.

Keywords: Phytoremediation, Soil pollution, Dock (Rumex patientia L.), Cd.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Namık Kemal University, Scientific Research Project Funding (NKÜ

BAP) for their financial support [Project number: NKUBAP.00.24.AR.14.03].

416

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Ammonia Removal from Chicken Manure

R.Ö. Surmeli*, A. Bayrakdar, R. Molaey and B. Calli

Department of Environmental Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Goztepe, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey

(E-mail: ondersurmeli@gmail.com, alper.bayrakdar@gmail.com, rmolaey@gmail.com,

baris.calli@marmara.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Chicken manure (CM) is one of the best alternatives due to its high biodegradable organic matter for anaerobic

digestion (AD). However, its high nitrogen content leads to inhibition for AD. Therefore, the aim of this study is

to investigate the biological hydrolysis of organic nitrogen in CM to ammonia nitrogen and remove and recover

ammonia from hydrolyzed CM by using separation techniques. Thus, the anaerobic digestion potential of CM can

be improved.

Batch experiments were done in 250 ml bottles (100±1 g CM) in duplicates. After transferring the CM, bottles

were flushed with nitrogen gas to maintain anaerobic conditions. Batch tests were conducted at different

temperatures (25, 35 and 55oC) and total solid concentrations (26%, 20% and 15%). Gas productions were

monitored daily by using water displacement method and gas compositions were analyzed by a gas

chromatograph 2-3 times/week. Ammonia nitrogen, TKN, total and soluble COD were determined by using

nesslerization, semi-micro kjeldahl digestion and closed reflux colorimetric method, respectively.

After 11 days, ammonia/TKN ratio increased from 9% to 15-32% with the increasing temperatures. Although

total COD of the samples did not change significantly, soluble COD increased up to 91%. Decreasing in organic

nitrogen and increasing in soluble COD concentrations might be a good solution for anaerobic digestion of CM.

Next step in this study will be removal and recover of ammonia nitrogen from hydrolyzed CM.

Keywords: Ammonia Recovery, Ammonia Removal, Biological Hydrolysis

Acknowledgment: This study was financially supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of

Turkey (TÜBİTAK) [Project number: 113Y333].

417

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Distribution of Copepoda Species in the Southern Black Sea in 2006-2007

Funda Üstün*1, Levent Bat

2 and Şengül Beşiktepe

3

1, 2

Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: fundaustun@gmail.com, leventbat@gmail.com)

3 The Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sengul.besiktepe@deu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

In the present study; distribution, composition and abundance of copepod species in the southern Black Sea

(the Turkish EEZ) were studied at a total of 53 stations in June 2006, October 2006 and May 2007.

Samplings were carried out vertically by using Nansen plankton net with a 112 μm mesh size and 70 cm

diameter mouth opening.

During the sampling periods eight copepods species were identified (Acartia clausi, Calanus euxinus,

Centropages ponticus, Paracalanus parvus, Pontella mediterranea, Pseudocalanus elongatus, Oithona

nana, Oithona similis). Total copepod abundance was 33507 ind/m3 in June 2006, 71047 ind/m

3 in October

2006 and 52264 ind/m3 in May 2007. Seasonal succession of species showed difference; P. elongatus was the

dominant species in June accounted for 28.6% of all copepods, A. clausi comprised almost half of the

copepod community in October and O. similis was dominant in May, comprised 44% of all copepods in the

Black Sea.

Keywords: Abundance, Black Sea, Copepoda, Distribution, Turkey.

Acknowledgment: The present work was funded by a project “TUBITAK CAYDAG-104Y289”.

418

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Western Blot Analysis Used to Detect Van-Encoded D-Alanine-D-Lactate Ligase in Surface

Water Isolates

M. Nakipoglu*1, F. Yilmaz

2 and B. Icgen

3

1,3

Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: nmustafa@metu.edu.tr, bicgen@metu.edu.tr)

2,3

Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: yfadime@metu.edu.tr, bicgen@metu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Antibiotic resistant bacteria excreted by humans and animals treated with antibiotics are discharged

in the environment through untreated or partially treated sewage or manure runoff. Thus, the

environment becomes a collecting vessel of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes. This may

end up with the transfer of resistance genes among bacteria and appearance of novel combinations of

species with multiple resistant genes. In our previous studies we screened vancomycin/teicoplanin-

resistant bacteria in the river waters and showed that not only enterococcal surface water isolates but

also non-enterococcal ones harbored van genes. D-alanine-D-lactate ligase protein encoded by van genes

was also shown in all vancomycin/teicoplanin-resistant surface water isolates through sodium dodecyl sulfate

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis previously. European Union and United States public health agencies

have developed recommendations for preventing the transmission of vancomycin resistance. Current

surveillance methods require a number of sequential steps and need a special series of culture media,

identification tests and skilled professionals. This study aimed at detecting vancomycin/teicoplanin-resistant

surface water isolates through western blot analysis with commercially available antibodies specific for D-

alanine-D-lactate ligase protein. The commercially available D-alanine-D-lactate ligase-specific antibodies

usually target van harboring enterococcal isolates. Therefore, the efficiency of these antibodies to detect van

harboring non-enterococcal isolates also needs to be assessed. Once in the aquatic environment, bacteria of

different origin come into physical contact and may exchange resistance genes with the indigenous bacteria.

Therefore, surface waters may require different detection approaches for van harboring non-enterococcal

isolates.

Keywords: Vancomycin, teicoplanin, van genes, D-alanine-D-lactate ligase, surface waters

Acknowledgment: The authors thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey for their

financial support through a 1002 project [Project number: 114Z973].

419

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENT ON REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH OF GUPPY

(Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1860) **

D. Şahin*1

and O. Aral2

1Sinop University Vocational School, Underwater Technology Programme, TURKEY

(dsahin@sinop.edu.tr; dilek_shn@hotmail.com)

2Sinop University Fisheries Faculty Aquaculture Department,TURKEY

(orhanaral@sinop.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to find the effects of water-soluble vitamin C and fat-soluble vitamin E on the

reproductive capacity and growth of both guppies, Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1860), a kind of live-bearing

species. As for, the study included two different experimental stage. 16 different vitamin E and vitamin C

including diets were used each experiment.

In the first trial, in which the diet includes 1000 mg/kg of vitamin C and 300 mg/kg of vitamin E, the highest

efficiency was observed in group 16 of adult guppies (p<0.05).

The second trial had an ascending amount of both vitamin C and E in the diet and resulted with an increase in

the developmental parameters in the offspring of guppies (p<0.05). In addition after a three month trial the

group 16 of guppies had reached maturity, and juvenile.

According to the results of this study, there is an increase in growth and survival of fry as the amount of

vitamin C and E added in feed increases.

Keywords: growth, guppy, Poecilia reticulata, reproduction, vitamin C, vitamin E

**This study was an excerpt from doctorate thesis.

420

ICOCEE– CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

A Smart Solar Energy-Based Cooling System Design&Application for Sustainable Trout Farming in

Keban Dam Lake

Gökay BAYRAK1*

, Mehmet Cebeci2, Ali Atilla Uslu

3, Gökhan Karakaya

3, Nedim Örnekçi

3

1*

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dept., Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: gokaybayrak@gmail.com)

2 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dept., Firat University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: mcebeci@firat.edu.tr)

3 Institute of Fishery Research, Ministry of Turkish Food, Agriculture and Livestock, TURKEY.

(E-mail: aliatillauslu@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Increasing temperatures of water surface in the summer limits the amount of aquaculture activities and the

production in dam lakes located in the continental climate. Due to these adverse conditions, trout farming in

fish cages in the Keban Dam Lake are interrupted from April to October, and trout farming is not sustainable

between these months. This study was carried out to develop a cage model that allows for sustainable trout

farming throughout the year in dam lakes. The temperature of the groundwater is approximately 10 o C during

the year at the Keban Dam Lake, so it is aimed to supply this cool water into the cage for cooling especially

in summer months. In the study, a Photovoltaic (PV) system was designed to supply the systems’ required

electrical power. A pump was used for taking cold water from the depth of the dam lake to cool the fish cage.

All energy requirements of the system were supplied from designing solar energy-based PV system. The PV

panels constituted on the fish cage, and temperature sensors were used to control the frequency of the motor

driver for cooling the fish cage. Thanks to developed system the temperature of fish cage was fixed around

17 ° C, so trout farming could be sustained from April to October during the year. The average water

temperature was decreased to about 17-20 ° C with the proposed method. This application study is the first

research about this subject, and it is very important as its outputs put forward the problem clearly, and it will

be an example study of future researches on this subject.

Keywords: Aquaculture; Solar Energy; Photovoltaic System; Fish Cage

421

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Some Biochemical Blood Parameters in Mogan Lake Economic Fish Species

Semra Benzer*1, Ömer Saylar

1, Sezin Düzel

2, Göktuğ Gül

3, Mehmet Yılmaz

2 and Ali Gül

2

1 Science Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sbenzer@gazi.edu.tr, osaylar@gazi.edu.tr)

2 Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sezinduzel@hotmail.com, myilmaz@gazi.edu.tr, aligul@gazi.edu.tr)

3 Health Services Vocational School, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.

(E-mail: goktuggul@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Fish are used as bioindicators to determine the conditions and the change in the aquatic environment.

Depending upon environmental factors blood chemistry and hematological values change. Blood parameters

can also give information about fish health. In this study, some blood biochemical parameters were carried

out on Cyprinus carpio (L., 1758), Tinca tinca (L., 1758) and Esox lucius (L., 1758) economic importance

fish species living in Mogan Lake. Water and fish samples were taken from Mogan Lake in February, March

and April 2014. Physico-chemical parameters of water were measured by YSI Oxygenmeters and Palintest

Photometer. Blood samples were taken from the caudal vein and heart of each fish. Serum was obtained by

centrifugation of the blood at 4000 rpm, 4 ºC for 10 min. Biochemical parameters were analyzed using

Olympus AU 600 autoanalyzer. The relationship between blood biochemistry parameters of fish and water

quality parameters with statistically Pearson correlation and according to the fish species differences in the

blood chemistry parameters and months t-test (p <0.05 ) was investigated. Glucose (268.25), urea (17.14),

uric acid (7.81) ve BUN (7.50) values were determined at the highest E.lucius in April; albumin (1.11) at the

highest E.lucius in February; creatinine (0.82), ALT (383), AST (1949.50) at the highest T.tinca in March;

total protein (3.37 g/dl), globulin (2.77 g/dl) at the highest T.tinca in April; triglyceride (195.50) at the

highest C.carpio in April. Mogan Lake of the hunted fish individuals identified in blood chemistry parameters

according to fish species and months differences were considered significant. Physical, chemical and organic

change in water, has been found to affect the blood biochemistry of fish. This biochemical blood parameter

values obtained in the research shows can be used as an indicator of the overall fish health.

Keywords: Biochemical blood parameters Cyprinus carpio, Esox lucius, Tinca tinca

422

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Capacity Building Key Issues on Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Turkey Black Sea

Coast

O. Gökkurt BAKI*1, L. BAT

2

1*Environmental Health Department of Vocational High School, Sinop University, Turkey

(E-mail: ogbaki@sinop.edu.tr)

2 Department of Hydrobiology, Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, Turkey

(E-mail: leventbat@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Capacity building is a term used to describe approaches which aim to increase the capability of knowledge

base, planing and management decisions on coastal area. Besides, it is a well known fact that the Black Sea

coast is always an important shoreline in economical and cultural means and face several problems due to

rapid and unplanned urbanization and improper waste management.

Capacity Building related issues in the context of ICZM implementation in Turkey Black Sea coast; no strat-

egy between different building initiatives, lack of awareness/information on training opportunities, often rep-

laces of the trained practitioners and policy-makers that have to push ICZM towards the center stage of the

economic and environmental goals.

In this research, we performed a need analysis for especially Black Sea Coast for capacity building require-

ments and key issues. The central of this research to demonstrate threats and stresses of Turkey Black Sea

coastal area and institutional strengthening for implementation of Water Framework Directive and ICZM (In-

tegrated Coastal Zone Management) principles and recommendations along the Turkey coasts.

ICZM capacity building for Black Sea coast of Turkey should focus not only on the technical and scientific

knowledge and skills for coastal management. It should be more professional focus on practice skills and

knowledge, should include policy and decision-making, conflict resolution, and communications for sustaina-

bility.

Key words: coastal management, capacity building, coast, sustainability

Acknowledgment: The authors thank to EU Life Long Learning Leonardo da Vinci Transfer of Innovation

Project CoastLearn Black Sea (Project Number: 2010-1-TR1-LEO05-16745 Period: 2010-2012)

423

ICOCEE –CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Water Quality Simulation Of Lakes Cernek and Balık at the Kızılırmak Delta of the Black Sea

Region Of Turkey

Kübra KÜÇÜK1, Hüseyin CÜCE

2 Gülfem BAKAN

3

1, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Graduate School Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Turkey (E-

mail:kubrakucuk@outlook.com)

2, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of

Environmental Engineering, Turkey (E-mail: huseyincuce@nevsehir.edu.tr)

3, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey

(E-mail: gbakan@omu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The Kızılırmak Delta in the Central Black Sea region is defined as a Ramsar Area by vir tue of its

natural habitats and rich biodiversity. The delta has very important wetlands whose natural features

have been well-preserved. One of these wetlands, Lakes Cernek and Balık, constitutes a significant

ecosystem in terms of agriculture, tourism and fishing. Kızılırmak Delta, in order to ensure sustainable

management of Cernek and Balık lakes, decision-makers the information necessary for the decision

support system is one of the tools that can be used in the design phase, water quality modeling is carried

out. The elements which make shallow lake’s forms complicated are; interfering the water layers, the

sediment which isn’t strong completely, is suspended, the nutrient loading which is sediment from water

layer and the external load. For this purpose, the water quality simulation model WASP7.5, supported

by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The model was calibrated using a set of data which

Cernek and Balık lakes were sampled during the period of operation of the seasonal in May 2010 -

August 2011, for the parameters as the values of dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, nitrate nitrogen and

orthophosphate. The simulation results of Balık Lake represented that maximum, minimum nitrogen

concentrations and maximum, minimum phosphate concentrations measured 1,35 mg/L, 0,412 mg/L,

0,12 mg/L, 0,03 mg/L, respectively. The Cernek lake represented that maximum, minimum, nitrogen

concentrations and maximum, minimum phosphate concentrations measured 1,132 mg/L, 0,404 mg/L,

0,11 mg/L, 0,02 mg/L, respectively. According to the eutrophication limit of ‘Surface Water Quality

Management Regulations’ the water quality of these lakes were above the natural protection area

eutrophication limits Cernek and Balık lakes are eutrophic lakes, scenarios are made to improve water

and sediment quality decrease the concentration of the pollution and solutions are presented for these

lakes.

Keywords:Water quality simulation,Kızılırmak Delta, Cernek and Balık Lakes, WASP 7.5

424

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Monitoring the Thermal Stratification of Lakes Using Simple and Current Single Point

Temperature Measurement Equipment’s

Serdar Göncü*

*Anadolu University Environmental Eng. Dept., Engineering Faculty, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sgoncu@anadolu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Water density is a property that changes based on the thermal characteristics of water. In large and deep

water bodies, more dense water masses remain at the deeper layer while lighter water stays at the

surface which leads to stratification. Temperature measurements need to be conducted to classify lakes

according to stratification patterns. While temperatures can be measured with simple ther mometers at

any location, more complicated Devices used for water quality sampling are also employed. More

expensive and complicated Devices determining automatically temperature profiles are also present.

This study aims to develop a simple temperature measuring device that can determine vertical

temperature profiles at a single location continuously. The Borabey Pond in Eskişehir was chosen for

the application. A temperature logger was employed to measure temperature profiles at a single

location continuously. Besides, the vertical dissolved oxygen profile was also measured at tandem using

HOBO DO logger. A DC motor was constructed using an Arduino circuit card which was used to move

the measuring devices to the measurement points on the vertical profile automatically.

The device developed was found to be able to determine the stratification patterns reliability without

the application of expensive and high resolution sampling schemes.

Keywords: Arduino, Monitoring, Temperature, Thermal Stratification

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Anadolu University, Scientific Research Project Funding (A.Ü. BAP)

for their financial support [Project number: 1306F190].

425

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of seasons on fatty acid composition of Carassius carassius L. in Beysehir Lake, Turkey

Abdurrahman AKTUMSEK*1, Gokhan ZENGIN

2, Gokalp Ozmen GULER

3,

Ozcan Baris CITIL4, Yavuz Selim CAKMAK

5

1 Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

(aktumsek@selcuk.edu.tr)

2 Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

(gokhanzengin@selcuk.edu.tr)

3 Department of Biological Education, Ahmet Kelesoglu Education Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan

University, Konya, Turkey

(gguler@konya.edu.tr)

4 Department of Veterinary, Karapinar Aydoganlar Vocational School of Higher Education, Selcuk

University, Karapinar, Konya, Turkey

(ozcancitil@gmail.com) 5 Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Science and Arts Faculty, Aksaray University,

Aksaray, Turkey

(yavuzselimcakmak@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In this study, seasonal variation on total fatty acid composition of Carassius carassius muscle lipids in

Beysehir Lake was determined. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of C. carassius were found to be

higher than those of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in all

seasons. In all seasons, palmitic acid (16.97-18.60%), oleic acid (11.31-16.58%) and docosahexaenoic acid

(11.01-14.56%) were the most abundant SFA, MUFA and PUFA, respectively. The percentages of total ω3

fatty acids were higher than those of total ω6 fatty acids in the fatty acid composition of C. carassius. High

level of ω3 fatty acids and ω3/ω6 ratio were observed in winter compared to other seasons.

Keywords: Fatty acid composition, Beysehir Lake, Carassius carassius

Acknowledgment: The authors thank to Selcuk University, Scientific Research Project Funding (S.Ü. BAP)

for their financial support [Project number: SÜ BAP 10401084].

426

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Fatty acid composition of trout species in Gezende Dam Lake

Gokhan ZENGIN1

, Abdurrahman AKTUMSEK2

, Gokalp Ozmen GULER*

3,

Yavuz Selim CAKMAK4,

1 Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

(gokhanzengin@selcuk.edu.tr)

2 Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

(aktumsek@selcuk.edu.tr)

3 Department of Biological Education, Ahmet Kelesoglu Education Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan

University, Konya, Turkey

(gguler@konya.edu.tr)

4 Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Science and Arts Faculty, Aksaray University,

Aksaray, Turkey

(yavuzselimcakmak@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Fatty acid composition of the muscle lipids of Salmo trutta macrostigma and Oncorhynchus mykiss in

Gezende Dam Lake were determined. In all species, palmitic acid, oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were

identified as major saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty

acid (PUFA), respectively. Total PUFAs were found to be higher than total SFAs and MUFAs in all species.

Salmo trutta macrostigma contained more palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid,

eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid (C 22:5 ω3), total SFAs, total ω3 fatty acids and ω3/ω6 ratio

compared to Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Keywords: Fatty acid composition, Gezende Dam Lake, trout

Acknowledgment: The authors thank to Selcuk University, Scientific Research Project Funding (S.Ü. BAP)

for their financial support [Project number: SÜ BAP 11401067].

427

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Negative Effects of High Temperature and Low Moisture on Aftercrop Silage Maize

A. Beyhan Ucak1 M. Cuneyt Bagdatli

2

1Department of Biosystem Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Siirt University, Siirt/Turkey

(e-mail:alibeyhanucak@gmail.com)

2Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli

University, Nevsehir/Turkey (e-mail:cuneytbagdatli@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

This research was carried out to see the negative effects of high temperatures and low humidity

on aftercrop silage maize cultivation in Siirt Province of Turkey. The average cultivation areas and

production quantities of silage maize were respectively 4303.33 acres and 3904.50 kg/hectare during the last

five years (2009-2013) in Siirt province conditions. However, high solar radiation and high temperature in

2014 was realized, whereas relative humidity was very low. Especially fertilization (8 days pollination)

period as a result of changes in extreme climate has been seen in a year and reached a maximum temperature

dropped to 39 °C and relative humidity up to 35%. Rain didn't fall down in aftercrop silage maize in field

trials during the pollination. Pollination period was shortened due to high temperatures and low humidity. So

grain retention rate in the maize cob decreased and fertilization did not take place at the optimum level.

As a result, climate change have negatively affected the yield of aftercrop silage maize. Silage maize

was cultivated on 10 acres in 2014 year and silage maize yield was obtained 2748.6 kg/acres in this area.

Compared with the previous year's 29.6% (1156 kg/acres) less yield. During the long years with the coming

to fertilization 8 daily temperature values were determined as Y=58,07x2-867,7x+6335,2 ve R

2=0.926*,

(%1 significance level*) logarithmic relationship between yield. For 8 days with temperatures that

fertilization occurs in the form of Y=71,42x2-250x+3257,1 ve R

2=0.900*, had significantly logarithmic

relationship between yield.

All the summary of these studies, the most important factors of the external environment

temperature, humidity and rainfall grown want to plant the optimum values upon emergence or fall below the

made on agricultural activity can be seen a significant role.

Keywords: Aftercrop Silage Maize, High Temperature, Low Moisture, Turkey

428

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Evaluation of Agricultural Drought with GIS in Some Irrigation Areas: The Sample of Nevsehir

Province in Turkey

M. Cuneyt Bagdatli1, Serpil Savci

2, A. Beyhan Ucak

3 , Osman Gokdogan

1

1 Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli

University, Nevsehir/Turkey (e-mail:cuneytbagdatli@gmail.com, osmangokdogan@gmail.com)

2 Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Bozok University,

Yozgat/Turkey (e-mail:serpilsavci@hotmail.com)

3 Department of Biosystem Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Siirt University, Siirt/Turkey

(e-mail:alibeyhanucak@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Agricultural drought is one of the most effective factors which reduces yield. Temperature and precipitation

regime irregularities relating to global climate change, in recent years particularly play role in changing

agricultural patterns as well as environmental and genetic factors. In this study, temperature, rainfall,

humidity and sunshine duration are used for the years between 1990-2014 in Nevsehir, Avanos, Urgup and

Cappadocia Airport meteorological stations in Nevsehir Province. Drought analyses are performed in

Tatlarin, Ayhanlar and Damsa Dams and irrigation area within the scope of this study. The outputs are

transferred to GIS and the geostatistical analysis is fulfilled then maps monitoring drought altering are done.

According to the results of this study; the spatial humidity levels are variable for all three irrigation areas, the

annual temperature data are increased and the rainfall decreased.

It has been observed that humidity dispersion in the study area ranges between Nks:0,81-1,14 while

drought coefficient varies between 0,88-1,23. Following all the calculations for a total of 26 years from 1990

to 2014, 18 years have been classified as dry, 4 years as arid and only 2 years have been classified as moist.

Parallel with the temperature, humidity, rainfall changes the yield and patterns are changed too as for the

assessment outcomes. Considering the outcomes of the analysis and assessments, it is essential to cultivate

drought resistant ones for agricultural areas and to advance the breeding studies regarding the rapid changing

global climate.

Keywords: Agricultural Drought, Climate Change, Irrigation Areas, Nevsehir

429

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Trend Detection in Climatic Time Series Using Mann-Kendall

M. Zeleňáková*1, P. Purcz

2 and H. Hlavatá

3

1 Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Košice, SLOVAKIA

(martina.zelenakova@tuke.sk)

2 Institute of Construction Technology and Management, Technical University of Košice, SLOVAKIA

(pavol.purcz@tuke.sk)

3 Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Košice, SLOVAKIA.

(helena.hlavata@tuke.sk)

ABSTRACT

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change provides a comprehensive review of the potential impacts

on the hydrological variables of the man induced climate changes. It states that such changes will likely

increase runoff in the higher latitude regions because of increased precipitation; also, the flood frequency is

expected to change in some locations and the severity of drought events could also increase as a result of the

changes both in precipitation and evaporation. Observations show that changes are occurring in the amount,

intensity, frequency and type of precipitation. The frequency of extreme temperatures during the summer is

likely to be higher.

In this paper, the results of trend analysis applied to precipitation and temperature monthly data in eastern

Slovakia are presented for the hydrological year (from November to October). Slovakia belongs to the

northern moderate climatic zone. There are four seasons during the year – spring, summer, autumn and

winter. The weather in Slovakia changes a lot by the influence of dry continental air from the west and the

humid ocean air from the north. The topography of Slovakia is very diverse and the altitude is an important

factor affecting the temperature and precipitation. The weather is usually warmer in the lowlands than in

mountain. The Eastern Slovakia lowland is the warmest and the driest region of eastern Slovakia with an

annual average temperature around 8°C and precipitation around 600 mm. The coldest places are

mountainous area – the High Tatras in the north of eastern Slovakia with the average temperature of -3°C and

with precipitation over 2000 mm. The Mann-Kendall non parametric test coupled with the Sen’s slope was

applied to identify the significant long-term climatic trends, as well as the magnitude of those trends. It was

found increasing trends in both analysed hydrological variables.

Keywords: precipitation, temperature, trend analysis.

Acknowledgment: The Centre was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the

contract No. SUSPP-0007-09.

430

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Drought Analysis in Konya Closed Basin

First A. Bilgil1, Second O. Arslan

2 and Third E. Aras*

3

1, 2

Civil Engineering Department, Nigde University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: abilgil@nigde.edu.tr, onurarslan@nigde.edu.tr)

3 Civil Engineering Department, Nigde University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: e-arass@hotmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Konya Closed Basin which is located in Central Anatolia, is surrounded by Sakarya and Kızılırmak Basins in

the north, Kızılırmak and Seyhan Basins in the east, Eastern Mediterranean Basin in the South and Antalya

and Akarçay Basins in the west. It has a total area of 53,850 km2 and lies between latitudes 36°51' and 39°29'

N, and longitudes 31°36' and 34°52' E. Konya Closed Basin is one of the most drought regions in Turkey

receives low rainfall. Therefore, drought analysis in the basin is important for the planning and management

of water resources in the basin. In this study, droughts in Konya Closed Basin were investigated by using

Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) based on monthly precipitation records of 4 meteorological stations

(Konya, Niğde, Aksaray and Karaman). SPI values of each station for 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12-month time scales

were calculated. According to the results, droughts in various intensities were determined. This study is in

progress. Therefore, details and detailed results of this study will be given in the full text.

Keywords: Drought Analysis, Konya Closed Basin, SPI.

431

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

An Investigation of the Effect of Climate on Global Solar Radiation Using the Satellite Data for

Nevşehir

Selmin Ener Rusen*

Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Univ., TURKEY.

(E-mail: selmin.enerrusen@gmail.com, selminerusen@kmu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The solar irradiation values, on a horizontal earth surface and integrated over the whole spectrum range, is the

most important component of the essential climate variables according to the Global Climate Observing

System (GCOS) in August 2010. For the measurements of solar irradiation, ground network is not adequate

and the data taken on the long-term are not quite reliable in most stations. Therefore, satellite-based methods

for solar irradiation estimation such as the well known HELIOSAT method are quite promising and have been

gradually improving in recent years. The general idea of the HELIOSAT is to deal with atmospheric and

cloud extinction separately. In order to derive cloud extinction information, geostationary satellites such as

METEOSAT which cover a large area with a very high spatial resolution and sufficient temporal resolution

are used. This paper offers seasonal analysis aiming to observe the effects on the climate of solar radiation

using a modified version of HELIOSAT method with METEOSAT visible channel images. Using five years

data, seasonal average solar irradiation values for Nevşehir has been calculated and standard error analyses

are carried out. The preliminary results are encouraging for the further studies on how about to use long term

global solar irradiation data to determine a road map about climate change.

Keywords: Climate, HELIOSAT, Satellite, Solar irradiation.

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Oldenburg University and Turkish State Meteorological

Service (TSMS), for providing us with measured data. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. B.G. Akınoğlu and

Dr. A. Hammer for discussions and comments during the course of these studies.

432

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Do Cultural Differences Matter in Education on Environment?

Diana Nedelcheva Bebenova-Nikolova*

Business and Management, Ruse University ‘Angel Kanchev’, Bulgaria.

(E-mail: dbebenova@abv.bg)

ABSTRACT

Going beyond the country borders, the current environmental challenges demand international

cooperation of leaders for their solutions. However, once negotiated, environmental regulations might

not be adopted in the concerned countries, as they might be extrinsic to national practices. A possible

explanation is that differences in thinking and perceiving the environment have been ignored. The

cultural anthropologist Geert Hofstede refers to ‘…such patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting’1 as

culture patterns or mental programming. One such pattern is the relationship between individuals and

environment. The answer to the question: ‘Am I part of the natural environment, or am I separate and

perhaps superior to nature?’ influences the types of personal attitudes, environmental behaviors and

practices, including the ones perceived and taught at school.

Following that, it is interesting to survey school practitioners’ perceptions on environmental issues and

apply Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions theory to explain the differences. This paper presents such

findings about early years practitioners’ perceptions on global issues like: interconnectedness,

environment and sustainability. The evaluation survey, implemented in four EU countries (UK, Poland,

Bulgaria and Cyprus), is part of the project ‘The world at our doorstep’, funded by EuropeAid. The

latter aims at including everyone in finding innovative ways to address the economic, political,

environmental and social dimensions of inclusive sustainable development. Based on Hofstede cultural

dimensions, the paper discusses the findings of the project survey and recommends some ideas on

defining the content of the education on environment so that it becomes more culturally sensitive and

thus more effective.

Keywords: cultural dimensions, education, environment.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Scientific Research Project

Funding (NeU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: NEUBAP13F8].

433

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

To explore the use of analysis of cognitive hillside by using SEM

– An Example of Te-Chi Reservoir Watershed

Tzu-Yin Chen *1, Ho-Wen Chen

2 , Wei-Lun Lin

3, Yao-Jhou Zeng

4

1,2,3,4

Environmental Science and Engineering Taichung Tunghai University, Taiwan.

No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan (R.O.C.)

(Email: vuvuc8c830@gmail.com, hwchen@thu.edu.tw, weilunlin0526@gmail.com, orz55orz@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the crops are quite popular in domestic. With the pressure of population and the demand for

land, the economic-oriented over use of slopeland is aggravating each day. On the lands particularly in the

reservoir watershed area, problems like debris flow and reservoir silting further arise and seriously affect the

environmental conservation in watershed and the safety of household water.

Using Taiwan Te-Chi Reservoir for an example, this study designs questionnaires and conducts questionnaire

survey and Structural Equation Modeling as major research tools to test people’s cognition of environmental

conservation and understanding about environmental policies and to assess the role and contribution of mass

media and representatives of public opinion.

Our results indicate that the interviewees reported having quite sure media objectivity, such as people know

that the solpeland will accelerate the development of hillside reservoir sedimentation by media, the hillside

overrun is caused by the use of the main cause of landslides, and so on. According to these examples, we can

know that the media have some influence on the public perception of environmental conservation.

Keywords：Te-Chi Reservoir Watershed、Structural Equation Modeling

434

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Use of unconventional water with sustainability approach in Iran

Javad Tabatabaei

Department of petroleum, Meymeh branch, Islamic Azad University, Meymeh, Iran

(E-mail: tabatabaei_j@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

The Water shortage is inevitable that caused the attention of planners and water specialists to focus on the

efficient use of water. Unconventional water as a sustainable water resources due to the limitation and

problems of dehydration in Iran, is one of the main strategies to deal with the water crisis, and is considered

one of the pillars of sustainable development. Crisis of global water challenges, requires comprehensive

management of unconventional water use for the environmental sustainable. Due to the dry climate of the

Iran plateau, the sustainable use of water resources to be considered the most important element of

development these projects. In many part of the world in arid and semiarid, due to the severe drought

phenomenon, the use of these resources as a major cause of economic and social development is very

important. Therefore, to improve the efficient use methods of water resources especially unconventional

water can be an important step in the management of problems associated with water crisis. Due to limited

water resources, only 8.7 million hectars of land is under irrigation. Due to lack of sufficient water and an

increase in population, there is no choice to use from unconventional water.

Keywords: Arid and semiarid regions; Drought; Optimal use; Phenomenon; Water crisis

435

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Prospect of Iran Natural Gas Export Projects

By: HEDAYAT OMIDVAR

Member of IGU Marketing Committee

Head of Communication Affairs with Science & Research Centers,

Research & Technology Dept., National Iranian Gas Company

No.77-Southern Aban St. - Karimkhan Ave.-Tehran-1598753113-Iran

Tel:+98-21-81315646

Fax:+98-21-81315682

Email: omidvar@nigc.ir

ABSTRACT

Iran holds the second largest gas reserves in the word with over 34 trillion cubic meters (TCM) of natural

gas. Due to lack of geological surveys in certain geographical regions in Iran. It is likely to explore further reserves

in the future.

Hence, for utilizing this energy carrier, it is essential to have comprehensive and explicit planning knowledge. The

study of gas industry development policies is indicative of certain barriers in utilizing prospective opportunities.

Iran is one of the largest gas rich countries in the world that production capacity exceeds domestic consumption

and gas injection requirements. Gas can be utilized as feed stock in petrochemical plants and refineries or exported

through pipeline or LNG. Through re-injection of gas to oil reservoirs, while increasing the oil recovery ratios, the

produced gases from fields shared with other countries could be stored into domestic gas fields.

Gas consumption in domestic markets and its substitution with oil products, in addition to providing

environmental benefits, will also result in optimum consumption of these products and relieving the government

from the heavy burden of existing and heavy expenditures of importing these products from foreign countries.

The need for energy sources in the world along with the enormous natural gas reserves in the country

opens broad economical/political dialogue scene towards us and contributes an outstanding strategic significance

to our gas resources. Supplying gas requirements, proper and timely production and operation of joint reservoirs

such as the south pars with the intention of supplying gas requirements and providing balance of supply and

demand as well as maximum utilization of our share in these fields are other development requirements of this

significant industry.

For planning and policy making regarding the development of gas industry, it is essential to manage all

aspects of gas from exploration and production to consumption, injection and exports and etc. through a sole

administrative institution so that prearranged plans could be implemented without becoming subjected to such

problems as lack of coordination parallel activities and organization al problems.

Gas fuels consumption occupies one half of Iran's energy consumption, and to increment this share, the

government should increase investment in the gas sector.

Natural gas while being utilized as a clean fuel in domestic markets can become a device to implement

gas injection to oil production from the countries reserves as well as gas exports towards presence in international

venues and commercializing gas globally.

Prediction indicates that natural gas being the favorable fuel of the present century, will enjoy the largest

growth among items within the energy basket and during the next twenty years as well, the growth of natural gas

demand in the world will exceed other conventional energy sources. In the future, due to various factors such as

vaster accessible sources and reserves, developed technologies which in effect reduce project expenditure and

construction periods and consequently improve the economy of developing gas transmission projects, as well as

global endeavors to curtail emission of green house gases, are the major reasons for gas consumption growth.

Iran, in respect to her geographical and political strategic situation, can play a leading role in global gas

supply and act in Europe and Asia. Natural gas still maintains the fastest consumption growth rate among the

world's primary energies and is realized to have the highest consumption growth among the developing countries.

Gas has been recognizing as the fuel for the future. This is entirely evident as a result of decreasing global

resources due to environmental considerations. According to IEA estimates, in year 2015, oil demand will reach 93

million barrels and natural gas demand will reach 64 million barrels of oil equivalent. This in effect is a 20%

increase for oil and 45% for gas in regard to current figures in conclusion. It could be stated that more than ever

before, gas has gained significance and is the leading basis for modern services in energy, and in the long term is

considered a bridge towards a hydrogen resource based economy.

Gas as a new fuel, provides the modern technology of fuel cell construction for vehicles possible. To

portray the enormity of Iran gas reserves it is enough to consider that Iran's natural gas reserves alone exceeds the

total volume of natural gas reserves in USA, Canada, Europe and the entire Asia pacific.

436

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Use of the Wind Energy as a Renewable Energy in Traditional Architecture of Iran as Natural

Ventilation

Davood Rezaei*1, Saeid Rezaei

2

1 Architectural Department of University of Zanjan IRAN

(d_rezaei@znu.ac.ir) 2Architectural Department of Sariyan University,IRAN

(hapoo_2005s@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Lack of suitable access to the permanent energy resources motivates humans to look for sustainable source of

energy like solar and blue energy. Wind is one of the renewable sources of energy in nature which must be

controlled in order to use its capability to create energy. According to wind properties it can provide the

optimum condition for human comfort.

The needs for humidity and ventilation in desert areas have made it inevitable to look at wind as a natural

phenomenon. In Iranian architecture capability of wind appears by using different sort of wind tower, wind

scope and orientation of building and direction of wind tower structures and concentrating on some new

solution for optimum use of wind energy.

Keywords: wind energy, ventilation, wind tower, Iranian traditional architecture

437

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Advances of Energy Tree Method in Calculation of Gross Hydropower Potential

Sadık ALASHAN

1, 2 Z. Fuat TOPRAK

3 and Zekai ŞEN

4

1 Research Assistant, Hydraulics and Water Resources, Bingol University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sadikalashan@bingol.edu.tr)

2 Ph. Dr. Student, Hydraulics and Water Resources, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: alashan@itu.edu.tr)

3 Hydraulics and Water Resources Division of Dicle University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: toprakzf@dicle.edu.tr)

4 Hydraulics and Water Resources, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: zekaisensu@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Hydropower energy is required for wealthy life standards because of no greenhouse gases emission.

Since it has highest production rates among other renewable energy resources, correctly estimating the

gross hydropower potential become an important issue. This is essential for optimally using water

resources. Several improved methods can be found in the current literature for calculation hydropower

potential. Two of them, namely, “hypsographic curves” (HC) and “drawdown-flow” (DF) methods are

often used for the hydro-electric energy calculation goals. The HC method is used for basins, which

have insufficient flow data. So this method calculates approximately the gross hydro-power potential.

The method is based on average basin altitude, inflow and outflow values . On the other hand, DF method

is used for basins with sufficient flow data. So it is expected to be more sensitive in gross hydro-power

potential calculations. The method based on elevations and flow data. Energy tree method (ETM) is another

method for gross hydro-power estimation for any basin. In this method the flow is taken into account as a

function of height (elevation-altitude). This approach is thought to be more sensitive in gross hydro-power

calculation than the above mentioned two approaches. In this study, ETM is re-modified by adding the area

(A, in km2) into to the valid expression and the last two expressions together with HC and DF are applied to

the data obtained from the flow observation stations established on the main distributary of the

Euphrates River. The gross hydro-power is calculated by using the three methods and the results are

compared each other. By comparing the results, the modified energy tree method (METM) seems to be

the best with the highest gross hydro-power estimation.

Keywords: Hydropower, River basin, Energy Tree, Drawdown-Flow, Hypsographic Curves

438

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

The Use of Active Solar Energy Systems for Heating Greenhouse: Central Anatolia Case Study

B.Kendirli1, H.E.Polat

*1 and S.Avcı

1

1Department of Farm Structures and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: kendirli@ankara.edu.tr, epolat@ankara.edu.tr, savci@ankara.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Heating requirement of greenhouse occurs during the periods of low external ambient temperatures.

Due to the high cost of traditional energy sources, new and renewable energy sources for heating of

greenhouses take advantage of great importance, today. Some alternative energy sources util ized in

heating the greenhouse; solar energy, geothermal energy and industrial characterized waste heat energy.

Solar energy is an important potential in our country; the maximum duration of the Sun in July has 365

h/month, and at least in December with 103 h/month including, and total has 2624 h/year. Nowadays,

solar energy has more effective advantage for greenhouse heating and that gained great importance in

practice, although it has some technically and economically problems. In this study, the amounts of

heating requirements throughout the year in greenhouses were calculated taking into account the

climatic conditions of Central Anatolia region. Also in created greenhouse models that have different

types, sizes and materials; heating requirements have been calculated for Central Anatolia Region.

According these calculations, active solar energy heat requirements and system costs were determined.

Keywords: Central Anatolia region, greenhouse, heating, renewable energy, solar energy

439

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

ENERGY EFFICINCY OF A RESIDENTIAL FLATE IN EGYPT

Nabil M. Guirguis

Housing and Building National Research Center, Cairo , Egypt

nabilmilad@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This paper evaluates the energy efficiency of a single flat residential building. A software package (Visual-

Doe) was used for this analysis. This flat is of total area 200 m2 with one façade openings. Three different

climatic regions were used for this analysis, Cairo, Alexandria and Aswan cities with different weather

conditions. Cairo is characterized with a moderate humid climate. Alexandria is classified as a moderate low

humid climate. Aswan is of hot arid climate. The study includes the effect of wall construction and insulation

thickness on the electric cooling energy consumption (using a split HVAC system) all over the year (Annual

Energy Consumption), and also the effect of roof insulation. Different orientation of the flat was taken in

place. The life cycle costs for different cases were also evaluated. The results give the minimum requirements

of walls and roof insulation for different orientation and for different climatic regions. The results represent

also a comparison between the roof insulation and shading. The North and North-East façade need less wall

insulation than other façade. The roof needs more thick insulation than the walls especially in Aswan city.

Also natural ventilation rate for night cooling were also evaluated.

Keywords: Energy efficiency; electricity consumption; insulation; roof shading; life cycle cost

440

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Prediction of Basic Wind Speed for Oman

Said Saif Salim Al-Maawali

Assistant professor, Middle East College, Muscat, Oman

salmaawali@mec.edu.om

ABSTRACT

In order to build safe and economical structures, it is important to have a thorough understanding of wind

characteristics and issues related to wind-structure interactions. Oman has no Code of Practices for Wind

Loading for Buildings yet. Hence, many designers adopted the value of basic wind speed from foreign codes

of practice such as the British Standards (BS8110, BS6399). The aim of this study is to develop the value of

basic wind speed using collected daily wind speed from 13 meteorological stations all around Oman for 5-23

years. The wind speed data have been statistically analysed using three different prediction methods

(Gumbel, Cunnane and Gringorten) and two different data types [all data and Method of Independent Storms

(MIS)]. Thus the value of basic wind speed are predicted. The recommended basic wind speeds for building

design in Oman are as follows; Muscat (33 m/s), Salalah (36.5 m/s), Nizwa (33.5 m/s), Saiq (33.5 m/s),

Sohar (32 m/s), Sur (31 m/s), Buraimi (34 m/s), Masirah (33.5 m/s), Thumrait (25.4 m/s), Khasab (32 m/s),

Ibra (34.5 m/s), Ibri (33.5 m/s), and Qarn Alam (29.5 m/s).

Keywords: Basic wind speed, Cunnane method, Gringorten method, Gumbel method, Method of

independent storm, Oman.

441

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Biodiesel Feedstock Production from Mixed Culture of Microalgae and Yeast using Fermented

Rice Noodle Wastewater as Substrate

Mutiyaporn Puangbut1, Thidarat Papone

1 and Ratanaporn Leesing

*1, 2

1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, THAILAND.

(E-mail:mutiyapornp@kkumail.com, thidaratp@kkumail.com)

2 The Center for Alternative Energy Research and Development, Khon Kaen University, THAILAND.

(E-mail: ratlee@kku.ac.th)

ABSTRACT

Microbial oils are known as the third generation of biodiesel feedstock because of their similar fatty acid

composition to that of vegetable oils and offer a unique alternative as it does not compete with agricultural

food production. In this work, microbial oil production from mixed culture of microalgae Chlorella sp.

KKU-S2 and oleaginous yeast Torulaspora maleeae Y30 was investigated using different concentrations of

fermented rice noodle wastewater hydrolysate (FRNWH) as carbon substrate via batch mixotrophic growth

under continuous illumination for 6 days and biodiesel production by direct transesterification from wet

biomass obtained was studied. Comparing of growth and lipid yield, monoculture of Chlorella sp. KKU-S2

was also performed. In mixed culture, a maximum biomass of 6.54g/L and 6.35g/L with biomass

productivity of 1.098g/L/d and 1.058g/L/d were found at 20 and 25g/L FRNWH, respectively. While a

maximum biomass of 3.59g/L with biomass productivity of 0.598g/L/d was obtained from monoculture of

Chlorella sp. KKU-S2 at 5g/LFRNWH. A maximum lipid yield of 2.56g/L with lipid productivity of

0.427g/L/d and 0.324g/L lipid with lipid productivity of 0.054g/L/d was obtained from mixed culture and

monoculture of microalgae grown on 25g/L FRNWH, respectively. Biodiesel as fatty acid methyl ester

(FAME) was synthesized by base-catalyzed and acid catalyzed direct transesterification from wet biomass

using methanol as solvent via microwave-assisted technique at 480W microwave power for 1-3 min reaction

time. The FAME was determined by Thin Layer Chromatography technique. The obtained result showed that

fermented rice noodle wastewater can be use as cost-effective carbon substrate to produced biodiesel

feedstock by mixed culture of microalgae and yeast and direct transesterification could apply for biodiesel

production from wet cell of mixed culture.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Fermented rice noodle wastewater, Microbial oil, Microalgae Oleaginous yeast.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank The KKU research fund, The Center for Alternative Energy Research

and Development and Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products, Khon Kaen

University for their financial support.

442

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Effect of Trace Metal Supplementation in Anaerobic Digestion of Chicken Manure

R. Molaey*, A. Bayrakdar, R.Ö. Surmeli, B. Calli

Department of Environmental Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Goztepe, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey

(E-mail: rmolaey@gmail.com, alper.bayrakdar@gmail.com, ondersurmeli@gmail.com,

baris.calli@marmara.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

The deficiency of trace metals leads to reduce the anaerobic digestion performance. Even though a variety of

organic wastes is assumed to provide the sufficient amount of micronutrients, recent findings in anaerobic

digestion are in contrast to this assumption. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of trace

metals on anaerobic digestion and biogas yield of nitrogen rich chicken manure.

In this study, the effect of trace metals supplementation on biogas production was investigated with batch

biogas yield tests at different NH4-N concentrations. As substrate acetate, propionate, butyrate or raw chicken

manure at a final concentration of 1000 mg COD/l was used. The biogas productions profiles and yields

under TM supplementation and different ammonia concentrations were compared to the yields of control

reactors. Batch tests were conducted in triplicates and the total active volume was 100 ml. Concentration of

seed sludge taken from a laboratory scale chicken manure digester was adjusted to 2g/l volatile solids (VS)

using dilution solution and the mixture was incubated overnight without addition of substrate at 36°C.

Transfer of seed sludge and substrate to the reactors was done under anaerobic conditions. The reactors were

sealed using special caps and incubated at 36oC. Biogas production continuously monitored using a multi-

tube manometer set-up working based on water displacement. To prevent the dissolution of the gases, pH of

the manometer solution was adjusted to 2 and 40 g/l NaCl was added.

When the NH4-N concentration was below 3000 mg/L, trace metals supplementation improved the biogas

production in reactors fed with VFAs and chicken manure by 7.5% and 6.4%, respectively. At elevated NH4-

N, adding trace metals improved the biogas production in reactors fed with VFAs by 12.7%. On the other

hand, no significant improvement was observed in biogas production in reactors fed with chicken manure.

Keywords: Ammonium, Biogas, Chicken manure, Trace metals

Acknowledgment: This study was financially supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of

Turkey (TÜBİTAK) [Project number: 113Y333].

443

ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015

Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

New Chernobyl Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant

Altikat A.*1, Dogru S.

2, Argun Y.A.

3 and Bayram T.

4

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: aysun.altikat@igdir.edu.tr)

2, 3

Environmental Helath Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Igdir University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: sevtap.dogru@igdir.edu.tr, yusuf.argun@igdir.edu.tr)

4 Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, TURKEY.

(E-mail: tubabayram@yyu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant (Armenian Nuclear Power Plant-ANPP) in Metsamor, Armenia, is 30 km

away from Igdir, located at the east of Turkey, and is a facility that meets the majority of Armenia's energy

needs. The Armenian NPP consists of two power units with WWER-440/270 reactors. The Unit 1 was put

into operation on December 22, 1976 and the Unit 2 was put into operation on January 5, 1980. The installed

power of the units is 407,5 MW(e). In 1989 the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Ministers

Council made a decision on the shutdown of the Armenian NPP. The Unit 1 and the Unit 2 were shut down

on February 25, 1989 and March 18, 1989, correspondingly. After the collapse of the USSR the following

events resulted in severe energy crisis in Armenia. On April 7, 1993 the Government of Armenia made a

decision on restart of the Unit 2. On November 5, 1995 the ANPP Unit 2 was restarted, after 6,5 years of

shutdown. With restart of the Armenian NPP after severe energy crisis Armenia moved on to day-and-night

power supply schedule. In this study it has given information about the history and operation of Armenian

NPP and demonstrated the factors that led to shotdown of the plant for a period and the arised risks resulting

from reopening it. In addition, it has presented recommendations about foundation and safe operation of

nuclear power plants by the basis of Metsamor reference.

Keywords: Igdir, Metsamor, Nuclear Power Plant.

Time

08:30 - 11:00

11:00 - 12:00

12:00 - 13:30

15:30 - 16:00 Coffee Break

Prof. Dr. Mohamed ABDEL ATY, University of Central Florida, USA.

Prof. Dr. Uwe STILLA, Technical University of Munich, GERMANY.

16:00 - 16:30

14:00 - 14:30Prof. Dr. Beatrice LE DESERT, University of Cergy-Pontoise, FRANCE.

Openning & Award Ceremony

Conference Registration*

Welcome LunchProf. Dr. Derin ORHON, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

Innovative Building Materials and Their Environmental Impacts.

Innovative Technologies in Wastewater Treatment.13:30 - 14:00

International Conference on Civil and Environmental EngineeringICOCEE - Cappadocia 2015

Conference Programme

Wednesday, 20 May 2015

17:30 - 18:00

Prof. Dr. Oral BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.Field Measurement Based System Identification of Tall Buildings.

16:30 - 17:00

17:00 - 17:30Structural Health Monitoring for Civil Infrastructure Systems.

Using Big Data Analytics for Pro-active Traffic Management.

Prof. Dr. F. Necati ÇATBAŞ, University of Central Florida, USA.Digital Methods for the Built Environment.

Prof. Dr. Erdogan YÜZER, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.Two Divine Masters Who Kneaded Their Lives With Stone: Michelangelo & Sinan the Architect.

14:30 - 15:00

15:00 - 15:30

The importance of Philosophy and Science in Engineering, Architecture and Technology.Prof. Dr. Zekai ŞEN, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.

* Conference Registration for Delegates, Students and Listeners will be carried out on 20 May 2015. Daily Delegates will register on the day when they will present their study.

TimeSession 1 - A Session 1 - B Session 1 - C

Chair: Prof.Dr. Derin ORHON Chair: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Igor BODIK Chair: Prof. Dr. Magdaléna Bálintová

S. Das, Y.P. Ting M. Balaban, D. Teresa Sponza E. Dorgeloh, D. VerschitzHydrogen peroxide aided sulphuric acid pre-treatment ofelectronic waste for improving gold recovery bymetabolically-engineered strain of chromobacteriumviolaceum.

Treatment of olive mill wastewater by photooxidation tonano-ZnO-bentonite composite and recovery of OMW.

European market for decentralized wastewater systems.

D. Ulutaş, Z. Çokaygil, A. Özkan, Y.Güney, M.Banar I. Bodík, T. Mackuak, M. Fáberová, M. Mosný I. Kocaturk, T.H. ErguderA new bitumen geosynthetic barrier mainly based on boronproduction waste clay for landfill liner systems.

Occurrence of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals inmunicipal wastewater and possibilities for their removal.

Effect of influent COD/TAN ratio on carbon and nitrogenremoval efficiency and stability of aerobic granules.

M. Vekli, C.C. Çadır, F. Şahinkaya Ş. Doğan, R. Kıdak A. BilginGround improvement via chrome and steel slags. Efficiency of UV and UV/H 2 O 2 processes for amoxicillin

treatment.Investigation of nitrate treatment potential of tea waste.

G.F. Gökçe, N. Mazlum, P. Hasanoğlu R. Kıdak, Ş. Doğan M. Balintova, M. HolubDüzce potential investigation of domestic and industrialsolid waste recoverable.

Flow reactor model for UV treatment of amoxicillin. Adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution by non-modified clinoptilolite in fixed-bed system.

Z. Bingül, F. Ekmekyapar Torun G. Doğdu, A. Yalçuk E. Singovszka, M. BalintovaSolid waste management in Erzurum. Biosorption of commercial yellow 2G and indigo textile

dyes by powder Hawaiian spirulina pacifica.Cluster analysis of water quality in water reservoir RuzinI., Slovakia.

G. Demirel Bayık, A. Altın, Ö.F. Çapar Ç. Ulusoy, D. Teresa Sponza K. Ashrafi, M. Zamani, G.R. Nabi Bid HendiEffect of soil minerology on electrokinetic remediation. Removal of olive mill wastewater pollutants by UV and

sunlight irradition with nano- SiO 2 /Fe 3 O 4 composite andreuse properties.

Prediction of surface ozone concentration by a semi-empirical photochemical model.

10:30 - 11:00Session 2 - A Session 2 - B Session 2 - C

Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Korkmaz BELLİTÜRK Chair: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Bülent İÇGEN Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Ece Ümmü DEVECİ

K. Bellitürk, J.H. Görres, H.S. Turan, S. Göçmez, M.C.Bağdatlı, M. Eker, S. Aslan

D. Angın, G. Demir, S. Güneş, A. Ilci O. Ayyildiz, B. Ileri, Ö. Apaydin

Environmental quality of compost: Can compostingearthworms (eisenia fetida) help manage compost nutrientratios?

Adsorption of orange 13 from aqueous solutions usingactivated carbon prepared from orange (citrus sinensis l.)pulp.

Reduction of nitrate by combined ultrasound and zero-valent magnesium under pH uncontrolled conditions.

Coffee Break

10:15 - 10:30

11:00 - 11:15

09:00 - 09:15

09:15 - 09:30

09:30 - 09:45

09:45 - 10:00

10:00 - 10:15

Thursday, 21 May 2015

T. Bayram, Y.A. Argun, A. Altıkat, S. Doğru K. Umiejewska E.Ü. Deveci, Ç.Ş. Sağlam, Ü.K. Çakır, K. BayrakManagement of solid waste in the sample of a small sizedTurkish town, Erzurum.

Wastewater treatment in Poland taking into specialconsideration anaerobic reactors.

Life cycle assessment of fossil fuel-fired thermal powerplant.

H.E. Polat K. Yanaç, R.W. Murdoch M. Sogancıoğlu, Ü. Sultan Keskin, E. YelEffects of different barn planning system on wastecharacteristics – Case study of Turkey.

Biodegradation of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatorypharmaceutical flurbiprofen.

The role of water in recycling the physicochemicaltreatment sludge as concrete admixture.

M. Öztürk, A.F. Çabalar T. Tunçal, D.İ. Çifçi, O. Uslu E.Ü. Deveci, N. Dizge, H.C. Yatmaz, Y. AytepeCalifornia bearing ratio of a clay with waste carpet jute. A new approach for sludge disintegration & stabilization:

Solid TiO 2 thin films.Degradation of synthetic textile dyes using fungalbioreactor and photocatalytic reactor.

L.G. Santhosh, P. Lakshmikanthan, G.L.S. Babu M.S. Ak, F. Yılmaz, B. Içgen H.B. Özel, H. Ucun ÖzelEvaluation of performance of MSW landfill barrier systemsat laboratory scale and using HELP model simulations.

Biogas production by anaerobic digester exposed toammonia changed with changing bacterial populationdynamics.

The effect of heavy metals in soil and plants around a limefactory in the Bartın city in western Black Sea region.

P. Lakshmikanthan, L.G. Santhosh, G.L.S. Babu F. Kara Murdoch, F. Dilek Sanin N.C. İskender, M. Sogancioglu, E. Yel, N. YilmazEvaluation of the mechanical and hydrologicalcharacteristics of a bioreactor landfill using laboratorysimulators.

Assessment of anaerobic microbial community structure inthe presence of nonylphenol diethoxylate usingfluorescence in situ hybridization.

Removal of oil-grease from dairy industry wastewaterusing an adsorbent obtained from waste material.

12:30 - 14:00Session 3 - A Session 3 - B Session 3 - C

Chair: Prof.Dr. Fulya ÖZTAŞ Chair: Prof. Dr. Haydar ÖZTAŞ Chair: Prof. Dr. Süreyya MERİÇ

Á. Rédey, T. Juzsakova, T. Fráter, A. Csavdari, L. Ráduly,I. Ráduly

V. Selen, Ş. Taşar, M. Çakmak, D. Özer, A. Özer G.V. Saraçoğlu, C.B. Özkal, S. Göçmez, F. Ekmekyapar, A. Koruyucu, S. Meriç

Industrial waste – Red mud as catalyst for hydro-dealkylation.

Adsorption of methylene blue dye on multi-walled carbonnanotubes (MWCNTs) - A response surface methodology(RSM) approach.

Monitoring of antibiotics in urban wastewater in Tekirdagcity: A comparison with predicted environmentalconcentrations.

S. Dağlı, A.Dönertaş , H. M. Basar, İ.Yolcubal, E.Sangu, L.Tolun

M. Çakmak, Ş. Taşar, V. Selen, A. Özer, D. Özer Y. Chen, J. Vymazal

GIS application on disposal of dredge materials. Removal of astrazon golden yellow 7GL from coloredwastewater using activated clay.

Removal process of chloroform in treatment wetlands:From mass balance to microbial analysis.

F. Öztaş C. Eryılmaz, A. Genç C.B. Ozkal, A. Koruyucu, S. MeriçPreventative medicine for the environment: Developing and implementing environmental programs that work.

The separation of emulsified oils from wastewater by theapplication of electric field.

Energy and pH dependency optimization of degradation,mineralization and detoxification of ampicilline byphotocatalysis.

F. Saffarimiandoab, İ. Koyuncu, H. Kilzer Ö. Kaplan, M. Gündüz, G. Turan, K.S. Yiğit S. Dikmen, H. Bircan, G. YılmazKey environmental challenge of seawater desalination. An economic analysis of sewage sludge management

methods in Kocaeli.Anion selectivity of sepiolite and its surface active agents -Modified forms.

12:15 - 12:30

Lunch Break

14:15 - 14:30

14:00 - 14:15

11:15 - 11:30

12:00 - 12:15

11:30 - 11:45

11:45 -12:00

14:45 - 15:00

14:30 - 14:45

T. Akdeniz, H. Muhammetoğlu I. Şentürk, H. Büyükgüngör A. Aygün, B. Nas, A. BerktayChlorine dosing management strategies for water utilitiesusing GIS, SCADA and modelling tools: Case study ofYeşilbayir Antalya.

The effect of different pH at constant temperature onbiohydrogen production from sewage sludge.

Optimization of electrocoagulation process to treat younglandfill leachate using response surface methodology.

Ç.F. Karafakı D. Akın Şahbaz, S. Balbay, C. Açıkgöz O. Tunç DedeWater management policies in the European Union:Finnish integrated water management example.

Evaluation of the adsorption capacity of the expandedperlite to remove linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid(LABSA) from aqueous solution.

Evaluation of uncertainty for trace elements measurementin drinking water with ICP-MS.

15:30 - 16:00Session 4 - A Session 4 - B Session 4 - C

Chair: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Füsun EKMEKYAPAR Chair: Prof.Dr. Güleda ENGİN Chair: Prof. Dr. Gülfem BAKAN

M.B.L.D. Diola, A.C. Resurreccion D. Uçar, E. Çokgor, E. Şahinkaya, A. Yurtsever T. Tetik, Z. CelepEnvironmental contamination and residential exposure ofmercury in artisanal gold mining area in Benguet,Philippines.

Simultaneous nitrate and perchlorate reduction inelemental sulfur based autotrophic and heterotrophicprocesses.

Structural performance of Sheikh Suleiman Masjid and itsstrengthening.

Z. Maymekov, D. Sambaeva, J. Izakov, A. Isaev, J.Sydykov

G. Güney, D. Teresa Sponza G. Bakan, S. Laçin

Assessment of the cations and anions concentrationdistribution in underground potable waters, pH solutionanalysis subject to the temperature and content oftechnogenic sodium chloride.

Comparision of biological and advanced treatmentprocesses for ciprofloxacin removal in raw hospitalwastewaters.

Environmental modeling approaches for exposure and riskassessment of prioritize chemicals in industries.

C.R. Orozco, R.Q. Macasieb, B.J.M. Tapales, A.C.Resurreccion

P. Akan, M. Bekbölet A. Kulig

Spatial variation and heavy metal concentration insediments of Bued River: A preliminary assessment of ariver nearby small-scale mining sites in the Philippines.

Adsorption and kinetic studies of molecular size fractionsof humic acid onto anion-doped TiO 2 specimens.

From environmental audit of land to baseline report:Polish implementation of the EU directive on industrialemissions in the context of soil protection.

B. Yalçın Çelik, K.O. Demirarslan Ö. Aktaş, Y. Toker, E. Şahinkaya G. Önkal Engin, M. ÇelenEastern Black Sea region of domestic water capacity: Thecase of Artvin.

Biodegradation of various azo dyes in anaerobic batchreactors.

Land use change in İzmit Bay catchment.

R. Çelik D. Karaeren, Z. Bozkuş E. Akçam, G. BakanDetermination of Diyarbakır basalt aquifer water qualityparameters and obtain thematic maps with using GIStechnique.

Comparison of performance of labyrinth and piano keyweirs in increasing the spillway capacity of dams.

Sediment and water pollution status of the mid-Black Seacoast of Turkey.

16:00 - 16:15

16:30 - 16:45

Coffee Break

16:15 - 16:30

15:00 - 15:15

17:00 - 17:15

16:45 - 17:00

15:15 - 15:30

M.P. Lumbera, R.E.P. Cabungcal O. Kizek, İ.D. Çifçi, F. Ekmekyapar, A. Sicigliano, S.Meriç

K. Köse, K. Erol, A.A. Emniyet, D.A. Köse, G. Alp Avcı,L. Uzun

Integrating storage sizing and slow sand filtration forresidential rainwater harvesting applications in thePhilippines.

Do personal care detergents pose risk in the aquaticenvironment: Characterization and ecotoxicityinvestigation.

Fe(II)-Co(II) double salt incorporated magnetichydrophobic microparticles for invertase adsorption.

S. Adiloğlu, A. Adiloğlu, F. Eryilmaz Açıkgöz, T.Yeniaras,Y. Solmaz

J.H. Görres, R. Gilker, J.J. Colby, K. Bellitürk A.K. Durrani, M.R. Khan, M. Ahmad

Phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd) from agricultural soilsusing dock (rumex patientia l.)

Compaction mitigation potential of biotillage andsubsurface tillage in dairy pasture soils.

Lead content in local paints in Pakistan.

S. Benzer, R. Benzer, Ç. Karasu Benli T. Zorlu, Z.U. Nurullahoğlu, S. Kaya A.U. ŞahinApplication of artificial neural networks for growthforecasting of crayfish (astacus leptodactylus eschscholtz,1823).

Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on hemocytes ofgalleria mellonella (L.) (lepidoptera: pyralidae).

A new area based parameter estimation methodology forleaky aquifer system.

E. Demirel S. Bulgak, F.N. Kafadar, K. Sarpkaya, C. Can, S. Güneş F. Sunca, M. Akköse

Numerical simulation of wave-structure interaction using aghost-cell immersed boundary method.

Chickpea ascochyta blight disease severity in theBosphorus region of Turkey.

Evaluation of seismic performance of prefabricatedstructures using push-over analysis.

D.E. Candelaria, K.M.D.S. Maurillo, N.B. Diola E. Geçer, H. Büyükgüngör

Use of fly ash in the design of controlled low-strengthmaterial mixture.

A case study of green building design.

TimeSession 5 - A Session 5 - B Session 5 - C

Chair: Assoc.Prof. Dr. P.B. KURT KARAKUŞ Chair: Assoc. Prof.Dr. G. Özmen GÜLER Chair: Prof.Dr. Abdurrahman AKTÜMSEK

P.B. Kurt Karakuş, E. Gungormus, E. Okten, H. Celik, T.Ugranlı, A. Sofuoglu, K. Gedik, S. Sofuoglu, H. Alegria,K.C. Jones

T.E. Köse B. Alpaslan Kocamemi, N. Güre, F. Sarıalioğlu, C. Kuzey,A.M. Saatçi

PCBs in ambient air in İstanbul and İzmir-Turkey. Adsorption of dyestuff from wastewater using calcinedwaste eggshell.

Application of low intensity ultrasound to enhancebiological phosphorus removal.

18:00 - 18:15

Friday, 22 May 2015

17:30 - 17:45

17:15 - 17:30

18:15 - 18:30

17:45 - 18:00

09:00 - 09:15

D. Jato Espino, E. Castillo Lopez, S.M. Charlesworth, J.Rodriguez Hernandez

D.İ. Çifçi, S. Terzi, S. Meriç Diana N. Bebenova Nikolova

Air quality modelling in Barcelona from the analysis ofclimate, territorial and traffic variables.

Comparative photocatalytic degradation, detoxificationand demineralization of a biologically treated textileeffluent using TiO 2 and ZnO nanoparticles.

Do cultural differences matter in education onenvironment?

P.B. Kurt Karakus, E. Gungormus, H. Çelik, E. Okten, T.Ugranlı, A. Sofuoglu, K. Gedik, S. Sofuoglu, H. Alegria,K.C. Jones

T. Kotan, G. Bakan H.M. Başar, S. Dağlı, P.Ö. Erdoğan, B. Güzel, L. Tolun

PBDEs in ambient air in İstanbul and İzmir-Turkey Recovery of acid and heavy metal in surface coatingindustry by best available techniques.

Beneficial use alternatives for dredged materials: Landfilldaily cover.

E. Can Güven, D. Bolat, K. Gedik, P.B.Kurt Karakuş E. Şık, E. Gengeç, M. Kobya, E. Demirbaş, M.S. Öncel M.R. Kavianpour , A. BehzadipourA preliminary investigation of legacy organochlorinepesticides in the atmosphere of an agricultural area inAntalya.

Effect of anions on arsenic removal from groundwater byair injected electrocoagulation reactor using iron ballanodes.

Interaction of low-impact development techniques andurban river flooding on the zoning – Case study Qomroud.

E. Aghlara, G. Güllü K. Qureshi, I. Bhatti, Z. Solangi M.Y. Kılınç, E. AlkanLevels of bioaerosols in indoor environments in Ankara. Preparation of polyacrylonitrile ion exchange fibre (PAN-

IEF) for the removal of arsenic.Integrated river basin management.

G.K. Akkaya, M.S. Bilgili A. Uslu, G. Bakan J. TabatabaeiApplications of hybrid system in water and wastewater -Review.

Determination of system deficiencies with WDS models. Use of unconventional water with sustainability approachin Iran.

10:30 - 11:00Session 6 - A Session 6 - B Session 6 - C

Chair: Dr. Sanaz LAKESTANİ Chair: Prof. Dr. Fehiman ÇİNER Chair: Prof. Dr. Nadezda STEVULOVA

H. Sanli, M. Canakci, E. Alptekin, A. Turkcan, A. N. Ozsezen

E. Yavuz, F. Bildik, B.F. Şenkal G. Polat, E. Eray

Comparison of exhaust emissions of a DI diesel enginefueled with methyl ester, ethyl ester, petro-diesel and theirblends.

Preparation of the poly (styrene) based quaternarychloroacetamide modified sorbent for removal of phenol.

Supplier selection in the construction industry: Evidencefrom Turkish contractors.

K.O. Demirarslan, Ş.Ç. Doğruparmak F. Çiner, S. Şahin, S. Battal, E. Sezer, A. Dumlu B.N. Bingol, G. PolatThe research of CO and NOx emissions revealed fromlinear sources in Kocaeli city korfez district by ISCST-3and AERMOD model programs.

Removal of maxilon red GRL from aqueous solutions usingNiğde (Bor) grape molasses soil as a low-cost adsorbent.

Key performance indicators (KPI) model for measuringperformance of subcontractors.

10:00 - 10:15

Coffee Break

10:15 - 10:30

09:45 - 10:00

11:00 - 11:15

11:15 - 11:30

09:15 - 09:30

09:30 - 09:45

T.D. Pham, B.K. Lee, C.H. Lee F. Aydın Temel, Y. Ardalı, E. Avcı G. Gürsoy, A.E. KeleşBioaerosol removal by simultaneous adsorption and photo-oxidation of Ag-doped TiO 2 /PU under visible irradiation.

Removal of total nitrogen by juncus acutus and cortaderiaselloana from domestic wastewater in horizontalsubsurface flow constructed wetland.

5S systematic practice steps on a corporate business.

F. Taşpınar, M. Atasoy, Z. Bozkurt, B. Poyraz, O. Uzun S. Ömeroğlu, F. Dilek Sanin N. Stevulova, I. Schwarzova, E. Terpakova, J. Junak

Analysis and assessment of heavy metal pollution of roaddust in Düzce, Turkey.

Bioelectricity generation from wastewater sludge usingmicrobial fuel cells.

Impact of physical treatment of hemp hurds on thebiocomposites properties.

S. Lakestani, B. Karakaş, S. Acar Vaizoğlu, B. GüçizDoğan, Ç. Güler, B. Şekerel, A. Taner, G. Güllü

M.İ. Birincioğlu, S. Ulusoy, G. Arslan G. Tunc, Z. Khayyat

Compration of indoor and outdoor VOCs levels at childrenhomes.

Influence of steel fibers on the shear strength of RC beamswithout stirrups.

The structural analysis and design of buildings with shearwall and rigid basements.

D. Yıldırım Pekşen, G. Bilen Alkan J.A. Bogas, M.G. Gomes, S. Real D. Bae, C.K. Oh, J.H. ParkEconomic and environmental contributions of declarationof the Marmara Region as emission control area (ECA).

The water absorption by capillarity in structurallightweight concrete.

Seismic response of cylindrical liquid storage tanksaccording to the characteristics of structure.

12:30 - 14:00Session 7 - A Session 7 - B Session 7 - C

Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Semra BENZER Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Z. Özlem PARLAK BİÇER Chair: Dr. Cise ÜNLÜER

Y.S. Güçlü, E. Şişman, İ. Dabanlı, Z. Şen M. Suh, D.H. Ha, J.F. Choo C. ÜnlüerIllustration of air quality change using innovative trendanalysis method.

A study on concrete-FRP-steel composite honeycombstructure for bridge deck.

Development of novel cements with optimized carboncapture capabilities.

P. Babaei, İ. Durukan, G. Güllü Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer, E. İlhan, D. Kırmızıgül, A. Akmeşe, E.Davutoğlu, A. Keskin, A. Can Koç, R. Gurbangeldiyev

A. Ünal, S.B. Yüksel

Heavy metal concentration of house dust. Determination of the importance of materials in structuralcost via architectural project examples.

Experimental behavior of the 1/3 scale reinforced shearwall with intensive boundary reinforcement.

H. Gourgue, A. Aharoune, A.I. Ahmed A. Janushevskis, A. Melnikovs S.B. Yüksel, A. ÜnalDispersion of the NOx emissions from chimneys and roadtraffic around industrial sites: Case study of the companyFantazia.

Shape optimization of sheeting cross section for roofsubjected to different loading combination.

Experimental behavior of the 1/3 scaled composite shearwall having L shape steel made-up sections as longitudinalreinforcement in boundary regions.

11:30 - 11:45

Lunch Break

14:15 - 14:30

11:45 -12:00

12:00 - 12:15

12:15 - 12:30

14:00 - 14:15

14:30 - 14:45

F. Ekmekyapar Torun, Z. Bingül, M.Y. Çodur A. Fettahoglu, S. Bekiroglu, İ. E. Bal M.M. BalkısAnalysis of SO 2 and PM concentrations with artificialneural network: A case study of Erzurum city center.

Response spectral analysis of orthotropic steel deck as perTurkish local design spectrums.

Improvements in folding and tessellation as platestructures.

S. Dogru, T. Bayram, Y.A. Argun, A. Altikat F. Aras M. Davraz, Ş. KılınçarslanInvestigation of air pollution parameter variation onbetween 2007-2014: The case of Iğdır (Turkey).

The Importance of the validation of numerical models withthe experimental modal analysis.

Investigation of relation of between compressive strengthand ultrasonic pulse velocity in the foam concrete withdifferent density.

G. Güllü, Z. Gemizi, B. Keskin Çatal N. Doğan Sağlamtimur, A. Bilgil, H. Akbulut, M. Dursun,S. Yıldırım

G. Çevikbilen, B. Teymur, U. Karadogan, H.M. Basar, S.Dağlı, L. Tolun

Level and sources of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) inTurkey.

Producibility of cement-based lightweight constructionmaterial from coal bottom ash of the bor sugar factory(Turkey).

An investigation on suitability of dredge materials on roadconstruction.

15:30 - 16:00Session 8 - A Session 8 - B Session 8 - C

Chair: Dr. Apoloniusz KODURA Chair: Prof. Dr. Mohamed ABDEL ATY Chair: Prof. Dr. Necati ÇATBAŞ

A. Kodura J.M. Kim, J.Y. Lee, H.S. Lim, B.K. Jun, S.J. Hong Y.S. GüçlüInfluence of characteristic of butterfly valve closing onwater hammer run.

Dynamic stiffness of resilient materials for reduction offloor impact sound.

Frequency analysis of low and high flows in climatechange.

A.G. Göküş, H. Güleç, Z. Aslan, N. Akbulut-Çoban, K.Gedik

S.A. Berilgen, G. Allamyradov J. Zaczek Peplinska, K. Osińska Skotak, D. Wujanz, M.E.Kowalska

Evaluation of quiet area characteristics of an educationalarea: A case study of Akdeniz University campus, Antalya.

Stability analysis for a deep landslide in İstanbul: A casestudy.

Potential of image processing methods based on intensityvalues captured by TLS for surface condition assessment.

H. Khorshidi , N.Talebbeydokhti, G.Rakhshandehroo U. Dağdeviren, B. Kaymak R. ÇelikUncertainty analysis of open channel flow: Stochasticapproach to advection – diffusion equation.

Optimum design of reinforced concrete retaining wallsusing artificial bee colony algorithm.

Assessment of Diyarbakır basalt aquifer hydrogeologicalanalyzed and obtains thematic maps with GIS geostatisticalanalyst tool.

S.S.S. Al Maawali A. Durmuş, R. Livaoğlu E. Wojtas, M. Sawczak, T. Bergier, W. DrzewieckiPrediction of basic wind speed for Oman. Determination of horizontal bulk material pressures in

rigid cylindrical slender silos under seismic excitationusing FEM and EN1998-4.

The impact of the soil data quality on the effectivness ofhydrological modelling. Case study: Upper Rabacatchment (Poland).

16:00 - 16:15

16:15 - 16:30

15:00 - 15:15

15:15 - 15:30

16:45 - 17:00

16:30 - 16:45

14:45 - 15:00

Coffee Break

R. Molaey, A. Bayrakdar, R.Ö. Sürmeli, B. Calli U. Dağdeviren, M.A. Salman E. Wojtas, T. Bergier, W. Drzewiecki, M. SawczakEffect of trace metal supplementation in anaerobicdigestion of chicken manure.

Vertical stress isobars for rectangular foundations underdifferent loading conditions.

Remote sensing based impermeability coefficient estimationand its influence on hydrological modelling efficiency.

A. Altikat, S. Dogru, Y.A. Argun, T. Bayram A. Badakhshan, F. Ahadi Koloo A.E. Özsoy, H.Özkaynak, M. Çağlar, M. ŞentürkNew Chernobyl? Metsamor nuclear power plant. Improving seismic behavior of vierendeel and X-diagonal

STMFs by their configuration optimizationEducational experiments performed on a model structuremade up of balsa wood.

S. Alashan, Z.F. Toprak, Z. Şen T. ÇakırAdvances of energy tree method in calculation of grosshydropower potential.

Dynamic analysis of a cantilever retaining wall includingsoil structure interaction.

M. Yalçın, C. Turgut, P.B. Kurt KarakusThe mixture toxicity of synergistic compounds combinedwith pesticides in Tuta absoluta.

20:00 - 22:00

TimeSession 9 - A Session 9 - B Session 9 - C

Chair: Prof. Dr. Aynur KAZAZ Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Ahmet AYGÜN Chair: Prof. Dr. Juraj KRALIK

M.H. Zhang, Y. Wu G. Yıldırım J. Králik, J. Králik, jr. Development of lightweight cement composites with lowthermal conductivity for energy efficient buildings.

Comparative study for discharge coefficient prediction ofcompound broad crested weir by two soft-computingtechniques.

Deterministic and probabilistic analysis of the fireresistance of the technology support structures in NPP.

D. Yılmaz, H. Bezci Zeren, C. Yılmaz, T. İnce G. Yıldırım J. KrálikDifferent climate conditions effect on thermal conductivitycoefficient and indoor environment.

State-of-the-art review on explicit approximations to theimplicit colebrook-white friction factor equation.

Risk assessment of NPP safety in Slovakia.

H. Köse, M. Bayazit, Y. Taşdemir O. Onat, P.B. Lourenço, A. Koçak S. Kahraman, A.S. AloğluInvestigation of salt effect on stability of warm mix asphalt. Innovative test set up on shake table to assess out-of-plane

behavior of infill masonry walls.Predicting the performance of roadheaders from the needlepenetration resistance.

Ç. Dinçkal B.K. Jun, S.J. Hong, J. Lee, J.M. Kim, H.S. Lim, J.Y. Lee Z. Karabash, A.F. Çabalar, H. Işık

A study on anisotropy of composites and nanomaterialsused in construction industry.

Structural behavior of RC and PSC concrete members withhigh strength shear reinforcement.

Stabilization of clayey soil by waste steel pieces.

17:15 - 17:30

17:30 - 17:45

17:45 - 18:00

09:30 - 09:45

GALA DINNER

Saturday, 23 May 2015

09:45 - 10:00

09:15 - 09:30

09:00 - 09:15

17:00 - 17:15

M. Bayazit, Y. Taşdemir, E. Kolay, G. Küçük C. Karakurt, Y. Bayazıt, K. Kahveci D.H.M. Aquino, J.Y. Hernandez, E.A.D. RoblesThe moisture damage characteristic of polymer and waxmodified asphalt mixtures.

Effect of curing conditions on fiber concrete roads. Development of fragility curves for self-supporting trussedtowers in the Philippines considering severe wind loads.

S. Mert, Ö. Boztaş, G. Arslan B. Yön, M.E. Öncü, Y. Calayır K.S. Putu Tantri, Y. LastiasihInvestigation of infill wall effect for the seismicperformance of RC structures.

Comparison of static pushover and nonlinear dynamicanalyses of reinforced concrete buildings.

The empirical correlation using linear regression ofsettlement ratio under embankment load for surabayacompressible soil.

10:30 - 11:00Session 10 - A Session 10 - B Session 10 - C

Chair: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Eva KORMANÍKOVÁ Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Seval ARAS Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Nida NOORANİ İKİZ

B. Bozyigit, Y. Yeşilce J.H. Shim, J.Y. Park T. Ekmekyapar, M. RashidFree vibration analysis of axially accelerating timoshenkobeams using differential transform method.

Utilization through immobilization of dredged sedimentusing alkali-activated slag.

Investigation of bracing performance on high rise circularsteel buildings under dynamic loads.

İ. Kalıpcılar, A.M. Aghabaglou, A. Sezer, G. İnan Sezer, S.Altun

S. Aras, Ö. Fındık, E. Kalıpcı, S. Şahinkaya E. Uray, Ö. Tan

Unconfined compressive strength, chloride-ion penetrationand freezing-thawing resistance of cement stabilized clay

Water quality of the river to the Kızılırmak River in theprovince of Nevşehir.

Investigation of design criteria for the type of gabion walls.

S. Şeker, E. Doğan, M.P. Saka, C. Kozanoğlu K. Taskin, K. Peker N. Stavridou, E. Efthymiou, C.C. BaniotopoulosOptimum design of semi-rigid steel frames via huntingsearch algorithm.

Assessing the seismic performance of reinforcementcoupler systems in Turkey.

On the buckling analysis of steel tubular wind turbinetowers with vertical and horizontal stiffeners

M. Ermiş, H. Argeso, N. Eratlı, M. H. Omurtag M. Akköse M.Ö. Yeleğen, A. UyumazThe effects of viscous bulk compressibility for cantileveredcylindrical helices.

Direction effects of travelling waves on nonlinear seismicresponse of arch dams.

Equilibrium scour depth calculation with artificial neuralnetworks (ANN).

E. Kormaníková, K. Kotrasová O.O. Deborah, A.A. Akinpelu A. Bilgil, E. Yeşilyurt, M.V. GökçeA delamination modeling based on fracture and contacttheories for multilayered composite plate.

Effects of mix and water/cement ratio on compressivestrength and modulus of elasticity of laterized concrete.

Production of pumice-based geo-polymer concrete.

A. Kazaz, S. Ulubeyli, B. Er, V. Arslan, M. Atici, A. Arslan A. Yamçicier R. Ozcelik, Y. Dikiciaşık

Establishment of the recycling plants for fresh concretewastes: A cost management perspective.

Analytical evaluation of thermal expansion of steelconstruction in buildings using Debye model.

Buckling restrained braces with different casing systems.

11:30 - 11:45

10:00 - 10:15

11:45 -12:00

12:00 - 12:15

12:15 - 12:30

11:00 - 11:15

10:15 - 10:30

Coffee Break

11:15 - 11:30

12:30 - 14:00Session 11 - A Session 11 - B Session 11 - C

Chair: Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Wojdyga Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Hüseyin CÜCE Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. M. Cüneyt BAĞDATLI

V.E. Uz, M. Saltan, İ. Gökalp N.S. Özcan B. Yılmaz Öztürk, Y. Özkan, B.Aşıkkutlu, C. AkközApplicability and limitations of 4th power law in design oflow volume roads against rutting.

An opportunity for the sustainable ecological renewal:European green capitals.

The determination of oxidative stress level of nano and non-nano boron in chodatodesmus mucranulatus.

H. Bozkurt, E.T. Bozkurt A. Gurbuz, Y. Dursun Sari, Z.N. Yuksekdag Y. Özkan, G. KılınçSustainable landscape maintanance for highway planning. Effect of pH level on bacterial induced cementation of

sands.The comparative effects acute toxicity of nano and non-nano boron particles in artemia salina (brine shrimp).

N. İkiz F. Üstün, L. Bat, Ş. Beşiktepe Y. Özkan, B. Yılmaz ÖztürkComputerized decision tree for anti-icing/pretreatmentapplications as a result of laboratory and field testings.

Distribution of copepoda species in the southern Black Seain 2006-2007.

The comparative determination of oxidative stress level ofnano and non-nano boron in desmodesmus multivariabilis.

Y. Vitosoglu G. Bayrak, M. Cebeci, A.A. Uslu, G. Karakaya, N. Örnekçi B. Yilmaz Öztürk, Y. Özkan, B. Aşikkutlu

Development of regression based trip generation modelsfor intercity bus journeys in Turkey.

A smart solar energy-based cooling system design &application for sustainable trout farming in Keban damlake.

Investigation of the effect on the pigment density of ZnO-TiO 2 nanoparticles on chodatodesmus mucranulatus.

K. Wojdyga K. Küçük, H. Cüce, G. Bakan M.C. Bağdatlı, S. Savci, A.B. Ucak, O. GokdoganPolish district heating systems – development perspectives. Water quality simulation of lakes Çernek and Balık at the

Kızılırmak delta of the Black Sea region of Turkey.Evaluation of agricultural drought with GIS in someirrigation areas: The sample of Nevsehir province inTurkey.

E. Radwan, H. Abou-Senna, S. Tabares A. Bilgil, O. Arslan, E. Aras A.B. Ucak, M.C. Bağdatlı

Alternative signalized intersection design to enhance leftturn efficiency.

Drought analysis in Konya closed basin. The negative effects of high temperature and low moistureon aftercrop silage maize.

M.Sarioglu Cebeci, Ö.B. Gökçek

Treatment of anaerobic batch reactor of an automotiveindustry wastewater: Influence of substrate-inoculum ratioand wastewater co-substrate ratio.

15:45 - 16:45

15:00 - 15:15

14:30 - 14:45

14:00 - 14:15

15:15 - 15:30

15:30 - 15:45

14:15 - 14:30

14:45 - 15:00

CLOSING CEREMONY

Lunch Break

Poster

Number

Nickel removal from aqueous solution by iron oxide coated sepiolite.

Effects of operational parameters on the removal of acid blue 161 dye from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation withaluminum and stainless steel electrodes.B. Alpaslan Kocamemi, E. Çiçek

21S. Üstün, N. Beyazıt, H. Büyükgüngör

14

O. Özkan, M. Oğuz, Ö. Özdemir, Ş. T. Azgın, A. Solmaz, İ. Uyanık

S. Yılmazer Keskin, A. Güler

C.S. Keskin

G. Torunoğlu Turan, B.F. Şenkal

Decolorization of disperse blue 56 and reactive yellow 145 by acrylamide based polymer.

S. Yılmazer Keskin, A. Güler

Adsorption kinetic studies for the removal of NH 4 -N from landfill leachate by natural adsorbent.

4T. Mackuľak, L.Birošova, I. Bodík, M. Fáberová

5

6S. Kul, A. Nuhoğlu, E. Aladağ

The cycle of pharmaceuticals, drugs and their metabolites in four dominant treatment plant in Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

Aerobic treatment of olive mill wastewater by batch reactor: A kinetic study.

Multicriteria analysis for flood vulnerable areas in southeastern Slovakia.

1

2

3

Poster Presentations 1, Period: 14:00 - 17:00

Effect of some pharmaceuticals on the production of biogas at anaerobic digestion process.M. Zeleňáková, P. Blišťan, P. Purcz

Programme of Poster Presentations

D. Angın, S. Güneş, S. Şensöz

S. Akarsu, C.A. Zıba, F. Dincer, M. Dolaz

Effect of impregnation ratio on properties of activated carbon prepared from biochar by chemical activation.

Poster Presentations will be held between 20 - 23 May 2015, parallel to oral sessions.

C. Bilgiç, N. KarakehyaEvaluation of the dispersive component of the surface energy of Al-pillared sepiolite and Al-pillared montmorillonite asdetermined by inverse gas chromatography.M. Fáberová, L. Ivanová, I. Bodík, T. Mackuľak

Wednesday, 20 May 2015

12

10

11

8

9

Laboratory scale submerged membrane bioreactors (SMBR) for the treatment of rural areas wastewater.

7

13

E.B. Duran, S. Akarsu, Y. Cuci, M. Dolaz

Removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions by nanostructured Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide.

O.C. Türker, C. Türe, H. Böcük, A. Çiçek, A. Yakar

Investigating color removal of textile wastewater using constructed wetlands.E. Karaçetin, O. Sevim

19

15

16

17

18

Synthesis of carboxymethyl starch from food industry waste

Role of plant biomass structures on performance of engineered wetland for treating boron (B) mine effluents.

İ. Kıpçak, C. Gürakan Akın

U.A. Güler, H. Çelik

Removal of color from textile wastewater by adsorption on sunflower seed shell.

U. A. Güler, O. Kundakçı

22Partial nitrification of domestic wastewater under oxygen limited conditions.

20

Removal of acid violet 90, basic yellow 28 and direct blue 86 by Fe 3 O 4 embedded polymer.

Removal of direct blue 86 and reactive yellow 145 by dead biomass.

Preparation of the poly(glycidyl methacrylate) grafted onto crosslinked poly(3-Chloro-2-Hydroxypropyl-Co-EGDMA) withsorbitol group and use for removing boron from water.

Removal of eriochrome black-T from aqueous solutions using nZVI and s. cerevisiae modified with nZVI.

C.S. Keskin

F.A. Temel, A. Kuleyin

Biosorption of disperse blue 56, basic yellow 28 and acid violet 90 by aspergillus tamarii.

Poster

Number

The effect of mixing time and rate for ammonium removal from waters by emulsion liquid membran technique.

Quantitative determination of policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking and potable water resources of Diyarbakir region.

15

Removal of natural organic matter by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron-coated pumice particles.

M.E. Korkmaz, O. Ağar

Simulated distribution system test for disinfection by product formation.13

A. Alver, E. Baştürk, A. Kılıç

İ. Şimşek, L. Altaş

Assessment of natural radioactivity by gross alpha and beta measurements in drinking water samples in Ereğli, Turkey

14A. Alver, M. Karaarslan, A. Kılıç

Effects of forest fires on water sources.

Ö. Saylar, S. Benzer, S. Düzel, G. Gül, A. Gül, M. Yılmaz

A. Bilgin, M. Aybar, B. Sağlam

H. Kara, Z. Tunay, Mustafa A. Yilmaz, H. Temel

Mogan Lake (Ankara) water quality.

Adsorption of remazol blue RN from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from black cumin residue.

O. Sözüdoğru, B.A. Fil, R. Boncukcuoğlu, E. Aladağ, S. Kul

U. Selengil, H. Demiral

M. Erşan, F. Düğenci, Ü.A. Güler

27

26

24

25

Adsorption of basic yellow 2 from aqueous solutions onto montmorillonite.

Tetracycline removal via waste Turkish coffee.

I. Senturk, S. Ustun, M. Oztel, H. Ozkaynak, E. Akcam, E. Gecer, F. Akbal, G. Bakan, H. BuyukgungorMonitoring of seasonal and spatial variations in marine water quality at the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey.

An exploitation evaluation of pimuce stone for water and wastewater treatment use.D.İ. Çifçi, M. Yıldırım, B. Birden, S. Meriç

E. Seyedmonir, F.Yilmaz, B. IçgenMethicillin-resistant surface water isolates monitored by mecA-specific DNA probes.

2

3

8

S.B. Salik, F. Yilmaz, A. Ergene, B. Icgen

M. Bilgin, Ş. Tulun

Isolation of efficient diesel oil degraders harbouring alkb and C23O Genes.

R. Molaey, A. Bayrakdar, R.Ö. Surmeli, B. Çalli

G. Onur, F. Yilmaz, B. Icgen

Investigation of heavy metals in soil transport mechanism.

Mathematical modeling of the drying kinetics in thin layers of the local potato of Adrar.

T.Y. Chen, H.W. Chen, W.L. Lin, Y.J. ZengTo explore the use of analysis of cognitive hillside by using SEM – An example of Te-Chi reservoir watershed.

Modeling of drying kinetics of potatoes and fresh carrot in south Algeria.

M. Zeleňáková, P. Purcz, H. Hlavatá

S. Manaa, A. Beatriz, D. Karlo, N. Moummi29

31

30Trend detection in climatic time series using mann-kendall.

23

Potential of pseudomonas species for the treatment of heavily detergent-polluted waters.7

Y.A. Argun, A. Altikat, S. Dogru, T. Bayram

L. Goksu, F. Yilmaz, A. Ergene, B. Icgen

H. Ulusoy, F. Yilmaz, A. Ergene, B. Icgen

Isolation of bacteria efficient in the removal of anionic detergents.

Identification of a potential isolate for degradation of sodium dodecyl sulfate in wastewater systems.

28

B. Andak, A.N. Bulutcu

Solid waste management and recycling in Igdir.

1

Poster Presentations 2, Period: 09:00 - 12:00

4

S. Manaa, N. Moummi, D. Karlo

Ammonia removal from chicken manure.

Selective sodium hydroxide leaching of zinc from waste zinc-carbon and alkaline battery mixture.

Thursday, 21 May 2015

5

6

9

10

12

11

16

Poster

Number

N. Stevulova, J. Cigasova, I. Schwarzova, J. Junak

F. Boudali Errebai, S. Chikh, L. Derradji, M. Amara

MgO-cement based matrix composites reinforced with hemp hurds.

Multi-objective decision model of supplies performed by means of distribution center for small and medium constructionenterprises.

Thursday, 21 May 2015

6

1Experimental study on stabilization of sand soil by cement and marble dust.A. Pekrioğlu Balkıs

Poster Presentations 3, Period: 14:00 - 17:00

M. Tomczak, R. Bucoń

A.O. Alshenawy, T.O. AL Refeai, N.M. Al Sanabani

G. Sandal Erzurumlu

C. Gök, S.L. Sanin

Ç.F. Karafakı, L. Karafakı

S. Atashin, A. Abrishamchi, M. VossoughiThe effect of some aquifer characteristics on permeable reactive barriers efficiency for groundwater remediation.

Effect the lowering ground water table on behavior of piled raft under vertical load on dense sandy soil.

Strength performance of pervious concrete subjected to acid rain.

23

Determining the behavior of gravity retaining walls under dynamic loads constructed in saturated clay.

Implementation of watershed sustainability index on Turkey: Meriç-Ergene specimen.

Unplanned urbanization be evaluation in terms of landscape architecture.O. Yavan, M.İ. Onur, A. Tuncan

A study on importance of pollution monitoring and control in Buyuk Menderes basin.C. Koç, Y. Bayazıt

Used the DPSIR framework and structural equation models to applied to environmental risk communication - as emergingcontaminants in Wuxi River.

An investigation of lead metal pollution along the tem motorway agricultural soils in Tekirdağ.Y.T. Su, W.Y. Chen, W.L. Lin, Y.A. Yu

Enviromental impacts of medical drugs and cosmetics waste.

18

31İ. Tosun Satır, B. Bulut Kocabaş

J. Zaczek Peplinska, M.E. Kowalska, E. NowakSelection of reference fields for statistical analysis of point clouds (TLS) in a process of technical condition assessment of concretewater dam.E. Wojtas, M. Sawczak, W. Drzewiecki, T. Bergier

The importance of planting open - green field: The case of Niğde.

The importance of the land use map quality for the hydrological modelling.

S. Adiloğlu, M.T. Sağlam

Ö.Gerçel, H.F. GerçelBatch and column removal of textile dye from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from olive stone.

C.R. Orozco, M. Daniel, M. Ibanez, P. Joseph F. Robles

G. Sandal Erzurumlu, B. Kahveci

Decolorization of brillant blue R contaminated solutions by chitosan-eggshell modified products.

Modeling the relationships between water temperatures and meteorological parameters at Kızılırmak River using artificial neuralnetworks.

M.Temizyürek, F. Dadaser-Celik17

L. Derradji, A. Hamid, M. Amara, F. Boudali Errebai, Y. Maoudj

J.A. Bogas, S. Real, M.G. GomesChloride migration resistance of structural lightweight concrete.

Effect of sand gradation on the engineering properties of sand cement mixtures (A comparativa study).

Use of phase change materials in the walls to improve thermal comfort.

S. H. Al Hadama, A. Al Shenawy, T.Y. Elkady

Thermal energy storage using phase change materials in a building for better energy efficiency in summer period.4

25

19

2

32

30

21

24

20

27

28

22

26

7

29

3

5

Western blot analysis used to detect van-encoded D-alanine-D-lactate ligase in surface water isolates.

Monitoring of molecular weight distribution by HPSEC with ultraviolet diode array and refractive index detectors in biologicallytreated bakery yeast wastewater.

D. Şahin, O. AralThe effect of vitamin supplement on reproduction and growth of guppy (poecilia reticulata peters, 1860).

V. Ondrejka Harbulakova1, A. Estokova, P. Purcz, A. LuptakovaCorrelation analysis as a method for concrete deterioration investigation.

9

N. Gömürgen, G. Baysal Furtana, R. Tıpırdamaz

G. Polat, E. Eray, E.M. Goktepe

Seismic isolation of reinforced concrete structures «Nonlinear Dynamic Method».

R. Bucoń, M. Tomczak

Monitoring the thermal stratification of lakes using simple and current single point temperature measurement equipment’s.

Application of an engineering method for preservation of cultural heritage: Fuzzy logic.

Some biochemical blood parameters in Mogan Lake economic fish species.

Investigating the relationships between the main contractors and subcontractors in Turkey.

N. Adjou, N. Haddadou

M. Nakipoglu, F. Yilmaz, B. Icgen

M.H. Brahim, M. Djermane

M. Ulukan

An analysis of the influence of wall stiffeners on the fundamental periods of steel liquid storage tanks.

Multi-criteria decision model for supporting residential building maintenance.

Assessment of stiffness moduli obtained from IDT test

O. Gökkurt Baki, L. Bat

Finite element based investigation of backfill effects on seismic behavior of a cantilever wall.

M. Yılmaz, A. Gül, N. Uzel, S. Kubilay, Ö. Saylar, S. Benzer

22

10

8

19

11

12

17

28

29

13

15

18

27

26

16

14

25

C. Tanrıverdi, D. Koç, İ. Kayabaşı, İ. Çıtak

K. Erol, K. Köse, D.A. Köse, G.A. Avcı, L. Uzun

M. Bilgin, Ş. Tulun

24

20

21

23

S. Benzer, R. Benzer, Ç. Karasu BenliComparison between traditional methods and artificial neural networks for growth forecasting in crayfish (astacus leptodactyluseschscholtz, 1823).

G. Tunc, E. Ozsarac

Capacity building key issues on integrated coastal zone management for Turkey Black Sea coast.

A. Fettahoglu

S. Benzer, Ö. Saylar, S. Düzel, G. Gül, M. Yılmaz, A. Gül

S. Göncü

T. Cakir

B. Kendirli, H.E. Polat, S. Avcı

M. İşgören, E. Gengeç, S. Veli

The investigation of concrete quality in Aksaray Region.

The use of active solar energy systems for heating greenhouse: Central Anatolia case study.

Physiological and cytogenetic effects of insecticide korban 25 W on allium cepa l.

Turkey’s public-private partnership model in the health, energy, and educational sectors: An overview and critique of the issueswith recommendations for improvement.

The acute toxicity of mercury (II) chloride upon pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846).

The acute toxicity of fenitrothion upon pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846).A. Gül, M. Yılmaz, S. Kubilay, S. Benzer, Ö. Saylar

Evalution of non-catalytic wet air oxidation variables for removal of orgonophosphrous pesticide malathion using box-behnken.

Removal of nickel (II) pollution in water by diatomite.

Separation and purification of lipase using Cu nanoparticle embedded poly(HEMA-MATrp) cryogels.

32A. Estokova, M. Kovalcikova, A. SicakovaThe effect of zeolite additive as a durability improver of building materials.

30E. Gengeç, M. Kobya

31

Poster

Number

Ecological succession of arthropoda (insecta) in forensic entomology.

Decolorication of reactive black 5 by potassium ferrate (K 2 FeO 4 ).

Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on hemocytes of galleria mellonella (L.) (lepidoptera: pyralidae).

F. Dinçer, N. Avşar

Y. Özkan, B. Yilmaz Öztürk, C. Akköz, B. Aşikkutlu

20

24

23

D. Sarıtaş, M. Polat

A. Kekillioğlu, Z. Koçal

B. Sołtysik, R. Jankowski

Z.U. Nurullahoğlu, A Eskin, S. KayaPaleoenvironment setting and benthic foraminiferal assemblage of Çamardı (Niğde) eocene sediments.

Influence of separation gap on the structural response of colliding structures under earthquake excitation.

B. Zorlugenç, İ.B. Evliya

Examination and comparison of level for radon awareness at high school institutions: A sample of Nevşehir.

B. Yilmaz Öztürk, Y. Özkan

Y. Özkan, B. Yilmaz Öztürk

Friday, 22 May 2015

Poster Presentations 4, Period: 09:00 - 12:00

7

Effects of lining concrete cooling towers on the growth of legionella pneumophila.

E. Can Güven, D. Bolat, K. Gedik, P.B. Kurt Karakuş

3

2

An overview of chiral pollutants as a tracer of cycling of POPs.

Z.Ö. Parlak Biçer, İ. Kuşkaya, Ç. İşbilir

Airborne particle concentrations prediction using artificial neural network.

Thinking of noise control in a positive way: Soundscape concept

A. Rima, D.M. Reda, M. Ouissem, A. Zoubir, A. Amel, O. Hadjer, B. Marwa, Z. Ibtissem, A. Amira, B. Sana, B. Houria

S. Çay, A. Uyanık

J.A. Al Najar, A.A. Alwassiti, Ş. Saçmacı

A sample study area for the costs of arrangements intended for disabled people Erciyes University.

1

9

Numerical modelling and monitoring of coastal water quality.

The Effects of levels reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bioaccumulations desmodesmus multivariabilis exposed to AgTiO 2

nanoparticles.

10

Experimental study of natural sorbent for oil spill.

M. Rouaïnia, N. Djebri

Effect of AgTiO 2 Nanoparticles on chlorophyll-a, b and carotenoids of desmedesmus multivariabilis.

Y.C. Teng, H.W. Chen, W.Y. Chen, W.L. Lin

6

Atmospheric pollution monitoring using neural networks.

N. Akbulut Çoban, K. GedikEvaluation of two ornamental plants for phytoremediation of Cd-contamined soil.

Cypermethrin induced changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in Paramecium tetraurelia and elevation effect of some antioxidant.

K.R. Jaroor, M.A. Maraqa, K.A. El Tarabily

8

4

5

A. Kekillioğlu

16

A study on electrochemical investigation of histamine in bee venom.

Study on the sorption-desorption-recovery performance of ion exchange resin for removing phosphate from aqueous solutions.

17

18

19

Polen analysis of regional propolis of Turkey.

T.E. Köse, B. Kıvanç

A. Kekillioğlu, M. Çalışkan

15

K. Cebe, L. Balas

Determining the effect of the Bioaccumulations and oxidative stres of chodatodesmus mucranulatus exposed to ZnO-TiO 2

nanoparticles.

14S. Şahinkaya, E. Kalıpcı, H. Cüce

An investigation into the environmental sensitivity in Sarayönü.M.K. Öden, S. Küçükçongar, Z. Gök

13

12

11

22

Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in various foods by nocardia corynebacteriodes Nrrl B-184.

21

Poster

Number

25

Effects Of winemaking practices on the characteristics of wastewater originated from wineries.

P. Gültekin

10

15

14

12

13

Numerical simulation of dynamic load on pavements .30

K. Şen, F. Kıroğlu Zorlugenç

I. Var, B. Zorlugenç, Ö. Atasever Savaş, S. Sağlam

Characterization of wastewaters from Eskişehir state hospital.

A research of the effects of sediment layer on trophic level in shallow lakes: The case of Cernek lake.

Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems.

The use of fly ash in self compacting fiber reinforced concrete pavements.Ş. Bilgiç, M. Canbaz, S. Mutyilmaz

16

E. Kalıpcı, İ. Bilgen

The aspects of the urban transformation process in Turkey.

Determination of noise pollution in main arterial roads of Nevsehir city center.Ç. Avcı Karataş

Poster Presentations 5, Period: 14:00 - 17:00

J. Melcer

S.M. Seçen, K.E. Gerçekaslan

H. Cüce, G. Bakan

Porosity analysis of ceramic wall tile derived from blast furnace slag.

Friday, 22 May 2015

Characteristics and phosphorus release rates of sediments in two shallow lakes (Kızılırmak Delta, Turkey).

Bioconversion of food wastes for the production of value added products bioconversion of food industry wastes.

2

Experimental bearing and abrasion analysis of concrete specimen produced by waste marble dust and waste marble particle.

The influence of fibers and mineral additives on self compacting concrete.

N. Djermane, N. Lahbari

A. Abdelhamid, B. Tiliouine

Recycling ways of waste bread crumbs.

Effects of soil foundation structure interaction on performance based seismic design: A case study.

27

1

5

N. Haddadou, R. Chaid, N. Adjou, M. Bouzoualegh9

S. Cemalgil, O. Onat

7

8

A simple structural evaluation technique for building components.K. Taşkın, K.Peker

Ş. Sözen, M. Güler

Design factors and finite element modeling of cubic type voids in RC slabs.

Mechanical properties of heavy and normal weight concretes produced with barite and limestone.

Effect of aggregate maximum size on properties of fiber reinforced concrete.H. Bozkurt, C. Karakurt, C. Kandemir

The importance of tie-rods in masonry arches.

Measurement of small strains in steel samples using digital imaging technigues.

G.İ. Sezer, Ş. Yazıcı

S. Tugrulelci, M. Kayabasi, F.K. Firat

The Structure of Academic Surveying Programs in Nigeria as an Educational Pathway to Land Surveyor Registration.

3E.E. Gultekin, Z. Bayer Ozturk

28

29

Utilization of food industry wastes.

B. Zorlugenç, F. Kıroglu Zorlugenç

F. Kıroglu Zorlugenç, B. Zorlugenç

11

6

17A.O. Abisuga, A.A. Akinpelu, D.O. OlanrewajuConstraints of Local Waste Management System in Lagos, Nigeria.

18A.A Akinpelu, A.O. Abisuga

26

H. Cüce, G. Bakan

4

A. Aktumsek, G. Zengin, G.Ö. Guler, Ö.B. Citil, Y.S. CakmakEffect of seasons on fatty acid composition of carassius carassius L. in Beysehir Lake, Turkey.

19

26F. Benmahdi, S. Semra, M. BouhelassaAdsorption characteristics of phenol onto granular activated carbon determined by batch and fixed-bed column experiments.

22S.E. RusenAn investigation of the effect of climate on global solar radiation using the satellite data for Nevşehir.

E. Kalıpcı, S. Şahinkaya, K. ŞenDetermination of pesticide residual levels of grapes produced in Nevsehir.

21

23S. Tamersit, K.E. BouhidelA clean technology for tanneries unhairing waste waters: Neutralization by CO 2 , water recycling and free amino acids recovery.

G. Zengin, A. Aktumsek, G.Ö. Guler, Y.S. CakmakFatty acid composition of trout species in Gezende Dam Lake.

20

24I.A. Bella, A. Asroun, N. BellaContribution to the amelioration of mechanical behavior of mortar based on limestone mineral admixture substitution at curingtemperature.

25O. KadouriTowards an sustainable architecture by use of ancestral knowledge.

Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University BursaTechnicalUniversity

www.icocee.org

The Official Organization Agency